ANSWER SCHEME 2009

I. WRITE ON 1) How thymidylate (TMP) formed from dUMP  By methylation at C5 by N5, N10- methylene THF, which is catalysed by thymidylate synthetase 2) Detoxication of benzoic acid and bilirubin  Benzoic acid by conjugation with glycine to form hippuric acid  Bilirubin by conjugation with glucuronic acid 3) Causes and manifestation of hypernatremia  Causes Rapid administration of sodium salts by IV route Cushing disease Rapid loss of water as in diabetes insipidus During pregnancy due to placental hormone  Manifested by hypertension and edema 4) Two reaction using vitamin B12 as a coenzyme  Methylation of homocysteine to methionine in cytoplasm using methyl cobalamin as coenzyme  Isomerisation of L- methyl malonyl CoA to succinyl CoA in mitochondria using 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin as coenzyme 5) Role of vitamin K in coagulation  Required for conversion blood clotting factor II, VII, IX and X to active form COMPLETE 1) Calcitonin, parathormone 2) Insulin specific protese and hepatic gluthathione- insulin transhydrogenase GIVE REASONS 1) Oral uridine can treat orotic aciduria  Because this uridine can be salvaged into their nucleotide and bypass this defective pathway 2) Glucagon is a catabolic hormone  It will catabolise amino acid to form enzymes for gluconeogenesis  It has lipolytic action  It has glycogenolysis action

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ILLUSTRATE WITH DIAGRAM 1) Visual cycle RHODOPSIN (11 cis retinal + opsin) Dark Light

opsin 11 cis retinal Isomerase NADH Alcohol dehydrogenase NAD 11 cis retinol Isomerase All trans retinol Retinal dehydrogenase NADP All trans retinal NADPH

In liver Blood

In retina

2) The theories of the mechanism of iron absorption Intestinal lumen Iron mucosal cells Ferritin Apoferritin + Fe+++ blood

free Fe+++

Fe++

Fe++

Fe++

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COMPARE BETWEEN CLASS 1 AND CLASS II HORMONE GROUP I Type Steroids, T3, T4, calcitriol Solubility Carrier protein Plasma life span Receptor Mediator Lipophilic Present Long Intracellular Receptor hormone complex

GROUP II Polypeptides, proteins, catecholamines Hydrophilic Absent Short Plasma membrane cAMP, Ca2+, phosphatidyl inositol

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ENUMERATE 1) Types of phase I reaction in detoxication  Hydroxylation  Reduction  Hydrolysis 2) Criteria of essential trace elements  Present in healthy tissue  Concentration constant  Deficiency produce clinical manifestation  Has certain biochemical role  Addition to diet prevent deficiency 3) Phosphorus containing compound  ATP, Creatine phosphate (high energy compound)  NAD, NADP, FAD (coenzyme)  Nucleotide, nucleic acid 4) Vitamin that have anti oxidant role (cea )  Vitamin C  Vitamin E  Vitamin A

VII.

PROBLEMS Question 1 a) Gout b) It is due to increase in uric acid level in blood which exceed the solubility limit resulting in crystallization of sodium urate in soft tissue and joints forming deposits that will initiate inflammation reaction. c) decrease purine intake in diet - increase excretion of uric acid with uricosuric drugs such as probenecid - reduce uric acid synthesis by using allopurinol that will inhibit xanthine oxidase - anti inflammatory agent such as colchicines

Question 2 a) Diabetes mellitus ( due to atherosclerosis of coronary arteries) b) Criteria used o Increase in fasting glucose level (normal is 70 mg/dl 110 mg/dl) o Increase in cholesterol level (normal should less than 200 mg/dl) o Increase in blood pressure c) Type II diabetes (non insulin dependant) d) measure the level of ketone bodies -measure the level of glycosylated hemoglobin or hemoglobin A1c