PART 6 Classifications Machineries

Engines and machineries on board are used in different purposes. So the engines and machineries are classified into three classes according to purposes.
Table 6.1 Classification of engines and machineries according to purposes

of

Engines

and

Ship Engines/Machineries

Main Engines

Auxiliary Machineries * Auxiliary Machineries for M/E * Deck Machineries

Duty Machineries

Main engines supply the movement of the ship and these can be internal or external combustion types. The types of external combustion engines are steam engines and steam turbines. Diesel engines, gasoline engines and gas turbines are internal combustion engines.
Table 6.2 The classification of marine engines

Marine Engines

External Combustion Engines * Steam Engines * Steam Turbines

Internal Combustion Engines * Diesel Engines * Gasoline Engines * Gas Turbines

Figure 6.1 Four stroke medium speed main engine and propulsion system

Figure 6.2 Two stroke low speed main engine

The main engines (M/E) in merchant vessels are generally low speed diesel type crosshead engines.

In some small ships, there can be four stroke medium or high speed engines. In low speed engines, engine shaft is connected to propeller directly. But if main engine is

medium or high speed, there are a reduction gear between engine shaft and propeller shaft.

Figure 6.3 MAN B&W L27/38 diesel

The necessity of electric on board is supplied by generator unit. Generators are generally four stroke medium speed diesel engines in most of merchant vessels. Sometimes can be used steam turbines for this purpose. On board there are a lot of machineries. Some auxiliary machinery is necessary for starting and running main engine. These are M/E lubricating oil (L/O) pump, M/E fresh water (F/W) pump and fuel pump etc. for example.

Figure 6.4 Diesel generator sets (Yanmar)

There are some auxiliary machineries but not interesting in main engine. These machineries are named deck machinery. For example, these are cranes, boat winches, mooring winches and steering gears etc.

Figure 6.5 Electric windlass

The other types of machineries are only used on board some special duties like the comfort of the crew, to maintain the sea clean and to prevent the pollution of environment. These machineries are fresh water (F/W), sea water (S/W) or drinking water (D/W) hydrophore pumps, oily water separator (OWS), sewage treatment unit and air condition.

Figure 6.6 Sewage treatment unit

A diesel engine is a type of heat engine that uses the internal combustion process to convert the energy stored in the chemical bonds of the fuel into useful mechanical energy. This occurs in two steps. First, the fuel reacts chemically (burns) and releases energy in the form of heat. Second, the heat causes the gasses trapped in the cylinder to expand, and the expanding gases, being confined by the cylinder, must move the piston to expand. The reciprocating motion of the piston is then converted into rotational motion by the crankshaft. To convert the chemical energy of the fuel into useful mechanical energy all internal combustion engines must go through four events; intake, compression, power, and exhaust. All diesel engines fall into one of two categories, two-stroke or four-stroke cycle engines. The word cycle refers to any operation or series of events that repeats itself. In the case of a four-stroke cycle engine, the engine requires four strokes of the piston (intake, compression, power, and exhaust) to complete one full cycle. Therefore, it requires two rotations of the crankshaft, or 720 of crankshaft rotation (360 x 2) to complete one cycle. In a two-stroke cycle engine the events (intake, compression, power, and exhaust) occur in only one rotation of the crankshaft, or 360. After this section, two-stroke diesel engines will be explained in Section 7 and fourstroke engines will be explained in Section 8.