Definition of Terms

Accident any unexpected or unplanned event that may result in death, injury, property damage, or a combination of serious effects

Bandage a strip of cloth or roll of cloth or other material that may be wound around a part in the body in variety of ways to secure a dressing, maintain pressure over a compress, or immobilize limb or other part of the body

Bandaging a basic skill used in emergencies involving trauma, wounds, burns and musculoskeletal injuries usually requires bandaging as one of the first aid procedures.

Bites are wounds received from the mouth (and in particular the teeth) of an animal, including humans.

Burns any injury to tissues of the body caused by hot objects or flames, electricity, chemicals, radiation or gases.

Dislocation the displacement of any part of the body from its normal position, particularly a bone from its normal articulation of a joint.

Emergency Care a nursing intervention defined as providing life-saving measures in life-threatening situations. Fainting to lose consciousness, as in a syncopal attack.

Fracture a traumatic injury to a bone in which the continuity of the bone tissue is broken.

Hematoma a collection of extravasated blood trapped in the tissues of the skin or in an organ resulting from trauma.

Hemorrhage a loss of large amount of blood in a short period, either externally or internally.

Infarction the development and formation of an infarct (localized area of necrosis in a tissue resulting from anoxia.

Ischemia a decrease supply of oxygenated blood to a body part.

Injury is a damage or harm caused by an outside agent force, which may be physical or chemical and either by accident or intentional.

Joints articulations between bones.

Seizure a hyprexcitation of neurons in the brain leading to abnormal activity that causes a sudden, violent involuntary series of contractions of a group muscles.

Shock an abnormal condition of inadequate blood flow to the tissues, with life threatening cellular dysfunction.

Splinting stabilization and protection of an injured body part with a supportive appliance.

Sprain a traumatic injury to the tendons, muscles or ligaments around a joint, characterized by pain, swelling and discoloration of skin over the joint.

Strain damage, usually muscular, that results from excessive physical effort.

Tourniquet a device used in controlling hemorrhage, consisting of a wide constricting band applied to the limb close to the site of bleeding.

Wound Care a nursing intervention defined as prevention of wound complications and promotion of wound healing.

Importance of

First Aid

To be prepared in any emergency that might occur To prevent or minimize further damages and infections of wounds when immediate care is not available

To have control or not to panic in any emergency on accidents that might happen

To be able to apply basic medium of care to injuries

The Aims of First aid: The 4 Ps: 1. Preserve life: the overriding aim of all medical care, including first aid, is to save lives 2. Prevent further harm: this covers both external factors, such as moving a patient away from any cause of harm, and applying first aid techniques to prevent worsening of the condition, such as applying pressure to stop a bleed becoming dangerous. 3. Promote recovery: first aid also involves trying to start the recovery process from the illness or injury, and in some cases might involve completing a treatment, such as in the case of applying a plaster to a small wound. 4. Protect Self: First aid is to prevent self from any danger or harm. Of course all of us doesn't want to get involved in any danger. First aid training also involves the prevention of initial injury and responder safety, and the treatment phases Roles and Characteristics of a First aider

Roles response quickly to calls for assistance adopt calm and methodical approach to the casualty treat obvious injuries and conditions endangering life take first aid materials if this is immediately available need to know the his/her limitations

Characteristics resourceful calm tactful gentle efficient keen observer empathetic knowledgeable communicator

Principles involved in First aid Anatomy and Physiology o Nurse should have knowledge on the structure and function of the human body Body Mechanics o Maintain proper posture, body alignment and balance throughout the procedure Chemistry o Nurse should have knowledge on the composition of substances or solutions Sociology o There should be a nurse patient interaction and good communication Psychology o Nurse should explain the procedure to the patient Microbiology o Proper aseptic technique o Equipments or materials should be clean Physics o Adequate pressure should be done in applying splints Pharmacology o Ointments and medicines are taken to facilitate healing and relieving pain Safety and Security o Nurse should have a correct interpretation and analysis of signs and symptoms Time and Energy o Nurse should give CPR earlier to patients with cardiopulmonary arrest

GUIDELINES IN FIRST AID Call for medical help immediately First aider should keep ones self under control If victim is unconscious or unresponsive perform CPR Improvise and use supplies at hand Keep victim in the best position possible Be sure that the victim has an open airway and can breath If in doubt, do nothing more than protection Give nothing by mouth to an unconscious victim Keep victim moderately warm Protect all open wounds Protect the severely injured parts first before other Control bleeding with pressure

Remember the primary survey of the victim; ABC: Airway, Breathing, Circulation

First aid Interventions: 1.) Epistaxis - bleeding from the nose may result of blowing too hard, sneezing, picking, air pressure. Occasionally blood disorders may be the cause: - infection - trauma - allergic and non-allergic irritants - hypertension Intervention: Apply direct pressure by pinching the soft fleshy part of the nose to promote blood clotting Apply cold compress 2.) Bites - is a wound receive from the route Types of Bites: a.) Human bites - a wound infection from humans mouth. Signs & Symptoms: Pain Swelling Redness

Intervention: Wash the affected areas thoroughly with soap and water. b.) Dog bites and Cat bites Intervention: Wash the irritated wound with soap and water Apply loose dressing c.) Snake bites

Intervention: Wash wounds Tourniquet above wound Keep patient calm and lying wound Keep bitten area below the level of the heart Get medical help and receive anti-venom d.) Spider bites Intervention: The wounds should first encourage bleeding to wash out any foreign material/debris. Any typical antiseptics Application of Aloe Vera to sooth and help control pain 3.) Wounds Types of Wounds a.) Open Intervention: Apply direct pressure over the wound Clean/flushing with water and covering with sterile dressing Apply ice over the wound Kinds: Abrasion - scaping or rubbing away of an outer layer of the skin causes it. Incision - are smooth cuts that are commonly caused by knife, broken glass or sharp objects. Puncture - deep injuries caused by narrow, pointed instruments such as needle, nails, ice picks, and bullets. Avulsion

- involves a forcible separation or tearing off of tissue from a victims body. Laceration - torn wounds made by blunt instruments, machinery, explosion, falls against sharp objects. b.) Close Intervention: Apply cold compress to construct blood vessel Elevate injured part to reduce the circulation into the area Kinds: Contusions - more commonly known as bruises, caused by a blunt force trauma that damages tissue under the skin. Hematoma - also called a blood tumor, caused by damage to a blood vessel that in turn causes blood to collect under the skin. Crush injury - caused by a great or extreme amount of force applied over a long period of time. Chronic or Acute or Traumatic wounds - are the result of injuries that disrupt the tissue. Chronic wounds are those that are caused by a relatively slow process that leads to tissue damage. 4.) Burns Causes: - Chemical contact with acids, very strong dangerous chemicals - Radiation contact with nuclear radiation or ultraviolet light over exposure to x-rays - Thermal - Electrical Classification of Burns:

According to Severity: a.) First degree burn - least serious type of burn; usually heals on its own. - heals completely, rarely results in scaring Intervention: Remove the victim from the heat source and clothing from the burn area. Hold burned area under cold water b.) Second degree burn: - causes injury to the tissues in the body; injuries the epidermis as well as the dermis - are usually bright red and produce blisters Intervention: Treat this burn with extra care to prevent infection Do dressing daily Keep burned area clean, use mild soap to rinse the wound Apply antibiotic ointment to prevent infection c.) Third degree burn - most serious type - destroys the epidermis, dermis and often affects other organs,tissues and bones Intervention: Dont immerse severe large burns in cold water for it can cause shock. Check the victim Use a cool, moist, sterile bandage or a clean moist 6.) Choking a.) Conscious victims Intervention: Ask if the patient is choking If he is. Perform Heimlich Maneuver Seek medical attention. b.) Unconscious victims

Interventions:

Check for responsiveness Position the victim Check for ABCs Seek medical attention Perform tongue-jaw lift Open airway and try to ventilate Give up to 5 Heimlich maneuver Repeat procedures until victim resumes breathing

7.) Dislocation - the separation of a bone end from a joint, leaving the bone end out of alignment with the joint. Closed Reduction - when the physician uses his hands to coax the bone back to their normal position. Open Reduction - surgery is needed and the bone is secured with wires and pins. Intervention: Immobilize affected joint in the position in which it was formed Apply a sling if appropriate Seeks medical attention Never attempt to reduce dislocation 8.) Strain - a injury to a muscle or tendon in which the muscle fibers tear as a result of over stretching. Intervention: Protect the strained muscle Rest the strained muscle Ice the muscle area for 20 min. Compression can be applied Elevate the injured area

9.) Sprains - is a stretched or tear of ligament Connecting bones. Interventions: Rest the sprained area

 Ice the sprained area Compression can be applied Elevate the injured part 10.) Fracture Intervention: Immobilize Keep patient still Should not be done: Give massage Try to straighten Move with out support Ask patient to move on his own Move joints above and below the fracture

Types of Fracture a. Open fracture - broken bone ends penetrate the skin b. Closed fracture - bone breaks cleanly but doesnt penetrate the skin c. Comminuted fracture - bones are broken into fragments d. Compression - bone is crushed e. Depressed - broken bone is pressed inward f. Spiral - excessive twisting forces are applied to the bone g. Greenstick - common in children; bone breaks incompletely Intervention for Sprain, Stain, Fracture R- rest

I- ice C- compression E- elevate 11.) Shock - a life threatening - viral organs fall to get enough blood Causes: - severe infections - allergic reactions - heat stroke - trauma - poisoning - injury Intervention: - Make the person lie down on the bar - Raise the legs above head level - If raising the legs is painful, keep the person still - Check for breathing, do cardio pulmonary resuscitation - Make the person comfortable by loosening tight clothing - Cover the person with a blanket - If vomiting or bleeding from mouth, turn the patient on the side - Do not feed patient orally Kinds of Shock Cardiogenic results from heart attacks or from a sudden poor cardiac ouput Anaphylalctic- a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction that occurs rarely in people who has extreme sensitivity to a particular substance Hypovolemic-an abnormally low volume of blood in the circulation and usually follows severe blood loss. Psychogenic- sudden reaction of the nervous system that produce partial temporary vascular dilation produced by strong emotions. Neurogenic- shock cause by the sudden loss of the sympathetic nervous system signals to the smooth muscle in vessel walls

 Respiratory- result of an inadequate respiration Septic- due to severe bacterial infection; there is tissue damage and a dramatic drop in BP as a result of septicemia Surgical- occurs during or after surgical operation Aerial- a neurotic condition due to the aerial disturbances by causing changes in atmospheric pressure. Electric- occur upon contact of a human or animal body with any source of voltage high enough to cause sufficient current flow through the muscles or nerves.

OBJECTIVES: After 5 hours of varied learning discussion, the Level II students will be able to: 1. Define the following 1.1 accidents 1.2 bandage 1.3 bandaging 1.4 bites 1.5 burns 1.6 dislocation 1.7 emergency care 1.8 fainting 1.9 fracture 1.10 hematoma 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 hemorrhage infraction ischemia injury joints seizure shock splinting sprain strain tourniquet wound care

State the importance of First Aid Identify the aims of First Aid Cite the roles and characteristics of a First Aider Explain different principles involved in First Aid Enumerate the guidelines in performing Fist Aid Discuss the first aid interventions for the following: Epistaxis Bites wounds burns poisoning choking dislocation strains sprains fractures shock

8. Show materials needed for a first aider 9. Demonstrate beginning skills in performing first aid.

Materials needed of First aider sterile gauze pads of different sizes

adhesive bandages in several sizes

elastic bandage

splint

antiseptic wipes

soap

antibiotic ointment

antiseptic solution (like hydrogen peroxide)

Hydrocortisone cream (1%)

acetaminophen and ibuprofen

extra prescription medications (if the family is going on vacation) tweezers

sharp scissors

safety pins

disposable instant cold packs

calamine lotion

alcohol wipes or ethyl alcohol

thermometer

plastic non-latex gloves (at least 2 pairs)

flashlight and extra batteries

blanket

mouthpiece for administering CPR (can be obtained from your local Red Cross)

your list of emergency phone numbers