Assignment Nuclear Energy in Pakistan

Summittet to: Prof. Dr. Azzam-ul-Asar

Submitted by: Yar Muhammad

INTRODUCTION TO NUCLEAR POWER

To provide the power for a turbo- generator, nuclear power plants rely on the heat energy generated from nuclear fission. In this process, the nucleus of a heavy element, such as uranium or plutonium, splits when bombarded by a neutron in a nuclear reactor. The fission process for uranium atoms typically yields two smaller atoms called fission fragments; two or three neutrons, plus about 200 Million electron volts of nuclear energy in the form of radiation and heat. Because more neutrons are released from a uranium fission event than are required to initiate the event, the reaction can become self sustaining--a chain reaction--under controlled conditions, thus producing a tremendous amount of energy.

Working Principal
There are three systems (Circuit) which utilized to convert the heat generated in the fuel into electrical power for industrial and residential use. These systems (circuits) are: Primary system Secondary system Tertiary system The Reactor Coolant System, shown inside the Containment, consists of 2, 3, or 4 Cooling "Loops"(depending on power of the reactor) connected to the Reactor, each containing a Reactor Coolant Pump, and Steam Generator. The Reactor heats the water that passes upward past the fuel assemblies from a temperature of about 530F to a temperature of about 590F. Boiling, other than minor bubbles called nucleate boiling, is not allowed to occur. Pressure is maintained by a Pressurizer connected to the Reactor Coolant System. Pressure is maintained at approximately 2250 pounds per square inch through a heater and spray system in the pressurizer. The water from the Reactor is pumped to the steam generator and passes through tubes. The Reactor Cooling System is expected to be the only one with radioactive materials in it, therefore all the primary system is shielded in reactor containment building for safety purpose.

In a Secondary System (which include the Main Steam System and the CondensateFeedwater Systems), cooler water is pumped from the Feedwater System and passes on the outside of those steam generator tubes, is heated and converted to steam. The steam then passes through a Main Steam Line to the Turbine, which is connected to and turns the Generator. The steam from the Turbine condenses in a Condenser. The condensed water is then pumped by Condensate Pumps through Low Pressure Feedwater Heaters, then to the Feedwater Pumps, then to High Pressure Feedwater Heaters, and then to the Steam Generators.The diagram above simplifies the process by only showing the condenser, a pump, and the steam generator. In tertiary the condenser is maintained at a vacuum using either vacuum pumps or air ejectors. Cooling of the steam is provided by Condenser Cooling Water pumped through the condenser by Circulating Water Pumps, which take a suction from water supplied from the ocean, sea, lake, river, or Cooling Tower. The primary system (also called the Reactor Coolant System) consists of: Reactor vessel Steam generators Reactor coolant pumps Pressurizer Connecting piping

A reactor coolant loop is a reactor coolant pump, a steam generator, and the piping that connects these components to the reactor vessel. The primary function of the reactor coolant system is to transfer the heat from the fuel to the steam generators. A second function is to contain any fission products that escape the fuel. Reactor usually has two, three and four loops depending on the power output of the plant. Figure 2-1 and 2-2 show two and three loops systems respectively.

NUCLEAR REACTOR CLASSIFICATION COOLANT MODERATOR APPLICATION NEUTRON ENERGY

Thermal Reactors e.g. PWR, BWR, HTGR

FUEL TYPE

FUEL-MODERATORARRANGEMENT Homogeneous Reactors e.g. TRIGA type UZrH mix (partially homogeneous)

Light Water Cooled e.g. LWR Heavy Water Cooled e.g. PHWR Gas Cooled e.g. AGR, HTGR Liquid Metal Cooled e.g. LMFBR

Light Water Moderated e.g. LWR Heavy Water Moderated e.g. PHWR, HRX Graphite Moderated e.g. HTGR, RBMK

Power reactors
Central Station e.g. KANUPP, CHASHNUPP

Natural Uranium reactors e.g. Candu

Low Enriched Uranium (LEU) Reactors e.g. PWR, BWR

Intermediate Reactors Fast Reactors e.g. LMFBR

Mobile reactors e.g. for spacecraft fuelling 20kWe Propulsion Reactors e.g. submarines and ships Dual Purpose reactors for heat and electrical power in cold regions Desalination Reactors either only for desalination or both desalination and power Production Reactors for radioisotopes and for additional quantities of fissile materials

Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) Reactors e.g. HTGR (93% enr.)

Heterogeneous Reactors e.g. PWR, BWR, etc. Reactor Analysis concept of homogenization

Research Reactors

Basic Research

Material testing

Radioisotope Production

Training

Radiography

NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE

NUCLEAR ENERGY IN PAKISTAN

Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission is successfully operating three Nuclear Power Plants and two research reactors. Tow power reactors each of 350 MW(C-4 & C-5) at chashma are under constriction and one reactors 660 MW is in documented phase

The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), the scientific and nuclear governmental agency, is solely responsible for operating these power plants. As of 2009, the electricity generated by commercial nuclear power plants constitutes roughly 2.4% of electricity generated in Pakistan, compared to ~65.2% from fossil fuel and ~33.9% from hydroelectric power. The generation of 8800Me from nuclear means is the future planning of Pakistan

Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP)

ANUPP, Karachi is a single unit CANDU PHWR with a total gross capacity of 137 Mega Watts. It is located at Paradise Point on the arid Arabian Sea Coast, about 15 miles to the west of Karachi. It has been in commercial operation since 1972. KANUPP is part of Karachi Nuclear Power Complex (KNPC) and is owned and operated by Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)

KANUPP (K-1) Civil construction of KANUPP began in September 1965 and was completed by July 1971, following a turnkey contract with the Canadian General Electric Company (CGE). The reactor attained criticality on 1 August 1971 followed by generation of electricity for the first time on 18 October 1971. Full power generation (137 MWe) was achieved for the first time on 4 October 1972. The plant was formally inaugurated on 28 November 1972 by the President of Pakistan. In 1980, PAEC successfully produced nuclear fuel for KANUPP while it made all-out efforts to create the technical infrastructures, industrial resources and personnel expertise necessary to support station operation. The Design & Development Division (Mechanical), Computer Development Division, In-service Inspection Laboratory, Control & Instrumentation Application Laboratory, Quality Assurance Division and Nuclear Power Training Centre were established within the plant. At about the same time, the Technical and Health Physics Divisions were strengthened to provide necessary backup for technical and radiation control support. Such technical support does not form part of nuclear power plant operation in developed countries but in the case of KANUPP there was no other choice. Incidentally, KANUPP

is the only nuclear power plant in the world which has been operating without technical support from the vendor which is vividly indicative of PAEC's commitment to selfreliance. PLANT DESCRIPTION The Karachi Nuclear Power Plant reactor consists of a cylindrical vessel, the calandria, which contains heavy water moderator and 208 fuel channels. The moderator, which surrounds the fuel channels, slows down neutrons to permit fission chain reaction. Adjustment of the moderator level or volume by reactor regulating computer controls the rate of heat generated in the reactor. A full calandria provides full power output; release of the moderator to the dump space shuts down the reactor.

The natural uranium fuel bundles become hot from the nuclear chain reaction. Heavy water coolant surrounding the fuel is pumped through the primary circuit to the steam generators where it gives up its heat to ordinary water which is converted to steam. This steam is directed under pressure to a steam turbine and coolant is then pumped back to the reactor on a continuing cycle. The motion of steam turbine is used to rotate a conventional electric generator. The resulting electrical energy produced is sent through power transmission lines to Karachi. The exhaust steam from the steam turbine passes to a condenser and the resultant water is pumped back to the steam generators. A pressurized helium circuit holds the heavy water moderator at the required level in the calandria to maintain the nuclear fission of the uranium. The calandria is enclosed by a thick concrete vault of light water-to ensure that it remains constantly submerged. The circulation of water is maintained in the vault, the concrete and the water act as shields against radiation. The water serves the purpose of cooling the vault as well.

The heat from main steam condenser, turbine lubricating oil and demineralized water is removed through sea water. The demineralized water extracts heat from reactor auxiliary system equipments and all coolers associated with conventional systems. The fire water system also utilizes sea water. The ventilation system is designed to provide cooling to all areas of the Plant. It recovers heavy water from boiler room atmosphere and controls the air borne radioactivity, in particular tritium, to flow from lower contamination zones to higher contamination zones. The radioactivity is controlled to an acceptable limit before being released from the building to the atmosphere via the stack. The reactor protection system is designed to protect the reactor and the general public by tripping the reactor in case of process malfunctions. It consists of three identical channels and actuation of any two channels causes a reactor trip. The shutdown of reactor is achieved by dumping the moderator in the dump space of the calandria in less than 0.5 seconds.

Chashma Nuclear Power Plant-1 (CHASNUPP-1)

The construction of Chashma Nuclear Power Plant Unit-1 (CHASNUPP-1), the second nuclear power plant in Pakistan, was started in 1992 with the help of People's Republic of China. It has been in commercial operation since September 2000. CHASNUPP-1 is a two-loop PWR plant with gross output of 325 MWe & net output of 300 MWe and life span of 40 years. The Plant is located in the province of Punjab near Chashma Barrage on the left bank of River Indus, 32 KMs south of Mianwali City, 280 KMs south-west of Islamabad and 1160 KMs North-east of Karachi.

Pakistan is the only Muslim country utilizing nuclear energy for electricity generation. A major technological breakthrough was achieved when Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP) started supplying electricity to the city of Karachi. KANUPP is a 137 MWe Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR), operating since 1971.

The construction of CHASNUPP-1 was started in 1992 with the help of the People's Republic of China. Pakistan and China have been cooperating in peaceful uses of nuclear power since 1986. The decision to build a nuclear power plant was taken in 1989 when the Prime Ministers of the two countries agreed in principle. After technical and contractual negotiations, the contract was signed on December 31, 1991. This 300 MWe nuclear power plant is designed, manufactured and constructed by the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC). The Chinese technology is based on the experience gained from the indigenous Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant which started operation in December 1991 after a protracted research and development programme. This is the first example of South-South cooperation in the world in the area of nuclear power. PLANT CONSTRUCTION The plant site has been thoroughly investigated in accordance with international standards by national as well as international experts. Seismic aspects have also been reviewed by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), who found the site suitable for construction of nuclear power plants.

Construction View of the Plant The formal construction of the plant started on August 01, 1992 when first concrete was poured. After completion of civil work in 1996, major plant equipment such as reactor pressure vessel, turbine generator, steam generator, etc. were installed during 1996-97. After phase-1 commissioning, fuel was loaded into the reactor and comprehensive testing carried out at various power levels. The Plant was accepted provisionally by PAEC as owner on September 25, 2000.

A view of Intake Structure

PLANT TECHNICAL DATA

Plant Technical Data Gross electric power output 325 MWe Net electric power output 300 MWe Thermal power 998.6 MWt Number of loops 2 Average coolant temperature At zero load At full load System working pressure RPV maximum overall dia RPV maximum overall height No. of fuel assemblies Fuel (enrichment) Turbine elements Turbine speed Steam pressure (operating inlet) Steam temperature Generator rating Generator Voltage 280 oC 302 oC 15.2 MPa 5596 mm 10705 121 U02 (2.4%-3%) 1HP (double) 2LP (double) 3000 rpm 5.34 MPa (a) 268.1 oC 364.7 MVA 20kV

PLANT OPERATION After takeover of the plant on 25 September, 2000, CHASNUPP-1 is being operated by Pakistani Staff. The formation of the operation and maintenance team and conduct of training was carefully planned during the period when plant was in the construction phase. The plant staff was thoroughly trained in the basics of nuclear power in Pakistan as well as provided on-the-job training in China. The plant staff took active part in the installation and commissioning activities at the plant and worked side by side with their Chinese counterparts. The operation staff also received comprehensive training on the Full Scope Training Simulator (FSTS) and qualified for the license issued by the regulatory authority before assuming responsibility in the plant.

Main Control Room of CHASNUPP-1

before the plant was put into operation, CHASNUPP-1 was subjected to comprehensive pre-operation audit by an IAEA Pre-OSART Mission consisting of 14 experts in various areas such as operation, maintenance, training, engineering support, safety, etc.

Summary of C-1 Signing of the contract 31 December 1991 Validation of contract 25 February 1992 Preliminary Safety Analysis report (PSAR) 25 December 1992 Construction Permit 3 July 1993 First Concrete Pour of Nuclear Island 1 August 1993 Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR) 1 March 1998 Hydro-test of Reactor Coolant System 28 August 1998 Fuel Loading Authorization 25 October 1999 First criticality 03 May 2000 Grid connection 13 June 2000 Full Power Commercial operation 25 September 2000 RFO-1 30 September 2002-18 January 2003 RFO-2 16 April 2004- July 2004 RFO-3 30 September 2005-15 November 2005

Chashma Nuclear Power Plant-2 (CHASNUPP-2)

The construction of Chashma Nuclear Power Plant Unit-1 (CHASNUPP-1), the second nuclear power plant in Pakistan, was started in May, 2006 with the help of People's Republic of China. It is connected to the national grade for commercial operation on May 12, 2011. CHASNUPP-2 is a two-loop PWR plant with gross output of 350 MWe & net output of 330 MWe and life span of 40 years. The Plant is located in the province of Punjab near Chashma Barrage on the left bank of River Indus, 32 KMs south of Mianwali City, 280 KMs south-west of Islamabad and 1160 KMs North-east of Karachi.

Main Control Room of C-2

PLANT TECHNICAL DATA

Plant Technical Data Gross electric power output 350 MWe Net electric power output 330 MWe Thermal power 998.6 MWt Number of loops 2 Average coolant temperature At zero load At full load System working pressure RPV maximum overall dia RPV maximum overall height No. of fuel assemblies Fuel (enrichment) Turbine elements Turbine speed Steam pressure (operating inlet) Steam temperature Generator rating Generator Voltage 280 oC 302 oC 15.2 MPa 5596 mm 10705 121 U02 (2.4%-3%) 1HP (double) 2LP (double) 3000 rpm 5.34 MPa (a) 268.1 oC 400 MVA at 0.85 pf 20kV

Milestones Date Signing of the contract May 04, 2004 Validation of the contract Dec 01, 2004 Preliminary Safety Analysis Report (PSAR) May, 2005 Construction Permit --------First Concrete Pour of Nuclear Island May, 2006 Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR) Aug, 2009 Hydro-test of Reactor Coolant System Feb, 2010

Chashma Nuclear Power Plant-3 and 4 (C-3 & C4)

On April 28, 2009 a general engineering and design contract for CHASNUPP-3 and CHASNUPP-4 was signed with Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research and Design Institute. The units will both have generation capacity of 340MWe and a design life of 40 years. Much of the design work has already been completed by Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research and Design Institute (SNERDI) in anticipation to meet lead-time requirements. KANUPP-2 KANUPP-2 is a civilian nuclear power plant which would produced 1000 MWe electricity in Karachi. The Karachi Nuclear Power Complex is under the International Atomic Energy Agency's safeguard and inspection. The Plant is under construction by the PAEC and financed by IAEA, China Guangdong Nuclear Power Group, China National Nuclear Corporation, and China Atomic Energy Authority

RESEARCH REACTORS
PARR-I A 10 MW swimming pool type research reactor, the experimental facilities associated with the reactor are: Central Flux Trap with a maximum thermal neutron flux of 1.5x1014. Graphite Thermal Column provides thermal neutron flux ranging from 1.7x108 to 5.9x1011. Pneumatic Tubes for irradiation of small samples, at thermal flux around 3.0x1013 and fast flux around 3.8x1012. Horizontal Beam Tubes with thermal flux in the range 3.7x1013 to 8.5x1013. Gamma cell for bulk irradiation of samples and Hot cell, a properly shielded facility to handle highly radioactive samples. See (Cooling System of Parr-1)

PARR-II A tank-in pool type reactor with a rated power of 27 kW, this corresponds to the thermal neutron flux of the order of 1012 Depending on the distance from core center, its irradiation sites have thermal neutron fluxes from 1x1012 to 5 x 1011. The fast neutron flux is also of the same order.

Summery of Pakistan nuclear power reactors

As of today, only 3 three commercial nuclear power plants are currently operating. The list provided the information about current and future commercial nuclear power plants. Nuclear Power Reactors CHASNUPP -I CHASNUPP -II CHASNUPP -III CHASNUPP -IV Connecte Net Gross Locatio Constructio d to Type Capacit Capacit n n Started Electricit y y y Grid Chasma, 300 325 1st August, June 13, PWR Punjab MWe MWe 1993 2000 Province Chasma, 300 325 December March 14, PWR Punjab MWe MWe 28, 2005 2011 Province Chasma, 340 400 April 28, PWR Punjab N/A MWe MWe 2009 Province Chasma, 340 400 PWR Punjab N/A N/A MWe MWe Province Paradise Point, PHW 125 137 1st August, October Karachi, R 1966 MWe MWe 18, 1971 Sindh Province Preliminary Paradise work started Point, PHW 600 but then the Karachi, N/A N/A R MWe project was Sindh put on hold Province in 2009

Commercia l Operation September 15, 2000 May 20, 2011 N/A

N/A

KANUPP-I

December 7, 1972

KANUPP-II

N/A

References: Contact Information of KANUPP(K-1) Visits are arranged for groups / institutions only. Please contact the Principal Administrator, KANUPP, in writing for arrangements.

KARACHI NUCLEAR POWER COMPLEX, PO BOX 3183 Karachi-75400, Pakistan Phone #: +92-21-9202222 Fax: +92-21-9202240 Email: knpc@khi.comsats.netpk Web Address: www.paec.gov.pk/kanupp/kanupp-index.htm Contact Information(CHASNUPP-1,2,3 and 4). For query regarding visits, please do contact General Manager (CHASNUPP-1). Chashma Nuclear Power Plant-1 Mailing P. O. Chashma Barrage Colony, Kundian Address: District Mianwali, Pakistan Phone #: +92-459-241481~5, + 92-459-241730~5 Fax: +92-459-241505, +92-51-9278524 Email: chasnupp@fsd.paknet.com.pk Web Address: www.paec.gov.pk/chasnupp1/ Mailing Address: www.paec.gov.pk/asad/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan http://www.thenucleuspak.org.pk/ http://www.pnra.org/ http://www.paec.gov.pk/pinstech/ http://www.iaea.org/