INTRODUCTION TO DOORDARSHAN

Doordarshan is the public television broadcaster of India and a division of Prasar Bharati, a public service broadcaster nominated by the Government of India. It is one of the largest broadcasting organizations in the world in terms of the infrastructure of studios and transmitters. Recently, it has also started Digital Terrestrial Transmitters..

History of Doordarshan
Doordarshan had a modest beginning with the experimental telecast starting in Delhi on 15 September 1959 with a small transmitter and a makeshift studio. The regular daily transmission started in 1965 as a part of All India Radio. The television service was extended to Bombay (now Mumbai) and Amritsar in 1972. Till 1975, seven Indian cities had television service and Doordarshan remained the only television channel in India. Television services were separated from radio in 1976. Each office of All India Radio and Doordarshan were placed under the management of two separate Director Generals in New Delhi. National programme was introduced in 1982. In the same year colour TVs were introduced in Indian markets with the Live telecast of the Independence day on 15th August, 1982, followed by the Asian Games being held in Delhi. The eighties were era of Doordarshan with soaps like Hum Log (1984), Buniyaad and mythological dramas like Ramayana (1987-88) and Mahabharat (1988-89) glued millions to Doordarshan. Other popular programmes included Hindi film songs based Chitrahaar and Rangoli and crime thrillers like Karamchand (starring Pankaj Kapoor) and Byomkesh Bakshi. Now more than 90 percent of Indian population can receive Doordarshan (DD1) programmes through a network of nearly 1400 terrestrial transmitters. About 46 Doordarshan Studios are producing TV software. Presently, Doordarshan operates 19 channels - two All India channels, 11 Regional Languages Satellite Channels (RLSC), four State Networks (SN), an International channel, a Sports Channel and two channels (DD-RS and DD-LS) for live broadcast of parliamentary proceedings. On DD-1 National programmes, Regional programmes and Local Programmes are carried on time-sharing basis. DD-News channel, launched on 3rd November, 2003, which replaced the DD-Metro Entertainment channel, provides 24-Hour news service. The Regional Languages Satellite channels have two components - The Regional service for the particular state relayed by all terrestrial transmitters in the state and additional programmes in the Regional Language in prime time and non-prime time available only through cable operators. Sports Channel is exclusively devoted to the broadcasting of sporting events of national and international importance.

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LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER (LPT):

A large number of VHF LPTs are being operated in Doordarshan network. They are manufactured by M/s. Bharat Electronics (BE) and M/s. Gujrat Communication and Electronics Ltd. (GCEL). Some of the devices used in these transmitters may differ but their concept is similar. New generation transmitters have 1+1 redundant exiter unit. The transmitter design is based on solid state Techniques and employs modular construction. The video and Audio signals are processed in the Exiter electronics and modulated at low level, at IF frequency of 38.9 MHz and 33.4MHz respectively. The modulated IF signals are combined and passed through IF corrector and VSB filter. SAW filter is used for vestigial sideband shaping. The combined signal is upconverted to desired channel frequency and amplified in linear power amplifiers to obtain 100 watt (PS) visual power and 10 watt auaral power. RF is finally routed to antenna through channel filter and directional couplor. A brief description of the exciter and power amplifier is given in the following paragraphs.

Exciter: The exiter unit consists of following:

Video Signal Processing & Modulation: The levelled block schematic of old and new generation exciter is given in figure. The One Volt P-P input video signal is limited to 5MHz in low pass filter and compens for group delay in Delay Equaliser and Receiver Precorrector unit. The resulting signal is subjected to d.c. restoration by clamping at back porch, amplified and inverted in video processor. The out put of the video processor is fed to visual modulator where the same is amplitude modulated with negative polarity at 38.9 MHz IF and amplified. In the new generation exciter, the electronics for base-band processing (LPF,DEC, and V. Processor) are integrated resulting into a signle and compact video processor unit. The output of later has normal polarity. The modulator used is a ring modulator instead of double diode balance modulator. It also houses a 38.9MHz TCXO and saw filter for IF generation and for band shaping. The audio signal is frequency modulated at AJD of 33.4 MHz in a varactor VCO oscillates at centre frequency of 33.4 MHz. The incoming audio is passed throuch a balanced to unbalanced transformer and pre-emphasized in a 50 Micro second preemphasis network. Signal is then amplified and applied to varactor diodes. The information contained in the amplitude variation of audio is converted into frequency variation in the varactor VCO.The VCO frequency deviates about centre frequency in proportion to audio amplitude. The centre frequency of VCO is maintained at 33.4MHz with is below video IF by 5.5 MHz. This is achieved by a phase lock loop. In some of the exciter, the audio is first modulated at an inter carrier frequency of 5.5MHz and then converted to standard IF of 33.4 MHz by mixing with video IF 2

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converted to standard IF in a mixer. New generation exiter have additional circuitry in audio modulator. This include a test tone for test purpose and dual sound/stereo coder. At present dual sound or stereo coder is not being used by Doordarshan. The IF combiner, IF corrector & upconversion: The modulated AIF and V. IF are combined in a wide and amplifier and passed through IF corrector for pre-correcting DP/DG and response error. The corrected signal is fed to VSBF & Mix (upconverter) unit for upconversion by missing the same with L.O.Signal. In old generation exciter, the VSBF & Mis, a saw filter for VSB shaping, an AIC Amplifier and Mixer for automatic level control and upconversion nelical filter and Mixer amplifier. Automatic level control is achieved by using a pin-diode as load to amplifier. Pin diode is paised by an arror signal obtained by comparing a d.c. voltage corresponding to RF taken either from driver stage or final P.A. with a fixed reference in a comperator. In new generation exciter, the ALC facility which keeps exciter output at a constant level and thereby the transmitter output, is incorporated in the combiner unit. A health detection circuitry using detector and logic gates is also included in the combiner unit. Local Oscillator: Local Oscillator frequency required for upconversion is given by F LO=FO+FVIF. The designed L.O. signal corresponding to a particular channel in old exciter is obtained by generating a fo/4 signal in TCYO, multiplying the same by 4 in a harmonic multiplier and then mixing the resulting signal in a mixer with the VISION IF Sample. The mixer output is passed through a high pass filter and amplified. In new generation exciter the required L.O.Signal is obtained by TCYO housed in the upconverter unit. Some of the exciters have synthasised L.O. The required frequency in those can be obtained by operating thumbwheel switch. The 10 watt driver Amplifier: The RF output from Exciter is raised to 10 watt (PF)in driver amplifier. The power amplification is achieved in 3 class A stages. The RF devices used in the BEL and GCEL driver Unit differ but the operating principle is same for both. Transistor biasing is used for operating the RF device on constant current and constant voltages. The GCEL driver is capable of giving 25 watt (PS) power output. Accordingly a step attenuators is used at the input to set the output level. A circulator is used at the output for protection against mismatch. BEL driver is protected against over temperature by mounting a thermal switch on heat sink of RF transistors. The switch cuts off the bias supply in case the heat sink and hence

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and hence the transistor temperature is beyond safe limit P/S is also cut off in case the heat sink temperature of BEL 100 watt PA is beyond safe limit. 100 watt Power Amplifier: Splitting and combining technique using 30b, 90 hybrid coupler/coaxial transformer is employed in power Amplifier as the amplifying capability of single RF device is limited at VHF frequencies. These signals are amplifiered into two separate 50 watt amplifier modules and then combined by a 3dbhybrid coupler to obtain 100 w (PS) power. Stable separate transistor biasing is used for each RF devices in both the cases. In BEL PA two dual pushpull balanced RF device, each capable of giving 50 watt PF power are mounted on a common PCB. The combined output is routed through circulator and direction coupler. Circulator provides protection against accidental short circuit/open condition at load terminals. Directional coupler provides RF Samples for necessary mountaineer & ALC functions. RF devices are protected against over temperature by thermal switches mounted on heat sink. GCEL PA uses two separate 50 watt modules, each employing 4 Nos. of RF transistors. Each 50 watt unit is protected for overdrive/mismatch and over temperature. This is accomplished by sensing forward/reflected power and heat sink temperature and deriving corresponding voltages. If any of the parameter is out of operating limit, the corresponding LED allows and a relay switches off the bias supply.

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HIGH POWER TRANSMITTER (HPT)

The transmitter is compact in construction and the design employs state of the art techniques and devices. The principle features of these Transmitters are explained in the following paras. Solid State Exciter(with Standby) The Exciter is completely solid state ensuring ease of servicing and reliability. A passive Standby is provided, which can be selected through the keyboard of the Tx Control Unit. IF Modulation The Video signal is amplitude modulated on the vision intermediate frequency of 38.9 MHz using diode balanced modulation system. The modulating level is kept low. This ensures low non/linear distortion and excellent colour characteristics. Low differential gain and phase are obtained. SAW VSBF Surface Acoustic Wave Filter is used for Vestigial Side Band shaping. The VSB SAW Filter using interdigital transducers is characterized by flat group delay and response characteristic in the pass band with required attenuation outside the limits of the designated channel and a defined side band response. Thus, it eliminates the use of the all pass networks for group delay correction, which were used with conventional LC Filters. Low Pass Filter (LPF) The Low Pass Filter is included to limit the incoming Video Signal to 5 MHz. The LPF incorporates an active Delay Equalizer to correct the group delay introduced by the LPF. Delay Equalizer A Receiver Pre-corrector and a Transmitter Delay Equalizer are used. The Receiver Precorrector pre-distorts the signal providing partial compensation of group delay which will occur in the domestic receiver. The Transmitter Delay Equalizer enables correction of group delay occurring in Tx chain due to Vision, Sound Diplexer Both employ active circuits ensuring unity video gain in the vision chain.

Linearity Corrector The differential gain distortions introduced in the solid state vision power amplifiers are corrected by the VHF linearity corrector which is provided at the output of the Exciter. 5

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Varactor Modulation The Aural Modulator employs varactors for frequency modulation of sound at IF. The sound intermediate frequency is maintained constant at 5.5MHz. below the vision IF of 38.9 MHz by a phase lock loop. Frequency Compensation Scheme to ensure excellent Overall Stability A self compensation arrangement is employed to ensure excellent overall frequency stability. This is achieved by deriving a LO signal as the sum of a stable signal at vision channel frequency and the IF oscillator signal at 38.9MHz. Subsequent mixing of the LO signal at the vision and sound mixers with modulated vision and sound IF signal cancel the variations if the IF signal. Thus the overall stability is determined by the vision channel frequency generated from a temperature controlled crystal oscillator at of the vision channel frequency followed by a frequency multiplier. Use of Circulators Circulators have been used between the power amplifier stages, thus providing easy tuning of the input and output cirduits. Microprocessor Based Control System The transmitter employs Z80 Microprocessor based control & monitoring system (for switching-ON sequence, switching-OFF sequence, protection, and display of difference status etc. Backup Control A Backup Control system is provided for operating the transmitter in case of failure of the main control system. Routine Maintenance and Inspection Care has been taken to rationalize the composition of each panel and the arrangement of the parts to facilitate inspection and maintenance. Adequate protective devices/circuits have been incorporated. An inter-lock system permits the equipments to be started according to a pre-determined sequence only and to ensure safety of operating personnel. Construction The Transmitter system consists of three main units. The A panel at the centre which accommodates the exciters, selector unit, solid state power amplifiers and the 1kW valve amplifier; the 1kW solid state Aural Transmitter to the left and the 10kW valve stage to the right. The main HT supply unit is built around the plate voltage transformer. The main blower is mounted externally to provide a quiet working environment. 6

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CONSTRUCTIONAL DESCRIPTION

The 10 kW TV Transmitter (TYPE HVV 138) comprises of a 1 kW Aural Transmitter with is completely solid state, 130 W (Sync-Peak) solid state amplifier, in the vision chain which drives a valve stage which uses BEL 4000CX Tube to obtain about 1 kW (sync Peak output. The vision output stage uses 15000CX valve to generate 10 kW (Sync Peak) output power. The Vision & Aural drives of the required channel frequency is derived from a solid state exciter. The Tx also has a built in standby exciter in passive standby mode. The main exciter or the standby exciter can be brought into the line up by keyboard selection on the control panel. The Tx control system for safety interlocks like airflow, door interlock, overload protection and the switching-on sequence and blower cooling-off delay are carried out through a microprocessor based control and monitoring circuit. This main control system also incorporates facility for RF monitoring selection, and other control functions. A backup control system is also provided to operate the Tx with minimum interruption, incase of failure of main control system. The back control systems capability is limited to control over switching-on sequence, switching-off delays and safety interlocks.

The Tx can be divided into 3 main segments viz: 1. 1 kW Vision Rack comprising of exciter with standby, 130 W solid state amplifier chain, the Tx control unit and the 1 kW vision cavity along with its power supply units. 2. 10 kW Vision Cavity Rack. 3. 1 kW Solid State Aural Transmitter Rack.

1. 1 kW VISION RACK
The 1 kW Vision Rack houses the solid state exciter, the standby exciter, exciter input/output selector, transmitter control unit, corrector/divider unit, 130 W solid state vision amplifier chain, the power supply for the 130 W amplifier chain, RF monitoring unit, the 1 kW vision cavity and its associated high voltage and filament power supplies. In addition to these units the peak power measuring modules and the linear detector are also mounted in this rack. 7

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Solid State Exciter with Standby The Solid Exciter with standby actually comprises of the following plug-in modules: a. DP/DG Corrector. b. Low Pass Filter. c. Delay Equalizer. d. Visual Modulator. e. IF Oscillator. f. Local Oscillator. g. Aural Mixer. h. VSBF & Mixer i. Aural Modulator j. Power Supply Unit. DP/DG Corrector This unit is used for pre-correcting the differential gain of the final output of the transmitter. The pre-correction is achieved by introducing non-linearity in the input video at colour sub-carrier frequency of 4.43 MHz using diodes. The non-linearity introduced is opposite to that of the non-linearity existing in the demodulated video from the 10 kW output stage. Low Pass Filter The Low Pass Filter unit cuts off the video frequencies beyond 5 MHz so that video information beyond 5 MHz does not interfere with the sound signal which will be appearing as frequency modulated signal at 5.5 MHz and around, in the RF spectrum. The resultant group delay is corrected in a delay equalizer circuit in this unit itself to preserve the video characteristics. Delay Equalizer The Delay Equalizer unit comprises of two sections namely, the receiver pre-corrector section and the Tx delay corrector section. The former, the latter or both or none can be brought into the line up by selection on the front panel. The receiver pre-corrector introduces the pre-correction (Half correction-CCIR) required for achieving good video 8

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waveform at the domestic receivers where in delays are introduced by use of nyquist filter in the demodulation stage for compensating for the vestigial side band characteristics of the transmitted RF spectrum. If receivers use linear SAW filter for achieving nyquist characteristics, then receiver pre-correction at the transmitter end is not required. The Tx delay equalizer section is used for correcting the group delays aristing out of band shaping and the combining of vision and aural RF powers in the Diplexer. Visual Modulator This unit provides the vision modulated Rf signal at the intermediate frequency of 38.9 MHz. The IF signal is taken from the IF oscillator unit and the video signal from the Delay Equalizer output. The video signal is clamped to its pedestal level to stabilize the black level of the modulated RF signal and also to remove the hum present in the video waveform. The signal is first separated form the video signal, passed through pulse shaping circuits and then a clamping pulse is generated which will clamp the video signal at the back porch. The clamped video signal and the IF signal amplified in a two stage tuned amplifier, are fed to a ring modulator to achieve the modulated RF signal. This signal is passed through a tuned amplifier (32 to 42 MHz) band to remove unwanted frequency components. The resultant signal is a clean, video modulated RF waveform at 38.9 MHz (Vision IF Carrier). IF Oscillator This unit generates using a crystal oscillator the visual IF frequency of 38.9 MHz. Four outputs are available in the unit, of these four outputs the first one goes to the Visual Modulator unit, second one is used for monitoring, third one is taken to Local Oscillator and the fourth one to the Aural Modulator unit. Local Oscillator Unit This unit generates the visual oscillator frequency (fc+38.9 MHz) of the required channel. The basic oscillator is crystal oscillator at fc/4 frequency. The crystal is housed in a proportionally controlled oven to maintain frequency stability. The fc/4 oscillator output is passed through a differential multiplier to generate harmonics. The collector tuning gives the required channel frequency (fc). This is passed through a combination of High pass filter & Low pass filter to eliminate the unwanted components. The resultant signal is a clean channel frequency signal. This is fed to a mixer. The mixer receives the IF oscillator signal also. The output of the mixer contains different components. The required frequency is (fc + fif). The mixer output is passed through a combination of low pass and high pass filters to remove unwanted spurious components. This signal is amplified and fed to a 4 way power divider. Out of this 4 outputs one is fed to the VSBF & MIXER. The second one is fed to the Aural mixer. The third output is used for monitoring. The fourth one is not used and terminated with 50 ohm resistor internally. VSBF & Mixer Unit 9

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This unit mixes the modulated vision signal at IF and the local oscillator signal derive the modulated RF signal at the required channel frequency. The input to this unit from visual modulator unit is amplified and fed to a SAW filter for vestigial side band shaping. The SAW filter output is amplified and passed through a hybrid circuit containing PIN attenuator for level control. This again is fed to the balanced mixer. The mixer receives the local oscillator signal also. The Mixer output is passed through Helical Filter (Band pass) to eliminate the unwanted components. Then this signal amplified to get + dBm sync peak (Nominal) output. This unit has front panel MGC/AGC selection.

Aural Modulator Unit This unit consists of mainly the following stages: a) Audio Amplifier. b) VCO c) Mixer d) Automatic Phase Control (APC) The Audio Amplifier receives an audio signal at a level of + 10 dBm (@ 600 ohm) balanced input from the studio. The signal is passed through a balance to unbalance transformer and then to a rotary fader for audio input level control. This is fed to an audio amplifier which has the 50 us pre-emphasis circuit. The output of the audio amplifier is applied to a VCD for frequency modulation. The VCO is a varactor tuned oscillator. The IF oscillator frequency at 38.9 MHz is also fed to this unit which is mixed with the VCO signal working at 33.4 MHz to derive a 5.5 MHz signal. This is divided to get a square pulse at 537 Hz which is fed to the APC. The APC is a sample and hold circuit. A 1.1 MHz TCXO is used as a reference which is divided by (16x128) and this signal is fed to the APC as reference. The dc error signal from APC is used for correcting the VCO frequency locking it to a frequency 5.5 MHz below the vision IF frequency. Using an output variable attenuator, the frequency modulated aural IF signal level is set at 0 dBm. Aural Mixer .The Aural Mixer receives signals from the aural modulator unit and the local oscillator. The signal from aural modulator is passed through a gain control stage using pin attenuator hybrid and fed to a mixer. The local oscillator signal is also fed to the mixer. The mixer output is fed to the Helical Filter to remove the unwanted components. This is 10

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amplified to the required level + 4 dBm. A front panel selection enables selection of MGC or AGC mode.

Power Supply Unit This unit generates + 16 V (2,5 A), + 12 V (1 A) & -12 V (500 mA). The ac voltage at 240 V single-phase is fed to the power transformer. The secondary has 3 windings to feed the 3 full wave bridge rectifiers. The + 16 V regulator is a 4 pin hybrid adjustable regulator. The + 12 V & -12 V regulators are 3 pin regulators. Each output is provided with a over voltage protector. The front panel LEDs indicate the status of these 3 power supplies. 130 W Solid State Amplifier Chain The 130 W Amplifier Chain consists of a two-way combiner unit, 2 nos. of 80 W power amplifier units, one 10 W dual driver unit, a vision monitoring unit and a linearity corrector & power divider unit. The 80 W units, dual driver and the vision monitoring unit are housed in a shelf and the linearity corrector & divider is a separate unit mounted on the rack. The output at approximately + 2 dBm (sync peak) from the exiciter (switchec through the exciter input/output selector unit) is fed to the corrector/divider unit. [ +6 dBm (Sync Peak) signal from Exciter after passing through the 2 Way Divider (3 dB) in the Exciter Input/Output selector will be at a level of +2dBm (Sync Peak), taking into account other insertion losses}. Corrector/Divider Unit This unit comprises of 2 sections namely the linearity corrector unit and the 2 way hybrid divider. The output of exciter is fed to the linearity corrector. In the linearity corrector PCB the input is split into 2 paths. One signal is fed to a linear amplifier and the other is passed through a non-linear section. These two are combined to produce the non-linearity required to compensate for the non-linearity that will occur in the solid state power amplifier stages. It should be remembered that precorrector circuit is level sensitive and to the extent possible the level of +2 dBm sync peak to be maintained at the input of the corrector unit o enable proper pre-correction of linearity. The pre-corrected RF signal is fed to the 2 way hybrid divider which gives 2 outputs which are at 90 degree phase difference and at an amplitude level of 3 dB down compared to the input level. Each divided path as a variable attenuator which serves as level control for the corresponding solid state power amplifier inputs. (2x10) W Dual Driver Unit

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This unit houses 2 independent chain of amplifiers capable of delivering 10 W (Sync Peak) output mounted on a single heat sink. Each amplifier is made of one stage of 4 W amplifier which in turn drives the 10 W output stage. The 4 stage uses VTV075 transistor and 10 W stage uses VTV150 transistor. Each output is passed through directional couplers to enable monitoring of RF signals. The amplifiers work in class A configuration. Each 10 W lineup consumes approximately 3 amps at +28 Vdc supply. 80 W Amplifier Unit This unit is driven by the output of dual driver. The 80 W amplifier is made of 2 nos. of 40 W amplifiers working in class A configuration and mounted on single heat sink. The output of the dual driver which is fed into this unit is split in a 2 way 90 degree hybrid divider. These 2 outputs feed the corresponding 40 W amplifiers. The outputs of the 40 W amplifiers are combined in a 2 way 90 degree hybrid combiner. The resultant output at 80 W (sync Peak) power level is in phase with respect to the input. Similarly, the other 80 W PA unit is fed from the second output of the dual driver unit. The current consumption of each 80 W unit is approximately 8 A. The power supply for the driver is inter-locked through the 80 W units to prevent pumping in RF power into 80 W units without switching on the power supply to 80 W units. 2 Way Combiner Unit The 2 Way Combiner Unit comprises of a 2 way 90 degree hybrid combiner, a dummy load, a directional coupler and a peackpower circuit. The output from the exciter has been split into 2 paths with a 90 degree phase shift in the corrector/divider unit and these are fed to 2 chain of amplifiers (10W & 80W amplifiers). Hence the outputs of the two 80 W units are 90 degree out of phase. The hybrid combiner in the way combiner unit combines the 80 W units output to give around 130 W (Sync Peak) vision RF output. This signal is passed through a directional coupler to get sample RF signal for monitoring purpose. +28 V Power Supply Unit The Power Supply Unit for the vision solid state amplifier chain comprises of 2 independent sections of switched mode power supply capable of supplying 17 A at 60 C. The output voltage is +28 V. One section feeds the first 80 W chain and the other section the second 80 W chain. Each section the PSU can be remotely switched ON & OFF using TTL logic levels. Vision Monitoring Module The Vision Monitoring Module houses the analog metering circuit and a +15V power supply which is used for operation of peak power & AGC circuits.The analog monitoring circuit has a monitoring amplifier PCB having 6 amplifier with BIMOS OP/Amps. A front panel meter along with two sets of 11 position switches with a slide-switch for selecting either of the 11 position switch sections enables to select and monitor the

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current, voltage and RF output power of different stages of driver and 80 W PA amplifiers. The digital monitoring facility is not used in the present Transmitter. The + 45 V regulator section on this PCB is used for powering the peak power and AGC (vision) circuits. This module has a transformer with 4 secondary windings (12 V) which are rectified and regulated in interface PCB. 1 kW Vision Amplifier The 1 kW Vision stage uses BEL 4000CX tetrode operating in grounded grid configuration. This stage is capable of delivering 1kW (sync peak) output power. For driving the 10 kW output stage approximately 750 watts of sync peak power is sufficient. The filament supply of 6 V is supplied by the 3 phase filament rectifier. The filament consumes approximately 68 A. The grid voltage is set around -68 V and the plate voltage is about 2.5 kV. The screen voltage is around 600 V. The regulation of the screen voltage is achieved by the magnetic amplifier which uses current sensor winding to regulate the ac voltage fed to the screen rectifier. The 3 phase filament rectifier, screen regulator and rectifier and the 2.5 kV HT rectifier are mounted in this rack along with filament choke, 415 V to 200 V 3 phase transformer & filament transformer. The bias voltage for the grid is supplied by the 120 V bias supply unit. This unit supplies the bias voltage for the grid is supplied by the 120 V bias supply unit. This unit supplies the bias voltage for the 10 kW output stage valve also. (For later supply of transmitters, the 2.5 kV HT rectifier & transformer is not part of the rack and is placed in the main HT cubicle which supplies HT to the 10 kW vision stage). The output of the 2 way combiner unit is fed to circulator to protect the 80 W solid stage power amplifiers. The output of the 1 kW stage is passed through a circulator to prevent any reflection arising out of input tuning of the 10 KW stage. Sampled outputs from directional couplers are brought out for RF monitoring and RF power monitoring purposes.

2. 10 kW VISION CAVITY RACK

The output of the 1 Kw Vision Cavity is fed through a circulator into the 10 kW Vision Cavity input. This stage uses the BEL 15000CX valve. This rack houses the filament transformer and the 3 phase filament rectifier (120A @ 6 V); the filament choke, the HT (6 kV) choke and filter capacitors. The screen supply (1000 V) and the -120 V bias required for the grid are brought from the 1 kW rack. One peak power circuit mounted in this rack drives the vision power output meter.

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3. 1 kW AURAL TRANSMITTER RACK

The 1 kW Aural Tx delivers 1 kW output power at the required channel frequency (aural). The Tx comprises of 3 nos. of 400 W wideband solid state amplifiers. These amplifiers receive the drive from the 200 W PA driver unit, which is in turn is driven by a 2x10 W dual driver unit. The output of the 200 W unit is divided in a 3-way in-phase divider (Wilkinson Type). These 3 outputs are fed to the 400 W PA Units. The outputs of the three 400 W PA units are combined in a 3-way in phase combiner (Wilkinson Type) to get an output of approximately 1.1 kW. This is passed through a wide band circulator (wide band covering either CH5 to CH8 or CH9 to CH12). The output of the circulator is connected to the CIN diplexer in the TV Transmitting Station. The input to the Aural Tx comes from the Aural Mixer Unit in the Exciter fed via the Exciter Input/Output Selector. This is divided in a 90 hybrid divider in the 2 way Input Divider Unit. These 2 signals at 90 phase difference is fed to the 2 inputs of the 2x10 W Dual Driver and later amplified in the 200 W Unit, wherein the 2 input signals at 10 W level are amplified to 100 W level each and combined in a 90 degree hybrid combiner. The resultant RF Signal is at 200 W power level. Each 400 W unit has at the input a in-phase 2 way divider, the output of which are fed to a 200 W amplifier PCB. The basic 200 W PCB has one 90 degree hybrid divider and one 90 degree hybrid combiner. The divided inputs are fed to respective100 W Amplifiers which uses TPV3100 RF transistor. The 100 W outputs are combined in the hybrids to get 200 W output. These two 200 W outputs are combined in a 2-way in-phase combiner to get 400 W output. The 400 W units are wide band amplifiers covering 174 to 230 MHz with the frequency response within 1 dB. However the amplifiers have to be fine tuned to achieve optimum efficiency. Each TPV3100 stage consumes approximately 6.5 to 7 A @ 28 V. The Dual Driver unit is same as used in the vision chain. The 3 Pas & the Driver Amplifiers are powered from the two 28 V switched mode Power Supply Units. Each Power Supply Unit contains 2 nos. of 28 V Power Supply each capable of supplying 34 A @ 60 degree centigrade ambient. Of these 4 nos. of 28 V PSUs, 3 nos. power the 400 W Pas independently and the fourth one powers the Drivers (Dual Driver & the 200 W units). Each 28V PSU can be remotely turned ON/OFF using TTL Logic Levels. Each power supply containing 2 nos. of 28 V PSUs have a common ac Input. The PSUs. Operate in local sense mode. All these power supplies are of switched mode type having very high efficiency. The Driver shelf housing the Driver Units are cooled by a Fan Unit having 4 fans. The air suction is from the front. The PA shelf housing the 400 W Units are cooled by a 9 Fan Unit where the air section is from the front. These Fan Units come ON when the ACB mounted in the aural rack is switched ON. The 3 way Output Combiner Unit is also cooled by a pair of fans which is part of the unit itself.

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TECHNICAL DATA
Visual Transmitter Type of Emission Output Power : : C3F 10 kW (Sync peak); 6.0kW(Mean power in black Picture) 174MHz to 230MHz (any Designed channel in BandIII) 300 Hz or less 3-1/8 coaxial feeder Sync negative As per Fig. 1-1 3% 3 50 ohm +2% or less 10% or less 0.5 V to 1.5 V (Peak to Peak) 75 ohm 30dB 75( 1.5)% of max. carrier Level 15 (0-5)% of max. carrier 15

Frequency Range Frequency Stability RF Output Termination Input Polarity Freq. Characteristics Differential Gain Differential Phase Output Impedance Visual Blanking Level Stability Peak Power Stability Video Input Level Video Input Impedance(nominal) Video Input Return Loss Carrier Pedestal level Carrier White Level

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

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Level Incidental Phase Modulation Noise 1) 2) Random Noise in the Video Band of (100kHz To 5 MHz) Hum & Low Frequency Noise (< 1 kHz) : : : : : -56dB (unweighted) -63 dB (weighted) -43 dB (Peak to Peak) As per Fig. 1-3 Better than -60 dB : Better than 46dB

Envelope Delay Spurious Radiation Waveform Distortion: 1) Distortion of Sin2 wave (2T) & that of window Wave Rise time of Pulse 250kHz (HF response)

K Factor within 2%

2.

: : :

250 ns 1% 2%

Line Frequency Tilt Frame Frequency Tilt

Aural Transmitter Type of Emission RF Output Frequency Range : : : F3 1kW 174 MHz to 230 MHz(any Designated channel in Band-III) 300 Hz or less 50

Frequency Stability Output Impedance

: :

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Output Termination Frequency Deviation Frequency Response Audio Input Level Impedance-Audio Input Noise Level 1) 2) AM Noise (w/o modulation) FM Noise

: : : : :

1.5/8 Coaxial Feeder 50 kHz at 100% Modulation Within +1 dB (30Hz to 15000 Hz) 10 dBm for 100% modulat(at +50 kHz Deviation) 600 + 40

: : : :

Better than -50 dB (30 Hz to 15kHz) Better than -60 dB at 100% Modulation(30Hz to 15kHz) 550us,400Hz Standard (See Fig. 1-2) < 1.5% (Between 30 Hz to 100 Hz & 7.5 kHz to 15 kHz < 1% (100 Hz to 7500 Hz) Better than -45 dB (at 100% Modulation 400Hz)

Frequency Pre-emphasis Distortion Factor

Incidental AM

Mechanical Width Depth Height Weight Input Voltage Input Power (total) Ambient Temperature Range : : : : : : : 2400 mm 1100 mm 2150 mm 1500 kgs. (approx) 415 V 10%, 3 phase-4 wire 50 kVA 0 C to + 45 C

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TELEVISION TRANSMITTING ANTENNA

INTRODUCTION: (Antenna is is usually metallic device (as a rod or a wire) used for radiating or receiving Radio waves.) ANTENNA RADIATION RESTANCE: The input impedance Zin of an antenna is the ratio of voltage to current at its input terminals where the power is fed to the antenna. Zin Ra Xa = = = Ra j Xa Resistance part of impedance Reactance part of impedance Ra Rr Rl = = = Rr + Rl

Radiation resistance of the antenna Ohmic loss resistance of the antenna.

It is through the mechanism of radiation resistance, power is transferred from the guided wave at antenna input to the free space wave. The radiation efficiency determines the effective transfer of power from the input to free space, and given by Radiation Efficiency ) ) ) = Rr ----------------Rl + Rr

The reactive part of the input impedance is due to the storage of electric/magnetic field (capacitive and inductive reactances) in the near field of the antenna. The net reactive impedance of the antenna can be matched with the conjugate impedance of the source driving the antenna.

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Rediation Resistance is a fictituous term. It is equivalent of Resistance which would dissipate the same amount of power as being radiated by the antenna when fed with the same amount of power. ISOTROPIC ANTENNA It is an imaginary (non-existent) point (dimensionless) antenna which radiates equally with unity gain in all directions in three dimensional planes. (Fig.1a) POWER GAIN OF ANTENNA Unlike the isotropic antenna, any practical antenna has physical diamension. Very large power gain can be achieved in any plane by stacking in a particular way, a number of antenna elements in perpendicular plare. The power gain in a given direction is the ratio of the power to be fed to the isotropic antenna to actual power of the antenna in question to lay equal field at a given receiving point in that direction. However in practice, the gain of the antenna is always with respect to the dipole antenna. The dipole itself has a gain of 2.1 db (1.64 times) the isotropic antenna. The power to the isotropic has to be raised by a factor say G to obtain an equal field in the same direction. RADIATION PATTERN (POLAR DIAGRAM) : Graphical representation of the directional radiation properties of the antenna as a function of space coordinates in three dimensions is called the radiation pattern. Such a representation will be usually very complicated to interpret. It is usual practice to represent the same in two dimensions for both horizontal and vertical planes. The length of vector from the centre or the reference point is proportional to the power gain in that direction. BANDWIDTH OF ANTENNA: The range of frequencies within which the performance of the antenna with respect to certain characteristic (such as input impedance, pattern, beamwidth, polarization, side lobe level beam direction, gain) conforms to a specified standard. More commonly in broadcasting the characteristics of importance are gain and input impedance. POLARISATION:

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The plane containing the electric vector in the electromagnetic wave describes the polarization of the radiated wave. Ideally maximum signal is coupled it the antenna (both transmitting and receiving) are oriented in the plane of polarization of the electromagnetic wave. A vertical radiator radiates/picks up vertically polarized wave, horizontal radiator radiates/picks up horizontally polarized wave etc. CP: The electric Vector in circular polarization rotates in a circular motion. They may be considered as the resultant of equal amplitude of vertical and horizontal polarized components combined in phase quardrature (90). The polarization is said to be right or left circular (RCP or LCF) depending on the rotation of electric Vector of the propagating wave clockwise or anti-clockwise respectively, as seen from the transmitting point or by an observer with his back to the transmitter. INSAT down link singals are left hand circularly polarized. DUAL POLARISATION: In the dircular polarization explained if there is no definite control on the phase relationship between vertical and horizontal components, the polarization is said to be dual. FM broadcasts of AIR employ dual polarization. TV TRANSMITTER ANTENNA SYSTEM T.V. Antenna system is that part of the Broadcasting network which accepts RF Energy from transmitter and launches electromagnetic waves in space. The polarization of the radiation as adopted by Doordarshan is linear horizontal. The system is installed on a supporting tower and consists of antenna panels. Power dividers, baluns, branch feeder cable, junction boxes and main feeder cable. Dipole antenna elements, in one or the other from are common at VHf frequencies where as slot antennas are mostly used at UHF frequencies. Omnidirectional radiation pattern is obtained by arranging the dipoles in the form of turnstile (Fig.1) and exciting, the same in quardature phase. Desired gain is obtained by stacking the dipoles in vertical plane. As a result of stacking most of the RF energy is minimize. The installed antenna system should fulfil the following requirements: a) b) It should have required gain and provide desired field strength at the point of reception. It should have desired horizontal radiation pattern and directivity for serving the planned area of interest. The radiation pattern should be omnidirectional if the location of the transmitting station is at the centre of the service area and directional one, if the location is otherwise. It should offer proper impedance to the main feeder cable and thereby to the transmitter so that optimum RF energy is transferred into space. Impedance mismatch results into reflection of power and formation of standingwaves. The standard RF impedance at VHF/UHF is 50 ohms. 20

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Training Report, 09

HIGH POWER TV TRANSMITTING ANTENNA SYSTEM

In high power TV transmitting antenna system, half wave dipole elements are mounted on the four faces of a square tower of suitable dimension for getting an approximate omnidirectional horizontal radiation radiation pattern. If radiation in any particular direction is not desired, the panels are left out in that direction. Dipole elements, supported by quarter wave line are backed by screened reflector to keep the radiation out of tower. The position of the panels are slightly off set from the centre either clockwise or anticlockwise for achiving widebend impedance match. Required number of panels are stacked vertically at a spacing of nearly half wave length to provide desired gain. Panels thus stacked are divided into two groups Upper half is called the upper bey and the lower half as lower bey. The constitution of antenna panels and feeding and feeding arrangements are described in the following paragraphs:

VHF T.V. LPT ANTEENA Following type of LPT antenna are being used in Doordarshan Network : (a) Band III BEL make, half wave dipole V antenna. (b) Crossed folded dipole (turnistile Halious make Band-III antenna. (c) Folded dipole (turnistile) clar make Band-I antenna. Antenna panels are stacked vertically and mounted on a tower having some 30 meter height. The transmitter power is first taken to a power divider through a low loss feeder cable. Branch feeder cables from divider then feed the antenna panels. The crossed folded dipoles in scalar & Halios antenna are required to be fed in quadrature, as explained earlier for an omnidirection pattern in horizontal plane. This may be obtained by increasing the electrical length of one set of the branch feeder cabe with respect to that of the other set by quarter wave length. The BEL V antenna consists of four quadrant dipoles arranged vertically in two stacks. A stacks contains two quadrant dipoles spaced at half wave lengths on a common balance feeder line made by aluminium tubes. The tubes are extended a quarter wavelength bejond each stack and short circuited resulting in a quarter wave stub appearing as high impedance at the feed points. Both the stacks are fed with equal amplitude and phase current by connecting the branch feeder cable at the centre of the stack as shown in the schematic fig.8. The resultant radiation pattern in horizontal plane is almost omnidirectional as claimed by the manufacturer. The feed arrangement including branch feeder cables is entirely consealed to prevent entry of moisture.

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DTH: DIRECT TO HOME

Direct-to-Home (DTH) satellite television is becoming a buzzword in the satellite broadcast industry due to the fact that DTH offers immense opportunities to both broadcasters and viewers. Thanks to the rapid development of digital technology, DTH broadcast operators worldwide have been able to introduce a large number of new interactive applications in the television market besides a large number of entertainment programs over a single delivery platform. In addition, since digital technology permits a highly efficient exploitation of the frequency spectrum, the number of TV channels that can be broadcast using digital technology is significantly higher than with analogue technology. The increased number of television channels allows the operator to satisfy the demand of a number of niche markets with dedicated transmissions. What is DTH? In general, DTH service is the one in which a large number of channels are digitally compressed, encrypted and beamed from very high power satellites. The programmes can be directly received at homes. This mode of reception facilitates the use of small receive dish antennas of 45 to 60 cm diameter installed at convenient location in individual buildings without needing elaborate foundation/space. Also, DTH transmission eliminates local cable operator completely, since an individual user is directly connected to service providers. However, a digital receiver is needed to receive the multiplexed signals and view them on a TV. DTH, in sharp contrast to Cable TV, lends itself to easy monitoring and control. Transmission in Ku (around 14 GHz) band is most appropriate and widely used for the purpose. As mentioned above, all the encoded transmission signals are digital-thus providing higher resolution picture quality and better audio than traditional analog signals. All the advantages of the digital transmission, as applicable to the terrestrial transmission are relevant in the satellite transmission also.

Basics of DTH networks

The dth network consists of two parts: Transmission station Receive terminal

1. Transmission station:
The transmission station also known as earth station is used to uplink the contents. The base analog or digital video-audio are converted to the DVB standard using the encoder 22

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and multiplexer. The way DTH reaches a consumer's home is different from the way cable TV does. In DTH, TV channels would be transmitted from the satellite to a small dish antenna mounted on the window or rooftop of the subscriber's home. So the broadcaster directly connects to the user. The middlemen like local cable operators are not there in the picture. 2. Receive terminals: the receive terminals are basically for the reception of the signals being beamed from the transmission station. The terminal consists of the following:

receive type solid offset antenna LNB feed system Interface cables & Set top box

What is DD direct+
Doordarshan, the national broadcaster in India, at present has a network of more than 1400 transmitters spread throughout the country and its signals are available to about 90% (DDI) and 43% (DD-News) population of country. The prime duty of any national public service broadcaster is to make the programs of national importance available to all its people and nationals. It was estimated that the coverage of remaining 10% population with terrestrial (single channel) broadcast would cost enormously. Besides that, setting up of terrestrial transmitters in the uncovered areas would have taken a number of years (10 to 15 years). Also, operation of terrestrial transmission would have required a huge manpower (a few thousand persons). With the fast developments taking place in Satellite Broadcasting, it is but natural that Doordarshan has also come up with an alternative to get the required reach with an alternate technology option Ku-band broadcasting which is envisaged for the coverage of remaining population. This is a much cheaper and economical option as compared to the coverage through Terrestrial transmitters. Free-to-air DTH DD Direct Plus Doordarshan launched Ku band transmission (free-to-air DTH DD Direct Plus) in December, 04 with a bouquet of 33 TV channels. The main objective of this service was to provide TV coverage to the areas hitherto uncovered by terrestrial transmission. With the launch of this service, multi-channel TV coverage has become available in the entire country (except A&N Islands). Capacity of DTH platform was later increased for 23

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transmission of 50 TV channels and is being further increased for transmission of 59 channels by improving spectrum efficiency. DTH centre is located at Todapur, Delhi. DTH transmission is presently through 5 Kuband transponders on INSAT-4B satellite and the signals can be received anywhere in the country (except A&N Islands which are outside the footprint of satellite) with the help of small sized dish receive units. Technical parameters of DTH service are given below: Symbol Rate Bandwidth FEC Polarization D/L frequencies : : : : : 25.5 Msps 36 MHz Vertical 10990 MHz, 11070 MHz, 11150 MHz, 11490 MHz, 11570 MHz

For A&N Islands, DTH service in C-band has been planned. For this, C-band uplink is being set up at Delhi.

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CONCLUSION
With due perseverance and hard work the industrial training was completed sincerely. The environment in the industry was subjected to discipline and punctuality. The thorough study of some points was completed Basic idea about LPT Basic idea about HPT Basics of DTH services The efforts and inspiration of the training incharge had made my training easy. The entire study being so beneficial Moreover, only their guidance helped in realizing the real applications of the electronics. I would pay gratitude to the employees in the organization whose support and cooperation helped to study smoothly.

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REFERENCES Technical Manuals from DD Barmer www.ddindia.com www.google.com

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