Chapter 17-18: Clasification, Viruses, Bacteria Archea are distinguished from eubacteria because of difference in their cell walls,

cell walls, plasma membrane, and gene sequence Protista- single celled eukaryotes that can be heterotrophic and photosynthetic 3 most prominenent multicellular, eukaryotic groups are plant, animal, and fung KPCOFGS Linnaeus- developed the system of classifying organism by assigning a genus and a specific ephithet name As we travel down the biological hierarchy from the kingdom to species level, organism become more similar in appearances Know derived trait Viruses are parasitic not photo synthetic or chemosynthetic Virus are not alive because they are not cellular, cant use energy or cant produce protein Virus infects bacterial cell is called bacterialphage Virus consist of polysaccharide coat and a nucleic acid core What enzyme do retroviruses use to convert their RNA into double stranded DNA? Reverse transcriptase Bacteria that lives with out oxygen is an obligate anaerobes Know Grain Stain Positive stain purple Negative stain pink Grain stain respond differently to antibiotics Know Botulism Endospres protect bacteria

Bacteria is characterized as prokaryotes Cell organelles that Escherichia coli and other bacteria have in common with eukaryotes are ribosomes Oligosaccharides is a group of sugar that cant be digested E coli is a bacterium that has a short thin hiar like projections that act as a cytoplasmic bridge for conjucation called pilli Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia Alexander flemming- discovered peniscillin (orange mold) HIV reprograms host DNA so new viruses are manufactured Know bacteria shapes Know proviruses Know the lytic cycle

Chapter 24: kingdom plantae With out vascular tissue, plants transport nutrient by diffusion Know all plant species Plant embryoin seedbryophyta reproduce by spores Bryophyta reproduce by spores Psilophyta evolved first Perfect flower has a pistil and a stamen Rhizoid anchors mosses into the soil Many fern store starch in large underground stem called rhizomes Anthophte flowers- fruit bearing plants Example of a Perennial anthophytes are oak trees Pterophytes are both vascualar and nonvasculat Know Prothallus Liverworts are first land plants Nonvascular plants are the only plant division in which the gameophyte stages are dominant Female reproductive structure of a nonvascular plant are called archegonia Parallel vien on leaf indicates its a monocotlydon Know fern life cycle 90% of wateris lost from plant through the leaf during transpiration Vien of leaf contain vascular tissure Most photosynthese take place in the palisade mesophyll Fruit develop from the ovary Apical meristem cause roots to grow long are found behind the root tip

Size of stomata is reduced by the guard cell to control waterloss Know parenchyma cells Sclerenchyma dies but continues to support plant Vascular cambium produces new xylem and phloem cells in the stem and roots Tropism is a plants response to an external stimulus that comes from a particular direction Roots show positive gravittopism Double fertilization occur in flowering plant ovule Complete flowers- sepal, petal, stamen, pistil Where does fertilization occur?