1.

Disaccharide Constituent Monomers Glucose and galactose Maltose Energy / food source in (germinating) seeds Glucose and fructose
[5]

One role in living organisms

Sucrose

2.

(a) (b)

(Linear) sequence / order / arrangement / pattern of amino acids; Description of H bond / attraction between dipoles e.g + and / weak electrostatic bond Between H and O; In amine and carboxyl groups Reference to the helix / secondary structure / - sheet/ strand ; (Bond between) R groups in coiling / tertiary stucture / 3D shape

Max 3

(c)

Long chain / long strand / fibrils / reference to linear molecule Repeating sequence of amino acids; Many parallel strands lie side by side /eq; Reference to a helix / (pleated) sheet; Collagen has triple helix; Max 3
[8]

3.

Condensation / polymerisation ; Deoxyribose ; Thymine ; [watch spelling] (double) helix ; Hydrogen ; [accept H]
[5]

4.

amino acids / polypeptides / peptides ; peptide ; [not dipeptide] [accept peptide / hydrogen / disulphide / ionic if peptide or polypeptides given above] condensation / polymerisation ; () helix / (alpha) helix ; hydrogen / H ;
[5]

5.

(a)

A B C

phosphate ; pentose / ribose / deoxyribose / 5C sugar ; purine / pyrimidine / (organic) base / named example ; [watch spelling]

(b)

UCGGCAGGGCAG;; [one mistake = 1 mark, two mistakes = 0] making new DNA / copying DNA ; makes identical copies ; new molecule has one old and one new strand ; DNA strands separate / eq ; each strand acts as a template ; individual nucleotides line up against (old) strand ; complementary base pairing ; nucleotides joined (by DNA polymerase) ; one eighth / 12.5% ; eight strands have been formed from each original strand / eq ; interphase / S phase ;

(c)

(d)

2 1
[12]

(e)

6. Statement Contains glucose Is a reducing sugar Contains glycosidic bonds Is transported in the phloem of flowering plants Encircle CORRECT answers Any TWO correct responses = 1 mark Blanks and ambiguous ticks are incorrect Put correct numbers of ticks to correspond with total mark
[4]

Sucrose

Maltose

7.

H2O ; (di)polar ; Hydrogen / H ; Solvent ; (specific) heat capacity ; [not latent heat capacity]
[5]

8.

(a)

Making more DNA ; Molecule unwinds / strands separate ; Each strand acts as a template / eq ; Each molecule contains, one parental/ one new / one daughter strand ; New DNA is identical to original DNA / identical to each other / eq ; Folding of secondary structure / eq ; To form irregular / 3D / globular shape ; Maintained by, hydrogen / ionic / disulphide bonds / eq ; Bonding determined by R-groups ; Shape is important for function ;

max 3

(b)

max 3
[6]

9.

ACCEPT POINTS ONLY IN CORRECT CONTEXT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen ; Insoluble (in water) / hydrophobic ; Triglycerides consist of glycerol plus three fatty acids ; Joined by condensation reactions / formation of ester bonds ; Correct reference to saturated and unsaturated fatty acids ; Phospholipids consist of glycerol plus two fatty acids and a phosphate group ; Reference to non-polar/hydrophobic tails/fatty acids and polar/hydrophilic heads/phosphates of phospholipids ; Correct orientation of phospholipids, in cell membrane / phospholipids bilayer ; Role of phospholipids in cell membrane (fluidity/permeability etc) / role of surfactants ; Energy stores ; Reference to energy from fats / oils, compared with carbohydrates ; (mechanical) protection / packing qualified ; Insulation qualified (either electrical or thermal) ; Buoyancy ; Qualified reference to waterproofing / protection against entry of pathogens in plants ;
[10]

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

10. Component Cytosine present DNA mRNA

Uracil present

Pentose sugar present

Is single stranded [Any two correct = 1 mark] [Blanks and alterations are incorrect]
[4]

11.

Sequence / order ; Peptide ; Condensation / polymerisation ; Hydrogen / H ; (di)sulphide / covalent ; [accept sulphur] R groups / side chains / sulphur / SH groups / thiol groups ;
[6]

12.

(a) (b) (c)

Breaks the hydrogen bonds (between the strands) ; Condensation / polymerisation ; Interphase / S phase / synthesis phase ;

1 1 1
[3]

13.

(a)

{Fatty acid / tails} are {hydrophobic / non-polar} ; (so orientate themselves) away from {water / polar environment} ; {Phosphate / heads} are {hydrophilic / polar} ; (so can) interact with {water / polar environment} ; Correct measurement ; [27 mm or 37 / 38 mm] Divide by magnification ; Correct conversion to m ; [answer = 0.009 or 0.012 / 0.013] Carbohydrate: Cell recognition / cell adhesion / eq ; Protein: Transport of molecules / eq OR receptor for hormone / eq OR enzymes ;

(b)

3 1 1
[8]

(c)

14. Name of molecule Formula Structure

H
Amino acid

O
H

H ;
C O ; OH

H N H
CH3 (CH2)4 COOH OR C5 H11 COOH ;

C R

() Glucose / hexose ;

C6 H12 O6 ;
[6]

15.

(a) (b)

Glycerol; (i) (mono)unsaturated; [reject: polyunsaturated] Softer / more likely to be liquid / less densely packed molecules / eq;

(ii)

(c)

Bilayer; Heads outward and tails inward;

2
[5]

16.

(a)

(i) (ii)

Glycerol / propan 1, 2, 3 triol Ester

1 1

(b)

(Stearic acid / saturated fatty acids} have more hydrogen atoms; {Stearic acid / saturated fatty acids} have no double carbon-carbon bonds; {Stearic acid / saturated fatty acids} have no kinks; [allow converse statements about unsaturated fatty acids]

(c)

1.

Energy stores; Qualification:

{More than / twice as much as) carbohydrate OR Insoluble / compact / minimise mass OR Subcutaneous / adipose / blubber;

2.

Protection / mechanical insulation; Qualification: Around {organs / named organ} OR Reference to adipose tissue OR Ear wax giving protection against infection; Waterproofing; Qualification: Of skin / fur / feathers / insect cuticle / ear wax OR Hydrophobic / insoluble / repels water;

3.

4.

Electrical insulation; Qualification: Reference to myelin sheath / nerve cells / neurones / axons / dendrons OR Non-polar; Heat insulation; Qualification: Buoyancy; Qualification: Making beeswax; Qualification: Membrane fluidity; Qualification:

5.

Subcutaneous / adipose / blubber OR Prevents heat loss from body; Less dense than {water / muscle}; Formation of honeycomb; Reference to cholesterol;

6. 7. 8.

9. 10. 11.

Cell membrane structure; Qualification: Reference to phospholipids; Reference to hormones; Qualification: As steroids; Source of metabolic water; Qualification: Reference to respiration OR Desert adaptation

2 x 2 mark
[8]

17.

(a)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Contains (r)RNA; And protein; Has two (sub-)units; Binding{site/groove} to accept RNA; 20-30 nm in size; 2

(b)

Glycine; Lysine;

H
(c) (i)

R N C H

O C

H N

R C H C

O OH

Correct amino acid parts on either side;; Carbon nitrogen back bone; (ii) Condensation

3 1
[8]

18.

(a)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Compact / eq; {Polymer / eq} of glucose; Can be (easily) hydrolysed / can be broken down to release energy; Insoluble / does not affect osmosis / eq; Will not diffuse out of cells / will remain in cells; Correct glucose structure for each molecule where the reaction is taking place;; Hydrolysis; max 2

(b)

(i) (ii)

2 1
[5]

19.

(a)

(i)

W Guanine / G; X Nucleotide; Y Phosphate / phosphoric acid; Z Deoxyribose / pentose sugar / 5C sugar; max 4 1 1 1

(ii) (b) (i) (ii)

Hydrogen; Transcription; Aspartic acid, Arginine, Cysteine, Lysine;

(iii)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Incorrect amino acid inserted into polypeptide chain / {chain / sequence} of amino acids changed; Named {Gly / glycine}; Different {side group / R group / eq}; Different bonds formed; Different (3D) shape when folded / eq; 3
[10]

20.

(a) (b)

Hydrogen / H Charge is not equally distributed throughout molecule / one part is positive and the other part is negative}; Hydrogen (atoms) have (slight) positive charges; Oxygen (atom) has a (slight) negative charge ; Idea that a lot of {energy / heat} is needed to change temperature ; Temperature of their {environment / habitat} does not {fluctuate / change} much / reference to {thermostable / thermobuffer}; Reference to effect on metabolic {rate / reactions};

(c)

2
[5]

21.

(a)

(i) (ii)

Nucleus / nucleoplasm; [allow nucleolus] Condensation / polymerisation 6;

1 1 1

(b)

(i) (ii)

GCT TGG CGG GCT TAG TGG;; [all correct = 2 marks, one error = 1 mark, more than one error = 0 marks] 2

(c)

Reference to start codon; Reference to stop codon; Reference to post transcription modification;

(d)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Occurs {on / in} ribosome; Two tRNA molecules (held in position in ribosome); Each carrying a specific amino acid; Anticodons on tRNA; Reference to binding of tRNA to complementary bases on mRNA; Peptide bonds form between amino acids; Ribosome moves along mRNA; Until a stop codon is reached 5
[12]

22.

(a)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Making more DNA; Strands separate ; Idea that each strand acts as a template / eq; Nucleotides line up against complementary base pairs; (Each) new (daughter) molecule contains one old and one new strand; Reference to molecules being identical to {each other / original parent molecule}; DNA in B is lighter (than the DNA in A) converse; Because A contains all heavy nitrogen; B contains both heavy and light nitrogen; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (Bacteria) in B have one heavy and one light strand of DNA (in each molecule); All newly synthesised strands will contain light {DNA / nitrogen}; Some molecules will consist of only light DNA; Some molecules will consist of one light strand and one heavy strand; Each type of molecule is present in equal proportions; 3 4

(b)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

Two bands shown in correct position; Lower band is thinner than the one shown in D and upper band is thicker than one shown in D;

2
[11]

10

23.

(a)

(i)

Hydrogen; Ionic; Disulphide; It has two (polypeptide) chains / an A and a B chain / more than one (polypeptide) chain; {Sequence / order} of amino acids; 1. 2. 3. 4. Reference to bonds between R groups; The R groups are always in the same position; [Bonds / named bonds} will always form in the same place; Reference to {hydrophilic groups on outside / hydrophobic groups on inside};

2 1 1

(ii)

(b)

(i) (ii)

2
[6]

24.

(a) Statement Is a polymer Glycosidic bonds are present Is an energy store in animal cells Has high solubility in water [One mark for every two correct] Starch Glycogen Monosaccharide

(b) (c)

30; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. DNA {uncoils / separates / unzips} / hydrogen bonds break / eq; (Template) strand used to form {mRNA / complementary strand} / transcription; Reference to RNA polymerase; mRNA passes {to ribosome / out of nucleus / to the cytoplasm}; tRNA picks up specific amino acid; Codon and anticodon binding; Correct reference to {start / stop} codons; Peptide bonds forming between amino acids; Example of correct complementary base pairing;

11

(d)

(Different) R groups; Determine bonds formed between R groups of different amino acids; Named bond between R groups, e.g. S=S / H / etc; [not peptide] Reference to {secondary / tertiary} structure; 2
[12]

25.

(a)

(i)

COOH; O C H ;; Saturated; No double bonds in (hydrocarbon) chain;

(ii)

2 1

(b)

(i) (ii)

Anything that {affects / raises} the chance of harm / eq; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Strain on the heart; Raises blood pressure; Raises cholesterol / LDL (in the blood); Increased risk of formation of {atheroma / plaques}; Atherosclerosis / atherosclerosis explained / eq; Increased risk of type 2 diabetes / explained;

(c)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Glucose is {a monosaccharide / soluble / doesnt need to be digested} / eq; Glucose can be quickly absorbed into the blood stream; Can pass into muscle (cells); Can be used for respiration; To provide energy; For (muscle) contraction; 3
[11]

26.

(a) Disaccharide Galactose Sucrose Maltose Lactose [One mark for each correct row] 3 Monosaccharide Glucose Fructose

12

(b)

Glycosidic;

1
[4]

27.

Nitrogen / N; Peptide; {Alpha / } helix; Hydrogen / H; R groups / side groups / side chains;
[5]

28.

(a)

(i) (ii) (iii)

Water; Active site; Glycosidic bond; Sucrase {has a (specific) tertiary structure / is a protein}; Reference to specific shape of active site; Only sucrose will fit (the active site of sucrase) / enzymes are specific to substrate / correct reference to lock and key; Form an enzyme-substrate complex; Correct reference to induced fit;

1 1 1

(b)

(i)

(ii)

Facilitated diffusion; Use of (specific carrier) proteins / moves molecule down a concentration gradient / correct reference to kinetic theory; OR Active transport; Use of (specific) carrier proteins / moves molecules against a gradient / uses {ATP / energy}; OR Endocytosis; Description of endocytosis e.g. formation of vesicle / use of ATP / eq; 2
[8]

13

29. (a) (b)

Water ; Correctly drawn 6membered ring

O C OR C C O C C ;

OH group on carbon 1 below the ring

(O) C OH ;

Rest of molecule drawn correctly

C OH O

OH OH OH

OH

; 3

[Accept correct vertical or horizontal transposition] (c) Energy source / eq ; Idea that it is a source of glucose ; In germinating seeds ;

2
[6]

30.

(a)

Phosphate and base joined to pentose sugar twice ; Base correctly joined to sugar ; Phosphate joined to two sugars ; 3

14

(b)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Held by hydrogen bonds (holding 2 strands together) ; {Between complementary base pairs / detail of base pairing} ; Reference to {5 to 3 and 3 to 5 strands / anti-parallel strands / DNA polymerase} Reference to double helix ; Reference to association of DNA with histones ; Called chromatin ; Reference to nucleosomes ; Further {folding / coiling} / ref to scaffold proteins ; Cytosine : 36 ; Guanine : 36 ; Thymine : 14 ; 3 1
[12]

(c)

(i)

(ii)

50 (%);

31.

(a) Chemical compound One example of the chemical compound found in living organisms Starch / Glycogen / Cellulose / Amylose / Amylopectin; Enzyme Phospholipid DNA/RNA; Subunit(s) of the chemical Monosaccharide / Glucose / named monosaccharide eg glucose; Amino acid; Fatty acids and Glycerol; Nucleotide Elements contained in the chemical

Polysaccharide

C,H,O;

Protein Lipid Nucleic acid

C,H,O,N,S C,H,O C,H,O,N,P

(b) (c)

Unsaturated contain one or more (C=C) double bonds / eq; Diagram showing a bilayer of phospholipids; Heads on outside and tails on inside [Must have two tails]; Proteins included in the diagram; [distinguishable from the phospholipids, can be intrinsic, extrinsic or transmembrane with suitable label]

3
[11]

15

32.

(a)

(i) (ii)

0.14% / 0.07% per year; 3.9 - 4 times; The greater the BMI the greater the chance of dying due to coronary heart disease / eq; Correct reference to figures;

1 1

(b)

(i)

(ii)

BMI =

(body) mass (in kg) height 2 (in metres)

(iii)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Fatty deposits in arteries / atheroma / plaques / reference to atherosclerosis; Higher cholesterol levels; Higher blood pressure; Risk of damage to (coronary) arteries; Risk of blood clot blocking coronary arteries; Risk of type II diabetes; 3
[8]

33.

(a)

(i) (ii)

Relates to the sequence of amino acids / eq; 1. 2. 3. Reference to R groups; Reference to (specific) folding of the chain / tertiary structure / eq; Reference to named bonds [not peptide];

(b)

1. 2. 3.

Enzymes have a (specific) active site; Will only fit substrate with the correct shape / eq; Reference to lock & key / enzyme-substrate complexes / induced fit; Correct reference to translation; mRNA lines up at the ribosome / eq; tRNA attaches to specific amino acids / eq; Codon - anticodon binding / complementary base pairing between mRNA and tRNA; Peptide bond; Correct reference to start / stop codons; 4
[9]

(c)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

16

34. Statement Double stranded Adenine and uracil Pentose sugar Phosphodiester
[Any 2 correct = 1 mark] [4]

DNA

mRNA

35.

1 2 3 4

Energy store ; Heat insulation / protection / buoyancy / energy store ; Heat insulation / protection / buoyancy /energy store ; Waterproof/eq ;
[4]

36.

(a)

Peptide bond drawn correctly ; Rest of both amino acids drawn correctly ; 2

(b)

(i)

Reference to -helix / -pleated sheet ; Reference to hydrogen bonds ; 2

(ii)

1. 2. 3. 4.

The primary structure is the same length at both temperatures ; The secondary structure is shorter at 25 C ; Length decreases from primary to secondary at both temperatures ; Correct manipulation of figures ; Reference to increase in kinetic energy at (55 C) ; (More) vibrations within molecule ; Therefore hydrogen bonds (holding -helix / -pleated sheet together) reak/eq; (Molecule) starts to unwind ;

(iii)

1. 2. 3. 4.

2
[8]

37.

(a)

(i) (ii) (iii)

condensation glycosidic water;

1 1 1

17

(b)

(i)

An explanation to include two from: 1. 2. 3. 4. compact therefore large numbers of molecules can fit in a small space / eq insoluble therefore osmotically inactive / eq large molecule therefore remains within cells / cannot pass through membranes / contains a tot of energy easily hydrolysed when required for energy /eq 2

(ii)

glycogen has side branches only / more side branches / starch composed of two components / amylose and amylopectin

1
[6]

38.

(a)

(i) (ii) (iii)

adenine uracil phosphate

1 1 1

(b)

A description to include two from: 1. 2. 3. double [ / helix] base pairing / A-T,C-G hydrogen bonds (easily broken) 2

(c)

Any two from: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. DNA replication - both strands copied / transcription only one strand copied DNA replication uses T, transcription uses U Reference to DNA polymerase / RNA polymerase DNA replication copies whole strand / transcription only copies part of the strand / eq mRNA synthesised in transcription, not in DNA 2
[7]

39.

(a)

(i) (ii)

CN H; peptide

1 1

18

(b)

An explanation to include two from: 1. 2. 3. 4. chain folds into secondary structure / reference to a-helix or 3 pleated sheets then folds into tertiary structure [ / interactions) between R groups reference to named bond 2

Reject peptide (c) (i) An explanation to include: 1. 2. (d) substrate concentration limiting the rate / eq or converse correct reference to not all active sites occupied by substrate / eq

An outline to include four from: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. identify independent variable and dependent variable select suitable range of concentrations (at least 5); fixed volumes of enzyme / substrate control of named variable(s) description of apparatus used correct method of obtaining quantitative results reference to replication / calculation of rate / mean values 4
[10]

40.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Covalent; Dipole / dipolar; NOT polar / bipolar Solvent; Hydrogen / H; NOT H2 (Specific) heat capacity; NOT latent heat
[5]

41.

(a)

(i) (ii) (iii)

Hydrogen / H; Amino acid; 1. 2. A {triplet of / three} bases (on tRNA); complementary to codon (on mRNA) / complementary to the triplet on mRNA;

1 1

19

(b)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

tRNA molecule is {folded/cloverleaf shape/L-shaped} but mRNA is a {straight chain / hairpin loop}; tRNA is a fixed length but mRNA molecules are of variable length / eq; tRNA molecule is (usually) a short chain but mRNA is (usually) longer; tRNA molecule contains (regions of) {hydrogen bonds / H bonds / double-stranded regions} within it; Ref. to modified base (or named modified base) in tRNA; 2
[6]

42.

(a)

(i) (ii)

7; 1. 2. UCUGA; TCTGA;

1 2

(b)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. OR 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. OR 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

(%) adenine must equal (% of) thymine; (double figure) 58.8; Guanine and cytosine must make up rest of molecule / eq; (subtract from 100) = 41.2; (% of) guanine = (% of) cytosine / eq; (divide by 2) = 20.6; Adenine (and guanine) are purines; purines bind to pyrimidines; (purines) must equal 50%; Guanine = {50 29.4 / 20.6}; Guanine and cytosine bind together; Therefore cytosine = 20.6(%); Adenine binds with thymine; Therefore thymine = 29.4 (%); Thymine and cytosine are pyrimidines; Thymine + cytosine = 50 (%); 50 29.4; Cytosine = 20.6(%); 5
[8]

43.

(a)

(i)

COOH group;
20

NH2 group; ACCEPT correct structures drawn out (ii) An explanation to include three from: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (b) (i) (ii) (iii) 6; transcription; AUG CCA UAC GGU UGG AAG;; [1 mark if T instead of U given] appropriate reference to {secondary structure / -helix or -pleated sheet}; polypeptide chain folded in a specific shape / reference to tertiary structure; reference to R groups; bonding between R groups determines the shape; named bond ie. hydrogen, disulphide, ionic;

3 1 1 2
[9]

44.

(a) Polysaccharides Are polymers Have ester bonds Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen Form components making up the structure of cell membranes 12 correct 11 or 10 correct 9 or 8 correct 7 or 6 correct 5 or 4 correct 3 or 2 correct 1 or 0 correct (b) (i) 6 marks 5 marks 4 marks 3 marks 2 marks 1 mark 0 marks Lipids Proteins

saturated (lipids) have no double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain / C = C / between carbon atoms and unsaturated have double bonds / C=C saturated (lipids) from animal sources and unsaturated from plant sources saturated (lipids) tend to be solid and unsaturated liquids at r.t.;

21

(ii)

starch has {two components / amylose and amylopectin} and glycogen does not starch stored in plant cells and glycogen in animal cells glycogen has a branched structure but {starch / amylose} has a coiled structure glycogen has more branches than {starch / amylopectin}; 2
[8]

45.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

covalent; fatty acid; glycerol / propan-1,2,3-triol / propantriol; condensation; unsaturated;

[5]

46.

1. 2. 3. 4.

made of C, H, O; glycerol / propan (1, 2, 3) triol; three fatty acids; correct location of ester {bond / link}; 3
[3]

ACCEPT points 2, 3 and 4 made on a clearly labelled diagram

47.

(a)

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

ester; hydrolysis; fatty acids; glycerol; unsaturated / eq are {liquid at room temperature / lower melting point} whilst saturated / eq solid at room temperature; MUST be a comparative point phosphate;

1 1

1 1

(b)

(i)

22

(ii)

ref. to {hydrophilic / charged / polar / water attracting} {head/group} and {hydrophobic /not charged / non-polar / water repelling} {tail /group } / eq; ref. to forming a bilayer; ref. to orientation in membrane;

2
[8]

48.

(a) (b)

energy / glucose storage; (i) diagram showing 1 glucose molecule / monosaccharide; diagram shows H and OH groups on each of carbon 1 and carbon 4; ref to specificity / shape; correct ref to active site on enzyme; correct ref to enzyme-substrate complex / eq; lock and key concept / induced fit; ref to amino acids in proteins versus glucose in glycogen / peptide versus glycosidic bonds;

(ii)

(c)

reduces activation energy / provides an alternative reaction pathway; (biological) catalyst / speeds up reaction without being used up; allows reactions to occur rapidly at body/lower temperature;

2
[8]

49.

(a)

(i) (ii)

the {sequence / order} of amino acids; hydrolysis;

1 1

(b)
H N H H C CH 2 OH C OH O

1
[3]

50.

(a)

A phosphate B deoxyribose; (i) (ii) Adenine 29, Guanine 21, Cytosine 21; 1. a purine always bonds to a pyrimidine;

1 1

(b)

23

2. 3. 4. (c) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

% thymine must equal % adenine / eq; guanine and cytosine must make up rest of molecule / eq; % guanine = % cytosine / eq; max 3

DNA contains genetic information / eq; DNA codes for protein / eq; a change in DNA could produce a different {protein / mRNA} / eq; idea that it is required throughout life (or {cell / organism}); idea that it is needed to pass on to next generation (of {cell / organism}); part of the DNA (molecule) unwinds; DNA strands separate / {hydrogen / H} bonds break; idea only one strand acts as a template; (free) nucleotides line up against DNA; OR reference to complementary base pairing / correct description; correct reference to RNA polymerase; reference to {nucleotides joining together / formation of phosphodiester bonds}; (to form) mRNA; exits through nuclear pore / from nucleus to cytoplasm / movement to ribosomes; max 5
[12]

max 2

(d)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

51.

(a) (b)

(nitrogenous / organic) base / named base; 1. 2. 8 double strands drawn; 2 hybrid and rest all light DNA;

2 1 1

(c) (d)

DNA polymerase / helicase / DNA ligase / primase / eq; TCG AAT GGT;

24

(e)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

correct reference to description of gene mutation; change {mRNA / codon / eq}; {different / wrong / no} amino acid included / stop codon; different / eq {sequence of amino acids / primary structure of protein}; different R groups; change bonding in protein / correctly named bond(s); protein forms different {secondary / tertiary / quaternary} structure; different (3D) shape; max 5
[10]

52.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

hydrophobic / non-polar / not charged; glycerol / propan-(1,2,3)-triol; (saturated / unsaturated) fatty acids; ester / covalent; insulation / buoyancy / energy store / protection / source of metabolic water;
[5]

53.

(a)

(i)

CH 2 OH HO H O H OH H H OH OH H H OH

CH 2 OH O H OH H
glucose

H OH

H OH

galactose; (ii) 1. 2. 3. breaking of (glycosidic) bond / eq; {addition of / using} water / eq;

breaking larger molecule(s) into smaller molecules / named example other than lactose to glucose and galactose OR disaccharide being broken into two monosaccharides; reference to {hydrolytic / named} enzyme; max 2

4.

25

(b)

(i)

1.

Parents genotypes : Gg / gG for both parents and parents gametes: G g for both parents; Possible genotypes of second child: GG Gg Gg gg; 3

2. 3.

Probability of not having the condition: 0.75 / 75% / ; more than one {triplet / codon / eq} may code for same amino acid; third base in {triplet / eq} often not important / eq; at 3rd base {point mutation / base changes / eq}; amino acid swapped but does not change shape of protein / eq; (mutation occurs) in intron / eq; risk of miscarriage; risk of harm to {fetus / eq} / eq; reference to a fetus right to life; should the pregnancy be terminated / eq; {practical / financial} issues; mental and emotional issues;

(ii)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

max 2

(iii)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

max 3
[12]

54.

(a)

(i) Feature 1-6 glycosidic bonds present Made up of many monomers One mark per correct column. (ii) (iii) lactose; Award one mark for each of the following points in context to a maximum of two. 1. 2. one unit of glucose correctly drawn; second identical unit; 1 4 1 Glucose Glycogen Maltose Starch

26

(iv) (b)

hydrolysis;

Award one mark for each of the following points in context to a maximum of three. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. large molecule/made up of many monomers allows storage of large amounts of energy; compact therefore large amounts can be stored in a cell; insoluble therefore does not have an osmotic effect/eq; inert so not affected by other reactions in cells; large molecule therefore cannot pass out of cells; can be hydrolysed to release large amounts of energy / glucose when required; Max 3
[11]

27