Review Questions Lec-1 (old) 1. What are the two types of protection? 2. Why is system protection required? 3.

What are the different types of system protection relays used? 4. What are the functions of a relay and a circuit breaker? 5. What are the devices used for protection against lightning? Review Questions Lec-1 final 1. What are the two types of protection? 2. Why is system protection required? 3. What are the functions of a relay and a circuit breaker? 4. Describe various generation of relays. 5. In Fig 1.5, why is a resistor connected across CT secondary? Review Questions Lec-2 (old) 1. How is operating torque produced in an electromagnetic relay? 2. What are the advantages of solid state relays? 3. What are the advantages of numerical relays? 4. How is reliability achieved in a protective system? 5. Distinguish between dependability and security of relays? 6. The performance of a distance relay was monitored over a period of 2 years. It was found that it operated 15 times, 12 trips were desired trips due to faults in the jurisdiction of the relay. It was found that relay failed to issue trip decision on 2 occasions. Compute dependability and security for the relay? Review Questions Lec-2 final 1. Why is phase angle information required to protect a radial system with source at both ends? Discuss the basic principle of distance protection. 3. How is differential protection scheme used in the following: transmission line protection. transformer protection. Busbar protection. 4. For the tapped line (fig 2.6), no relays are provided at the tapping point. Can you explain reasons for the same. Review Questions Lec-3 1. Describe various system protection relays in use. 2. What are the functions of an underfrequency relay? 3. Explain the functioning of reverse power flow relay. 4. How transmission lines are protected against lightning? 5. Explain the functioning of ZnO varistor. Review Questions Lec-4 1. How is reliability achieved in a protective system? 2. Distinguish between dependability and security of a relay.

2. (1) (2) (3)

3. How is selectivity criteria provided in (a) Overcurrent protection scheme (b) Differential protection scheme. 4. Why is high speed system said to be less accurate? 5. The performance of a distance relay was monitored over a period of 2 years. It was found that it operated 15 times, 12 were desired trips due to faults in its jurisdiction. It was found that relay failed to issue trip decision on 2 occasions. Compute dependability and security for the relay. 6. Define the following terms (a) % Dependability (b) % Security (c) % Reliability Review Questions Lec-5 What are the functions of CT and PT? Derive equivalent circuit of a CT. 3. What are the drawbacks of CT saturation on large AC current? How it can be avoided? What are the dirrerences between: Measurement CTs and Protection CTs. Class T CTs and class C CTs. Derive the equivalent circuit of a CCVT. What is the function of a tuning induction? Review Questions Lec-6 1. What are the factors on which the peak value of DC offset current depends? 2. How does the DC offset current affect the performance of a CT? 3. Derive the equation for peak value of total flux developed in a CT core. 4. What is meant by core oversizing factor? 5. What are the precautions to be taken while selecting CTs? Review Questions Lec-7 1. A circuit has a 1200/5 C 400 CT with characteristics as shown in fig 7.1. The maximum symmetrical fault for which the associated relays are to operate is 17,800 Amp. Find out the approximate % error if the secondary burden is (1) 2(2) 4 2. The secondary burden in a relay circuit is 4. The overcurrent relay pick up is 3 Amp and CT ratio is 400/5. Calculate the minimum primary current to just operate the relay? 3. Find out the maximum secondary burden that can be used and still maintain rated accuracy at 20 times rated symmetrical secondary current if a 1200/5 C 400 CT is connected on 800/5 tap. 4. If the secondary burden of 300/5 CT is 2. Find out the maximum symmetrical fault current that may be applied to this CT without exceeding 10% ratio error.

(a) (b)

Lec 6 Ex. 2. Let the primary fault current in the primary side of a CT be given by i p = I ' Sin(t + ) I ' Sin e t (a) Show that this equation can be rearranged as follows. i p = I ' Sin (Cost e t ) + I ' Cos Sint (b) Consider the simplified equivalent circuit of CT as shown in Fig 7.2 Diagram1 Diagram 2 M Let be the impedance angle of the circuit and 1 = . Then show r that secondary reflected current components for the primary are given by Primary Fault current Secondary reflected current I ' Cos Sint (Sine Component) I ' Cos e t Sin Cos + Cos Sin(t + ) I ' Sin Cost (Cosine Component) I ' Sin e t (d c component) I ' Sin e t Sin 2 + Cos Cos (t + ) I ' Sin ( e t e t )

1 ) 2 ) 3 )