Aim : Understanding and know to apply all knowledge, theory and practical on project that have learned onto

project that have been given. 1.0 Objectives 1.1 To learn how to use TMR0 as a hardware timer 1.2 To understand the development concept of the program by PIC development board_PICDEV 1.3 To understand, determine and analyze the configuration of keypad and also to understand the configuration of LCD 1.4 To get the knowledge and understand how to apply Analog Digital Converter (ADC) 2.0 Equipments No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 19. 20. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 3.0 Theory Name Resistor 220 Resistor 47k Variable Resistor 100k Capacitor 30p Capacitor 10 Capacitor 0.1 PIC 16F877A Regulator U2 Transistor 2N2222 LED Adapter battery 9V Battery 3V LCD Relay 5V Crystal 20MHZ DC Power Socket Strip Board Button PIC Development Board PICDEV MPLAB IDE PROGRAM Micro P program Proteus Jumper Wire Quantity 15 6 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 8 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 9 1 1 1 1 Necessesary

3.1 Using TMR0 The special file register 01, Timer Zero (TMR0), which can be used as a counter or timer which, once started, run independently of the program execution. This mean it can count inputs or clock pulses concurrently with the program. The counter/timer can also be set up to generate an interrupt when it has reached its maximum value, so that the main program does not have to keep checking it to see if a particular count has been reached. 3.1.1 Register Associated With Timer0

TMR0 o 8 bit TMR0 Module Register o Count from 0 to 255 (00h to FFh)

INTCON o GIE Global Interrupt Enable Bit - controls all possible interrupt sources simultaneously. 1 - Enables all unmasked interrupts. 0 - Disables all interrupts. o T0IE TMR0 Overflow Interrupt Enable Bit controls interrupt enabled by TMR0 overflow. 1 - Enables the TMR0 interrupt. 0 - Disables the TMR0 interrupt.

o T0IF TMR0 Overflow Interrupt Flag Bit registers the timer TMR0 register overflow, when counting starts from zero. 1 - TMR0 register has overflowed (bit must be cleared in software). 0 - TMR0 register has not overflowed. OPTION o TOCS Clock Select bit (Bit 5) 1 Pulses are brought to TMR0 timer/counter input through the RA4 pin 0 Internal cycle clock (Fosc/4) o TOSE Source Edge Select bit (Bit 4) 1 Increment on high to low transition on TMR0 pin 0 increment on low to high transition on TMR0 pin o PSA Prescaler Assignment bit (Bit 3) 1 Prescaler is assigned to the WDT 0 Prescaler is assigned to the TMR0 timer/counter o PS2 (Bit 2), PS1(Bit 1), PS0 (Bit 0) Prescaler Rate Select bit

PS2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

PS1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

PS0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

TMR0 1:2 1:4 1:8 1:16 1:32 1:64 1:128 1:256

WDT 1:1 1:2 1:4 1:8 1:16 1:32 1:64 1:128

3.2 Keypad System Keypads are an excellent way of entering data into the microcontroller. The keys are usually numbered but they could be labeled as function keys, for example in a remote control handset in a TV to adjust the sound or color, etc. As well as remote controls, keypads find applications in burglar alarms, door entry system, calculators, microwave ovens, etc. Keypads are usually arranged in a matrix format to reduce the number of I/O connections. A 12 keypad is arranged in a 3 x 4 format requiring seven connections. This is arranged in three columns and four rows as shown in Table 1. There are seven connections to the keypad C1, C2, C3, R1, R2, R3 and R4. Column1,C1 1 4 7 * Column2,C2 2 5 8 0 Column3,C3 3 6 9 #

Row1,R1 Row2,R2 Row3,R3 Row4,R4

This connection to PIC is shown in Figure 1. The keypad works in the following way: If, for example, key 6 is pressed then A3 will be joined to B5. For key 1, A1 would be joined to B4, etc. As shown in Figure 1.

The figure 1 above show the 4x3 keypad size which is 3 columns and 4 rows. To tell the PIC which button ispressed, the PIC need to set only one of the column to be high at one time. Then the PIC will scan which row is at current column send the HIGH value (1) to the PIC input at PORTB. For example, Let say the PIC need to recognize the buttons at column 1 which the available button are 1, 4, 7 and *. So the PIC will send the PORTA.F1 (COLUMN 1) to HIGH (1). Then the PIC will scan each row of PORTB begin from PORTB.F4 (ROW 1). At this stage, if the scanned result is HIGH that means the pressed button is equal to 1. If the result is LOW (0), then the PIC will continue to scan for the next row(ROW2, ROW3, and ROW4). When all rows at PORTB are scanned, the PIC will send the HIGH (1) value to the next column (COLUMN 2 at PORTA.F2) and repeat to scan each row of port B. This process is repeated to all columns. When the last column(COLUMN3: PORTA.F3) is reached, PIC will scan again for all rows at column1, 2 and so on. The value need to submit to the columns and read the rows value are actually can be vary. It depends on how the keypad is designed.

3.3 ANALOG DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC) Analog-to Digital converters are among the most widely used devices for data acquisition. Digital computers use binary (discrete) values, but in the physical world everything is analog (continuous). Temperature, pressure (wind or liquid), humidity, and velocity are a few examples

of physical quantities that we deal with every day.A physical quantity is converted to electrical (voltage, current) signals using a device called a transducer.Transducers are also referred to as sensors. Sensors for temperature, velocity, pressure, light, and many other natural quantities produce an output that is voltage (or current). Therefore, we need an analog to digital converter to translate the analog signals to digital numbers so that the microcontroller can read and process
them. See the figure below:

SENSOR S

ADC

CPU

DISPLAY

Microcontroller Connection to Sensor via ADC 3.3.1 DC FOR PIC16F877A The PIC16F877A has eight input pins for analog digital conversions. The conversion of an analog input signal results in a corresponding 10-bit digital number. By selecting voltage references Vref- and Vref+, the minimal resolution or quality of conversion may be adjusted to various needs. The ADC module has four registers. These registers are: A/D Result High Register (ADRESH) A/D Result Low Register (ADRESL) A/D Control Register 0 (ADCON0) A/D Control Register 1 (ADCON1) 3.3.2 ADC RESOLUTION PIC16F877A has 10-bit resolution. So the number of steps is: 1024 = (0000000000 111111111). When Vref 5V(internal voltage supply) is used, the step size is 5V/1024 = 1 4.88mV. So its mean that every bit increment is equal of single step voltage increment ~

4.88mV. For example to calculate the binary value of ADC that use Vref = 5V and the analog input = 1.7V is by using the formula below. Dout = Vin / Step Size. out = 1.7V / 4.88mV = 348.36 48 101011100 D 3 0 Then the value of conversion is stores into the ADC registers (ADRESL and ADRESH) as shown in table below: 10-bit ADC result ADRESH ADRESL 01 01011100 3.3.3 ADC IN C PROGRAMMING ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) module is available with a number of PIC MCU models. Library function Adc_Read is included to provide you comfortable work with the module. Adc_Read(unsigned short channel) i.e: adcresult = Adc_Read(0); //Read the 10bits of conversion value from PORTA.F0 and put into//variable adcresult

Before using the function, be sure to configure the appropriate TRISA bits to designate the pins as input. Also,configure the desired pin as analog input, and set Vref (voltage reference value).

3.5 LCD

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs do not emit light directly. They are used in a wide range of applications, including computer monitors, television, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, signage, etc. They are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones. LCDs have displaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most applications. They are usually more compact, lightweight, portable, less expensive, more reliable, and easier on the eyes.[citation needed] They are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they cannot suffer image burn-in. LCDs are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than CRTs. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment. It is an electronically-modulated optical device made up of any number of pixels filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in colour or monochrome. The earliest discovery leading to the development of LCD technology, the discovery of liquid crystals, dates from 1888.[1] By 2008, worldwide sales of televisions with LCD screens had surpassed the sale of CRT units. LCDs with a small number of segments, such as those used in digital watches and pocket calculators, have individual electrical contacts for each segment. An external dedicated circuit supplies an electric charge to control each segment. This display structure is unwieldy for more than a few display elements.

Small monochrome displays such as those found in personal organizers, electronic weighing scales, older laptop screens, and the original Nintendo Game Boy have a passive-matrix structure employing super-twisted nematic (STN)[16] or double-layer STN (DSTN) technology (the latter of which addresses a colour-shifting problem with the former), and colour-STN (CSTN) in which colour is added by using an internal filter. Each row or column of the display has a single electrical circuit. The pixels are addressed one at a time by row and column addresses. This type of display is called passive-matrix addressed because the pixel must retain its state between refreshes without the benefit of a steady electrical charge. As the number of pixels (and, correspondingly, columns and rows) increases, this type of display becomes less feasible. Very slow response times and poor contrast are typical of passive-matrix addressed LCDs. Monochrome passive-matrix LCDs were standard in most early laptops (although a few used plasma displays). The commercially unsuccessful Macintosh Portable (released in 1989) was one of the first to use an active-matrix display (though still monochrome), but passivematrix was the norm until the mid-1990s, when color active-matrix became standard on all laptops.

4.0 PROCEDURE

4.1 First Week Briefing with lecture about the project Recieve the component for the project Group meeting - distributed the task into 4 person Buy component that not completen like transistor

4.2 Second Week Make source code for the main part Soldering Supply, Analog Digital Converter (ADC), LED and PIC part at board

4.3 Third Week Make source code at function part Soldering Interrupt, Keypad and LCD part into board Combine all the circuit to PIC circuit Test on Proteus software

4.4 Fourth Week Troubleshooting for the code that already made All the circuit burned to PIC Test the board Troubleshoot the board when circuit has problem Project 100% done Make report for the project

5.0 Result 5.1 Circuit Diagram

5.1.1 Power Suply

5.1.2 Keypad

5.1.3 PIC 16F877A

5.1.4 LED

5.1.5 LCD Display

5.1.6 Relay and ADC

5.1.7 INTERRUPT

5.1.8 7 SEGMENT

5.1.9 COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

6.0 Data Analysis

6.1 Operation Of The Circuit :6.1.1 LCD LCD in this project is used to display each of members group names, it also used to display temperature based on the ADC (Analog Digital Converter) after the value has benn converted from Voltage to Celcius. The way we convert the value is by using the formula Voltage = ADC x 0.0048828125

All the LED pins are connected to the PORTD at the PIC. When we give supply to the circuit, LCD will display team members name and matric number, and when its done, it will display the temperature value that has been converted from the ADC. Besides from displayed team members name and temperature. It also display animation type, e.g like Animation 1 or Animation 2 after keypad pressed.

6.1.2 LED LED will function when keypad is pressed according to the pattern that has been set at the keypad. All the LEDs are connected to PORTA[F1,F2,F3,F5] and PORTE[F1:F3] at PIC. Before LED connect to the PORTA and PORTE ath PIC, LED have to connect with resistor so the LEDs will not damage because of the high current.

6.1.3 Keypad

There are two parts in keypad which are ROW and COLUMN . (ROW = PORTC[F3:F5], COLUMN = PORTC[F0:F2]). These two parts connected to the PORTC at PIC. Its function when its pressed and will create various pattern at LED. For thos project, we use 9 types of pattern. 6.1.4 Interrupt Interrupt will function when button is pressed. When the button is pressed, all the operation will stop for the moment which are at LED and LCD which mean LED will stop running according to the pattern that selected by keypad for 4 seconds and after we release the button all the operation will continue their operation just like before we press the button. 6.1.5 Relay A relay is an electrically operated switch Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. In this project, relay function as detected the incoming tempurature, if tempurature is below 30 celcuis the lamp will OFF and when the tempurature is more that 30celcuis lamp will ON.

7.0 Results

7.1 Pictures Of Project Circuit

7.2 Completed Source Code

//Define LABEL NAME TO PORT AND VALUE #define COLUMN1 PORTC.F0 #define COLUMN2 PORTC.F1 #define COLUMN3 PORTC.F2 #define ROW1 PORTC.F3 #define ROW2 PORTC.F4 #define ROW3 PORTC.F5 #define LAMP PORTC.F6 #define LED1 PORTA.F1 #define LED2 PORTA.F2 #define LED3 PORTA.F3 #define LED4 PORTA.F5 #define LED5 PORTE.F0 #define LED6 PORTE.F1 #define LED7 PORTE.F2 #define seven_segment PORTB //GFEDCBA Pattern for 7 SEGMENT Common Kathod #define no_0 0b01111110 #define no_1 0b00001100 #define no_2 0b10110110 #define no_3 0b10011110 #define no_4 0b11001100 #define no_5 0b11011010 #define no_6 0b11111010 #define no_7 0b00001110 #define no_8 0b11111110 #define no_9 0b11011110 #define GIE INTCON.F7 #define INTE INTCON.F4 #define INTF INTCON.F1 #define TMR0IE INTCON.F5 #define TMR0IF INTCON.F2 #define T0CS OPTION_REG.F5 #define PSA OPTION_REG.F3 #define PS2 OPTION_REG.F2 #define PS1 OPTION_REG.F1 #define PS0 OPTION_REG.F0 //String for LCD Display (String value is store in PIC Program Memory) const char title[] = " *FINAL_PROJECT* "; const char team[] = " >>>TALIBAN<<< "; const char teams[] = " >>>CREW<<< "; const char member1[] = "Akmal";

const char member1m1[] = "de090228"; const char member2[] = "Ikhwan"; const char member1m2[] = "de090211"; const char member3[] = "Nadha"; const char member1m3[] = "de090194"; const char member4[] = "Reduan"; const char member1m4[] = "de090223"; const char txtcelcius[] = "Celcius"; const char animate1[] = " Animate 1 "; const char animate2[] = " Animate 2 "; const char animate3[] = " Animate 3 "; const char animate4[] = " Animate 4 "; const char animate5[] = " Animate 5 "; const char animate6[] = " Animate 6 "; const char animate7[] = " Animate 7 "; const char animate8[] = " Animate 8 "; const char animate9[] = " Animate 9 "; //=====Global variable======== char txt_msg[15]; unsigned int adc_value; unsigned float voltage, celcius; unsigned short overflow,count; //variable value ranges 0 ~ 255 //========functions prototype===== void interrupt(void); void Lengahan(unsigned int); void scan_keypad(void); void animate(unsigned int); void strcp_c(char *str1, const char *cstr2); void baca_adc(void); //================================= void main(void) { //Port Setup ADCON1 = 0b10001110; //Port AN0 as Analog input(Right Justified) output the rest is digital TRISA = 0b00000001; PORTA = 0b00000000; TRISB = 0b00000001; PORTB = 0b00000000; TRISC = 0b00111000; PORTC = 0b00000000; TRISD = 0b00000001; PORTD = 0b00000000; TRISE = 0b00000000; PORTE = 0b00000000;

//Interrupt Setup GIE = 1; INTE = 1; TMR0IE = 1; T0CS = 0; PSA = 0; PS2 = 1; //prescale is set for 1:256 PS1 = 1; PS0 = 1; TMR0 = 0; //Initialize PortD as LCD control port Lcd_Init(&PORTD); // Initialize LCD connected to PORTD Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR); // Clear display Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CURSOR_OFF); // Turn cursor off strcp_c(txt_msg, title); //copy string variable into txt_msg Lcd_Out(1,1,txt_msg); //display txt_msg to LCD Delay_ms(1000); Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR); strcp_c(txt_msg, team); //copy string variable into txt_msg Lcd_Out(1,2,txt_msg); //display txt_msg to LCD Delay_ms(1000); Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR); strcp_c(txt_msg, teams); //copy string variable into txt_msg Lcd_Out(2,3,txt_msg); //display txt_msg to LCD Delay_ms(800); Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR); strcp_c(txt_msg, member1); Lcd_Out(1,7,txt_msg); strcp_c(txt_msg, member1m1); Lcd_Out(2,6,txt_msg); Delay_ms(700); Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR); strcp_c(txt_msg, member2); Lcd_Out(1,6,txt_msg); strcp_c(txt_msg, member1m2); Lcd_Out(2,6,txt_msg); Delay_ms(700); Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR); strcp_c(txt_msg, member3); Lcd_Out(1,7,txt_msg); strcp_c(txt_msg, member1m3); Lcd_Out(2,6,txt_msg); Delay_ms(700); Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR);

strcp_c(txt_msg, member4); Lcd_Out(1,7,txt_msg); strcp_c(txt_msg, member1m4); Lcd_Out(2,6,txt_msg); Delay_ms(700); Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR); while(1) { baca_adc(); scan_keypad(); } } //===============Functions============================== void interrupt (void) { if (INTF == 1) { LAMP = 1; Delay_ms(4000); LAMP= 0; INTF = 0; } if (TMR0IF == 1) overflow++; if (overflow == 76) //4 times overflow to get 1 second { if (count == 0) seven_segment = no_0; else if (count == 1) seven_segment = no_1; else if (count == 2) seven_segment = no_2; else if (count == 3) seven_segment = no_3; else if (count == 4) seven_segment = no_4; else if (count == 5) seven_segment = no_5; else if (count == 6) seven_segment = no_6; else if (count == 7) seven_segment = no_7; else if (count == 8)

seven_segment = no_8; else if (count == 9) seven_segment = no_9; else if (count == 10) { count=0; //reset count to 0 seven_segment = no_0; } count++; overflow = 0; } TMR0IF = 0; TMR0 = 0; } void baca_adc() { adc_value = ADC_Read(0); if(adc_value>10) voltage = adc_value * 0.0048828125 ; celcius = voltage * 20; FloatToStr(celcius,txt_msg); Lcd_Out(1,1,txt_msg); strcp_c(txt_msg, txtcelcius); Lcd_Out(2,1,txt_msg); if (celcius>=30) LAMP = 1; else LAMP = 0; } void animate(unsigned int no) { unsigned int i; if (no == 1) { Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CLEAR); //Clear LCD display strcp_c(txt_msg, animate1); Lcd_Out(1,1,txt_msg); for(i=1;i<=20;i++) //loop 20 times { LED1 = ~LED1; LED2 = ~LED2; LED3 = ~LED3; LED4 = ~LED4;

LED5 = ~LED5; LED6 = ~LED6; LED7 = ~LED7; Lengahan(2); } Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CLEAR); } else if (no == 2) { Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CLEAR); //Clear LCD display strcp_c(txt_msg, animate2); Lcd_Out(1,1,txt_msg); for(i=1;i<=4;i++) //loop 4 times { LED1 = 1; Lengahan(2); LED2 = 1; Lengahan(2); LED3 = 1; Lengahan(2); LED4 = 1; Lengahan(2); LED5 = 1; Lengahan(2); LED6 = 1; Lengahan(2); LED7 = 1; Lengahan(2); LED1 = 0; LED2 = 0; LED3 = 0; LED4 = 0; LED5 = 0; LED6 = 0; LED7 = 0; } Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CLEAR); } else if (no == 3) { Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CLEAR); //Clear LCD display Lcd_Out(1, 1, "Animate 3"); for(i=1;i<=4;i++) //loof 4 times { LED7 = 1; LED1 = 1;

Lengahan(2); LED7=0; LED1=0;LED6=1;LED2=1; Lengahan(2); LED6=0; LED2=0;LED5=1;LED3=1; Lengahan(2); LED5=0; LED3=0;LED4=1; Lengahan(2); LED4 =0; } Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CLEAR); } else if (no == 4) { Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CLEAR); //Clear LCD display strcp_c(txt_msg, animate4); Lcd_Out(1,1,txt_msg); for(i=1;i<=20;i++) //loop 20 times { LED1 = ~LED1; LED3 = ~LED3; LED5 = ~LED5; LED7 = ~LED7; Lengahan(2); } Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CLEAR); } else if (no == 5) { Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CLEAR); //Clear LCD display strcp_c(txt_msg, animate2); Lcd_Out(1,1,txt_msg); for(i=1;i<=4;i++) //loop 4 times { LED7 = 1; Lengahan(2); LED5 = 1; Lengahan(2); LED3 = 1; Lengahan(2); LED1 = 1;

Lengahan(2); LED1 = 0; LED2 = 0; LED3 = 0; LED4 = 0; LED5 = 0; LED6 = 0; LED7 = 0; } Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CLEAR); } else if (no == 6) { Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CLEAR); //Clear LCD display strcp_c(txt_msg, animate6); Lcd_Out(1,1,txt_msg); for(i=1;i<=20;i++) //loop 20 times { LED1 = LED1; LED2 = ~LED2; LED3 = LED3; LED4 = ~LED4; LED5 = LED5; LED6 = ~LED6; LED7 = LED7; Lengahan(2); LED1 = ~LED1; LED2 = LED2; LED3 = ~LED3; LED4 = LED4; LED5 = ~LED5; LED6 = LED6; LED7 = ~LED7; Lengahan(2); } Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CLEAR); } else if (no == 7) { Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CLEAR); //Clear LCD display strcp_c(txt_msg, animate7); Lcd_Out(1,1,txt_msg); for(i=1;i<=20;i++) //loop 20 times { LED1 = LED1;

LED2 = ~LED2; LED3 = ~LED3; LED4 = LED4; LED5 = ~LED5; LED6 = ~LED6; LED7 = LED7; Lengahan(2); LED1 = ~LED1; LED2 = ~LED2; LED3 = LED3; LED4 = ~LED4; LED5 = ~LED5; LED6 = LED6; LED7 = ~LED7; Lengahan(2); } Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CLEAR); } else if (no == 8) { Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CLEAR); //Clear LCD display strcp_c(txt_msg, animate8); Lcd_Out(1,1,txt_msg); for(i=1;i<=4;i++) //loop 4 times { LED1 = 1; Lengahan(2); LED2 = 0; Lengahan(2); LED3 = 1; Lengahan(2); LED4 = 0; Lengahan(2); LED5 = 1; Lengahan(2); LED6 = 0; Lengahan(2); LED7 = 1; Lengahan(4); LED1 = 0; Lengahan(2); LED2 = 1; Lengahan(2); LED3 = 0; Lengahan(2);

LED4 = 1; Lengahan(2); LED5 = 0; Lengahan(2); LED6 = 1; Lengahan(2); LED7 = 0; Lengahan(2); LED1 = 0; LED2 = 0; LED3 = 0; LED4 = 0; LED5 = 0; LED6 = 0; LED7 = 0; } Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CLEAR); } else if (no == 9) { Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CLEAR); //Clear LCD display Lcd_Out(1, 1, "Animate 9"); for(i=1;i<=4;i++) //loof 4 times { LED5=0; LED3=0;LED4=1; Lengahan(4); LED6=0; LED2=0;LED5=1;LED3=1; Lengahan(4); LED7=0; LED1=0;LED6=1;LED2=1; Lengahan(4); LED7 = 1; LED1 = 1; Lengahan(4); LED1 = 0; LED2 = 0; LED3 = 0; LED4 = 0; LED5 = 0; LED6 = 0; LED7 = 0;

} Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CLEAR); }

} void scan_keypad(void) { //============================================================= COLUMN1 = 1; COLUMN2 = 0; COLUMN3 = 0; //PORTC = COLUMN1; //Activate column 1 (button 1, 4, 7) if (ROW1 == 1) { while(ROW1 == 1)continue; //wait until button is release Delay_ms(20); //Button no 1 is pressed animate(1); } //============================================================= COLUMN1 = 0; COLUMN2 = 1; COLUMN3 = 0; //PORTC = COLUMN2; //Activate column 2 (button 2, 5, 8) if (ROW1 == 1) { while(ROW1 == 1)continue; //wait until button is release Delay_ms(20); //Button no 2 is pressed animate(2); } //============================================================= COLUMN1 = 0; COLUMN2 = 0; COLUMN3 = 1; //PORTC = COLUMN3; //Activate column 3 (button 3, 6, 9) if (ROW1 == 1) { while(ROW1 == 1)continue; //wait until button is release Delay_ms(20); //Button no 3 is pressed animate(3); } //============================================================= COLUMN1 = 1; COLUMN2 = 0; COLUMN3 = 0; //PORTC = COLUMN3; //Activate column 3 (button 3, 6, 9) if (ROW2 == 1) { while(ROW2 == 1)continue; //wait until button is release Delay_ms(20); //Button no 3 is pressed animate(4); } //============================================================= COLUMN1 =0; COLUMN2 = 1; COLUMN3 = 0; //PORTC = COLUMN3; //Activate column 3 (button 3, 6, 9)

if (ROW2 == 1) { while(ROW2 == 1)continue; //wait until button is release Delay_ms(20); //Button no 3 is pressed animate(5); } //============================================================= COLUMN1 = 0; COLUMN2 = 0; COLUMN3 =1; //PORTC = COLUMN3; //Activate column 3 (button 3, 6, 9) if (ROW2 == 1) { while(ROW2 == 1)continue; //wait until button is release Delay_ms(20); //Button no 3 is pressed animate(6); } //============================================================= COLUMN1 = 1; COLUMN2 = 0; COLUMN3 = 0; //PORTC = COLUMN3; //Activate column 3 (button 3, 6, 9) if (ROW3 == 1) { while(ROW3 == 1)continue; //wait until button is release Delay_ms(20); //Button no 3 is pressed animate(7); } //============================================================= COLUMN1 = 0; COLUMN2 = 1; COLUMN3 = 0; //PORTC = COLUMN3; //Activate column 3 (button 3, 6, 9) if (ROW3 == 1) { while(ROW3 == 1)continue; //wait until button is release Delay_ms(20); //Button no 3 is pressed animate(8); } //============================================================= COLUMN1 = 0; COLUMN2 = 0; COLUMN3 = 1; //PORTC = COLUMN3; //Activate column 3 (button 3, 6, 9) if (ROW3 == 1) { while(ROW3 == 1)continue; //wait until button is release Delay_ms(20); //Button no 3 is pressed animate(9);

} } void Lengahan(unsigned int lengah) { switch (lengah) { case 1: Delay_ms(100); break; case 2: Delay_ms(200); break; case 3: Delay_ms(300); break; case 4: Delay_ms(400); break; case 5: Delay_ms(500); break; default: Delay_ms(1000); } } //=====Copies constant string (in ROM) to 'normal' string (in RAM) void strcp_c(char *str1, const char *cstr2) { unsigned short x = 0; do { str1[x] = cstr2[x]; } while (str1[x++]); }

8.0 Discussion

We are facing some problems to complete our project. The problem for us to complete the project are: 1. Lack of parts and difficult to obtain. - The lack of such components 220ohm resistors, bulbs, cables and others. We need to wait for two (2) weeks to get it out of the electronic office, although some proposals we have put forward and we buy their own solution components. 2. Faulty components - During the process of completing the project, several components of damage such as broken legs, broken and LED bord burning occurs. It was beyond our expectations and the worst of all IC we burn when we use the direct connection of voltage AC / DC ADAPTER 12V REGULATOR capacity for 3v 9V and can not accommodate our circuit. We have no choice because if we use the 9V and 3V circuits we were not able to function fully. Next step we have to spend more to buy back the IC is programmed again and even though we know that time is running out. 3. Combining all the circuits - We believe that the problems of our group with other groups. When we examine this circuit, at first there are some circuit work properly but when we try to combine circuit as "running light" and "interrupt" the circuit does not work. To accomplish that we isolate the circuit. In addition, we use alternative routes such as the cutting path circuit so the circuit does not collide with each other. In addition, we use connector to the cable to make sure the cable cannot damage so easily and also the component.

9.0 Conclusion After struggling to finish this project, we finally managed to solve it. Many problems we face them such as to combine all the circuits, defective components and inadequate, including the problem of completing the program MICRO C. Although the project was completed, before we send them there may be some changes as we pulleach circuit and each connection, as we modify the recommendation of Mr.Mohamad Bin Md Som, our lecturer for this subject. All that we learn as TMR0, the disorder"interrupt", "running light", the power circuit (power) and others in the class time orduring the lab we are trying our best efforts to apply in this project. We also want to thank you goes to our lecturer for sincerity in helping us to complete this project.