Highway Engineering

TECHNIQE IN PLANNING AND PRECONSTRUCTION OF ROAD WORK

C3010 / UNIT2

UNIT 2

TECHNIQUE IN PLANNING AND PRE-CONSTRUCTION OF ROADWORK

OBJECTIVES

General Objective
To understand the planning activities and all pre-construction works

Specific Objectives
At the end of the unit you should be able to :

describe the planning objective. state the procedures to identify a new road. state the procedures for site investigation describe the method of site exploration. describe the survey works.

Highway Engineering

TECHNIQE IN PLANNING AND PRECONSTRUCTION OF ROAD WORK

C3010 / UNIT2

TECHNIQUE IN PLANNING AND PRE-CONSTRUCTION ROADWORKS

2.0

TECHNIQUES IN PLANNING AND PRE-CONSTRUCTION ROADWORK. A construction of a new road must under go an extensive planning, accurate land surveying and economic planning. 2.0.1 Planning Requirements A modern highway construction would include:1. A collection of a tabulated information on the existing transportation facilities in the area. 2. The determination of the general inter-relation of all branches of the transportation system and their effect on each other. 3. The determination of the adequacy or otherwise of the existing facilities as per present needs and the improvement and extension of these facilities for anticipated future needs for a certain period. 4. Methods of financing the projects and the duration of the construction. 5. An estimation of construction and maintenance.

Highway Engineering

TECHNIQE IN PLANNING AND PRECONSTRUCTION OF ROAD WORK

C3010 / UNIT2

Any highway planning study can be sub-divided into :1. Road inventory study. 2. Traffic studies. 3. Economic planning studies. 4. Financial planning studies. 2.0.2 Preparation and Planning Scheme of a New Road. Planning expertise, evaluation on survey work, knowledge on geology and experience on civil engineering area are essentially needed in constructing of a new road. The traffic needs, the purpose on planning at certain route and approximate cost thus become very vital information to be considered before constructing a new road. The synopsis of procedures that is used for identifying, planning and constructing a new road are listed in the following page. However, not all new roads follow these procedures. Some of the procedures are valid for certain terms and conditions only. Below is set of procedure that is used for identifying, planning and constructing a new road. The procedures are; 1. Identify the problem in traffic congestion, accident and environment by making a research on transportation and problematic areas. 2. Identify the maintenance and new construction work needed. 3. Identify the organization and Ministries that are responsible with the construction work such as JKR, TNB etc.

Highway Engineering

TECHNIQE IN PLANNING AND PRECONSTRUCTION OF ROAD WORK

C3010 / UNIT2

4. Collect the information for briefing. 5. Prepare the following plans: a. Topography plan. b. Usage land plan. c. Geology plan. d. Agriculture area plan. e. Domestic plan. f. Traffic flow plan. g. Town Consult planning document. 6. Draw a temporary layout sketch and include related suggestion. 7. Get information on; a. Junctions. b. River and drainage. c. Survey information. d. The latest traffic data. e. Ground Level. 8. Prepare a detailed layout with consideration to environmental impact.
9. 10.

Make a valuation. Choose the best road to be constructed. However, the alternative road should be equally prepared in the planning.

11. Negotiate with other related group such as :a. Ministry of Science and Environment. b. Ministry of Transportation. c. Water Board, Forestry Department, Telecom Company d. National Museum. e. Railway Station. f. Geology and Mineral Department. 12. Present a report on the entire technical problems.

Highway Engineering

TECHNIQE IN PLANNING AND PRECONSTRUCTION OF ROAD WORK

C3010 / UNIT2

13. Analyze the problems faced by the public. 14. Prepare the preliminary report based on the above information and submit it to the planning division. 15. Wait for the outcome or result. a. If it is acceptable, draw a road design at 1 : 2500 scale and proceed to the particular ministry. b. If it is unacceptable, it needs to be revised thoroughly or it will be cancelled. 16. Proceed with the following: a. Start planning the main task (the identified road). b. Start planning the alternative roads. c. Start purchasing the important materials. 17. Get the information from the public on the suggested road and the other roads involved. Set a panel that consists of external lawyers and other professionals to conduct a survey. 18. Submit the report to the respective Ministry and wait for the approval. 19. Prepare the financial report based on the cost benefit analysis to determine the advantages will bring to the public. 20. Advertise a tender notice and the selected contractor will then need to prepare and submit the quotation of the contract plan and document. 21. Accept the tender and start the construction work. There are 3 stages in planning the construction of a new road :1. Stage 1 - Prepare a preliminary report. 2. Stage 2 - Submit the preliminary report. 3. Stage 3 - Finalize the report.

Highway Engineering

TECHNIQE IN PLANNING AND PRECONSTRUCTION OF ROAD WORK

C3010 / UNIT2

2.0.3 Stage 1- Preparing a preliminary report. In this stage, it includes all the preliminary reports and information that are received during the ensuing stage (refer to 2.0.2, Procedure 14). They are: a. Traffic surveying work. b. Evaluation on the information and planning. Consider suggestion if there is another useful choice. c. Design using 6 : 1 mile scale. d. Budget of the construction and its advantages. e. Identify the certain road. f. Report on the alternative road, which includes the topography, geology and traffic flow, soil consuming and historical places. g. Obtain cooperation from the related group such as town council and state government. h. If the project is over budgeted the ministry must be inform and no further work shall be proceed. 2.0.4 Stage 2 - Submitting the preliminary report. In the preliminary report, it explains about the proposal and its alternatives of the identified project. It then is submitted to the person in-charged to obtain permission. However, the following questions need to be considered. a. Are the suggestions fulfilled the planning needs at the national level. b. Are the advantages accepted?

Highway Engineering

TECHNIQE IN PLANNING AND PRECONSTRUCTION OF ROAD WORK

C3010 / UNIT2

c. Are the suggested solution accepted in term of political or environmental aspect. While the preliminary report is being studied further, other experiments should be done such as:a. Further soil investigation. b. The plan preparation on the new road and other related roads. Report and work are to be prepared. It will only be submitted if the preliminary report is accepted. 2.0.5 Stage 3 - Finalizing the Report a. When the preliminary report is accepted, prepare the road plan with 1:2500 scale. b. When the final report is completed, submit it to the Head Quarter for approval. Here, a right budget and advantages of the project shall be included for approval purposes. c. After the costing and advantages valuation are done, this final report will be submitted to the responsible person to start off the construction work. d. If there is no protest from the public or other parties in fact, the tender will be offered and the selected contractor. Then, all the construction works will start. e. If there is a protest, a committee member will be set up for further investigation.

Highway Engineering

TECHNIQE IN PLANNING AND PRECONSTRUCTION OF ROAD WORK

C3010 / UNIT2

2.0.6 The content of the Preliminary Report The preliminary report which includes the plan must contain the following aspects:a. The existence situation which is on physical shape and scheme objective of the existence road. b. The traffic situation based on the latest data (not more than 3 years). A report should include content the total of traffic user. c. The alternative roads, which include the costing, advantages and the environmental impact. d. Road classification identify the road classification that is to be built; highway or ordinary road. e. Negotiation on the report and the result. f. Budget the total of roadwork cost, bridges work and earthwork approximately 20% from the previous budget. The cost report should comprise the following: Roadwork:Site clearing cost. Earthwork cost. Pavement construction and road shoulder work cost. Road furniture work. Facilities service work. Contingency stretch cost.

g. Valuation is to see the economical aspect of the project.

Highway Engineering

TECHNIQE IN PLANNING AND PRECONSTRUCTION OF ROAD WORK

C3010 / UNIT2

h. Enclosed plans plan with 6:1 mile scale is used for new scheme. For the city or village area a bigger scale is used. Plan must show the following:a. The plan of the approved alternative roads. b. The type of junction and its location. Avoid using the existence plan. Beside the, the activities which would be included in the planning and preconstruction road work are as follow: 1. Site investigation. 2. Survey works and setting out. 3. Site clearing and top soil deletions. 4. Earth works.

Highway Engineering

TECHNIQE IN PLANNING AND PRECONSTRUCTION OF ROAD WORK

C3010 / UNIT2

ACTIVITY 2 A

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE NEXT INPUT

Question
1. State the planning objective of planning in executing a new road development.

2. State four other activities in planning and pre-construction roadworks. a. b. c. d.

Highway Engineering

TECHNIQE IN PLANNING AND PRECONSTRUCTION OF ROAD WORK

C3010 / UNIT2

FEEDBACK ON ACTIVITY 2 A
Answer
1. The objective of planning is to provide a highway system which would give maximum transportation facilities at a minimum cost. 2. The other activities in planning and pre-construction roadworks be as follows : 1. Site investigation. 2. Survey works and setting out. 3. Site clearing and top soil deletions. 4. Earth works.

Highway Engineering

TECHNIQE IN PLANNING AND PRECONSTRUCTION OF ROAD WORK

C3010 / UNIT2

2.1

SITE INVESTIGATION Road structures are the structure which is supported by the ground. The interaction between the structure and the soil beneath it is complex, and therefore knowledge of the site and soil condition is important. 2.1.1 Procedures of the investigation 2.1.1.1 Compact sites In the case of compact sites for road structure, the investigation requires deep and closely speed borings. The actual number and position of borings depend on the types of structure and nature of sites. However, the number of bore hole should be such as to given a clear picture of all significant variations in the soil over the site, and the depth of such bore hole should be such as to reach all strata likely to influence the stability of the works. 2.1.1.2 Method of site exploration When discussing the procedure of the investigation, reference is made to borings as a means of the investigation. This is perhaps it is the most common method of site exploration, but certainly not the only one. Considering new works, from the very small to the very large contract, a general guide to exploration would be as follows: 1. Small works- trial pits up to 3m deep.

Highway Engineering

TECHNIQE IN PLANNING AND PRECONSTRUCTION OF ROAD WORK

C3010 / UNIT2

2. Medium to large scale works borings up to 30m deep 3. Very large scale works a combination of deep boring, pits and insitu examination from heading and shafts. It must be noted that the above is only guide: the detailed methods of exploration would depend on the types of the construction and the site involved.

a. Trial pits This is the cheapest form of exploration in shallow depth; above 3 m deep the cost increases rapidly compared with boring. The main advantage is that soils and rocks can be exposed and examined insitu. This method shows changes in strata much more clearly than by boring. The pits are dug out either by local labour or by a small tractor mounted excavator. The plan size of a pits depends on method of excavation, but approximately 1.2 x 1.2 m and should be dug at distances 20m apart in either direction. Problem occurs in water bearing soils, particularly sands, and therefore the economies of shoring and pumping pits may outweigh the savings gained against specialist borings. In dry condition these pits are particularly valuable since they allow hand cut sample to be taken, thereby minimizing the disturbance of the sample and maximizing the condition for accurate testing. Deeper trial pits maybe used for investigation of rock fissures or to explore layer of

Highway Engineering

TECHNIQE IN PLANNING AND PRECONSTRUCTION OF ROAD WORK

C3010 / UNIT2

weak rock which cannot be removed intact in normal boring operations. Such deep pits are costly to construct and would be used only a large scale exploration. Trial pits are the best method of exploring back filled areas and side overlain by variable natural deposit.

b. Borings All boring should be should be spaced sufficiently closed together to prevent false deduction concerning the uniformity of horizontal strata. The deeps of boring will be determined by the type of loading involved but account must be taken of any slope in the strata and variation in their thickness. In particular, when boring through glacial deposits, care must be exercised to insure that borders are not mistaken for bedrock. There are three main factors which govern the depth of exploration: 1. The depth to which the soil is to be significantly stressed. 2. The depth to which weathering is likely to affect the soil. 3. The depth at which impermeable strata occur. c. Wash Borings. The soil is loosened and removes from the bore hole by mean of a strong jet of water or drilling mud. The liquid is jetted through a steel tube which is work up and down the hole. The liquid disintegrates the soil and carries it up the annular space between the tube and casing. Wash boring as

Highway Engineering

TECHNIQE IN PLANNING AND PRECONSTRUCTION OF ROAD WORK

C3010 / UNIT2

the advantage that the soil is not disturbed by blows of a tool or shell, but it is limited to soil which do not contain boulders or large gravels. Mud such as bentonite, allows boring to be carried out without linings is non-cohesive soils. The soil in it settled-out state can be dried and use for identification purposes. 2.2 SURVEY WORK AND SETTING OUT 2.2.1 Preliminary Survey The preliminary survey consist in running a accurate traverse line, usually called the Base Line along the route already recommended as a result of reconnaissance survey, in order to obtain sufficient data for final location. Similar traverses may also be run along the secondary routes, if any. The preliminary survey shall help gather all the physical information which might affect the final location of the highway. The traverse being an Open one, adjustment cannot be made as in the case of closed traverse so that in order to ensure some standard of accuracy, certain precaution especially in the measurement of angels and chaining, etc., are necessary. After establishing the Base Line, important topographical features may also be recorded. These features include swamps, lakes and any other features which affect the final location and design of the highway. All the information collected by preliminary survey work is used in preparing a map, often called the basic plan or Preliminary Survey Plan.

Highway Engineering

TECHNIQE IN PLANNING AND PRECONSTRUCTION OF ROAD WORK

C3010 / UNIT2

The next step after recording all the available details on the basic plan is to locate the center line of the proposed highway on it. A number of trial lines are drawn on the plan, avoiding valuable property, obstruction and difficult areas such as water-logged areas, etc. Having thus selected the center-line on the plan, the next step consist in transferring on to the field.

2.2.2 Setting Out The first task is to establish a Base Line from which the whole of the road can be set out. The position of this line must be clearly marked on-site so that it can be re-established at any time. Setting out was done by plotting the construction boundaries after being referred from the previous survey on Preliminary Survey Plan and Base Line. Wooden pact shall be placed at each reference point and can be easily seen.

Highway Engineering

TECHNIQE IN PLANNING AND PRECONSTRUCTION OF ROAD WORK

C3010 / UNIT2

ACTIVITY 2 B

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE NEXT INPUT

Question 1
1. State the two methods that are used in soil exploration. a. ________________________________ b. ________________________________ 2. State the three main factors which govern the depth of exploration. a. _________________________________ b. _________________________________ c. _________________________________

Highway Engineering

TECHNIQE IN PLANNING AND PRECONSTRUCTION OF ROAD WORK

C3010 / UNIT2

FEEDBACK ON ACTIVITY 2 B
Answer
1. a. Trial pits b. Borings 2. There are three main factors which govern the depth of exploration: 1. The depth to which the soil is to be significantly stressed. 2. The depth to which weathering is likely to affect the soil. 3. The depth at which impermeable strata occur.

Highway Engineering

TECHNIQE IN PLANNING AND PRECONSTRUCTION OF ROAD WORK

C3010 / UNIT2

Question
1. What are the procedures in identifying the construction of a new road. 2. Describe the following aspects: a. Preliminary Survey. b. Setting Out 3. Describe the Trial Pits of soil exploration.

Highway Engineering

TECHNIQE IN PLANNING AND PRECONSTRUCTION OF ROAD WORK

C3010 / UNIT2

Answer
The procedures to identify a new road include:-

2a.

Preliminary Survey The preliminary survey consist in running a accurate traverse line, usually called the Base Line along the route already recommended as a result of reconnaissance survey, in order to obtain sufficient data for final location. Similar traverses may also be run along the secondary routes, if any. The preliminary survey shall help gather all the physical information which might affect the final location of the highway. The traverse being an Open one, adjustment cannot be made as in the case of closed traverse so that in order to ensure some standard of accuracy, certain precaution especially in the measurement of angels and chaining, etc., are necessary. After establishing the Base Line, important topographical features may also be recorded. These features include swamps, lakes and any other features which affect the final location and design of the highway. All the information collected by preliminary

Highway Engineering

TECHNIQE IN PLANNING AND PRECONSTRUCTION OF ROAD WORK

C3010 / UNIT2

survey work is used in preparing a map, often called the basic plan or Preliminary Survey Plan. The next step after recording all the available details on the basic plan is to locate the center line of the proposed highway on it. A number of trial lines are drawn on the plan, avoiding valuable property, obstruction and difficult areas such as water-logged areas, etc. Having thus selected the center-line on the plan, the next step consist in transferring on to the field. 2b. Setting Out The first task is to establish a Base Line from which the whole of the road can be set out. The position of this line must be clearly marked on-site so that it can be re-established at any time. Setting out was done by plotting the construction boundaries after being referred from the previous survey on Preliminary Survey Plan and Base Line. Wooden pact shall be placed at each reference point and can be easily seen. . 3. Trial pits This is the cheapest form of exploration in shallow depth; above 3 m deep the cost increases rapidly compared with boring. The main advantage is that soils and rocks can be exposed and examined insitu. This method shows changes in strata much more clearly than by boring. The pits are dug out either by local labour or by a small tractor mounted excavator. The plan size of a pits depends on method of excavation, but approximately 1.2 x 1.2 m and should be dug at distances 20m apart in either direction. Trial

Highway Engineering

TECHNIQE IN PLANNING AND PRECONSTRUCTION OF ROAD WORK

C3010 / UNIT2

pits are the best method of exploring back filled areas and side overlain by variable natural deposit.