VI.

ROUTINGANALYSIS ,PA

MS
Steps in call setup phase with land network
1. As discussed with the previous figure, the MS will begin alerting the user after it receives a traffic channel assignment. Once alerting has begin, the MS sends an alerting message to the MSC 2. The MSC upon receiving an alerting indication form the MS would began generating audible ringing to the calling party and send a network alerting via the GMSC to the PSTN. Prior to this point the calling party heard silence At this point in the call the Ms is alerting the called party by generating an audible tone to the calling party. One of three events can occur calling party hangs-up, mobile subscriber answers the phone, or the MSC times-out waiting for the

SDCC

CALL SETUP C

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mobile subscriber to answer. Since a radio traffic channel is a valuable resource. GSM does not allow a MS to ring per forever . 3. In this scenario , it is assumed that the mobile subscriber answers the phone . The MS, in response to this action stops alerting and sends a connect message to the MSC . 4. The MSC removes audible to the PSTN and connects the PSTN trunk to the BSS trunk (terrestrial channel ), and sends a connect message via the GMSC to the PSTN. The caller and called party now have a complete talk path. This event typically denotes the beginning of the call for billing purposes . 5 . The MSC sends the MS a connect acknowledge message .

VII. CA
MS BSS

MOBILE ALERTING FACCH

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Steps in release phase network initiated

The release triggered by the land user is done in a similar way as the release is triggered by the mobile user . 1. The MSC receives a Release message from the network to terminate the end to end connection . 2. This causes the sending of a Disconnect message toward the MS. 3. The MS answers by a Release message. The MSC release the connection to the PSTN . 4. This is acknowledged by a Release Complete form the MSC . 5. The voice trunk between the MSC and the BSS is cleared . 6. The traffic channel is released . 7. The resources are completely released . The following figure shows the Land-to-mobile Call-Release-Network Initiate phase .

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VIII. RE LEAS
MS BSS

MS

DISCONNEC T FACC H
Mobile to-mobile call scenario
Phase of a mobile-to-mobile call

RELEASE

The mobile-to-mobile call is established using the same phases as seen earlier . As shown on the the opposite page, the mobile-to-mobile call phase can be subdivided in two parts . The originating mobile part where the phases are the same as those of a mobile-to-land call. Except that the call setup that the call setup phase is partially performed. Which means that only the call setup with Mobile is done

FACC H

RELEASE

COMPLETE

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The terminating mobile part consist of the same phases as the land-to-mobile call scenario except again that the call setup phase performs only the call setup with mobile .

Originating mobile The phase of an originating mobile are : Request for service Authentication(optional) Ciphering (optional) Equipment validation (optional) Call setup Release .

Terminating mobile The phases of an Terminating mobile are : Routing analysis Paging Authentication (optional) Ciphering (optional) Equipment validation (optional) Call setup Release.

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Handover Management.
The main aim of handover is to avoid losing a call is progress when MS leaves the radio coverage of the call in charge. Handovers can be classified as -Internal handover within one cell. -Internal handover between cells. -External handover.

The hand-over process may be thought of as consisting of three phases1. Recognition that handover is required. 2. Decision of a target cell. 3. Execution of the handover. - Allocation and connection of new channel. - Reallocation and release of old channel. The BSS is wholly responsible for first phase. However MSC may trigger BSS to do so through certain, BSSMAP procedure. MSC participates with BSS in execution of phase 2 and 3.

Type of handoversRescuer handover are done to avoid losing a call in progress when MS leaves the radio coverage area of the cell in charge. These are the most common types of handover. The handover decision is triggered by the averaged measurement reports given by the MS, for the beacon frequencies of the adjacent cells given to it by the BSS. Confinement handover is an handover triggered with the goal of optimizing the interface level. The BSC divides the frequencies in a cell into five interference bands based on interference level on each of them.

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Traffic hand-overs are aimed at reducing the congestion in congested cell byhanding over some cell from one cell to less congested one. The hand-over procedure provides interface between the call control entities, MAP procedure and the BSSMAP procedure to realize the handover. The handover are further categorized into: Intra MSC handover. Inter MSC handover.

The intra MSC handover. BSS- A generates the HANDOVER REQUIRED message to MSC containing a list of cells in order of preference to which MS is to be hand-over. MSC on getting this message send a HANDOVER REQUEST message to the target BSS i.e BSS-B. BSS-B an receiving handover request messages takes all necessary action for giving radio access to the MS in the new cell and gives a HANDOVER REQUEST ACK to MSC with a handover reference number. The HANDOVER REQUEST ACK message contains a HANDOVER COMMAND message, which is to be transparently passed on by the MSC to BSS-A. MS now accesses the radio resources of BSS-B with a HADOVER ACCESS on getting which BSS-B verifies the reference number and sends HADOVER DETECT to MSC. When MS starts successfully communicating with BSS-B,BSS-B sends HANDOVER COMPLETE message to MSC. MSC now release the resources held on BSS-A by sending it a CLEAR COMMAND.

Note:- When handover procedure is operational all the message meant for the MS are queued up and are delivered only after the handover is complete . In case handover procedure fails the queued up message meant for the MS are delivered once MS is back in communication with the old BSS.

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Inter MSC HandoverInter MSC handover is required when the target cell belongs to other MSC service area. The successful handover in this case requires a circuit between two MSCs. Inter MSC hand over procedure acquires a circuit between the two MSCs using MAP-E interface. The handover procedure operates as detailed belowMSC-A, on receipts of HANDOVER REQUIRED message from BSS-A, sends a MAP_PREPARE_HANDOVER message to MSC-B containing HANDOVER REQUEST message. On receipts of this message MSC-B acquires a handover number from its VLR and returns it to MSC-A in MAP_PREPARE_HANDOVER_REQUEST_resp. message. This message also contains HANDOVER REQUEST .ACK containing in turn HANDOVER COMMAND to be given by BSS-A to the MS. On getting this message MSC-A dials handover number to obtain a circuit between two MSCs. MSC-A on receipt of ACM (ISUP) message from MSC-B sends the HANDOVER COMMAND to BSS-A. MSC-B passes the HANDOVER DETECT and HANDOVER COMPLETE message received from the BSS-B to MSC-A. After getting HANDOVER COMPLETE from BSS-B over E interface MSCA initiates the release of radio resources towards BSS-A.

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