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Ch. 15: THE MORAL ISSUE OF BEHAVIORAL CONTROL & CLAIM TO HEALTH CARE 15.0. Brain assumed to be the center of the human person; controls the whole human personality; if the brain is sick, the individual manifests certain abnormal behavior 15.1. Lobotomy technical process of cutting into or across a st lobe of the brain (to eliminate or modify mental disorder); 1 by Dr. Gotlieb Burckhardt in Switzerland in 1891 to reduce impulsive behavior; now, we have antischizophrenic and antidepressant drugs 15.2. Types of Psychosurgical (neurosurgical) Operations: (1) Cingulotractomy procedure used to treat depression-anxiety states and obssessional neuroses that have not responded to other treatments; (2) Thalamotomy wherein parts of the thalamus (the chief for transmission of sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex) are surgically severed or destroyed (for those who have hyper responsive syndrome or have violent behavior); (3) Amygdalotomy intended to control temporal lobe epilepsy accompanied by violence 15.3. Chemotherapy chemotechnology in which drugs are used to control behavior, e.g., lithium hydroxide to treat manicdepressive illness, amphetamines to alter slow body movements, barbiturates to calm agitation 15.4. Psychotherapy treats nervous and mental disorders thru psychological methods like psychoanalysis, hypnosis, reeducation, etc 15.5. Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) originally for animals; now, for humans to evoke sensation, stimulate memory, delay heartbeat or make a finger move; performed by implanting electrodes in the brain of a patient and connecting it to a stimoceiver and to a computer 15.6. Aversion therapy application of negative or positive reinforcements (like punishments or rewards); e.g., electric shock is administered to totally eliminate responses 15.7. Application of Ethical Theories: will most likely be rejected by Kant, Ross, Rawls and the Church unless it truly leads to real autonomy 15.8. Claim to Health Care based on one s right to health care 15.9. Individual s Inherent Dignity: Ross we have a duty to treat other people benevolently; Church love is measured by one s response to the needs of others 15.10. Medical Individualism: Robert M. Sade rejects the claim to any right to health care; the only right is right to one s life; Charles Fried only a right to a decent minimum of health care to all 15.11. Social Commitment: John D. Arras & Andrew Jameton a physician studies for the service to humanity 15.12. Allocation of Scarce Resources: James F. Childress: who shall live when not all can live? ; Nicholas Rescher: (1) criteria of inclusion for members only; (2) criteria of comparison (2.1) likelihood of successful treatment; (2.2.) life-expectancy; (2.3.) person s family role; (2.4.) person s potential future contributions; (2.5.) person s record of services 15.3. Application of Ethical Theories: (1) Natural law and Ross would support random procedure; (2) Rawls open for all; (3) Utilitarian committee to decide Ch. 16: THE MORAL ISSUE OF HUMAN SEXUALITY 16.0. Human beings are born out of human sexuality; but verboten by culture in the Philippines and other conservative countries 16.2. Meaning of sex to the individual: Van Kaam: a person s whole being is revealed in the life of sex (1967); sexual meaning makes us realize the need for some measure of fulfillment that only the other can give; Luijpen: the other s sex appeal is the message towards a loving encounter; Human sexuality makes us aware of our emptiness, incompleteness and bareness (based on Genesis); we need each other to be full, complete and protected 16.2. Mutual Experience of Each Other s Worth: A woman realizes the value of the man she loves, the man recognizes her value to him, neither one nor the other becomes an object to be used; they realize their value together as persons, as I s with dignity and freedom. 16.3. An Appeal for Mutual Care: Gorospe: to open myself to another, to give myself to another, is to become defenseless ; the trust which love shows is itself an appeal for mutual care and protection for each other; to betray the other is also to betray oneself (Johann) 16.4. Sharing Each Other s Being human sexuality means a giving, a giving of the best, a giving of self; as I give I also receive (Gorospe) 16.5. Self-discovery as Persons: H.S. makes us realize that we are persons, and not objects or things; I love that girl because she brings out the best in me. When I am with herI become a better person. 16.6. Making Each be Truly Himself/Herself responsible sexual love wills the other s self-realization, destiny and happiness; I want You to realize your happiness freely, not as I want it to be 16.7. Pain of Unrequited Love: Love her self-fulfillment is my self-fulfillment; Merton: the man who loves himself too much is incapable of loving anyone effectively, including himself ; Fromm: selfish persons are incapable of loving others, but they are not capable of loving themselves either; authentic sexual love shares fulfillment with another not by dividing it with her, but by identifying itself with her so that her fulfillment becomes my own 16.8. Affirmation of Situated Freedom: my right is mine but it is conditioned by my duty to respect the right of others; the state has the right to limit the human right to sex for the sake of the common good. 16.9. Moral Discipline: J.S. Mill: It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied; sense of propriety 16.10. One s Inhumanity to Another: if a person is treated as a sex object, it becomes a degradation of one s dignity 16.11. Commitment and Responsibility: commitment consists of care, concern and responsibility: Care actively concerned about the beloved s growth and happiness 16.12. Safeguarding the Other s Value: mine is hers and hers is mine 16.13. Responsibility to and for One Another: Robert O. Johann: there can no love without justice, and no justice without love ; Fromm: respect exists only on the basis of freedom 16.14. Humanizing and Dehumanizing: Humanizing it brings the other to fulfillment; W. Luijpen: the awareness of no longer

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being alone is perhaps the most eloquent witness to love s creativity. Love creates a we, a togetherness which is experienced as wholly different from the we of any other encounter whatsoever 16.15. Types of Sexual Deviation (unnatural and abnormal): (1) Homosexuality Ellis: homosexuality and other sex deviations are not caused by hormonal, constitutional, or genetic factors but that they are the result of psychological or environmental influences ; (2) Transvestism obsessive-compulsive (OC) need to wear clothes of the opposite sex; (3) Transsexualism (by Harry Benjamin) OC inclination to obtain sexual gratification by public exposure of body or sex organs; (5) Sadism gratification on the infliction of pain upon others (partner) (6) Masochism (after Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, Austrian novelist) sexual gratification depends largely on undergoing physical pain or humiliation; (7) Necrophilia (Gk. Nekros corpse) abnormal erotic attraction to corpses; (8) Necrosadism experiences sexual stimulation and orgasm by mutilating corpses; (9) Sex murder kills his partner in order to enhance his own arousal; (10) Fetishism sexual arousal by the mere sight of a woman s underwear, hair, a shoe, a stocking, etc; non-deviated if excited by partner s body built, touch, breasts or legs; (11) Pedophilia an adult is obsessively-compulsively attracted to prepubescent youths or young children (12) Sexual Attachment to Children sexual deviation towards young boys and girls; (13) Gerontophilia (Gk. Gerontos old folks) obsession with older people; (14) Mixoscopia or Voyeurism (Fr. Voir to see) with deepseated fears of normal intercourse and use visual aids to reinforce imagination; (15) Pygmalionism (Gk. Sculptor Pygmalion fell in love with his statue, Galatea) especially towards statues of nude women; (16) Bestiality (L. bestialis beast) sex between humans and animals; sometimes implies sodomy and even anal-genital relations; 16.16. In the Medical Context often not the kind of sex act but the manner or attitude with which it is performed 16.17. Preventive Measures of Sex Deviation: (1) teach sex as good, beautiful and beneficial and with a non-guilty attitude; (2) observe laws governing sex, love and marriage; (3) teach intensive and extensive sex education and that they should be shown that sex deviation is childish and disturbed and must be combated; (4) strongly encourage heterosexual experiences; (5) teach them to like themselves and to be willing to take risks of sex-love challenges 16.8. Pornography and Prostitution (Gk. Porne prostitute; graphein to write) obscene literature of art; Prostitution involves the selling of sexual services (cash or kind) 16.9. In the Moral Context: one ceases to be human and to be a person if he/she is for sale like a commodity 16.20. Sexual Anomalies and Ailments (1) Dyspareunia painful intercourse due to (for females): 1) small vaginal entrance, 2) inflammation of the sex organs, 3) thick or inelastic hymen, 4) infected ovary or tube, 5) shrinkage of the vagina (in older females) or 6) sagging of the pelvis; (for males): 1) inflamed urinary opening, 2) irritated foreskin, and 3) other sensitivities; (2) Vaginismus caused by strong spasmodic contractions of the muscles at the entrance of the vagina leading to the blocking of the penile-vaginal intromission; (3) Priapism (Gk. Priapos-- god of male procreative power, son of Dionysius & Aphrodite) prolonged and persistent erection of penis or clitoris, usually without sexual desire, which cannot be relieved by orgasm; (4) Nymphomania an extreme and ungovernable sexual desire in women (rare case); need psychotherapy; (5) Satyriasis excessive and uncontrollable sexual desire in men; (6) Hermaphroditism (Gk. Hermaphroditus, son of Hermes and Aphrodite united with nymph Salmacis) rare condition where a person has both male and female sexual organs; hormonal and treatable; (7) Cryptorchidism (Gk. Kryptos hidden) has one or two hidden testicles; (8) Penis Captivus capture of the penis by the vagina so that the male cannot release himself. 16.21. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (Venereal D or STD): (1) Syphilis transmitted by non-genital contact like lips-to-lips or touching; (2) Gonorrhea may be non-sexually transmitted to young females with thin vaginal mucous membrane; females have painful, frequent urination, itching and burning of the vulva and vaginal discharge; males experience pain upon urinating with sometimes blood-tinted urinal discharge; (3) AIDS fatal disease that destroys the body s immune defense mechanism, its ability to fight off some infections and cancers; transmitted through sex and drug needles; (4) Commandments of Safer Sex: (4.1) Have one partner only; (4.2) Always use a condom (specially with spermicides); (4.3) Stop using and shooting drugs; (4.4) No to sex with an AIDS carrier; (4.5) No to oral sex; (4.6) Do not rent needles and syringes used by others; (4.7) Do not let others use your needles. 16.22. Application of Ethical Theories: (1) naturalist take each person as your equal, not as an object; (2) Kant always act so as to treat others always as an end and never as only a means ; (3) Rawls every person is inviolable; (4) Fletcher evil means does not always nullify a good end; it depends upon a given situation; (5) Pragmatist stop poverty in order to stop unjust socio-economic order