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FASCICLE VIII, 2005, ISSN 1221-4590

TRIBOLOGY

97



THE EFFECT OF HOOP STRESS AND BALL GYROSCOPIC
MOMENT ON THE QUASI-STATIC PARAMETERS OF BALL
BEARINGS

Viorel PALEU, Ioan DAMIAN, Spiridon CREU

Technical University Gh. Asachi of IASI, Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Machine Design and
Mechatronics Department., Iasi, Romania
vpaleu@mec.tuiasi.ro


ABSTRACT
The press fitting of rolling bearings, the centrifugal expansion of the spindle
and inner ring, and the thermal expansion of rolling bearing assembly elements
modify the ball and races clearance, creating the hoop-stress. Consequently, the
rolling elements and races contact loads and contact angles change.
At high speed, beside the centrifugal forces acting on the rolling elements, the
gyroscopic moment must be considered. The error introduced by neglecting the
hoop-stress and the gyroscopic moment acting on balls in the computing of ball and
races contact angles and contact loads is estimated for a steel angular contact ball
bearing from 7206C series.

KEYWORDS: ball bearing, hoop-stress, gyroscopic moment, quasi-static model.


1. INTRODUCTION

For a certain application, the interest of rolling
bearing manufacturers and also of their customers is
to simulate rolling bearing functioning using
computer programs. In such a way, the expensive
tests can be avoided.
A first step in developing a computer program
for simulating the dynamics of rolling bearings is the
quasi-static model. From the quasi-static model, the
rolling elements and races contact angles and contact
loads result.
The influence on the quasi-static parameters of
the so called hoop-stress, created in rolling bearings
due to their press fitting, by the centrifugal expansion
of the shaft and the inner ring, and also by the thermal
expansion of the rolling bearing assembly, is not yet
clear.
Jones [5] pioneered the field of rolling bearing
dynamics, developing a general theory for rolling
bearing arrangements. Harris [4] proposed dynamic
models for single rolling bearings. Both works, [4]
and [5], considered the gyroscopic moment acting on
balls and some hoop-stress, as rolling bearing press
fitting effect on ball and races clearance.
Jorgensen and Shin [6] included the hoop-stress
in the quasi-static model proposed by de Mull et al.
[3]. Anyway, the press fitting of the bearing and the
gyroscopic motion were not included in the model.
Aramaki et al. [1] took into account the hoop-stress
effect on rolling bearing dynamics.
None of the previous mentioned references
quantify the influence of the hoop-stress and
gyroscopic motion of rolling elements on the quasi-
static parameters of the rolling bearings. The present
paper proposes to clarify this problem, responding to
the next question: When the hoop-stress and the
gyroscopic motion of rolling elements must be
considered in all-steel and hybrid rolling bearing
analysis?

2. QUASI-STATIC MODEL

The quasi-static model used by the authors
allows the analysis of ball bearings loaded about five
degrees of freedom (DoF). This model is presented in
[7].
The next assumptions were made: (i) The
rolling bearing analysis is realized to a given moment
of time, this moment of time being considered as
representative for all the running period of the rolling
bearing; (ii) The effect of the lubricant is neglected in
the quasi-static analysis; (iii) The rolling bearing
elements are not deformable, excepting the vicinity of
ball and races contact points, where the material
behave perfectly elastic; (iv) The cage is not included
in the analysis; (v) There are flat contact area between
the balls and the races, and the pressure distribution
on each contact obeys to the Hertz's theory of
THE ANNALS OF UNIVERSITY DUNREA DE JOS OF GALAI
FASCICLE VIII, 2005, ISSN 1221-4590
TRIBOLOGY

98
elliptical elastic contacts; (vi) Inertial forces and
moments are neglected, except the centrifugal forces
and the gyroscopic forces acting on balls; (vii) Only
the inner ring rotates, the outer ring being considered
fixed in space.
Consequently, the balls and races initial contact
angle is modified due to:
- Rolling bearing press fitting on spindle and into
the house. In our quasi-static model the ball and races
clearance modification was considered according to
the relationships presented by Harris [4].
- Centrifugal and thermal expansion of the rolling
bearing assembly. The relationships adopted by
Jorgensen [6] and Aramaki et al. [1] were used in the
model.
- Centrifugal forces and gyroscopic moments
acting on balls.
The ball and races contact deformations are
computed according to 3 DoF model proposed for
roller bearings by Cretu et al. [2], the entire procedure
being further developed for an external load acting
about five DOF.
For each ball and for the rotating inner ring, the
equilibrium equations of forces and moments were
written [7].
Paleu [7] showed that the results obtained with
the present quasi-static model are closed by those
obtained with de Mull 's model [3], provided that the
hoop-stress and the gyroscopic motion of balls are
neglected. Therefore, the hoop-stress effect and the
gyroscopic motion of balls can be included in any
existing quasi-static model by the mean of the
methodology presented herein.

3. INCLUDING GYROSCOPIC
MOMENTS ACTING ON BALLS

To take into account the gyroscopic moments acting
on balls, the equilibrium equations of balls on radial
and axial directions, respectively, are written
according to relationships (1) and (2), deduced from
figure 1.
0 = + + =
c ger er gir ir x
F F Q F Q (1)
0 = + =
giz ez gez iz z
F Q F Q (2)
where:
i
Q and
e
Q represent ball to inner and outer race
contact loads, respectively;
i
and
e
- are ball to inner and outer race contact
angles, respectively;
g
F tangential traction force equilibrating the
gyroscopic moment M
g
;
c
F - centrifugal force acting on ball;
Other subscripts:
x, r - refers to the radial direction;
z - refers to the axial direction.

The traction forces equilibrating the gyroscopic
moment, M
g
, are given by equations (3).
ge e
b
Mg
F
D
= ;
b
i gi
D
Mg
F = (3)
D
b
- represents the diameter of the ball;
i
,
e
are constants depending on the adopted
kinematics hypothesis. For high-speed, the outer race
control of balls occur (there is pivoting motion only
on balls and inner race contacts), and 0 =
i
, 2 =
e
,
according to [4].
Fig. 1. Forces and moments acting on balls.

4. INCLUDING THE HOOP-STRESS
EFFECT IN A QUASI-STATIC MODEL

4.1. Method 1

In order to include the hoop-stress in a quasi-static
analysis of ball bearings, the final radial clearance
between the ball and races of a ball bearing can be
estimated according to equation (4).
T CF F di d
P P P P P + + + = (4)
where:
di 0
P 2A [1 cos( )] = represents the initial
clearance within the bearing;
i o b
A ( f f 1) D = + ,
( ) e i
f is ball to inner race and
ball to outer race conformities, respectively;
S H F
P P P + = represents the change of the
clearance due to the rolling bearing press fitting on
shaft,
s
P , and into the house,
H
P .
( ) ( )
2 i
0
d
2 2 2
CF m i m
32E
P d D 3 d 1

= + +

is the
Timoshenko's relationship, which considers the
centrifugal expansion of the shaft and inner ring
assembly [6]:
d
i
- inner race rolling diameter;
d
m
- rolling bearing pitch diameter;
D
i
bore diameter of the shaft;
e
g

c
F

Q
i
F
i
M
Q
F
e
Q
Q
Qez
er
iz
Q
ir
gi
giz
F
F
gir
ge
F
ger
F
gez
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FASCICLE VIII, 2005, ISSN 1221-4590
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99

F
0
e
i
C
C
C
C
C
bi
bf
ei
C
C
ii
if
C
i
C
i
'
"
b
b
'
"
_
_
_
C
ef
- Poisson's coefficient.
T TSR TB THR
P P 2 P P = + , represents the
change of the clearance produced by the thermal
growth of the shaft and inner ring assembly,
TSR
P ,
of balls,
TBR
P , and of the outer race and house
assembly,
TH
P .
( )( )
w m i i TSR
D d T T P =
0
(5)
( )( )
w m e e THR
D d T T P + =
0
(6)
( )
w b b TB
D T T P
0
= (7)
) , ( b e i
- linear thermal expansion coefficient of the
inner ring, outer ring, and balls, respectively, in
m/m/
0
C;
) , ( b e i
T - inner ring, outer ring, and ball temperature,
respectively, in
0
C;
0
T - the temperature of the environment,
0
C.
Finally, the ball and races free contact angle, ,
is computed as a function of rolling bearing modified
clearance, P
d
:
d
arccos( 1 P / 2A) = (8)
In [6] it is emphasized that the thermal growth
of the shaft and of the house on the axial direction,
THA TSA
P P and respectively, cannot be neglected.
The change of the initial clearance on the axial
direction,
initial e
P
_
, is introduced in the computation
of the initial free contact angle, , according to
equations (9), (10), and (11).
) sin( 2
_ o initial e
A P = (9)
THA TSA initial e final e
P P P P + =
_ _
(10)
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
A
P
a
final e
2
sin
_
(11)
Ball and races contact angles are estimated with
de Mull's relationships [3], replacing the free contact
angle,
0
, with the recomputed contact angle, (fig.
2).
The ball / inner ring and ball / outer ring contact
angles,
i
and
e
, are given by relationships (12)
and (13), respectively.
( )
( )
0i z z
i
0i x r
l sin u v
arctan
l cos u v

| | +
=
|
|
+
\ .
(12)
( )
( )
0e z
e
0e r
l sin v
arctan
l cos v

| | +
=
|
|
+
\ .
(13)
The axial displacement of the inner rings
center,
z
u , take into account the axial thermal
expansion of the shaft and house,
TSA
P and
THA
P ,
respectively.
( )
s
TSA i i 0
L
P T T
2
= (14)
( )
2
0
h
e e THA
L
T T P = (15)
where
s
L and
h
L represent the semi-distance
between the mounting shoulders of the two rolling
bearings, measured on the shaft and on the house,
respectively.

4.2. Method 2

This treating considers that the free contact
angle modifies from its initial values,
0
, to a final
value,
F
, corresponding to the clearance after the
rolling bearing press fitting. The change in ball and
races contact angles due to the shaft and inner ring
centrifugal expansion and due to the thermal
expansion of rolling bearing elements are included in
the quasi-static model, according to figure 2.
Fig. 2. Computation of ball and races contact angles.

oe bi ei
l C C = (16)
oi ii bi
l C C = (17)
TB e bf ef
P l C C = (18)
TB i if bf
P l C C = (19)
F i ii
P C C =
'
(20)
THA TSA z i i
P P C C + =
" '
(21)
CF THR TSR x if i
P P P C C + + =
"
(22)
oe oi
oe
F b bi
l l
l
P C C
+
=
'
(23)
z b b
v C C =
" '
(24)
THR r bf b
P v C C =
"
(25)
C
ei(f)
, C
ii(f)
, C
bi(f)
represent the initial and the final
positions, subscripts i and f, respectively, of the outer
race center C
e
, inner race center C
i
, and of the ball
center C
b
;

THE ANNALS OF UNIVERSITY DUNREA DE JOS OF GALAI
FASCICLE VIII, 2005, ISSN 1221-4590
TRIBOLOGY

100
The ball and inner race contact angle,
i
, and
ball and outer race contact angle,
e
, are given by
relationships (26) and (27), respectively.
1i
i
2i
f
arctan
f

=


(26)
1e
e
2e
f
arctan
f

| |
=
|
\ .
(27)
Where
( )
1i 0i 0 z TSA THA z
f l sin ( u P P ) v = + + (28)
( )
0i 0 x TSR CF
f 2i l cos u P P = + + +

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
oi oe
oi
F r
l l
l
P v (29)
( )
1e 0e 0 z
f l sin v = + (30)
( )
oe
2e 0e 0 r THR F
oe oi
l
f l cos v P P
l l
= + +
+
(31)

5. RESULTS

For an angular contact steel ball bearing from
7206C series, the results obtained with the simulation
quasi-static model show that there is a strong
influence of the hoop stress and gyroscopic moment
on ball and races contact angles and contact loads,
especially at high speed.
For different axial loads, F
a
, and speed
parameter d
m
x N in the range of (0.5 2) x 10
6
mm
x rpm, the possible estimation error (PEE) of ball and
races contact loads and contact angles, introduced by
neglecting the hoop stress and the gyroscopic
moment, is presented in table 1.
The next notations are made:
Case 1:
- axial force: Fa=500 N=ct;
- speed parameter: d
m
x N (0.5.. 2 x 10
6
)
mm x rpm;
Case 2:
- axial force: Fa (200.. 500) N;
- speed: N=50000 rpm=ct.

Table 1. Possible estimation error PEE, in %.
PEE %
Parameter Case 1 Case 2
i
+ 4.5...+11 + 7.8...+8.5
e
+ 22,9 + 26
Q
i
-5.8...-8.8 -4...-8.3
Q
e +2 + 0...3.5







6. CONCLUSIONS

The hoop stress, created by rolling bearing press
fitting, centrifugal expansion of shaft and inner ring
assembly, and thermal growth of rolling bearing
elements, affects the magnitude of ball and races
contact loads and contact angles.
In order to include the effect of the hoop-stress
in the quasi-static rolling bearing analysis model, two
methods are proposed herein.
No matter the running conditions, the hoop-
stress created by the press fitting of the rolling
bearing on the shaft or into the house change the ball
and races initial contact angle, affecting the quasi-
static parameters.
For a speed parameter d
m
x N >1.0 x 10
6
mm x
rpm, the gyroscopic moment acting on balls and the
centrifugal expansion of the shaft - inner ring
assembly cannot be neglected in the quasi-static
analysis.
To consider the thermal growth of the shaft -
rolling bearing house assembly in the quasi-static
model, the temperature of the each element must be
determined.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank their colleague, Dipl.
Eng. Ioan Oancea, for the constructive discussions
they have had on the subject of the existing quasi-
static models.

REFERENCES

1. Aramaki H., Shoda Y., Morishita,Y., Sawamoto T., 1988,
The Performance of Ball Bearings With Silicon Nitride Ceramic
Balls in High Speed Spindles for Machine Tools, J. of Tribology,
Trans. ASME, Vol. 110, pp. 693-698.
2. Cretu Sp., Mitu N., Bercea I., 1995, A Dynamic Analysis of
Tapered Roller Bearings under Fully Flooded Conditions, Part
1:Theoretical Formulation, Wear, Vol. 188, pp. 1 -10.
3. de Mull J.M., Vree J.M., Mass D.A., 1989, Equilibrium and
Associated Load Distribution in Ball and Roller Bearings Loaded
in Five Degree of Freedom While Neglecting Friction- Part I:
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4. Harris T.A., 2001, Rolling Bearing Analysis. Fourth Edition,
John Wiley &Sons, pp. 1086.
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6. Jorgensen B.R., Shin, Y.C., 1997, Dy
7. namics of Machine Tool Spindle/ Bearing Systems Under
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dinamica si fiabilitatea rulmentilor hibrizi (Theoretical and
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