BRONCHOPNEUMONIA Bronchopneumonia is an illness of lung which is caused by different organism like bacteria, viruses, and fungi and characterized

by acute inflammation of the walls of the bronchioles. It is also known as pneumonia. It is common in women and causes to the 6% deaths. Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae both are the common bacterium which causes bronchopneumonia in the adults and children. Acute inflammation of the walls of the smaller bronchial tubes, with varying amounts of pulmonary consolidation due to spread of the inflammation into peribronchiolar alveoli and the alveolar ducts; may become confluent or may be hemorrhagic. CAUSES Bacteria Virus Bacterial pneumonias tend to be the most serious and, in adults, the most common cause of pneumonia. The most common pneumonia-causing bacterium in adults is Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). RISK FACTOR Elderly Hospitalization Immobilization Immune Deficiency Long Term Illness Smoking SYMPTOMS Cough with greenish or yellow mucus Fever Chest pain Rapid, shallow breathing Shortness of breath Headache Loss of appetite Fatigue TREATMENT Hospitalization Intravenous Antibiotic Therapy Oxygen Therapy Rest If the cause is bacterial, the goal is to cure the infection with antibiotics. If the cause is viral, antibiotics will NOT be effective. In some cases it is difficult to distinguish between viral and bacterial pneumonia, so antibiotics may be prescribed. Pneumococcal vaccinations are recommended for individuals in high-risk groups and provide up to 80 percent effectiveness in staving off pneumococcal pneumonia. Influenza vaccinations are also frequently of use in decreasing ones susceptibility to pneumonia, since the flu precedes pneumonia development in many cases. COMPLICATIONS Empyema is a condition in which pus and fluid from infected tissue collects in a body cavity. the name comes from the Greek word empyein meaning pus-producing (suppurate). Pleurisy is an inflammation of the membrane that surrounds and protects the lungs (the pleura). Inflammation occurs when an infection or damaging agent irritates the pleural surface. Lung abscess is an acute or chronic infection of the lung, marked by a localized collection of pus, inflammation, and destruction of tissue. Lung abscess is the end result of a number of different disease processes ranging from fungal and bacterial infections to cancer. DIAGNOSTIC TEST 1. ABG is a test done to measure how much oxygen and carbon dioxide is in your blood. It also looks at the acidity (pH) of the blood. Usually, blood gases look at blood from an artery. In rarer cases, blood from a vein may be used. 2. CBC Complete blood count (CBC) test measures the following: The number of red blood cells (RBCs) The number of white blood cells (WBCs) The total amount of hemoglobin in the blood The fraction of the blood composed of red blood cells (hematocrit) The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) -- the size of the red blood cells CBC also includes information about the red blood cells that is calculated from the other measurements: MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin) MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration)

The platelet count is also usually included in the CBC 3. Chest X ray chest x-ray is an x-ray of the chest, lungs, heart, large arteries, ribs, and diaphragm. 4. Pleural fluid culture is a test that looks at a sample of fluid from the space around the lungs to find and identify disease-causing organisms. 5. History and Physical Examination 6. CT of Chest 7. Pleural fluid gram stain 8. Sputum gram stain 9. Sputum Smear Examination PREVENTION Pneumoccoccal Vaccine The pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine helps protect against severe infections due to the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae. This bacteria frequently causes meningitis and pneumonia in older adults and those with chronic illnesses. The vaccine has not been shown to prevent uncomplicated pneumonia. Smoking Cessation Hand washing HEALTH TEACHINGS Instruct the SO to have patient an oxygen therapy for continuous normal breathing, and or breathing exercise Instruct the SO to kept the patient away in open place such as in road where their store located and dusty place, to prevent inhalation of airborne microorganisms Instruct the SO to maintain the patient proper diet that she can tolerate, such as fruits, to help promote wellness. Advice the SO to monitor patients fluid intake or adequate hydration, to help her body re-hydrate to prevent fluid imbalance. Instruct SO to assist patient in performinf self-hygience activities she cannot tolerate, to help her maintain her activities of daily living. Encourage SO to perform self care activities within her level of own ability Assist patient to perform as much as possible and then to call for assistance. Collaborate with patient for progressive activity before and after schedule activity. 1. Administer medications regularly as ordered by the physician 2. Advice SO to the patient to have proper nutrition to enhance immune system 3. Instruct SO to comply patients medication regimen 4. Discuss the importance of having a regular check-up with his physician, with the mother or with the parents.