: General characterized of fungi

Eukaryotic " non photosynthetic "distinguished them from plant and algae . unicellular to filamentous . rigid cell wall . reproduce by sexual and asexual reproduction . most fungi prefer moist environment with humidity of 70% or more . (can grow at (-6) to 50C with optimal temp for it is (20-35C most fungi grow well on acidic ph=5 or below &thus grow well on sabouraod agar : fungi produce antibiotic example . Penicillin produced from penicellium fungi : fungi can form symbiotic relationship ((mutually beneficial relationship )) example . Lichens : fungi grow with algae . Mycorrhizas : fungi grow among plant root

: Structure and function

. mycelium (mold) : mass of hyphal elementsconidia (spore ) : aerial hyphae often produce asexual reproduction -: there are two type of conidia * . macroconidia . 2- microconidia -1 (( When the conidia are enclosed in sac called ((endospore *

: Cell wall of fungi

: Cell wall rigid coposed of . chitin . 2- mannans . 3- glucans . 4- protein-1

: different between fungi and bacteria*

Defferance Cell wall Cell membrane Cell type Fungi Chitin mannans glucan Protein Sterol present Eukaryotic Bacteria Peptidoglycan Sterol absent Prokaryotic

: fungi morphology *
. yeast . 2- mould . 3 dimorphic -1

-yeast : 1
. unicellular . 2- oval to round-1 reproduce by budding . 4- pasty colonies -3 . most classified with ascomycetes -

: mould -2
. multicellular . 2- hyphae spore -1 . cottony wooly granular -3 . cell joined in thread like strand +

: Dimorphic -3
. Capable growing in mould and yeast

: Classification of hyphae
. septate : hyphae with septa -1 . non septate "aseptate " : (coenocytic ) : Hyphae lacking septate -2

definition *
. monokaryotic : compartment has single nuclei . Dikaryotic : compartment has two nucleus heterokaryotic : dikaryotic or multinucleate has nuclei from genetically distinct . individuals . homokaryotic : hyphae has nuclei are genetically similar to one another -

(( all fungi are heterotrophs((organism that require organic carbon source * . Do not chlorophyll * (( anamorph : asexual stage (( mitosis * (( telemorph : sexual stage ((meiosis * : asexual spore *
. conidiospore . . arthrospore . . budding -5 : Example for asexual spore * 2- sporangiospore-1 4- chlamydospore -3

. rhizopus species . . penicellium species -3

2- asperogillus species -1

: sexual spore * . zygospore . 2- ascospore -1 . basidiospore . 4- Oospore -3 . sexual spore resistance to drying &heat &freezing* : fungi taxonomic classification* Depend on type of sexual spore
Sexual spore Zygospore Basidiospore Ascospore Non spore Oospore Class Zygomycetes Basidiomycetes Ascomycetes Deutromycetes Oomycetes Hyphae ( Coenocytic ( non Septate Septate Septate Septate ( Coenocytic ( non Septate

-: Kigdom of fungi * Zygomycota :: zygospore fungi -1 Ascomycota :: sac fungi -2 Basidiomycota :: club fungi -3 Deutetromycota :: imperfect fungi -4 Oomycota :: water molds -5

-: Sexual Reproduction :- Hyphal nuclei are haploid , it include* Plasmogamy :- fusion of cytoplasm from hyphae of two " mating types " to -1 .give heterokaryotic cell .Karyogamy :- fusion of nuclei to give multinucleated diploid cell -2 . meiosis:- later give haploid spores -3 . Spores : can formed in the sexual or asexual part of life cycle *

-: Zygomycota
( Zygote fungi ( bread molds. some are parasites & grow on stored food (( E.g :- Rhizopus spp (( black bread mold -: Zygomycosis caused by Rhisopus spp-1 Absidia spp-2 Mucor spp-3

-: Ascomycota
(( Sac fungi ( yeast , cup fungi and morels , and form sac- shape sporesBody yeast or mycelium . Decomposer and pathogensCandidiasis ( yeast infection ) :- caused by candida albicans , found in Newbornand AIDS , it also cause diaper rash

-: Basidiomycota
(( Club fungi (( Mushrooms and puffballs. spores are formed in club shaped -

-: Deuteromycota
Imperfect Fungi \. Sexual reproductive is unknown there are beneficial (( penicillin form penicillium )) (( soy sauce and citric acid. (( from Aspergillus )) and Harmful (( Aspergillus toxic if inhaled Aspergillus causes aspergillosis-: Classification of fungal diseases * . any fungal infections is mycosis -: There are 5 groups according the degree of tissue involvement ( Systemic ( Endemic -1 . Subcutanous-2 . Cutanous-3 . Superficial-4 . Opprotunistic-5

Systemic :- the infection deep in the body . include histoplasmosis & coccidioidomycosis - -: Systemic mycosis Histoplasma capsulatum : cause -1 . histoplasmosis Blastomyces dermatitidis : cause-2 . blastomycosis paracoccidioides brasiliensis : cause -3 paracoccidiodomycosis coccidiodes immitis : cause -4 . coccidioidomycosis Cryptococcus neoformans : cause meningitis -5 . in HIV and AIDS ( Subcutanous :- the infection is beneath the skin . ( dermis , muscle , fascia caused by saprophytic fungi , enter through puncture wound , example of disease is . sporotrichosis -: Subcutanous mycosis . sporothrix schenckii : cause sporotrichosis -1 . Cutaneous :- they infect only hair , nails , epidermis . ( dermatophytes produce enzyme gegrads keratin ( keratinase . can spread by contact . dermatophaytes include :- trichophyton , epidermophyton , microsporum-: Cutaneous mycosis . Ringworm and tinea : cause dermatophaytes . Superficial :- localized along hair shafts and in superficial ( surface ) epidermal cell ( prevalent in tropics ( hot and wet area -: Superficial mycosis Tinea nigra Exophiaala werneckii :cause . Piedrai hortai : cause black piedra . Trichosporum beigelii : cause white piedra Opprotunistic :- harmless in normal habitat but can become pathogen if given the " " opportunistic -: Opportunistic mycosis Candida albecans : cause candidiases -1 . Aspergillus : cause aspergeillosis -2 -: Opportunistic mycosis seen in the people withAIDS 2- Diabetes mellitus 3- malignancy . 4- immunosuppressive therapy -1 -: Laboratory diagnosis of mycosis* Direct microscope examination :- Gram stain , KOH , India Ink (( Cultures :- 1-Sabouraud dextrose agar (( favor fungi growth because of the low PH. Mycobiotic agar -2 -: Identification of yeast* . Biochemical tests -1

( Behavior in broth and serum ( germ tube -2 ( behavior in cornmeal agar ( pseudohyphae formation -3 -: Antifungal Agent * Azoles 2- Pyrimidine . 3- Miscellaneous -1