Questions with a *star* require careful consideration and thinking. 1)Suggest two ways by which endurance can be enhanced.

2)Based on your knowledge and Mantyranta's condition , describe the working of an anabolic steroid. 3)Suggest how kidney failure or AIDS could lead to anemia. 4)In 1989 , the biotech company Amgen began marketing Epogen,an injectable form of epo produced by recombinant bacteria.Describe the risk of using genetically modified organisms. 5)"Doping is a part of the business cycle" Outline the ethics of using performance -enhancing drugs. 6)*Blood and urine of athletes are routinely tested at every competition.Suggest why two samples are taken of each blood and urine? 7)Charles Yesalis , an epidemiologist at Pennsy lvania State university has interviewed more than a thousand athletes who have admitted to taking banned drugs.Give reasons to show whether this statement is reliable or unreliable. 8)What is the risk involved in injecting epo in healthy individuals? 9)*Explain the difference b/w correlation and causation.Use the data on page 3 to assess the relationship b/w using adenovirus and increase in muscle mass , to AAV's to determine the epo delivered to mice and monkeys. 10)*With reference to page 4 , 'all forms of epo are produced by a single gene'.Explain how post transcriptional changes can give rise to more than one protein from a gene. 11)Suggest the risks involved in IGF-1 gene therapy. 12)Explain the problems encountered by scientists for administering IGF-1 therapy. 13)*Describe the role of primary and secondary immune response's following IGF -1 gene injection in to the body. 14)*"The stakes in modern sports are high both in prestige and in money". Which lines from the article support this idea. Page ________________________________ _____________________ Lines___________________________ __________________________ 15)Describe an absolutist's and relativist's ethical position on the proposal to set a maximum total of RBC's count for athletes rather than measure EPO level. 16)Outline the role of transcription factors in the control of gene expression. 17)*How would a change in temperature effect the working of a proteosome. 18)Explain the mechanism of actional potential with reference to para 1 on page 8. 19)Describe the structure of a muscle fibre. 20)Why is increase in muscle mass alone , not of great help to athletes? 21)State two conditions in which using gene therapy for increasing muscle mass is advantageous other than sports. 22)*Why is it easier for athletes to tamper the results of EPO testing? 23)*Outline all the methods given in the article by which muscle performance can be enhanced referring to any ethicla and safety issues.