LITHOLOGIC DISCRIMINATION USING SELECTIVE IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES OF LANDSAT-7 DATA, UM-BOGMA ENVIRONS WESTCENTRAL SINAI, EGYPT

Adel Z. Bishta Nuclear Materials Authority, Cairo, Egypt E-mail: azbishta@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT Um-Bogma area locates in the westcentral part of Sinai, Egypt. It is covered by a Precambrian basement rocks comprise the northern part of the Precambrian Arabo-Nubian crystalline massive. Satellite images are among continuous sources of digital data for mapping lineaments and lithology. In the present work, the lithologic discriminations and lineament analysis of Landsat-7 ETM data for Um Bogma area have been carried out using Geomatica PCI EASI/PACE (9.1) and GeoAnalyst PCI packages. A selective image processing technique (SIPT) is a new approach in Geomatica, which gives rise to valuable results in this work. The SIP technique and the visual interpretation of the constructed Landsat false colour composite (FCC) and ratio images led to tentatively discriminate and delineate the lithologic rock units of the study area. The structural lineament pattern for each interpreted lithologic unit has been constructed using SIPT. The rose diagrams for the extracted lineaments are prepared and they are very characteristic for each interpreted lithologic unit. The structural lineament analyses and the discriminated lithologic units are integrated to show their relationships to the high radioactivity occurrences of the study area. The NW-SE trend is the predominant regional structural lineament trend in the investigated area. The NE-SW to the ENE-WSW directions is the predominant minor structural lineament trends. The highest radioactivity zones of the study area are restricted to Um Bogma formation and the Younger granitic rocks. 1 INTRODUCTION The Um Bogma environs are located to the east of Abu Zeneima town on the east coast of the Gulf of Suez, southwestern Sinai Pennisula. These environs are bounded between longitudes 33 10` - 33 32` E and latitues 28 50` - 29 05` N (Fig. 1) covering an area of about 700 km2. This district has been known for its polymetallic mineralization since the Ancient Egyptians especially copper-deposits and torquois. Recently this area became famous for Mn-ores and some industrial minerals such as kaolinite, sand glass and bentonite clays. The radiometry exploration, which carried out by the Egyptian Nuclear Materials Authority, led to discovery of some important occurrences of

radioactive mineralizations. The investigated area is topographically moderately mountainous such as Gabal (G.) Samra, G.Allouga, G. Um Bogma and G. Adedia and dissected by nemerous valleys (wadis) such as W. Lehian, W. Nasib, W. Khababa, W. Abu Thor, W. Aseih, W. Ashallal and W. Baba. These wadis are mainly structurealy controlled in the NW and N-S directions. Um Bogma area is covered mainly by a complex of basement rocks of late Proterozoic age overlained unconformable by Paleozoic rocks. The basement rocks constitute a metamorphic-igneous assemblage comprise migmatized gneiss, whitish to grey gneisses and schists. The igneous plutonic rocks comprise diorite to quartz diorite masses, granodiorite batholithic intrusions, and pink coloured coarse grained granitic plutons. The Paleozoic succession unconformable overlies the basement with a separating thin layer (61 cm) of basal conglomerate. The succession attains a thickness of about 160 m at northwestern end of the studied environs increasing to 370 m at the southeastern corner. The Paleozoic succession in some places is capped by Mesozoic basaltic sheets as well as dissected by basaltic and doloritic dykes (Ashami, 2003). The selective image processing technique (SIPT) was applied in this work using different sets of remotely sensed Landsat-7 Satellite data, for the investigated area. The spatial program software packages of remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) were used in this study such as PCIGeomatica-9, Geoanalyst, Spans and Ace. The aim of applying this advanced technique is to determine and separate the main lithologic units of the investigated area and determine the main characterizations of them and their relations to the high radioactivity. GEOLOGIC SETTING The Um Bogma area is covered by a complex of Precambrian basement rocks, which are overlained, unconformably by Paleozoic rock succession. The Paleozoic succession attains 160m thickness at the NW-parts increasing to 370 m at the southeastern corner. The succession is classified into the following formations starting from the oldest: Sarabit El Khadim, Abu Hamata and Adedia formations representing the lower clastic or sandstone series. This is followed unconformable upwards by Um Bogma Formation representing the middle carbonate series. This is unconformable overlain by Abu Thora formations representing the upper elastic or sandstone series. Owing to the importance of Um Bogma Formation, for it hosts most of polymetallic mineralizations associated with Paleozoic rocks, it is classified into three members: lower member comprising siltstone, claystone and sandy dolostone; middle member comprising marly dolostone, and upper member comprising sandy dolostone, claystone and siltstone. The uranium mineralizations are mainly associated with the middle member of Um Bogma formation Ashami, 2003 and Ita, 1996)

The Paleozoic rocks are cut by numerous faults in various blocks with vertical displacement reaching up to 100 m, sometimes forming horsts and grabens. The major faults usually control the location of deep wadis as well as the landscape, (Ashami, 2003) . Many geological, structural, geochemical and geophysical works have been done for Um Bogma area such as El Kassas (1967), Soliman (1975), Mostafa (1987), El Shahat and Kora (1988), El Rakaiby and El Aassy (1989), El- Sharkawi, et al.(1990a), Mansour, M. (1994), Bishay, A.F. (1994), Morsy et al. (1995), Botros (1995),Ashami (1995 & 2003), Aita, (1996), El Agami (1996), Amer (1997), Abd EL-Monem, et al. (1997), Ammar et al.(1999), Afifi (2001) and Abdelaziz (2000). The U-mineralizations associated with Paleozoic rocks are classified into three types: 1) Paleo-channel fill deposits in the Quaternary conglomerates; 2) Paleoplacer deposits comprising lenses of enriched radioactive heavy minerals such as zircon, monazite and xenotime hosted within basal conglomerate, sandstones and shales of Adadia Formation; 3) Epigenetic U-deposits comprising oxidized uranyl minerals in the form of disseminations, encrustations, thin films and minute veinlets associated with marl, shale, claystone, gibbsite and (Mn, Fe) ores of Um Bogma formation. The uranyl minerals assemblage comprises: oxide hydrate (clarkeite), silicates (uranophane, B-uranophane, kasolite), phosphates and arsenates (autunite, meta-autunite, metatorbernite, metazeunerite, metauranocircite, bassetite, phosphuranylite), vanadates (carnobite, metatyuyamunite, uvanite), sulphates (zipprite, urano-pilite), and carbonates (leibigite). Weathering of granitic rocks is the major primary source of U that occurs in sedimentary rocks. The uranyl ion is fairly soluble in groundwaters. The formation of uranyl minerals depends on Eh-pH conditions. In absence of reactive anions, the hydrated oxyhydroxides and uranates would form. At pH > 8 uranyl silicates would form. The uranyl phosphates are most stable at pH 5 while the uranyl sulphates may dominate up to pH = 7. The uranyl carbonates are dominant in the presence of HCO3- in groundwater and pH ~ 8 (Ashami, 2003). The Um Bogma Formation is an important rock unit because of the polymetallic mineralizations and ores associated with it. Um Bogma Formation unconformably overlies Adadia Formation. It attains maximum thickness of 61m at W. Khaboba in the northwest part of the environs and decreases towards the south and east to a minimum thickness of 2 m at G. Syniea. The formation is mainly composed of grey and pink hard crystalline dolostone beds forming the majority of the lower and upper parts, while the middle portion comprises intercalation of ochreaous yellow shale, siltstone and marly dolostone with abundant and well preseved fossil remains (Ashami, 2003). Soliman (1975) studied the petrography of Um Bogma Formation and found that dolomitized sandy oo-bio-sparites, bio-micrites and micrites are the main components of these rocks.

El Shahat and Kora (1988) recognized two facies belts. The first is related to the shoal type environment dominating in the lower and upper members. The second facies is related to the open sea shelf environment and dominates in the middle member. Morsy et al. (1995): concluded that the dolostone association of Um Bogma Formation is the most predominant lithofacies while oo-bio-sparite and bio-sparite associations are less abundant. El Agami (1996) reported silicification of skeletal fragments and ooids within the limestone where the replacement of carbonates by silica occurs when pH changed to acidic conditions attained by fresh water influxes. El Rakaiby and El Aassy (1989) reported that the area was affected by four stages of folds IMAGE PROCESSING ANALYSES The study area is included in Landsat -7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper +) data scene number (path/raw = 175/40) consisted of 7 bands. The (ETM acquisition date of these data is 2nd. of November 1999. Supplementary data covering the study area include geological maps of the previous work and topographic sheets of scale 1 : 50,000 constructed by the Egyptian General Survey Authority. These topographic maps are used in the processing of geometric corrections of the Landsat ETM data. A subset covering the study area was obtained from the Landsat ETM data for using in the remote sensing analyses. The spectral capabilities of the ETM+-bands were used to determine the best descrimination of the lithologic units and structural interpretation using an optimum False Colour Composite (FCC) image. The visible ETM bands are used to determine the most reliable identifications of the different rock units in the study area. The Panchromatic band is very useful in the structural interpretation and also used to improve the spatial resolution of the other multispectral ETM+-bands through spatial software-package (PCI, GeoAnalyst) of the image processing technique. Raw digital satellite data usually includes geometric distortions due to sensor geometry, scanner, platform instabilities, earth rotation, earth curvature, etc. and it is necessary to correct and adapt them (Mather, 1987, Lillesand and Kiefer, 1987, Richards, 1995). The root mean square error (RMS = 0.76, Bernstein, 1978) in the geometric processing. The following parameters have been used in the registration procedures: UTM Projection, Zone 36N, Row 42 and Datum Egypt. The image processing analyses is started through a construction of optimum Landsat ETM+ false colour composite (FCC) image (Fig. 2) by applying different steps of image rectification and enhanced techniques. The procedures of image processing and interpretations of Landsat ETM-data for the lithologic discrimination of Um Bogma area was carried out through applying the following methods:

- Construction of an Optimum FCC Image - Band Ratio of Landsat ETM+-data - Selective Image Processing Technique - Extraction of lineaments - Construction of an Optimum FCC Image The Landsat satellite ETM+ data bands 7, 4 and 2 are used to construct a false colour composite image of scale 1 : 100000 for the study area in blue (B), green (G) and red (R) respectively (Fig.2). A histogram equalization enhancement was carried out for the prepared FCC Landsate image, to be more interpretable (Fig. 2). The granites in the south-central part of the mapped area as well as the Mesozoic rocks have been delineated and identified by their lighter pink colour and brown colour respectively on the FCC image. While the dark coloured tones distinguish the Gneisses and schists and the mafic-ultramafic rocks. - Band Ratio of Landsat ETM+-data Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of the pixel brightness from two bands of image data to form a new image are particularly simple transformations to apply and can often be implemented in hardware using look up table (Richards, 1995). Band ratio technique is applied by dividing the DN pixel values of one band by the DN pixel values of another band (Drury, 1993). The geological mapping of serpentinites and Meatiq dome in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, using band ratios of Landsat thematic mapper, were carried out by Sultan et al. (1986 and 1987). The band ratios 5/7, 5/1 and 4/1 (Fig. 3) of ETM data were constructed to help in the lithologic discriminations of Um Bogma area. Bishta (2004) used the Landsat ETM+ band ratios for the litholgic discrimination of Gabal Qattar area in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. The ratio of band 5/7 was used as a measure of the intensity of the hydroxyl absorption in the 2.2 to 2.4 um region. This ratio was used because band 5 is not within the confines of the Fe-bearing aluminosilicate related or hydroxyl-related absorption features, whereas band 7 is within the hydroxyl absorption wave lengths (Sultan et al., 1987) The 5/7 band ratio image (Fig. 3a) show dark tone characterizing the younger granitic rocks in the northern part and south central part of the mapped area, due to the low content of hydroxyl-bearing minerals and opaques. The minerals that have low flat spectral reflectance such as magnetite and ilmenite (due to iron and titanium related overlapping electronic transition and crystal field absorption) are defined as opaque phases (Hunt, 1971 and 1974). The 5/1 band ratio image (Fig. 3b) show generally high reflectance value except for the rocks bearing high contents of opaques. This ratio image is also show dark and gray tone signature for the basaltic sheets in the central part of the
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map, gneisses and schists in the eastern part of the map which are relatively enriched in opaques and hydroxyl bearing phases. The dark tone signature is noticed also along some fractures and wadies in the 5/1 band ratio image due to the invasion of opaque minerals. The 4/1-band ratio image (Fig. 3c) is used to detect rocks bearing Fesilicates and opaque phases. This band ratio show bright tone signature for Um Bogma formation, Mesozoic rocks and Quaternary Wadi deposits because they are poor in Fe-silicate minerals and opaque phases. The basaltic sheets have a dark tone signature on the image ratio 4/1 due to their relatively high contents of Fe-silicate minerals and opaque phases (Fig. 3c). A false colour composite ratio image is constructed from ETM-bands 5/7, 5/1 and 4/1 displayed in red, green and blue respectively (Fig. 4). This image helped in the lithologic discrimination of the investigated area and in construction of the lithologic map shown in Figure (5). Visual inspection of the FCC ratio image (Fig. 4) show that the Gneisses and shests corresponds to green to dark green colour, the granites corresponds to light green colour, the sarabit El Khadem formation corresponds to pinkish colour, Abu Thora formation corresponds to yellowish to dark yellowish colour while the basaltic sheets corresponds to dark brown colours (Figs. 4 & 5). - Selective Image Processing Technique A selective image processing technique (SIPT) is applied in this work using PCI-Geomatica-9 software to delineate and separate the different interpreted lithologic units of Um Bogma area. The selective separations of the Landsat FCC image for the different lithologic units as well as the boundary of each unit of the investigated area are shown in Figure (6). The SIPT enable us also to inspect carefully the main spectral characteristics of each litholoic unit alone. This technique enables us also to separate and inspect the high radioactivity zone (HRZ) for the study area (Bishta, 2005). - Extraction of lineaments The extraction of lineaments was carried out automaticaly from Landsat 7 ETM+ data using Geoanalyst PCI EASI/PACE package. The different ETM bands were tested to select the optimum band for the lineaments extraction. The lineaments extraction algorithm of Geoanalyst software consists of edge detection thresholding and linear extraction steps. The steps of lineaments extraction have been done under the default parameters of the Geoanalyst package: Edge filter radius (1-1024) pixels = 3, Minimum edge gradient (0 255) = 15, Minimum line length (1 - 1024) = 15, Line fitting tolerance (0 - 10) pixels = 2, Maximum angular difference (0 - 10) = 10 and Maximum linking distance (0 - 1024) pixels = 30. The automatically extracted lineaments from Landsat ETM bands for

Um Bogma area show that the SWIR bands exhibit the highest lineament number compared to the visible and NIR bands. The highest score of the lineaments number is recorded in band 7 1856 whereas the lowest score of the lineaments number is recorded in visible band 1 (1452). Therefore the extracted lineaments using band 7 is used in this work for the structural lineaments interpretations. The obtained automatically extracted lineaments patterns over ETM band-7 of Um Bogma environs shown in Figure (7 h) have been edited and correlated with the previous works. The structural lineaments longer than 3 km are considerd as regional or major structures, while the lineaments less than 3 km are considerd as miso or minor structures. Figure (7 h) show that the significant major structural lineaments have a predomenant trends in the NWSE directions (as shown in rose diagram (Fig. 7 h) in the trend of the Gulf of Suez, while the minor structures predomenate mainly in the NE-SW to ENEWSW directions (as shown in rose diagram Fig.7 h) perpendicular to the major trends. The major trends for the extracted structural lineaments of UM Bogma environs as interpreted from the digital Landsat ETM data during this research are largely coincides with the main trends of the previous geological mapping and previous literatures such as El Kasas, 1967, El Agami, 1996, Aita, 1996 and Ashami, 2003. The SIPT was applied to delineate and separate the structural lineaments patterns for each interpreted lithologic unit as shown in Figure (7). This result shows that each rock unit has its own structural pattern and structural trend. The constructed rose diagrams for each lithologic unit (Fig. 7) show that the main structural trend affecting on all units are in the directions of NE-SW and ENEWSW. AERORADIOMETRIC ANALYSES Many authors have reported some anomalies associated and related to the rocks of Um Bogma and southern Sinai environs such as El-Kassas (1967), Hussein et al. (1971), El Aassy et al. (1986), El Reedy et al. (1988), Dabbour and Mahdy (1988), Afify (1991), Hussien et al. (1992), Mansour (1994), Bishay (1994), Ashami (1995), Shata (1996), El Agami (1996), Aita (1996), Abu Bakr (1997), Abdel Monem et al. (1997) and Nigm et al. (2001), Aeroradiometric gamma-ray spectrometry is a method for estimating the three-radioelement (K, U and Th) concentrations near the surface of the earth. An intensive uranium exploration survey program was conducted by the Nuclear Materials Authority (NMA) of Egypt of the investigated area in 1998. Aeroradiometric surving provided four main types of gamma-radiation data mainly: total count (TC, absolute concentrations of the three radioelements) in uR/h, potassium (K) in %, equivalent uranium (eU) in ppm and equivalent

thorium (eTh) in ppm. The relative concentrations of uranium with respect to potassium and thorium are important diagnostic factors in the recognition of possible uranium deposits (IAEA, 1988). The aerial gamma-ray spectrometric records vary widely from one type of rock to another and to some extent between units of the same rock type too. On the aerial total-count (TC) radiometric map (Fig.5a & b), the records vary from 0.1 to 47 uR/h. On the equivalent thorium (eTh) and the equivalent uranium (eU) maps (Figs. 5 c, d, e & f) the records vary from 2.6 to 51.9 ppm and from 2 to 18 ppm respectively (Abdelaziz, 2000). The application of SIPT to separate the different lithologic units and comparing them with the previous published aeroradiometric and spectrometric maps revealed that the high radioactivity zones are mainly restricted to Um Bogma formation and the younger granitic rocks (Bishta, 2005). - CONCLUSIONS The Um Bogma environs is located in the west central part of Sinai, Egypt between latitudes 28o 50/- 29o 05/N and longitudes 33o 10 - 33o 32/E (Fig. 1). It is covered by a complex of a Precambrian basement rocks comprise the northern part of the Precambrian The construction of FCC image from digital data of Landsat-7 ETM+ bands was very useful in the discrimination and delineating most of the lithologic rock units of the investigated area. The granites as well as the Mesozoic rocks have been delineated and identified by their lighter pink colour and brown colour respectively on the FCC image. While the dark coloured tones distinguish the Gneisses and schists on the FCC image. The application of Landsat ETM+ band ratios were also helped in the litholoical mapping of the study area. The using of FCC image of Landsat band ratios 7/5, 5/1 and 4/1 displayed in red, green and blue respectively discriminating the Gneisses and shests, the granites, the sarabit El Khadem formation, Abu Thora formation and the basaltic sheets. The SIP technique enable us to select and separate in individual layers the remotely sensed ETM data, the extracted structural lineaments and the radioactivity zones for the interpreted individual lithologic units as discussed before. This technique enables us to discriminate, identify and delineate the lithological units and their structural lineament signature of the investigated area. The application of image processing technique of FCC image, image ratios and SIPT proved the important use for the geological mapping of UM Bogma environs, REFERENCES

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