` Universita degli Studi di Firenze Facolt` di Ingegneria a

Dottorato in

Ingegneria Energetica e Tecnologie Industriali Innovative

Assessment of boundary conditions for heat transfer and aeroacoustic analysis

Relatori:

Prof. Bruno Facchini Prof. Gavin Tabor

Candidato:

Cosimo Bianchini

Anno Accademico 2011

Context and aims

With the recently introduced regulations on pollutant emissions for aeroengines, major manufacturers had to move towards the lean premixed combustion technology. This introduces a signicant reduction of air available for cooling purposes which designers needs to face seeking for more and more ecient (and coolant saving) combustor cooling devices. Furthermore the stability of the ame is deeply decreased and strong pressure uctuations are generated within the combustor by an inhomogeneous heat release. The benecial role of the perforated plates employed in cooling systems in the damping of such acoustic uctuations can be taken into account to avoid use of heavy and large additional acoustic dampers. Accurate and reliable numerical simulations of the heat transfer and the acoustic properties of the cooling systems are therefore fundamental to assist the design of such components. In order to overcome the known limitations of standard eddy-viscosity RANS models, more complex turbulence treatments such as Large Eddy Simulation or anisotropic RANS models were considered together with the possibility to account for heat conduction in the solid by means of conjugate heat transfer computations. The success of these more advanced computational techniques strongly relies on the provision of adequate boundary conditions. An assessment of optimal boundary conditions is hence proposed to evaluate possible enhancements of the delity of such predictions.

Main achievements
A 3-dimensional numerical study of the heat transfer and acoustics of dierent combustor cooling devices, including impingement and eusion systems, was performed with the open-source CFD code OpenFOAM R . In order to align the OpenFOAM R code to the most advanced research codes for this kind of applications, three dierent boundary conditions were implemented in such a computational environment. The rst one is an implicitly coupled non conformal interface to solve for conjugate heat transfer, the second is an auto-recycling turbulent inlet generator with feedback to maintain prescribed mean ow eld while the third one is a non and partially reecting boundary conditions with the possibility to include acoustic forcing known as the Navier-Stokes Characteristic Boundary Conditions (NSCBC). The capabilities of those boundary conditions to improve the accuracy of predictions with respect to standard procedures were tested under conditions relevant for combustor cooling system design. A conjugate heat transfer analysis of a multiperforated plate with highly

2 inclined conventional and shaped holes for eusion cooling was performed computing overall eectiveness for both a cold and a hot condition. An anisotropic correction to the two-layer eddy viscosity Low Reynolds turbulence model to augment lateral diusion was tested showing a lower level of eectiveness.
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Figure 1: Spanwise averaged overall eectiveness.

Key factors for correctly predicting the overall eectiveness were found to be a proper modelling of the heat sink eect and the correct set up of the metal sheet conditions at the uid inlet and outlet, as shown in gure 1 where the strong overestimation for the hot condition of the conventional geometry is related to the higher criticality of the above mentioned conditions. An axisymmetric impingement jet with heat transfer was simulated exploiting wall resolved LES turbulence treatment to test the potentiality of auto-recycling turbulent inlet for heat transfer analysis.
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3 The auto mapped technique proved its capability in the generation of turbulent inow conditions while the mapped uctuations too strongly inhibits the onset of turbulent uctuations in the feeding pipe resulting in an almost laminar prole with too high potential core inertia. This is highly aecting the wall jet development as reported in gure 2. Concerning heat transfer, even though the secondary peak in Nusselt number (around r/D = 2) was not reproduced, the primary peak in the stagnation region and the asymptotic behavior are quite well captured, see gure 3.
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Figure 3: Nusselt number radial distribution.

Finally, the acoustic behavior of multiperforated plates with bias ow was studied to evaluate the performance of acoustically excited NSCBC in modelling the eects of a speaker. Large Eddy Simulation was exploited to resolve the unsteady structures developing in the free and acoustically excited jet conguration. Results obtained for the absorption coecient were compared with available experiments and other computational tools as reported in gure 4.
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Figure 4: Absorption coecient - Bellucci test case

4 A Proper Orthogonal Decomposition was applied to the unsteady ow eld permitting a spectral analysis of the most energetic acoustic modes showing a substantial decoupling between the uid-dynamic characteristic Strohual numbers and the frequencies characterizing the ame instability.

Conclusions and perspectives for future works

The implemented conditions showed results aligned with the state of the art for these kind of computations. The open-source code OpenFOAM R chosen as the framework where develop and implement the proposed algorithms, was found to be as eective as the most advanced research codes for the computation of the heat transfer and aeroacoustics of the gas turbine combustor cooling systems and proved to be accurate and fast enough for the purpose of this work. In particular the implicit conjugate boundary condition for non conformal interfaces permitted to improve convergence rate, especially in case of steady-state calculations, with respect to explicit iterative coupling and to rationalize the mesh generation process compared to only conformal interfaces. The turbulent inow generator with purely auto-recycling technique, well performed in terms of being able of developing turbulent uctuations. Anyhow the attempt to force a given mean prole to speed up convergence towards statistically averaged state failed in generating adequate uctuations level. The NSCBC result to be eective for both free and acoustically excited boundaries. Even with multi-tonal signal superposed, they showed to maintain the desired non reecting behavior. Further work on the proposed boundary conditions should be directed towards the enhancement of the parallel eciency of the conjugate interface and the NSCBC as well as the proposal of techniques to shorten the transient development of the ow when subject to mapped inow conditions. Moreover the NSCBC for solid wall should be implemented to make the pressure wave reection more physical considering both adiabatic and given temperature wall thermal conditions.