MODAL AUXILIARIES

MARIANA OLIVIA ORTEGA RIVERA

INSTITUTO MICHOACANO DE CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIN JOS MA. MORELOS INGLS SUPERIOR 6to. Semestre MARZO-ABRIL 2010

CONTENTS

1. Can/could 2. May/might/must 3. Should/ought to/had better 4. Have got to 5. Have to 6. Will/would 7. Use to 8. Need 9. Dare

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Follow up activities y y y y Conversation practice: Travelers tips to visit Morelia Reading comprehension: A wonderful historic site Writing practice: Writing a postcard Conversation practice: How I wish I could 13 15 16 17

Key to exercises

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References

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MODAL AUXILIARIES

1. CAN /COULD
ABILITY Present Past Future He can walk/cant walk thirty miles a day. When she was young, she could swim/couldnt swim across the lake. I will be able to speak/wont be able to speak Chinese by the time I finish my course.

PERMISSION Present Past Future He says I can take the day off. I was allowed to drive Susan's car while she was out of town last week. I can drive Susan's car while she is out of town next week.

REQUEST Near future Can I have a glass of water? Can you give me a lift to school?

POSSIBILITY/IMPOSSIBILITY Present Past Learning a language can be a real challenge. It couldnt have cost more than a dollar or two.

PERCEPTION Present Past I can feel the wind in my face. I could see how happy they were.

MODAL AUXILIARIES

PAST ABILITY I could run ten miles in my twenties. I couldnt speak Chinese when I was a kid.

POLITE REQUESTS Could you please tell me how to get to Almond Street? Couldn't he come with us?

SUGGESTIONS Near future Past You could try asking the bus driver to help you. You could have spent your vacation in Hawaii.

EXPRESSING WISHES Present Past I wish I could help you. He wished he could visit France.

EXPRESSING IMPROBABLE CONDITIONS Main clause Future Past If they studied hard, they could pass the exam next year. If they had studied hard, they could have passed the exam last year.

Subordinate clause Present Past If you could see me now, you would not recognize me. If you could have seen me yesterday, you would not have recognized me.

MODAL AUXILIARIES

POSSIBILITY Present Past Future John could be the one who stole the money. John could have been the one who stole the money. John could go to jail for stealing the money.

2. MAY/MIGHT/MUST

POSSIBILITY Present Past Future Jack may be upset. I can't really tell if he is annoyed or tired. Jack may have been upset. I couldn't really tell if he was annoyed or tired. Jack may get upset if you don't tell him the truth.

GIVE/REFUSE PERMISSION Present Past Future You may leave the table now that you're finished with your dinner. You were allowed to leave the table after you finished your dinner. You may not leave the table when you finish your dinner.

REQUEST Near future May I borrow your eraser? May I make a phone call?

MODAL AUXILIARIES

CONDITIONAL Present Past Future If I entered the contest, I might actually win. If I had entered the contest, I might actually have won. If I entered the contest tomorrow, I might actually win. Unfortunately, I can't enter it.

SUGGESTION Past Future You might have tried the cheese cake. You might try the cheesecake.

REQUEST Near future Might I have something to drink? Might I borrow the stapler?

POSSIBILITY Present Past Future She might be on the bus. I think her car is having problems. She might have taken the bus. I'm not sure how she got to work. She might take the bus to get home. I don't think Bill will be able to give her a ride.

CERTAINTY Present Past That must be Jerry. They said he was tall with bright red hair. That must have been the right restaurant. There are no other restaurants on this street.

MODAL AUXILIARIES

PROHIBITION Present You must not swim in that river. It's full of crocodiles. You must not go to the party tonight.

STRONG RECOMMENDATION Present You must take some time off and get some rest. You must not drink so much. It's not good for your health.

NECESSITY Present Future You must have a permit to enter the national park. We must get a permit to enter the park next week.

3. SHOULD/OUGHT TO/HAD BETTER

RECOMMENDATION/ADVICE Present Past People with high cholesterol should eat low-fat foods. Frank should have eaten low-fat foods. That might have prevented his heart attack. Future You really should start eating better.

MODAL AUXILIARIES

ASSUMPTION/EXPECTATION Present Past Future Susan should be in New York by now. Susan should have arrived in New York last week. Susan should be in New York by next week. Her new job starts on Monday.

RECOMMENDATION/ADVICE Present Past Future Margaret ought to exercise more. Margaret ought to have exercised more last week. Margaret ought to come to the fitness center with us tonight.

ASSUMTION/EXPECTATION Present Past Future She ought to have the package by now. She ought to have received the package yesterday. She ought to receive the package tonight.

DESPERATE HOPE/WARNING Near future The movie had better end soon. They had better be here before we start dinner.

RECOMMENDATION You had better unplug the toaster before you try to clean it.

MODAL AUXILIARIES

4. HAVE GOT TO
NECESSITY Present People have got to be on time if they want to get a seat in the theater. Past Future You had to be on time if you wanted to get a seat in the theater. You have got to be on time tonight if you want to get a seat in the theater.

FUTURE OBLIGATION Haven't you got to be there by 7:00? Haven't you got to finish that project today?

5. HAVE TO
CERTAINTY Present Past That has to be Jerry. They said he was tall with bright red hair. That has to have been the right restaurant. There were no other restaurants on the street.

NECESSITY Present Past Future She has to read four books for this literature class. She had to finish the first book before the midterm. She will have to finish the other books before the final exam.

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6. WILL/WOULD

TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE Fred will be there by 8:00. The marketing director will not be replaced after all. I will never forget you.

CONDITIONAL Present Past Future If I were president, I would cut the cost of education. If I had been president, I would have cut the cost of education. If I were elected president next year, I would cut the cost of education.

PAST OF WILL I said I would help you. He told me he would be here before 8:00 pm.

7. USE TO
EXPRESS PRESENT/PAST HABITS Present Past We use to go/dont use to go to the beach every summer. I used to play chess/didnt use to play when I was in high school.

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MODAL AUXILIARIES

8. NEED

ASK FOR/GIVE PERMISSION Present You need not work today. Questions and negatives are made without do. Need I come again? (NOT Do I need come again?) Answer: No, you need not/Yes, you must. The auxiliary need has no s in the third person singular. He need not wait. (NO He needs not wait.) Past You need not have bought a new car.

NECESSITY Near future The car needs repairing. (= The car needs to be repaired.) You need your hair cut.

9. DARE

ASSUMPTION I dare say its going to be a hard work. I dare say she is in love.

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MODAL AUXILIARIES

CHALLENGE I dare you jump out of a plane. Dont you dare walk away from me!

INCREDULITY He dare not lie to his own father. (= He doesnt/wont/wouldnt dare to lie) They dare not steal money. (= They dont/wont/wouldnt dare to steal)

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Follow up activities

Conversation practice

Travelers tips to visit Morelia

Work in groups. Ask for and give advices and suggestions to your classmates to visit all the interesting places you know from Morelia.

If you use to take long walks, you should You need not spend a lot of many to enjoy While visiting Morelia you must not miss If you like history you ought to visit Hotels might be crowded duringI suggest you to Be careful withyou could Where should I get..?

Whats interesting
I think youll like

You may like going to

in Morelia???

You can take the tourist bus and see If I were a tourist I would never miss I would like to eat can you tell me where? If you like craftsmanship you have to To enjoy good traditional dishes you have got to

Follow up activities

Writing practice

Complete the brochure with the information gathered in the previous activity.

Welcome to Morelia
Restaurants & Bars

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To enjoy some good traditional dishes you have got to

Follow up activities

Reading comprehension

A wonderful historic site

Fill the gaps with the correct modal auxiliaries.

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n the heart of the historic center of Morelia are the Cathedral and its surrounding plazas: the Plaza de Armas, also known as the Plaza de los Mrtires, the Jurez Plaza and the Melchor Ocampo Plaza.

The first church on the Cathedral site was built in 1577, which was a modest structure of adobe and wood. Many years later, this structure _________ be almost completely destroyed by a fire. Originally, the Cathedral of Michoacn was in Ptzcuaro in a church that now is the Basilica of Nuestra Seora de la Salud. When cathedral status was moved from there to Valladolid in 1580, the city became the civil, religious and cultural capital of the territory. In 1660, Bishop Marcos Ramrez del Prado, placed the first stone of the new Cathedral, which was designed by Vicenzo Baroccio. Of the major churches of the early colonial period, only this and the Mexico City Cathedral do not face west, as was customary, and if you are an architecture amateur, you ________ notice that The Cathedral of Morelia is also unique in that is it is dedicated to the Transfiguration of Jesus, rather than some form of the Virgin Mary. The Cathedral was consecrated in 1705, even though it was not yet finished. The facade as a relief of the transfiguration of Christ and the east nave is dedicated to the sheepherders and Wise Men of the Nativity. Built of pink volcanic stone, the Cathedrals two sixty meter high towers still dominate the skyline of the city and they _____/_____/_____ continue so since they are the second tallest Baroque towers in Mexico!

The Cathedrals official name is Cathedral of the Divine Savior of Morelia. Since it was built over the 17th and 18th century, elements of Neoclassical, Herreresque and Baroque architecture _______ be seen in the building. The facade of the Cathedral is mostly decorated in pilasters rather than columns and relieves rather than sculptures. There _______ be more than two hundred pilasters but no columns, the only church built this way during the colonial period. Inside, there are a number of elements that stand out. The baptismal font was made of silver in the 19th century and was used to baptize Mexicos first emperor, Agustn de Iturbide. A three meter tall monstrance made of pure silver adorns the main altar and is unique in that it _______ be disassembled and reassembled. Also on the altar is a 16th century cornstalk paste image of the Seor de la Sacrista (Lord of the Sacristy), whose gold crown was a gift from Philip II of Spain. A newer addition is the organ from Germany, which has 4,600 pipes and is one of the largest in Latin America. On Saturdays at 8:45pm the Cathedral sponsors a sound and light show which no visitor _________ miss. Writing practice

Follow up activities

Writing a postcard

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Imagine that you are on a trip to Morelia, write a postcard to a friend telling him/her about all the things you can/could, may/might, must, should/ought to, will/would do during the journey.

_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________

Follow up activities

Conversation practice

How I wish I could

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Work in groups. Imagine that you are you going to travel around Michoacn for the next holyday, using modals to express wishes and improbable conditions, tell to your classmates what would you do to make it great.

In past holydays I used to

Now I wish I could

If I were in I would

Key to exercises

Key to A wonderful historic site:

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1. Would 2. Will 3. Will/may/might 4. Can 5. Must 6. Can 7. Should

References

HEWINGS, Martin. Advanced Grammar in Use. Cambridge University Press. 7th edition. United Kingdom 2002 http://www.wordpower.com http://www.englishpage.com

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