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Mikiko first purchased a Cosmopolitan Home Insurance policy four years ago and has maintained that policy

ever since. Recently, Mikiko filed a claim for repairs that were necessitated by termite damage to her insured home. Cosmopolitan denied her claim, citing an expert's opinion that the termite damage had taken place over a period of at least five years. The company also cited a clause in her insurance agreement indemnifying Cosmopolitan against claims made due to conditions the customer knowingly failed to disclose when she first purchased the policy. 1. Which of the following is an assumption Cosmopolitan made in rejecting Mikiko's claim? A. If any part of the damage to the house began before the insurance policy was initiated, no part of that damage is covered by the policy. B. The purpose of insurance is to eliminate catastrophic losses by sharing risks, not by sharing costs once damage has occurred. C. The costs of paying Mikiko's claim would be greater than the amount she has spent for home insurance over the last four years. D. No insurer can afford to compensate policy holders for preexisting conditions. E. Mikiko could have prevented or mitigated the termite damage if she had made repairs earlier.

Numerous studies of chemotherapy patients over the last ten years have shown that patients who had regularly attended support groups or received counseling experienced significantly fewer side effects and shorter recovery times from chemotherapy than did patients who had not. Clearly, although the mainstream scientific community has been slow to acknowledge it, psychological support has an effect on the body's ability to heal. 2. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument above? A. The survival rates for chemotherapy patients in the study were virtually identical regardless of whether or not they received support. B. The patients who did not attend support groups chose not to do so, even though they were healthy enough to attend. C. Many medical doctors believe that the mind plays a role in the causation and prevention of illness. D. The majority of chemotherapy patients must undergo more than one round of treatment. E. Some hospitals do not conduct support groups on their premises for chemotherapy patients and their families.

As the U.S. government scales back its space program, private companies are now considering taking over the business of sending humans into space. Many experts wonder if a privately developed spaceship would really be safe enough for astronauts. Additionally, it remains to be seen whether a private company would willingly take on the enormous expense of producing such a specialized product. To many, the idea of private spacecraft building may seem unfeasible. However, as with any business venture, money is saved or lost in the details. By looking at the uses and requirements of a modern spacecraft in a new way, aerospace companies could develop innovative-and also economical-spaceships. For example, private developers realize that a modern space vehicle could essentially be an orbital taxi, making limited trips to the International Space Station rather than extended treks into outer space. Maximum flight time, even allowing for potential emergencies, would be no more than 48 hoursfar shorter than the moon-based missions for which earlier rocket-boosted orbiters were built. With shorter flight times, spacecrafts would no longer require a galley on board for food preparation, as boxed meals would suffice. Also, if shuttle operators do not need to perform spacewalks, the space and weight of an airlock can be eliminated. Use of innovative materials could also reduce the ship's overall weight, resulting in a vehicle one-quarter the weight of a standard Apollo capsule. This weight reduction would mean that the ship could be thrust into orbit by medium-sized booster rockets already in use. Rather than wasting resources reinventing and reproducing some of the essential flight and navigational technology, contractors could order Government Furnished Equipment (GFEs) to supply critical parts. Although many logistics still need to be addressed, numerous industry experts are considering ways in which producing ships for manned space travel could become a viable business opportunity for private aerospace companies.

3. Which of the following best describes the content of the passage? A. A description of risks and benefits of a privately developed space program B. An examination of the United States government's efforts to reinvent the space shuttle program C. An explanation of the design of a "space taxi" D. An illustration of the technical barriers to creating an economical orbital vehicle E. An argument for the financial viability of privately developed spacecraft

4. It can be inferred from this passage that A. early space missions might not have been economically viable for the private sector. B. the aerospace industry remains skeptical of new opportunities in spacecraft development. C. innovative materials are the main factor in making spacecraft economically viable. D. people will one day travel through outer space just as they travel by plane today. E. everyone may benefit from having private industry develop spacecraft in the future.

5. The author most likely mentions Government Furnished Equipment (GFEs) in order to A. demonstrate just how much space-related surplus the government has. B. explain how private developers could trim costs of equipment. C. underscore the government's desire to lure private industry into spaceflight development. D. trumpet the U.S. government's pivotal role in continued spaceflight development. E. dramatize how big a difference using GFEs can make to the cost of a spacecraft.

According to one personal trainer, most gym members are driven more by vanity than by concern for health. They will spend hours building skeletal muscle while neglecting cardiovascular fitness. 6. Which of the following best describes an assumption made by the personal trainer? A. Health consists only of cardiovascular fitness. B. It is vain to spend hours trying to appear younger than one's age. C. Most gym members have no health-related reason to develop skeletal muscle. D. Most gym members are no healthier than people who spend less time developing skeletal muscle. E. Cardiovascular health is less visible than are welldeveloped skeletal muscles.

7. The first woman and the first civilian to travel in space, the international community views Valentina Tereshkova to be a heroine, as shown by the numerous awards and honorary degrees bestowed upon her and the fact that a moon crater bears her name. A. the international community views Valentina Tereshkova to be a heroine B. the international community regards Valentina Tereshkova to be a heroine C. the international community sees Valentina Tereshkova as a heroine D. Valentina Tereshkova is regarded by the international community as a heroine E. Valentina Tereshkova is considered as a heroine by the international community

County X's fair this year will be the county's most profitable fair yet. Attendance and exhibits are at an all-time high, and the addition of a rodeo will bring even more revenue. 8. Each of the following, if true, would weaken the argument EXCEPT: A. The county fair board decided to lower this year's cost of admission after receiving several complaints last year about the admission price. B. Advance ticket sales for the rodeo have underperformed expectations, so the rodeo is in danger of cancellation. C. This year, the exhibitors will all receive increased monetary awards for their exhibits. D. County fairs in the surrounding counties have not all been profitable this year. E. The owner of the land upon which livestock will be exhibited has raised this year's rent.

9. During the Great Depression, the Keynesian concept of stimulus spending by the public sector migrated from the classroom to the marketplace; the validity of government stimulus was first put to the test because of both Roosevelt's New Deal and the build-up of the military-industrial complex during World War II. A. because of both Roosevelt's New Deal and B. because of both Roosevelt's New Deal and also C. by both Roosevelt's New Deal and D. by Roosevelt's New Deal and also E. as a result of both Roosevelt's New Deal and

Corporate analysts contend that the individuals chosen by Company X's CEO to fill the company's other senior officer positions are surprisingly inexperienced given Company's X size. However, further investigation into the new officers' backgrounds reveals that each of these people has substantial experience managing smaller companies or start-up organizations. Some of the new officers were themselves CEOs of small companies within other industries, and the individuals with executive experience were placed in Company X positions most requiring such experience, such as COO and CFO. Insiders who more thoroughly understand these individuals' backgrounds will see that this is actually a seasoned management team. 10. In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles? A. The first is deviation from the acknowledged general system displayed in the argument; the second provides the rationale behind that deviation. B. The first is a general principle that the author attempts to weaken; the second is the author's argument against that principle. C. The first is a stance on the data presented; the second is a critique of that stance. D. The first is a general pattern that the author believes to be correct; the second is the author's main point based on that belief. E. The first is an event pattern that the author believes is true; the second is data that strengthens the author's conclusion.

11. Before facing the hardships of schizophrenia, Nathaniel Anthony Ayers attended The Juilliard School, studied under the auspices of world-class musicians, and he embraced the musical acumen that would later grace the streets of Los Angeles. A. attended The Juilliard School, studied under the auspices of world-class musicians, and he embraced B. attended The Juilliard School, studied under the auspices of world-class musicians, embracing C. attended The Juilliard School, studying under the auspices of world-class musicians and embracing D. attending The Juilliard School, studying under the auspices of world-class musicians, and embracing E. attended The Juilliard School, studying under the auspices of world-class musicians and embraced

12. Crop rotation is the process by which a particular area of land is planted with one specific crop that utilizes certain nutrients, harvested to remove the bounty of the crop, and tilled to remove all traces of the crop and prepare the land for a completely different crop requiring different nutrients to be planted. A. Crop rotation is the process by which a particular area of land is planted with one specific crop that utilizes certain nutrients, B. Crop rotation occurs when a particular area of land planted with one specific crop that utilizes certain nutrients, C. Crop rotation, the process by which a particular area of land is planted with one specific crop that utilizes certain nutrients D. The process of crop rotation is the way by which a particular area of land is planted with one specific crop that utilizes certain nutrients E. The process of crop rotation is the way that a particular area of land is planted with one specific crop that utilizes certain nutrients

African exploration in the late nineteenth century is almost entirely a story of white males: scientists, traders and missionaries. Mary Henrietta Kingsley stands out as an exception. Ostensibly, Kingsley planned her first trip to Africa so she could conduct research on fetishes and complete the academic treatise her father, an explorer, had begun. Privately, Kingsley told a friend she was traveling to Africa "to die," though she had dreamt of such an adventure since childhood. Nevertheless, she prepared for the trip carefully, interviewing friends, doctors, missionaries, and former explorers, all of whom advised her not to make the trek. Kingsley was undaunted and set off for West Africa carrying only £300, and chemicals and specimen cases designed to collect samples of unknown fish and insects for the British Museum. Kingsley sailed the coast, finally putting in at the mouth of the Congo. Recognizing that the natives were naturally suspicious of Europeans traveling without an obvious purpose, Kingsley purchased cloth and other goods in the port and traveled inland for six months as a trader, exchanging goods for food and shelter along the way. During this and her second trip in 1895, Kingsley demonstrated resourcefulness in dealing with such challenges as rescuing a native from cannibals, defeating a leopard with a bucket of water, learning to pilot a native canoe up the Ogooue River, and becoming the first white woman and third "Englishman" to climb the 14,435 foot Mount Cameroon. Upon her return to London, Kingsley campaigned for an enlightened African policy, published her bookTravels in West Africa and advocated a forum for the serious ethnological study of Africa. Kingsley's third trip was to Cape Town during the 1900 Boer War. There she encountered an epidemic of dysentery, volunteered to nurse prisoners of war, contracted typhoid, and died.

13. What is the main purpose of this passage? A. To demonstrate that even the most seasoned African explorers are at risk due to disease. B. To outline the early history of African exploration. C. To establish the need for a more tolerant colonial policy in 19
th

century England.

D. To discuss the achievements of one female explorer. E. To argue that the contributions made by women explorers in Africa were as important as those made by men.

14. The author suggests that Mary Kingsley may have gone to Africa for each of the following reasons EXCEPT: A. to serve as an Anglican missionary B. to complete her father's fetish research C. to fulfill a childhood dream D. to collect specimens of fish and insects for the British Museum E. to die

15. Mary Kingsley's reason for purchasing cloth and other supplies at the mouth of the Congo was: A. to be able to trade for food and shelter along the way B. to earn extra money to finance her trip C. to assuage the natives' concerns over her motives D. to acquire examples of fetish sculptures for her father's research E. to acquaint the natives with European goods

16. Why does the author insert the anecdotes about Kingsley's travels in paragraph three? A. To show that she was not afraid of wild beasts. B. To compare the obstacles faced by female travelers with those faced by male explorers of the day. C. To entice you into reading Kinsley's best-selling book Travels in West Africa. D. To emphasize the dangers Mary faced in her travels. E. To illustrate Kingsley's ability to conquer a variety of challenges.

17. As in 1994, voter registrations of older males as frequently, if not more frequently than, of other demographic groups increased the voter population this spring. A. As in 1994, voter registrations of older males as frequently, if not more frequently than, of other demographic groups increased B. Like in 1994, voter registration of older males as frequently, if not more frequently than, of other demographic groups increased C. Like in 1994, older males registered to vote as frequently, if not more frequently than, other demographic groups and that increased D. As in 1994, older males registered to vote as frequently as, if not more frequently than, other demographic groups and it increased E. As in 1994, older males registered to vote as frequently as, if not more frequently than, other demographic groups, increasing

The owner of Dairy Barn found that employees who estimated the amount of fruit to be added to malt recipes were adding too much fruit, thus increasing store costs and impacting the taste of the malts. The Dairy Barn purchased a new electronic scale for employees to use to weigh fruit more precisely. When the fruit usage in malts did not decrease to prescribed proportions after installation of the scale, the owner visited Dairy Barn and observed the employees at work. She found that employees considered the scale too complex to use and were continuing to estimate how much fruit to add to malts. 18. Based on the statements above, Dairy Barn would most likely succeed in reducing the proportion of excess fruit used in malts each month by doing which of the following, assuming that each is a reasonable possibility? A. Preventing employees from using visual estimation to measure fruit. B. Retraining employees in the use of the electronic scale until they are comfortable with its use. C. Reducing the amount of fruit called for in Dairy Barn malt recipes. D. Offering and promoting non-fruit malts and shakes in addition to those using fruit. E. Increasing the number of food items that employees have the ability to produce.

19. Found in the wild only in Australia and Tasmania, a duckbill, a beaver tail, and otter feet combine to distinguish the platypus from other water-based mammals. A. a duckbill, a beaver tail, and otter feet combine to distinguish the platypus from other water-based mammals B. the platypus is distinguished from other water-based mammals by the combination of a duckbill, a beaver tail, and otter feet C. the platypus is being distinguished from other mammals that are water-based by a duckbill, a beaver tail, and otter feet D. a duckbill, a beaver tail, and otter feet combine to distinguish the platypus from other mammals that are water-based E. a duckbill, a beaver tail, and otter feet combine to distinguish the platypus from those of other mammals that are water-based

20. From the 1800s and the present day, Crayola, the famous art supply maker, provided crayons, paints, and molding clay to both grade school children and teenagers who have expressed themselves through art. A. the 1800s and the present day, Crayola, the famous art supply maker, has provided crayons, paints, and molding clay to both grade school children and B. the 1800s to children in present day schools, Crayola, the famous art supply maker, provided crayons, paints and molding clay to both grade school children and C. the 1800s to the present day, Crayola, the famous art supply maker, has provided crayons, paints, and molding clay to both grade school children and D. children in the 1800s to the present day, Crayola, the famous art supply maker, has provided crayons, paints, and molding clay to both grade school children and E. children in the 1800s to those in the present day, Crayola, the famous art supply maker, provided both crayons, paints and molding clay to grade school children and

21. A shared sense of responsibility for the global environment is reflected in the Law of the Sea, which had come into force in 1994, defines types of ocean boundary, allows for landlocked states to access the sea untaxed, and guards against egregious depletion of marine resources. A. which had come into force in 1994, defines types of ocean boundary, allows for landlocked states to access the sea untaxed, and guards against egregious depletion of marine resources B. which came into force in 1994 and defines types of ocean boundary, allows for landlocked states to access the sea untaxed, and is guarding against egregious depletion of marine resources C. which came into force in 1994 and defines types of ocean boundary, allows for landlocked states to access the sea untaxed, and guards against egregious depletion of marine resources D. having come into force in 1994 and defines types of ocean boundary, allows for landlocked states to access the sea untaxed, and guards against egregious depletion of marine resources E. which came into force in 1994 defining types of ocean boundary, and allowing for landlocked states to access the sea untaxed, guards against egregious depletion of marine resources

Fast-food restaurant chain X has cemented its reputation as the most innovative and successful fast-food merchandiser in the state. Last June, X debuted a line of flavored coffees; one year after this release, X's revenues had increased by 10 percent, while the total revenues of all other fast-food merchandisers in the state had increased by only 4 percent. Chain restaurant owners who aspire to a similar level of success should observe X's business practices and copy its initiatives. 22. Which of the following statements must be true for the above claim to be correct? A. X's initiatives are suitable for implementation by nonchain restaurants. B. X is one of the oldest and most respected fast food restaurant chains. C. Most of the increase in X's revenues since last June can be attributed to the addition of the flavored coffees, and X's management will continue to roll out similar initiatives that similarly increase revenues. D. X's profit margins are among the best in the industry. E. Over the past decade, X's revenue has increased more than the revenue of any of X's competitors.

23. Of all the possible threats that affect American national security, the possibility of electromagnetic attack is maybe the more difficult for analysis. A. is maybe the more difficult for analysis B. is probably the most difficult to analyze C. is maybe the most difficult for analysis D. is probably the more difficult to analyze E. is, it may be, the analysis that is most difficult

We have analyzed the results of over twenty university studies on the relationship between student performance and the length of the school year. Although many of these studies found that students learned and retained information better with more days of instruction, and particularly with shorter summer vacations, we have determined that a longer school year would not serve our students well. The benefits of a longer school year accrue primarily to students who are unable to find stimulating activities outside of school, and our school district provides a rich schedule of day camps and other educational opportunities. 24. In the statement above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles? A. The first is evidence in favor of the conclusion; the second is evidence contrary to that conclusion. B. The first is evidence in favor of the conclusion; the second is the conclusion. C. The first is the position the argument seeks to overcome; the second is the main point of the argument. D. The first cites evidence contrary to the position the argument seeks to establish; the second is the position the argument seeks to establish. E. The first cites evidence that seems contrary to the conclusion; the second helps explain why the contrary evidence does not apply to the conclusion.

Professor Kahan argues that many of the nonviolent drug offenders who constitute the majority of American prisoners should be punished with public shaming rather than with incarceration. He notes that when offenders leave prison, they are often socially isolated and unable to find work, leading them to reoffend. 25. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen Professor Kahan's argument? A. Public shaming would cost much less than incarceration. B. An offender who has been publicly shamed would be less socially isolated and more likely to be hired than one who has served a prison sentence. C. Some criminals plead guilty to lesser charges, such as nonviolent drug offenses, to avoid prosecution for violent crimes. D. Although some courts have found that shaming does not contribute to the rehabilitation of the offender, this does not render shaming cruel or unusual punishment. E. Prison sentences seem to do little to deter crime, and nothing to rehabilitate prisoners.

26. Formulas for gross domestic product and trade balance do not apply to small, emergent economies in the same way they apply to established economies, because they are developing and are not in equilibrium. A. Formulas for gross domestic product and trade balance do not apply to small, emergent economies in the same way they apply to established economies, because they are developing and are not in equilibrium B. Because they are developing and are not in equilibrium, formulas for gross domestic product and trade balance do not apply to small, emergent economies in the same way they apply to established economies C. Because they are developing and are not in equilibrium, small, emergent economies are not subject to the same applicability of formulas for gross domestic product and trade balance as established economies D. Because small, emergent economies are developing and are not in equilibrium, formulas for gross domestic product and trade balance do not apply to them in the same way they apply to established economies E. Small, emergent economies are not subject to the applicability of formulas for gross domestic product and trade balance in the same way as established economies, because they are developing and are not in equilibrium

Recent studies have found that 75 percent of eligible voters believe that voting is highly important in a democratic nation and that it is critical for voters to exercise the right to vote. These individuals evidenced a strong belief that it is each eligible citizen's civic duty to vote in state and national elections, and of this group, one-fourth have donated money or time to a political campaign. However, other research has found that onethird of eligible voters have never registered to vote and thus have never voted in a state or national election. 27. If the statements above are true, then which of the following can be most properly inferred? A. Any eligible voter who exercises the right to vote believes that he or she has fulfilled an important civic duty. B. Twenty-five percent of people do not believe that voting is important. C. Schools should require mandatory civics classes so that students understand the importance of exercising the right to vote. D. The number of eligible voters who have never voted in a state or national election is greater than the number of eligible voters who have donated money or time to a political campaign. E. Seventy-five percent of eligible voters vote in the majority of state and national elections.

According to one education professor, the use of bad language and swearing among school students is often associated with other undesirable conduct. Studies have generally shown that when zero tolerance anti-swearing policies are implemented in schools, the rates of bullying and other antisocial behavior also decrease. However, the professor contends that eliminating punishment for swearing would likely reduce rather than increase the incidence of antisocial conduct. If students were free to express themselves however they like rather than be subject to constant correction of their speech, students would feel more respected by the school and conduct themselves in a more adult manner. 28. In the professor's argument, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles? A. The first describes a straightforward link between two occurrences that the professor believes will be normative in this instance; the second offers data that, if correct, would strengthen that belief. B. The first is evidence presented by the professor for a certain prediction; the second is that prediction. C. The first describes a straightforward link between two occurrences that the professor predicts will not necessarily hold; the second offers evidence that, if correct, would strengthen the professor's prediction. D. The first is a declaration that the professor believes is correct; the second is presented as a logical deduction resulting from the accuracy of that declaration. E. The first recognizes a concept that goes against the professor's main conclusion; the second is that conclusion.

29. Fire hydrants are found throughout cities because a fire being very severe must be swiftly and safely answered by first responders. A. Fire hydrants are found throughout cities because a fire being very severe must be swiftly and safely answered by first responders. B. Fire hydrants are located throughout cities so they can swiftly and safely answer any type of fire emergency with first responders no matter how severe. C. Fire hydrants are found throughout cities so first responders can swiftly and safely answer any fire emergency, no matter how severe. D. Found through cities, fire hydrants can have the use of first responders who swiftly and safely answer any type of fire emergency, no matter how severe. E. Found throughout cities, first responders can swiftly and safely answer any type of fire emergency no matter how severe and they can use fire hydrants.

30. The 20th-century American golfer Jack Nicklaus is best known for his countless records, breathtaking course designs, and for his rivaling Arnold Palmer as friends. A. countless records, breathtaking course designs, and for his rivaling Arnold Palmer as friends B. countless records, breathtaking course designs, and friendly rivalry with Arnold Palmer C. countless records, designing breathtaking courses, and a rivalry that was friendly with Arnold Palmer D. records that are countless, the breathtaking course designs, and friendly rivalry with Arnold Palmer E. records that are countless, course designs that are breathtaking, and his friendly rivalry with Arnold Palmer

31. One reason some particle physicists are switching to astronomy late in their careers is that they tire of spending years constructing environments in which they can conduct experiments; astronomers have an infinite and ready-made supply of environments at their disposal. A. One reason some particle physicists are switching to astronomy late in their careers is that they tire of spending years constructing environments in which they can conduct experiments; astronomers have an infinite and ready-made supply of environments at their disposal B. Late in their careers, one reason that some particle physicists are switching to astronomy is suggested by the fact that particle physicists must spend years constructing environments in which they can conduct experiments, while astronomers have an infinite and ready-made supply of environments at their disposal C. Late in their careers, one reason that some particle physicists are switching to astronomy is suggested by the fact that particle physicists must spend years constructing environments in which they can conduct experiments, while an infinite and ready-made supply of environments is at the disposal of astronomers D. The fact that particle physicists must spend years constructing environments in which they can conduct experiments while astronomers have an infinite and readymade supply of environments at their disposal is one reason, late in their careers, some particle physicists are switching to astronomy E. The existence of an infinite and ready-made supply of environments at the disposal of astronomers compared with the fact that particle physicists must spend years constructing environments in which they can conduct experiments suggests one reason some particle physicists are switching to astronomy late in their careers

Two years ago, the manufacturer of Verve shampoo replaced Verve's signature eucalyptus scent with a lemon scent, believing that consumers would find the lemon scent more appealing. However, the manufacturer now plans to restore the eucalyptus scent, stating that the scent change has actually lessened the popularity and sales of Verve shampoo. The manufacturer's claim is without merit, since according to national sales figures, Verve shampoo actually sold 5 percent more bottles last year than it did two years ago. 32. Which of the following, if valid, most strongly challenges the argument made by the manufacturer of Verve shampoo? A. Three years ago, Verve shampoo increased its sales by 10 percent over the previous year. B. After a major retailer that had stocked Verve shampoo went out of business, Verve was sold at 2 percent fewer retail locations nationwide. C. Market research conducted among those who had purchased Verve shampoo indicated that the purchasers did not show a preference between the eucalyptus and lemon scents. D. Two years ago, total national sales of all brands of shampoo grew less than 5 percent over the previous year. E. The manufacturer of Verve shampoo has realized greater profitability with its skincare line than it has with Verve shampoo.

33. Hitting 40 or more home runs and stealing 40 or more bases in a single season is one of baseball's rarest combinations; that requires the strength needed to hit the long ball but also the speed needed to run between the bases. A. combinations; that requires B. combinations; it requires not only C. combinations, where they require not only D. combinations in which they require E. combinations, it requires both

34. Football players who are skilled at both catching and blocking, which are integral to effective play on offense, can help teams win games by means of dominating the line of scrimmage, protecting fellow teammates, and disrupting the plans of the opposing defense. A. means of dominating the line of scrimmage, protecting fellow teammates, and disrupting B. means of dominating the line of scrimmage, protecting fellow teammates, and in the disruption of C. dominating the line of scrimmage, protecting fellow teammates, and disrupting D. dominating the line of scrimmage, protecting fellow teammates, and through disrupting E. dominating the line of scrimmage, protecting fellow teammates, and disruption of

35. As reported recently by leading technology publications, State X is one of five states planning to offer less below-market loans to start-ups in the renewable energy sector. A. planning to offer less B. planning to offer fewer C. planning on offering fewer D. that is planning to provide less E. which is planning on offering fewer

A football team recently finished its fall season of 12 games. The team scored an average of 10 more points per game in the 6 games it played in its home stadium than it did in those games played in opponents' stadiums. Clearly, the support of the team's fans provided the team with a psychological lift, leading to better score performance. 36. Which of the following, if true, casts the most doubt upon the argument above? A. The team's fans were unhappy at times with the team's performance and occasionally booed the team. B. The team's running back, its top scorer, scored more points in the opponents' stadiums than he did in the team's own stadium. C. The field at the team's home stadium is unique in that the middle of the field is raised and the edges lowered, suiting the team's offensive system. D. The team's head coach implored fans to support the team, stating that fan support helped the team perform well. E. The team scored an average of only 24 points per game in its own stadium, ranking in the bottom quartile of scores for all teams.

37. According to an expert panel, the increase in the number of deep space probe launches are likely to continue in the near future. A. the number of deep space probe launches are B. the numbers of deep space probe launches are C. the numbers of deep space probe launches is D. the number of deep space probe launches is E. deep space probe launches are

38. United States Army airborne troops, also known as paratroopers, played a pivotal role in liberating Europe during World War II by both parachuting behind enemy lines in France and the German occupation was repelled. A. both parachuting behind enemy lines in France and the German occupation was repelled B. both parachuting behind enemy lines in France and repelling the German occupation C. both parachuting behind enemy lines in France and repelling the German occupiers from where they were D. Parachuting both behind enemy lines in France and repelling the German occupation E. parachuting both behind enemy lines in France and repelling the German occupiers from where they were

New research has found that students who adhere to specific study schedules are far more likely to receive ""A"" grades in a course than are students who do not have specific study schedules. Researchers postulate that students without specific study schedules underestimate the amount of time they waste while they are studying. One researcher investigated a group of students who reported that they could not get ""A"" grades even though they studied an average of fifteen hours a week. The researcher discovered thatthis group of students actually engaged in focused studying about three hours a week, and were distracted by television, the internet, and their cell phones much of the rest of the time. In contrast, students with a fixed study schedule tended to focus more easily and study for longer periods of time. 39. The two boldface portions in the argument above are best described by which of the following statements? A. The first describes an example reflecting the veracity of a particular theory; the second is an alternative theory. B. The first is an observation that researchers hold to be accurate; the second provides data to support the researchers' hypothesis for that observation. C. The first reflects a causal relationship uncovered by the researchers; the second is the foundation for the researchers' conclusion. D. The first is a postulate held by particular researchers; the second demonstrates the accuracy of that postulate. E. The first is a critique of why a certain theory is thought to be accurate; the second is research data that strengthens that theory.

Members of the Atlantis Country Club may submit a prospective member for consideration as long as the following conditions are met: the nominating member is in good standing, the nominating member has not submitted any prospective member for at least six months, the prospective member is endorsed by at least one other current member, and the prospective member is not opposed by any club officer. 40. Which of the following can be correctly inferred from the statements above? A. If a prospective member was denied membership four months ago, he cannot be resubmitted for at least two more months. B. A prospective member can be submitted for consideration without any action on his or her part. C. The Atlantis Country Club considers only those prospective members whom its officers believe will get along with current club members. D. Membership in the Atlantis Country Club is highly valued. E. Any prospective member endorsed by every club officer will be offered membership.

Much of the undergraduate teaching at large research universities is done by graduate students, while virtually all of the teaching at small liberal arts colleges is done by faculty members. Prospective undergraduate students who wish to spend time with the most able teachers should therefore choose small liberal arts colleges over even very prestigious large research universities. 41. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument above depends? A. The faculties at small liberal arts schools include more able teachers than the graduate students at very prestigious large research universities. B. Large research universities should ensure that undergraduate students have a greater opportunity to work with faculty. C. Students will learn more at small liberal arts schools than at large research universities. D. Graduate students cannot be trained to teach as effectively as faculty members teach. E. The faculties at small liberal arts schools are more devoted to teaching than are the faculties at large research universities.

The California ground squirrel must constantly balance the conflicting demands of self-preservation and predator assessment. Because predator assessment requires a fairly high degree of proximity and sensory contact, the ground squirrel can only safely assess predators from whom there is little to no immediate threat. For example, when avian predators, including the red-tailed hawk and golden eagle, launch sudden, unexpected aerial attacks, self-preservation must take precedence over the acquisition of knowledge. Rattlesnakes, on the other hand, pose relatively little immediate danger, and give the squirrel the greatest opportunity for predator assessment. Predator assessment might normally be hampered by the inherent danger of the rattlesnake's lethal bite. But while squirrels constitute almost 70 percent of the rattlesnake's diet, adult ground squirrels are all but immune to rattlesnakes. Rattlesnakes hunt slowly and stalk their prey, in marked contrast to sudden avian attacks. And even though a rattlesnake's strike is fast, the ground squirrel can move much faster. More important, any danger posed by a snakebite is mitigated by proteins in the squirrel's blood that confer resistance to rattlesnake venom. Adult ground squirrels will generally survive a rattlesnake bite that could prove lethal to a grown human. Indeed, it is the squirrel pups that are most susceptible to rattlesnake bites, because their smaller bodies cannot neutralize a full bite's worth of venom. This innate resistance allows the ground squirrel to change the dynamic of the traditional predator-prey relationship and approach the rattlesnake in an effort to acquire useful information regarding size and body temperature. Larger snakes, which deliver more venom per strike, are naturally more dangerous, as are warmer snakes, which can strike faster, from a greater distance, and with greater accuracy. Visual cues can be helpful, but the squirrel is often hampered by the

surrounding vegetation and darkness of burrows. Auditory cues are generally more reliable. For this reason, the ground squirrel will engage in tail-flagging, sand-kicking, and substrate-throwing in an attempt to put the snake on the defensive, and coax the snake into rattling its tail. The sound of a particular snake's rattle "leaks" information about the snake's size and body temperature. Not only does this information allow the squirrel to accurately assess the surrounding danger to itself and its pups, but it also allows the squirrel to communicate this danger (or lack thereof) to other squirrels by additional tail-flagging. 42. Which of the following can most reasonably be concluded about adult ground squirrels on the basis of the passage? A. They are found exclusively in California. B. They have always been immune to rattlesnake venom. C. They are sometimes vulnerable to a rattlesnake's venom. D. They generally stay away from rattlesnakes in order to protect their young. E. They have only avian and reptilian predators.

43. According to the passage, the adult ground squirrel generally does NOT engage in which of the following? A. The self-application of snake scent B. Acquisition of knowledge regarding a rattlesnake's size C. Biting rattlesnakes D. Large-scale assessment of avian predators E. Communication with other adult ground squirrels

44. The author mentions the hunting method of rattlesnakes in order to A. show how the rattlesnake can sneak up on a ground squirrel engaged in predator assessment. B. give an example of an attack against which the adult ground squirrel must defend itself in order to survive. C. explain why 70 percent of squirrels are eaten by rattlesnakes. D. show how the rattlesnake is different from the red-tailed hawk and golden eagle. E. provide a secondary explanation for the adult California ground squirrel's ability to safely approach the rattlesnake.

45. The passage suggests which of the following about predator-prey relationships? A. They only allow for predator assessment when there is no danger from the predator. B. They often do not allow for a high degree of predator assessment. C. They are fairly traditional in their resistance to evolution. D. They tend to minimize the predator-prey proximity. E. They are the same regardless of the species in question.

Recent market research has indicated that a majority of California restaurant patrons dislike the requirement that they must park their cars with a restaurant's valet staff for a $10 fee. These patrons would prefer to park their own cars in a free adjacent parking lot and then walk to the restaurant, although a majority also indicated that they would use the valet service if no other parking options were available. After reviewing this research, the owner of Chester's restaurant has decided that eliminating valet parking and converting the valet lot to a free customer parking lot would raise the restaurant's profit margin. 46. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the owner's plan to increase profits by eliminating valet parking and converting the valet parking lot to a free customer parking lot? A. It will cost Chester's more money to provide security for a free customer parking lot than for a valet lot. B. Some patrons of Chester's arrive and depart by taxi. C. Customers attracted to Chester's by the free parking lot will provide more revenue than the valet lot currently does. D. Chester's is located in California. E. There are currently some free parking spaces located within a short walk from Chester's.

47. Last year, searching for a method to motivate her failing students, the teacher attempted to implement a different teaching method every four weeks but always obtained the same student performance. A. for a method to motivate her failing students, the teacher attempted to implement a different teaching method every four weeks but always obtained the same student performance B. for a method for motivating her failing students, the teacher attempted to implement a different teaching method every four weeks but had always obtained the same student performance C. to find a method to motivate her failing students, the teacher attempted to implement a different teaching method every four weeks, but had always obtained the same student performance D. to find a method to motivate her failing students, the teacher attempted to implement a different teaching method every four weeks but always obtained the same student performance E. for a method to motivate her failings students, the teacher had attempted to implement a different teaching method every four weeks but was always obtaining the same student performance

Drinking one to two glasses of wine every day is known to reduce the risk of heart disease and some cancers. Now another benefit has been identified: a recent study comparing those who drink wine to those who do not showed that wine drinkers are more relaxed and have less stress than non-wine drinkers. 48. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? A. People who are relaxed and have less stress have fewer health problems. B. The non-wine drinkers in the study did not have substantially more stressful jobs than did the wine drinkers. C. The same number of wine drinkers and non-wine drinkers were involved in the research study. D. Wine drinkers are aware of the benefits of drinking wine in moderation, including reduced risk of heart disease and some cancers. E. Wine drinkers who had consumed a glass of wine right before the study were more relaxed than wine drinkers who had not had a drink that day.

49. Pediatricians have determined that a birth will affect one baby in the United States once in every 7.6 seconds. A. a birth will affect one baby in the United States once in every 7.6 seconds. B. a baby in the United States should be born once in every 7.6 seconds. C. one baby in the United States should be born every 7.6 seconds. D. every 7.6 seconds a baby will be born in the United States. E. every 7.6 seconds a baby should be born in the United States.

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