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Secondary social studies for Pakistan (Oxford 3) Chapter 1 (The Universe) Learning Outcomes  Describe the daily motions

of the sun, moon, stars, and planets relative to the  Describe the seasonal positions of the sun at sunrise, noon, and sunset relative to the  Describe the motions of the planets, as seen from the earth, relative to the sun and the stars  Describe the phases of the moon  How solar system works?  Describe how solar lunar eclipse is caused? Q1 What causes the extreme temperature on the different planets of the solar system? A Extreme temperatures on different planets in the solar system are caused by distance from the Sun, and also in some cases by speed of rotation of the planet. If one side is in the shadow (turned away from Sun), the temperatures will plummet downwards to a point where gases (nitrogen) become liquid. Q2 How has the Hubble and Chandra telescopes helped scientists? Find out more about these telescopes? A The Hubble telescope is a space-based observatory which was launched in 1990. It has helped scientists to look further into space because, being in space and clear of the Earth s atmosphere, it does not have problems with clouds which block the view of land-based telescopes, and is free from the dust and debris which is there. Because of its position in space and the clarity there, the Hubble can see more distant objects and also much more detail of the more familiar ones such as our planets. The information is sent back to Earth electronically. The Chandra telescope was launched on July 23, 1999. It consists of four pairs of mirrors and their support structure. Chandra is designed to observe X-rays from high-energy regions of the universe. Chandra is still a new telescope, but it has already made some amazing discoveries. It has found black holes all across the universe and also found proof for the first time of two super-massive black holes. It has also given clues about how the universe has evolved over time and even about the planets in our own neighborhood.

Q 3 Briefly explain how solar and lunar eclipse are caused?

A Eclipses occur when the Sun, Earth, and Moon come in a straight line and the light from the Sun is
blocked out. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and the Earth so that the Sun is fully or partially covered. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth comes between the Moon and the Sun and blocks the Suns rays from striking the Moon; thus the shadow of the Earth falls on the Moon.

Q4 Make a chart showing the major solar and lunar eclipse in the last one year. Collect some photographs for a class display.  Annular Solar Eclipse of 2010 Jan 15  Partial Lunar Eclipse of 2010 Jun 26  Total Solar Eclipse of 2010 Jul 11  Total Lunar Eclipse of 2010 Dec 21  Partial Solar Eclipse of 2011 Jan 04  Partial Solar Eclipse of 2011 Jun 01  Total Lunar Eclipse of 2011 Jun 15  Partial Solar Eclipse of 2011 Jul 01  Partial Solar Eclipse of 2011 Nov 25  Total Lunar Eclipse of 2011 Dec 10

Q5 what is the name of the spacecraft which has now crossed the solar system and has gone into space? Find out the date when it was launched. The spacecraft that have gone beyond the solar system are Voyager 1 and 2. These were launched in 1977, from the Kennedy Space Centre at Cape Canaveral, Florida. By 2008, Voyager had travelled more than 10 billion miles into space. It contained a gold-plated CD with 115 messages in 55 different languages, the voice of the then US President, sounds of wind, surf, rain, heartbeats, laughter, and a mother s kiss, a plan of DNA, and an image of a sheet of music.

End Chapter Test Q Briefly explain how solar and lunar eclipse is caused? Q what is the name of the spacecraft which has now crossed the solar system and has gone into space? Find out the date when it was launched.

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