CHAPTER IV.

CALIFORNIAN LANGUAGES.

MULTIPLICITY or TONGUES YAKON, KLAMATH, AND PALAIK COMPARISONS

PITT RIVER AND WINTOON VOCABULARIES WEEYOT, WIHHOSK, WEIT-
SPEK, AND ElINEK COMPARISONS LANGUAGES OF HUMBOLDT BAY POT-
TER VALLEY, RUSSIAN AND EEL RIVER LANGUAGES POMO LANGUAGES
GALLINOMERO GRAMMAR TRANSPACIFIC COMPARISONS CHOCUYEM
LORD S PRAYER LANGUAGES OF THE SACRAMENTO, SAN JOAQUIN, NAPA,
AND SONOMA VALLEYS THE OLHONE AND OTHER LANGUAGES OF SAN
FRANCISCO BAY RUNSIEN AND ESLENE OF MONTEREY SANTA CLARA
LORD S PRAYER MUTSUN GRAMMAR LANGUAGES OF THE MISSIONS SANTA
CRUZ, SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA, SOLEDAD, AND SAN MIGUEL TATCIIE
GRAMMAR THE DIALECTS OF SANTA CRUZ AND OTHER ISLANDS.

NOTWITHSTANDING the great diversity of tongues en

countered in the regions of the north, the confusion
increases tenfold on entering California. Probably
nowhere in America is there a greater multiformity of
languages and dialects than here. Until quite recently,
no attempt has been made to bring order out of this
linguistic chaos, owing mainly to a lack
of grammars
and vocabularies. Within the last few years this
want has, in a measure, been supplied, and I hope to
be able to present some broader classifications than
have hitherto been attempted Through the researches
of Mr Powers, who has kindly placed his materials at
my disposal, and the valuable information communi
cated by Judge Roseborough, the dialects of northern
California have been reduced to some sort of system,
yet there remains the fact that, in central and south-
(033
636 CALIFORNIAN LANGUAGES.

ern California, hundreds of dialects have been per

mitted to die out, without leaving us so much as their
name. 1
In attempting the classification of Californian
tongues, no little difficulty arises from the ambiguity
of tribal names. So far as appearances go, some peo
ples have no distinctive name; others are known by
the name
of their chief alone, or their rancheria the ;

affiliationof chief, rancheria, and tribe being identical

or distinct, as the case may be. Some writers have a
common name for ell tribes speaking the same or dia
lects of the same language others name a people from ;

each dialect. Last of all, there are nations and tribes

that call themselves by one name, while their neighbors
call them by another, so that the classifier, ethnologic
or philologic, is apt to enumerate one people under
two names, while omitting many. 2
Wehave seen in the Columbian languages, as we
approach the south, that they become softer and less
guttural this is yet more observable among Califor
;

nian s, whose speech, for the most part, is harmonious,

pronounceable, and rich in "vowels; and this feature
becomes more and more marked as we proceed from
northern to southern California. On this point, Mr
Powers writes Not only are the California languages
:
"

distinguished for that affluence of vowel sounds which

is more or less characteristic of all tongues spoken in
warm climates, but most of them are also remarkable
1
JRoseborougJis Letter to the Author, MS.; The Shastas and their Neighbors,
MS. The diversity of language is so great in California that at almost every
15 or 20 leagues, you find a distinct dialect. Boscana, in Robinsons Life in
C.iL, p. 249. II n est peut-etre aucuii pays ou les differens idiomes soieiit
aussi multiplies que dans la California septentrionale. La Perouse, Voy ,
torn, ii., p. 323. One might spend years with diligence in acquiring an In-
iian tongue, then journey a three hours space, and find himself adrift again,
so multitudinous are the languages and dialects of California. Powers North
Cal, Ind., in Overland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 328. The diversity is such as to
preclude almost entirely all verbal communication. Hutchings Cai Mag.,
vol. iii., Languages vary from tribe to tribe. Pickering s Races, in
p. 159.
U. S. Ex. Ex., vol. ix., p. 106. In California, there appears to be spoken
two or more distinct languages. McCullotis Researches in Arner., p. 37;
Kotzebue s Voyage, vol. iii., p. 48; Id., New Voy., vol. ii., p. 98; Taylor, in
Bancroft s Handbook Almanac, 1864, p. 29.
*See vol. i., p. 325; Roseborough s Letter to the Author, MS.; The Shastas
and their Neighbors, MS.; Hutchings
1

Cal. Mag., vol. iii., p. 159.

 RULES OF EUPHONY IN CALIFORNIA. 637

harmony. There are a

for their special striving after
few languages found in the northern mountains which
*
O O
are harsh and sesquipedalian, and some on the coast
that are guttural beyond the compass of our American
organs of speech; but with these few exceptions, the
numerous languages of the state are beautiful above
all their neighbors for their simplicity, the brevity of
their words, their melody, and their harmonious
o ?? "

sequences.
Throughout California, much attention is paid to
the euphony of words; and if, in the inevitable manu
facturing process, a syllable does not sound well, or
does not exactly harmonize according to the native
ear, it ruthlessly sacrificed.
is In many languages
these elisions are made in accordance with fixed rules,
while others obey no other mandate but harmony.
Concerning the languages of northern California,
Judge Roseborough writes "In an ethnological view,
:

the language of these various tribes is a subject of

great interest. They seem to be governed by the
geographical nature of the country, which has had
much influence in directing the migrations and settle
ment of the various tribes in this state, where they
have been found by the whites; and there have been
in remote times at least three currents, or lines of

migration, namely first, one along the coast south

ward, dispersing more or less towards the interior as
the nature of the country and hostile tribes permitted.
In so broken and rough a country the migrations must
have been slow, and the eddies numerous, leaving
many fragments of aboriginal tribes here and there
with language and customs wholly dissimilar. Second,
that along the Willamette Valley, over the passes of
the Calapooya, across the open lands of the Umpqua,
southward through Rogue River Valley into Shasta
and Scott valleys. As an evidence of this trace, I may
mention that all the tribes on this line, from the Cala
pooya Mountains southward to the head of Shasta and
Scott valleys, speak the same language, and were con-
3
Powers Porno, MS.
638 CALIFORNIAN LANGUAGES.

federate in their wars with the tribes on Pitt River,

who seem to have arrested their progress southward.
In this connection I may mention two facts worthy of
remark, namely, first, in this cataclysm of tribes there
have been some singular displacements; for instance,
the similarity of language and customs of the Cum-
batwas and other cognate tribes on Pitt River denotes
a common origin with a small tribe found on Smith
River, on the north-west coast; and secondly, the
traditions of the Shastas settled in Shasta and Scott
valleys, the advance of this line of migrations, show
that a former tribe had been found in possession of
those valleys and mountains, and had been driven out.
The remains of their ancient villages, and the arrange
ments still visible in their excavations confirm the
fact, and also the further fact that the expelled tribes
were the same or cognate to those which the whites
found in occupation of the Sacramento Valley. For
instance, in all of these ancient villages, there was one
house of very large dimensions, used for feasts, cere
monies, dances, etc., just as we found on the settle
ment of California, in the valley of Sacramento. The
existing tribes in those mountains have no such domicile
and no public houses. They say, when asked, that
the villages were built and inhabited by a tribe that
lived there before they came, and that those ancient
dwellers worshipped the great snowy Mount Shasta,
and always built their villages in places from which
they could behold that mountain. Thirdly, another
wave of migration evidently came southward along the
Des Chutes River, upon the great plateau of the lakes,
which conclusion is borne out by a similarity of lan
4

guages and customs, as well as by traditions."

In support of this theory, Judge Roseborough states
that the languages spoken on Smith River, and ex
tending thence forty miles along the coast, are radically
and wholly different from those of the neighboring
tribes. The former are harsh, guttural, irregular, and
apparently monosyllabic, while on the other hand, the
*
Roseliorourjlis Letter to the Author, MS.
 LANGUAGES OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. G39

neighboring O the coast southward to

1

O D
tribes inhabiting
Huinboldt Bay, and along the Klamath as far up as
the mouth of the Trinity, speak a language very
regular in its structure; copious in its capacity for
expressing ideas and shades of thought, and not un-
pleasing to the ear, being free from harsh and guttural
sounds. Of all the languages spoken in this part, that
which prevails along the Klamath River as far up as
Happy Camp, and along the Salmon to its sources, is
by far the most regular and musical. In fact, for its
regular and musical accents it occupies among the
Indian tongues of the continent the same preeminence
that the Spanish does among the Caucasian languages.
For instance, their proper nouns for persons and places
are very euphonious; as, euphippa, escassasoo, names
of persons, and tahasoofca, cheenich, panumna, chimi-
canee, tooyook, savorum, names of noted localities along
the river.
As an example of the copiousness and richness of the
coast languages above Humboldt Bay, Judge Rose-
borough cites the following: for one, two, three, four,
they say, Jcor, nihhi, naxil, chohnah; so for to-morrow
they say kohchamol; for the day after to-morrow,
nahamohl; three days hence, naxamohl; four days
hence, chohnahamol. Nor do they stop here; mare,
being five, and marunimtcha, fifteen; the fifteenth day
from the present is marunimichdhamohl.
Mr George Bancroft in his Indianology erroneously
asserts that the sound of our letter r does not occur in
any of the aboriginal languages of America. A sim
ilar assertion has been made with regard to Asiatic

tongues, that there. is not a people from the peninsula

of Hindostan to Kamchatka who make use of this
sound. Although this idea is now exploded, evidence
goes to show the rarity of the use of the letter r in
these regions; yet Judge Roseborough assures me
that in these northern California!! dialects the sound
of this letter is not only frequent, but is uttered with
its most rolling,
whirring emphasis; that such words
640 CALIFORNIA*? LANGUAGES.

as arrarra, Indian; carrook, or cahroc, up; euroolc, or

euroc, down; seearrook, across and up; micarra, the
name of a village; tahasoofcarrah, that is to say the
village of upper Tahasoofca are brought forth with
an intensity that a Frenchman could not exceed.

On
both sides of the Oregon
O and Californian boun-
dary line is
spoken the Klamath language; adjoining
it on the north is the Yakon, and on the south the

Shasta and the Palaik. A

dialect of the Klamath is
also spoken by the Modocs. Herewith I give a short
comparative table, and although no relationship be
tween them is claimed, yet many of the words which
5
I have selected are not without a similarity.
YAKON. KLAMATH. SHASTA. PALAIK.
Man kalt hisuatsos awatikoa yaliu
Woman tkhlaks snawats taritsi omtewitsen
Mouth qai sum au, or aof ap
Leg sia tsoks halaway, or hatis atetewa
Water kilo ampo atsa as
Blood pouts poits ime ahati
Earth oiiitstoh kaela tarak kela
Stone kelih kotai itsa olisti
Wood kukh aiiko awa hau
Beaver kaatsilawa pum tawai pum
Dog tskekh watsak hapso watsaqa
Bird kokoaia lalak tararakh lauitsa
Salmon tsutais tsialus kitari tsialas
Great haihaiat moonis kempe wawa

Along Pitt River and its tributaries are the Pitt

River Indians and the Wintoons, of which languages
short vocabularies are given.
PITT RIVER. 6
Man t elyou Hair teee
Woman emmetowchan Eyes ossa
House teoomchce Nose yame
Tree (pine) oswoo Mouth yanena
Water oss Teeth etesa
Stone alliste Legs sayii
Sun tsool Fire mallis
5
The Lutuami, Shasti, and Palaik are thrown by Gallatin into three sepa
rate classes. They are without doubt mutually unintelligible. Nevertheless,
they cannot be very widely separated. Latham s Comp. Phil., vol. viii., p.
407. The T-ka, Id-do-a, Ho-te-day, We-o-how, or Shasta Indians, speak
the same language. Steele, inlnd. Aff. Rept., 1864, p. 120. The Modocs speak
the same language as the Klamaths. Palmer, in Id., 1854, p. 262; Hole s
Ethnoy., in U. S. Ex., Ex., vol. vi., p. 218; Berghaus, GeograpJmches Jahrbuch,
torn, iii., p. 48; Taylor, in Cat. Farmer, Jiine 8, 1860. A
branch of the lat
ter (Shoshone) is the tribe of Tlamath Indians. Ruxtons Adven. Mex., p. 244.
6
The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.
 THE WINTOON, EUROC, AND CAHKOC. 641

Moon tchool Big walswa

Crow owwicha Little chowkootcha
Dog chahoom Dead deoome
Deer doshshe Mountain akoo
Bear loehta Fish oil

WINTOON.
Yes ummina Warm pela
Woman darcua Eyes toomb
House boss Nose sono
I, or me net Mouth all
Water mem Teeth see
Rain luhay Talk teeno
8un sash To kill kloma
Moon chamitta Larg? bohaina
Night kenavina, or peno To fight cluckapoc
Dog suco Dead meiiil
Deer nope North wy
Bear chilch, or weemer South nora

On
the lower Klamatli, the Euroc language pre
vails. As compared with the dialects of southern Cali
fornia, it is guttural there being apparently in some
;

of its words, or rather grunts, a total absence of vow

els mrprh, nose; chlh, earth; ynx, child. Among
other sounds peculiar to it, there is that of the //, so
frequent in the Welsh language. Mr Powers says
that conversation they terminate many words
"in

with an aspiration which is imperfectly indicated by

the letter h, a sort of catching of the sound, immedi
ately followed by the letting out of the residue of
breath, with a quick little grunt. This makes their
speech harsh and halting; the voice often comes to a
dead stop in the middle of a sentence." He further
adds that "the language seems to have had a mono
syllabic origin, and
in fact, they pronounce many dis
two monosyllables.
"

syllables as they were if

Along the upper Klamath, the Cahroc language is

spoken, which is entirely distinct from that of the
Eurocs. It is sonorous, and its intonation has even
been compared with that of the Spanish, being not at
allguttural like the Euroc. The r, when it occurs in
such words as chareya and cahroc, is strangely rolled.
The language is copious; the people speaking it hav
ing a name for everything, and on seeing any article
7
JacJc$on* Vocab. of the Wintoon Language, MS.; Powers Vocabularies, MS.
VOL. III. 41
642 CALIFORNIA^ LANGUAGES.

new to them, if a proper designation is not immedi

ately at hand, they forthwith proceed to manufacture
one.
Another guttural language the Pataway, spoken
is
on Trinity River. Its pronunciation is like the Euroc,
and it has the same curious abrupt stopping of the
voice at the end of syllables terminating with a vowel,
as Mr Powers describes it. Related to it is the Veeard
of lower Humboldt Bay. The numerals in the latter
language are koh-tseh, one dee-teh, two dee-keh, three
:
; ; ;

deeh-oh, four; weh-sah, five; chilolceh, six; awtloh, seven;

8
owit, eight; serokeh, nine; lokel, ten.
The language known as the Weitspek, spoken at the
junction of the Trinity and Klamath rivers, is proba
bly the same which Mr Powers has named the -Pata
way. It is also said to have the frequently occurring
rolling r. The /, as in the Oregon languages, is want
ing. Dialects of the Weitspek are the Weeyot and
Wishosk, on Eel and Mad rivers. This language is
understood from the coast range down to the coast
between Cape Mendocino and Mad River. 9 The
Ehnek, or Pehtsik, language is spoken on the Salmon
River; th?nce in the region of the Klamath, are the
10
Watsahewah, Howteteoh, and Nabiltse languages.
COMPARISONS.

8
Powers Porno, MS.
9 The junction of the rivers
Gibbs, in Sclioolcraft s Arch., vol. iii., p. 422.
Klarnath, or Trinity, gives us the locality of the Weitspek. Its dialects, the
Weyot and Wishosk, extend far into Humboldt County, where they are prob
ably the prevailing form of speech, being used on the Mad River, and the
parts about Cape Mendocino. From the Weitspek they differ much more than
they do from each other. Latham s Comp. Phil., vol. viii., p. 40. Weeyot und
Wish-osk, unter einanderverwandt. ^?^.srAmawn, Spnrender Aztck. Spr., p. 575.
10
Gibbs, in Schoolcraft s Arch., vol. iii., pp. 422-3.
 THE POMO FAMILY AND ITS DIALECTS. 643

The Cliillulah, Wheelcutta, and Kailta were spoken

on Redwood Creek, but before the extinction of these
people languages were merged into that of the
tlieir

Hoopahs, by whom they were subjugated. The lan

guage of the Chimalquays of New River has also been
absorbed by the Hoopah. Of the Chimalquays Pow
ers hyperbolically remarks: Their language was like
"

the mountain city of California, beautiful in its sim

1

plicity, but frail."

At Humboldt Bay a language called Patawat is
mentioned, and in Round Valley the Yuka. The
numerals in the latter tongue are pongwe, one opeh,
:
;

two mahneh. three and omehet, four. In Potter

; ;

Valley is the Talitoo language, which Mr Powers 12

thinks may belong to the Porno or the Yuka. In
the Eel River and Russian River valleys as far as the
mouth of Russian River, and in Potter Valley, the
different tribes known by the names of Ukiahs or
Yokias, Sanels, Gallinorneros, Masallamagoons, Gua-
lalas, and Matoles speak various dialects of the Porno
language,
O O which obtains in Potter Valley, v
and the
dialects of which become more and more estranged
according to the distance from the aboriginal centre.
The Porno men are good linguists ;
they readily ac
quire the different dialects of their language, which
all
in places differ to such an extent that unless they are

previously learned they cannot be understood. Porno

women are not allowed to learn any dialect but their
own.
The following comparative table of numerals will
illustrate the relationship of these tribes, among which
I include theKulanapo, spoken near Clear Lake, and
of which Mr Gibbs has also noticed an affinity to the
Russian River and Eel River languages; also the
language spoken by the natives of the Yonios Ran-
cherfa in Marin County. 13
11
Powers Porno, MS.
l*
Roseborouglia Letter to the Author, MS.; Powers Porno, MS.
Gibbs, in Schoolcraft s Arch., vol. iii., pp. 421-2; Powers Porno, MS.;
Taylor, in Cal. Farmer, March 30, 1860.
44 CALIFORNIAN LANGUAGES.

POMO. UKIAH. SANEL. GALLING- KULANAPO. YONIO.

MERO.
One cha taro tate clia k hah lih kalli
Two co can co aco kots hotz
Three sibbo sibbo sibboo mesibbo" homeka humka
Four tack duhan ducho meta dol caddol
Five shal native mato toosliuh loh ma lema
Six padeh tsadeh tsadeh lancha tsa di sav
Seven copah hovneit cdcimar latco ku la hots kolaus
Eight cowal cogodol cogodol cometa ko ka dohl kadol
Nine shalshal nemgoshum numoshmn chaco da rol shum gin
ha.h
Ten sala nempotec iiavacotec chasuto hah da ml tck hidelema

On make a few grammati

the Gallinomero dialect I
cal remarks. In conversation, the Gallinomeros are
rather slovenly, and make use of frequent contractions
and abbreviations like the English can t and sha n t,
which makes it difficult for a stranger to understand
them. Another difficulty for the student is the con
vertibility of a number of letters, such as t into ch, sh
into ch, i into ah, etc. Nouns have neither number,
case, nor gender; the first being only occasionally in
dicated by a separate word cha ataboonya, one man ;
aco ataboonja, two men. The genitive is formed by
placing the words in juxtaposition atopte meatega, the
chiefs brother; the governed word being always pre
positive. None of the remaining cases are distin
guished; for example chaduna bidacha, I see the
river; bidacha hoalye, I go to the river, or into the
river; bidacha hnodiina, I come out of the river;
didacha toholeena, I go away from the river; the accu
sative be recognized as being placed immediately
may
after the verb, but there aremany exceptions to this
rule. Sometimes the accusative is also "marked by the
ending ga or yen chechoanootugen, I strike the boy ;

but this is seldom used. Verbs are always regular.

There are present, imperfect, and future tenses, and
three forms of the imperative, all distinctly marked
by tense endings.
PRESENT INDICATIVE. IMPERFECT. FIRST FUTURE.
Do,
Go,
Break,
Kill,
See,
Fight,
 GALLINOMERO GRAMMAR. C45

In some instances these endings are changed for

the sake of euphony, certain letters being elided. The
endings may really be called auxiliary verbs, attached
to the principal verb. Thus the imperfect reads, liter
ally, would
be I go do, the ending teena being noth
ing but the word tsccna with the s omitted. In like
manner the future is formed, as in tuddawa, to want,
which is changed into ctiwa.
There is nothing to denote number in the verb, as can
be seen in the
CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO BE.
I am, ahwa We are, ayawa
Thou art, aruawa You arc, a;:iawa
Ea io, lianiowa They are, hamowa

Of the imperative, the following may serve as an

example: hoaleluh, let me go; hoalin, go thou; hoakyiui,
let him go. The verb chad fma, to see, may signify
either I see, or seeing, or to see, or it may be construed
as a substantive sight; or as an adjective in aggluti
nation, as chadunatoboonya, a watchful man. Chanhodin
is an auxiliary verb, and is always prepositive. The
pronouns are ah, ahto, or ahmet, I; ama, thou; and
wemo, way mo, hamo, or amata, he. The first person of
the pronoun is always omitted, except with the verb to
be, and the second and third persons frequently. Pro
nominal adjectives are quite irregular, as owkey, from
ah; may key, from ama; webakey, from wemo ; and they
are also used irregularly with nouns. Thus in medde,
father; ahmen, or owkahmen, or ahmedde, being equiva
lent to I father, my father. Here also euphony steps
in and makes words sometimes wholly unrecognizable,
as ahtotana, equivalent to mehand, and still more dif
ferent, as mamowley, this is for me. Your father is
maykemay; his father, wcbamcn. Thus it will be seen
that medde changed, or abbreviated, into men and
is

may. Sometimes the personal pronoun is agglutinated

to the verb, and sometimes- it is not: cJwchoanomdo
(chechoanameto), I strike you; metotudawa, I love you.
As in many other Pacific States languages, we have
646 CALIFORNIA!* LANGUAGES.

here a reverential syllable, which in this language is

always prefixed, whereas in others, for instance, the
Aztec, it is an affix. Speaking of persons related, or
of things belonging, to the chief, the reverential me or
jinis
always prefixed; owlceybai, my wife; maylceybai,
your wife; atopte meetchen, the chiefs wife; sliinna,
head; metoshin, your head; webashin, his head; atopte
jinshinna, the chiefs head. All adjectives are really
substantives, and are used for both purposes. Thus
ootu, boy, also signifies little, or young. Adjectives
are generally placed after nouns majey codey, good
day; but there are also many exceptions to this rule.
Comparatives are expressed by the particle pala, more
paleyabata way mo ahmet, he is greater than I, pala
becoming paleya in composition. This is only used
by the more intelligent class. A
Gallinomero of the
lower order would say, bata waymo ahmet, great he I.
The principal characteristics of the language are eu
phony and brevity, to which all things else are subser
vient, but nevertheless, as I have shown already,
14
agglutination is carried to the farthest extent.
As will be seen by the following comparative table,
the Porno language, or rather one of its dialects, the
Kulanapo, shows some affinity to the Malay family of
languages. Of one hundred and seventy words which
I have compared, I find fifteen per cent showing Ma
lay similarities, and more could perhaps have been
found if the several vocabularies had been made upon
some one system. As it is, I have been obliged to
use a Malay, a Tonga, and other Polynesian vocabu
laries, taken by different persons at different times.
Without attempting to establish any relationship bs-
tween the Polynesians and Californians, I present these
similarities merely as a fact; these analogies I find ex
isting nowhere else in California, and between them
and no other transpacific peoples. 15
14
Powers Notes on Cal. Languages, MS.
Gibbs, in Schoolcrafis Arch., vol. iii., pp. 428 et seq.; Hales Ethnog., in
lb

U. 8. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., pp. 342 et seq.; KeppeTs Exped., vol. i., appendix, pp.
14 et seq.; Martins Tonga IsL, vol. ii.
 TRANSPACIFIC COMPARISONS. 647

KULANAPO. MALAY. DIALECT OF THE

MALAY.
Kayan
Sakarran

Malay
Malay
Tonga
Tonga
Malay
Tonga
Tonga
Millanow
Tonga
Suntah
Polynesian
Malay
Polynesian
Malay
Polynesian
Polynesian
Malay
Polynesian
Malay
Polynesian
Tonga
Tonga
Tonga
Malay
Malay
Suntah

The similarities existing between the Japanese and

Chinese and the Californian languages, appearing
from a careful comparison of the same one hundred
and seventy words, are insufficient to establish any
relationship; the few resemblances may be regarded
as purely accidental. Of these words I insert the fol
lowing, which are all between which I have been
able
to discover any likeness :

Husband Japanese muxo Costaiios makho

Teeth Chinese chi Copeh see ih
Knife Japanese deba Costanos tepah
Fire Chinese ho Choweshak ho
Water Japanese sui Costaiios see ee
Dog Japanese chin Weitspek and chishe
Ehnek
Deer Japanese Copeh siah

The Choweshak and Bateindakaiee are mentioned

as being spoken at the head of Eel River, and the
Chocuyem in Marin County, near the Mission of San
Rafael. On Russian River, there yet remain to be
648 CALIFORNIAN LANGUAGES.

mentioned the Olamentke, and the Chwachamaju.

All these may be properly classed as dialects nearly
related to the Porno family, and some of them may
16
even be the same dialects under different names.
Of theChocuyem I give the following Lord s Prayer:
Api maco su lilecoe, ma nenas mi aues omai mdcorio
mi taucuchs oyopa mi tauco chaquenit opu neyatto
chaquenit opu liletto. Tu maco muye genum ji naya
macono sucuji sulia macono masocte, chague mat opu
ma suli mayaco. Macoi yangia ume omutto, ulemi
17
macono omu incapo. Nette esa Jesus.
In Round Valley, northern California, there is the
before mentioned Yuka language, which is connected
with the Wapo, or Ashochemie, spoken near Calis-
toga, and in the mountains leading thence to the
18
Geysers.
On Yuba and
Feather Rivers are the Meidoos and
Neeshenams, of whose language Powers says that
the Meidoo shades away so gradually into the Xee-
shenam that it is extremely difficult to draw a line
anywhere. But it must be drawn somewhere, because
a vocabulary taken down on Feather River will lose
three fourths of its words before it reaches the Co-
sumnes. Even a vocabulary taken on Bear River
will lose half or more of its words in going to the Co-
sumnes, which denotes, as is the fact, that the Nee-
16
Die Iiidianer in Bodega verstehen nur mit Millie die Sprache derje-
nigen welche in den Ebenen am Slawiiiika-Flusse leben; die Sprache dor
nordlich von Ross lebeiiden Stamme ist ihnen vollig imverstiindlich. Bacr,
Stat. u. Ethtto., p. 75. Die Bodegischen Iiidianer verstehen die iib rdlichen
nicht, sowohl die Sprache als die Art der Aussprache ist verschieden. Die
Entfernten und die Steppen-Indianer sprechen eine Menge Dialecte oder
Sprachcn, deren Eigenthiimlichkeit und Verwandtschaft noch nicht bekaimt
sind. Kostroimtonow, in /(/., p. 80; Gibbs, in Schoolcruft s Arch., vol. iii., p.
421. Kulaiiapo und Yukai, verwandt: d. h. in dem beschninkten Grade,
dass vicle Wo
rter, zwischen ihnen ubereinstimmen, viele andere, z. B. eiii
guter Theil der Zahlworter, verschieden sind .... Choweshak und Batem-
dakaiee sehr genau und im voUkomnmen. Maasse unter einarider, und wie-
derum beide ganz genau mit Yukai, undauch Kulanapo verwandt .
.Wichtig
. .

ist es aber zu sagen, dass die Sprache Tchokoyem mit dem Olamentke der
Bodega Bai und mit der Mission S. Raphael nahe gleich ist. JBuschmann,
Spuren der AzteL Spr., p. 575. The Kanimares speak a different dialect
from the Tamalos. The Sonoma Indians also speak different from Tamalos.
The Sonomas speak a similar dialect as the Suisuiis. The San Rafael Indians
speak the same as the Tamalos. Taylor, in Cal. Farmer, March 30, 18GO.
17
Mofras, Explor., torn, ii., p. 391.
18
Powers Porno, MS.
 LANGUAGES OF THE SACRAMENTO VALLEY. 649

shenam language varies In

greatly within itself.

deed, it
probably is less
homogeneous and more
thronged with dialects than any other tongue in Cal
ifornia. Let an Indian go even from Georgetown to
American Flat, or from Bear River to Auburn, and,
with the exception of the numerals, he will not at first
understand above one word in four, or five, or six.
But with this small stock in common, and the same
laws of grammar to guide them, they pick up each
other s dialects with amazing rapidity. It is these
wide variations which have caused some pioneers to
believe that there is one tongue spoken on the plains
around Sacramento, and another in the mountains;
whereas they are as nearly identical as the mountain
dialects are. So long as the numerals remain the
same, I count it one
language; and so long as this is
the case, the Indians generally
c)
learn each other s dia-
*/

lects but when the numerals change utterly, they

;

often find it easier to speak the English together than

to acquire another tongue. As to the southern
boundary of the Neeshenam there is no doubt, for

at the Cosumnes the language changes abruptly and

totally."

Along the banks of the Sacramento, two distinct lin

guistic systems are said to prevail. But to what extent
all the languages mentioned in that vicinity are related,
or can be classified, it is difficult to say for not only is
;

their great confusion in names, but what is more essen

tial, vocabularies of most of them are wanting. On .

the eastern bank of the Sacramento and extending

along Feather River, the Cosumnes, and other tribu
taries of the Sacramento, the following languages
are mentioned Ochecamne, Serouskumne, Chupumne,
:

Omochumne, Siecumne, Walagumne, Cosumne, Solo-

luinne, Turealumne, Saywamine, Newichumne, Match-
cm ue, Sagayayumne, Muthelemne, Sopotatumne, and
Talatiu. In all these dialects the word for water is
Jcik, but in the dialects spoken on the west bank it
is On the western bank are mentioned the
rn,<,rni.

dialects of the Pujuni, Puzlumne, Secunme, Tsamak,

650 CALIFORNIA^ LANGUAGES.

Yasumne, Nemshaw, Kisky, Yalesumne, Huk, and

19
others. Undoubtedly all these Sacramento Valley
dialects are more or less related, but of them we have
no positive knowledge except that the Secumne and
Tsamak are closely related, while the Puzlumne and
Talatiu also show many words in common, but cannot
20
be said to In the mountains south of the
affiliate.

Yuba, and also on some parts of the Sacramento, the

Cushna language obtains. On the latter river Wilkes
mentions the Kinkla, of which he says that in com
parison with the language of the northern nations it
may be called soft, "as much so as that of the Poly
nesians."
Repetitions of syllables appear to be fre
21
quent as. wai-wai, and hau-hau-hau.
;
In Napa Valley
six dialects were spoken, the Myacoma, Calayomane,
22
Cayinus, Napa, Uluka, arid Suscol. In Solano
County the Guiluco language was spoken, of which
the following Lord s Prayer may serve as a specimen :

AIM igame mutryocuse mi zahua om mi yahuatail

cha usqui etra shou mur tzecali ziam pac onjinta mul
zhaiige nasoyate chelegua mul znatzoitze tzecali zic-
matan zchiitiilaa chalehua mesqui pihuatzite yteirna
omahud. Emqui Jesus. 23
Near the straits of Karquines, and also in the San
Joaquin and Tulare valleys, the Tulare tongue pre
vailed. In this language, if we may believe M. Duflot
de JVIofras, the letters b, d, f, g, and r do not exist, the
r being changed into I, as maria, malia. Many gut
tural sounds, like kh,- tsh y Im, tp, tsp, th, etc., are found,

19
Hole s Ethnog., in U. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., pp. 222, G30; Wilkes Nar.,
in Id., vol. v., p. 201.
M Puzhune, Sekamne, Tsamak und Talatui .... Sekumne iind Tsamak
sind nahe verwandt, die iibrigen zeigen gemeinsames und fremdes. Bu^cJi-
mann, Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 571. Male s vocabulary of the Talatiu be
longs to the group for which the name of Moquelumne is proposed, a Moque-
lumne Hill and a Moquelumne River being found within the area over
which the languages belonging to it are spoken. Again the names of the
tribes that speak them end largely in nine, Chupumne, etc. As far south as
Tuolumne County the language belongs to this division; viz., 1, the Mumal-
tachi; 2, Mullateco; 3, Apaugasi; 4, Lapappu; 5, Siyante, or Typoxi band,
speak this language. Latham s Comp. Phil, vol. viii., p. 414.
21
Wilkes Nar., in U. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 201.
22
Montgomery s Indlanolo<iy of Napa County, MS.
Mofras, Expior., torn, ii., p. 391.
 SPECIMENS OF SOUTHERN LANGUAGES. 651

yet softer than the gutturals of the north. Notwith

standing the above statement, M. de Mofras gives as
a specimen of the Tulare language the following
Lord s Prayer, in which the r frequently occurs :

Appa macquen erinigmo tasunimac emracat, jinnin

eccey macquen iunisinmac macquen quitti end soteyma
erinigmo: suniimac macquen liamjamu jinnan guara
ayei: sunun macquen quit ti enesunumac ayacrna:
aquectsem unisirntac niriinti equetmini: jurini macquen
equetmini em men.
Of the languages spoken at the mission of Santa
Inez, the following Lord s Prayer is given by M. de
Mofras; and this is very likely in the true Tulare
language in place of the one above.
Dios caquicoco upalequen alapa, quiaenicho opte :

paqininigug quique eccuet upalacs huatahuc itimisshup

caneche alapa. Ulamuhu ilahulalisahue. Picsiyug
equepe ginsucutaniyug uquiyagmagin, cancchequique
quisagin sucutanagun utiyagmayiyug peux hoyug quie
utic lex ulechop santequiyug ilautechcp. Amen Jesus.
24

The Tulare language is probably the same which

was known under the name of Kahweyah in central
California, and may have some connection with the
25
Cahuillo in the southern part of the state.
Languages in the interior, of which but little more
than the name and the region where they wr ere spoken
is known, are, on the Tuolumne River, the Hawhaw,

and another which has no particular name; on the

Merced River, the Coconoon, with a dialect extending
to Kings River and to Tulare Lake. 26 Mr Powers
makes of the tribes inhabiting Kern and Tulare val
leys the Yocut nation, yocut signifying an aggregation
2i
Arroyo, Gram, de la lenyua Tulare fict, MS., qiioted in J/q/ /vw, Esplor.,
torn, ii., p. 388, see also pp. 392-3. Malgre le grand nombre do dialectes
dos Missions de la Californie, les Francucains espagnols s otaient attaches
a apprendre la langue generale de la grande vallee de los Tulares, dont pres-
que toutes les tribua sont originaires, et ils out redigea le vocabulaire et une
sorte de grammaire de cette langue nominee el Tulare iio. Id., p. 387.
2i
Tiylor, in Cal Fanner, May 25, 1800.
M Johnston, in Schoolcraft s Arch,, vol. iv., p. 407. Die Sprachen der
Coconoons und die vom King s River sind iiahe verwandt. BusclwMnn, Spuren
der Aztek. Sp> ->
P- ^^-
652 CALIFORNIAN LANGUAGES.

of people, while myee, or nono, means man. It is a

"

singular fact," observes this writer, "that in several of

the northern languages Jciya denotes dog, while in the
Yocut, kiya is coyote."
From Mr Powers I have also the following vocabu
laries, which have never before been published.
CAHROC. MEIDOO. PALEGAWONAP.
Man awans midoo anghanil
Woman asicitawa catee coyeem
Sun coosooda pocum tahl
Earth soosaney caweh serwahl
Dog cheshee seyu poongool
Water ahs inorneh pahl
Stone ass ohm tuhnt
Fire alih sum quoat
Head huchwa oimm koonte
Mouth apman cumbo tawkunte
Hand teeik ma mah
Big nuckishnuck haylin
Little neenums wedaka
To eat ohamt pin
To give tanneeh meey
To work ickeeaht tawale

MEEWOC. YOCUT. NEESHENAM.

Man Meewa nono neeshenam or maidee
Woman Osuh mokella ciilleh
Sun Watoo ope ophy
Earth Toleh hooch eh cow
Dog Chookoo chehca sooh
Water Kikuh ilic moh
Stone Sawa sileh cam
Fire Wookeh osit sah
Head Hanna oochuh tsoll
Mouth Awoh samah sim
Hand Tissuh pooiiose mah
Big Oyaneh koteh iiem
Little Tooiichickche colich hunum
To eat Sowuh hateh pap
To give wahneh meh
To work tawhaleh towhan

Information regarding the languages spoken where

the city of San Francisco now stands, and throughout
the adjacent country, is meagre, and of a very indefinite
character. On the shores of San Francisco Bay, there
are the languages spoken by the Matalans, Salses, and
27
Quirotes, which are dialects of one mother language.
27
Dans la baie de San Francisco on distingue les tribus des Matalans,
Salsen et Quirotes, dont les langues derivent d une souche commune. Hum-
lob It, Eaaai Pol., torn, i., pp. SL1-2; Muhlenpfordt, Majico, torn, ii., pt. ii., p.
454.
 DIALECTS OF THE RUNSIEN AND ESLENE. 653

O O has bv some been called the Olhone.

This lansrua^e ty

and although other dialects are mentioned as belonging

to it, it is
generally stated that but one general lan
28
guage was spoken by all of them. Southward, near
Monterey, there are more positive data. Here we
find, as the principal languages, the two spoken by the
Runsiens and Eslenes; besides which, the Ismuracan
and Aspianaque are mentioned. 29
But although O they are called distinct lan^uaQfes,
/ O * 5

Taylor affirms that the Eslenes, Sakhones, Chalories,

Katlendarukas, Poytoquis, Mutsunes, Thamiens, and
many others, spoke different dialects of the Kunsien
language, and that over a stretch of country one hun
dred and seventy miles in length, the natives were all
able to converse with greater or less facility with each
other, and that although "their dialects were infini
tesimal and puzzling, their vocal communications were
enough when brought together at the
intelligible
different La Perouse s Achastliens and
missions."

Ecclemachs are probably nothing more than other

names for some of the above-mentioned dialects. 30
28
The tribes of Indians which roamed over this great valley, from San
Francisco to near San Juan Bautista Mission .... were the Ollioiies. Their
language slightly resembled that spoken by the Mutsuns, at the Mission of
San Juan Bautista, although it was by no means the same. Hall s San
t/ase, p. 40. In the single Mission Santa Clara more than twenty lan
guages are spoken. Kotzebue s New Voy., vol. ii., p. 98; Koizebuds Voyaije,
vol. iii.
, p. 51; JBeeckey s Voyage, vol. ii., p. 78; Choris, Voy. Pitt., pt. iii., pp.
5-C; Gander s Mex. Gnat., vol. ii., pp. 94-5.
a9
La misma dif erencia que se advierte en los usos y costumbres de una
y otra nacioa hay en sus i.liomas. Sutil y Mexicana, Vuif/e, p. 172.
3J
Each tribe has a different dialect; and though their districts are small,
the languages are sometimes so different that the neighboring tribes cannot
understand each other. I have before observed that in the Mission of San
Carlos there are eleven different dialects. Bcccheifs Voyi je, vol. ii., p. 73.
La langue de ces habitans (Ecclemachs) differe absolument de toutes
colics de lours voisins; elle a me me plus de rapport avec nos langues Europe-
enues qu avec celles de 1 Ame rique. . ..L idiome de cette nation est d ailleurs
plus riche que cclui des autrcs peuples de la Calif ornie. L i Pdrouse, Voy.,
torn, ii., pp. 324-6. La partie septentrionale de la Nouvelle-Californie est
habitee par les deux nations de Rumsen et Esceleii. Ellcs parlent dcs lan
gues eiitieremeiit differentes. Ifumbohlt, Essal Pol., torn, i., p. 321. Beyde
Darstellungen derselben sind, wie man aus der so bestiminten Erklarung
beider Scliriftsteller, dass diese zwey Viilker die Bevolkerung jener (fCgcnd
ausmaclien, schliessen muss, ohne Zweifci unter verschiedeneii Abtheilungen
Eines Volkes aufgefasst, unter dessen Zweigen die Dialekte, ungeregelt, wie
sie sind leicht grosse
Abweichungen von einander zeigen werden. rater,
Mithritlates, torn, iii., pt. iii., p. 2J2; Taylor, in Cal. Farmer, Feb. 22, Apr.
20, 1800.
654 CALIFORNIA^ LANGUAGES.

Not only do
these before-mentioned languages
all
show a relationship one with another, but there are
faint resemblances detected between them and the Ol-
hone language of San Francisco Bay. Furthermore,
between the latter and the language spoken at La
Soledad Mission, as well as that of the Olamentkes of
Russian River, which I have already classed with the
Porno family, there are faint traces of relationship. 31
ACHASTLIEN.
moukala
outis
capes
outiti

A further confirmation of
this relationship is found
in the statement of the first missionary Fathers who
travelled overland from Monterey to San Francisco,
and who, although at that time totally unacquainted
w ith these languages, recognized resemblances in cer
r

32
tain words. The dialect spoken at the Mission of
Santa Clara has been preserved to us only in the shape
of the Lord s Prayer which follows :

Appa macrene me saura saraahtiga elecpuhmen im-

ragat, sacan macrene mensaraah assueiy noumaii ourun
macari pireca numa ban saraathtiga poluma macrene
souhaii naltis anat macrene neena, ia annanit macrene
nieena, ia annanit macrene macrec equetr maccari nou-
mabaii mare annan, nou marote, jassemper macrene in
eckoue tamouniri innain tattahne icatrarca oniet ma
crene equets naccaritkoun oun och d Jesus. 38
31
Es erhellt aber aus den Zahlwortern und aiideren Wtirtern, dass die
Sprache von la Soledad,der der Runsien iiahe gleich und der der Achastlier
ahiilich ist. Busckmann, Spuren der AzteL Spr., p. 561; Turner, in Hint. Mag.,
vol. i., p. 206,
En estos indios repare que entendian mas que otros los terminos de
32

Monterey y entendi muchos terminos de lo que hablaban. .El diciendome . .

meaparn tu eres mi padre, que es la misma palabra que usan los de Mon
terey. Palou, Noticias, in Doc. Hist. Hex., serie iv., torn, vii., pp. 62-3, 59,
65, 67, 69.
^Mofras, Explor., torn, ii., p. 392.
 MUTSUN GRAMMAR. C55

Of the Mutsun dialect I give the following gram

matical notes. Words of this language do not contain
the letters b, d, Jc, f, v, x, and the rolling r.
DECLENSION OF THE WORD APPA, FATHER.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Nom. appa appagma
Gen. appa appagma
Dat. appaliuaa appagmahuas
Ace. appase apagamase
Voc. appa appagma
r appatca j or appamatca
Abl. appatsu j appagmatsu
(
or appame (
or appagmane

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB AHA", TO GIVE.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.
I give, can ara We give, macse ara
Thou givest, men ara You give, macam ara
He gives, nunissia ara They give, nupcan ara
PAST.
I gave (a very short time ago), can itzs aran
I gave (a long while ago), can cus aras
I gave (very long ago), can hoes ara
I gave (from time immemorial), can mmma aras
I gave (without mentioning time), can aran
I gave (who knows when), can ars
I gave (some time ago), can araicun
I gave (already), can aragte
FUTURE.
I shall give (soon), can et (or iete) ara
I shall give (after many days), can iti ara
I shall give (after many years), can muiina ara
I shall have given (perhaps), can pifi aran
IMPERATIVE.
Give me, arat, or aratit
G-ive thyself, araia
Give him, arai, or arati
Give them, arais
SUBJUNCTIVE.
That I give, cat ara
If I gave, imatcum can ara, or cochop tucne can ara

The language abounds in adverbs, of which I give

the following
o
1

This day neppe tengis To-morrow aruta

Now naha Since yete
Immediately iiiaha Always imi
Never ecue et Before aru
Never more eue imi Much tolon
Good niiste, utiii Very much toiupe
Bad equitseste Little cutis
Gently chequen Very little cuti
Certainly amane Yes gehe
No ecue Truly asaha, eres
1 o-day naha Look gire
65S CALIFORNIA^ LANGUAGES.

Adjectives are declined the same as substantives

when they are declined alone; but they differ in their
declension from substantives when they are declined in
connection with them, because then they do not change
their terminations, but remain the same in all the cases.
The rules of syntax are intricate and very difficult.
Father Cornelias speaks of a language at the Mis
sion ofSanta Cruz, with numerous dialects in fact, so
many, that the language changed nearly every two
leagues, and being at times so divergent, that it was
with difficulty neighboring people could understand
one another. 34 In the vicinity of the Mission San
Antonio de Padua, there is a language which has
been variously named Tatche, Telanic, and Sextapay.
It appears to be a distinct language, and Taylor affirms
that the people speaking it could not understand those
35
of La Soledad Mission, thirty miles north. In this
language the letters b, d, r, do not appear; na ex
presses the article the, and also this. There are
many different ways of expressing the plural of
nouns. Some add
the syllable il, el, I, or li, others
insert ti, or t, while others again add leg, aten, ten, or
36
teno, as may be seen in the following examples :

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Counsellor tayito tayilito
I lame me a che a liya me a che a liliya
Work tacato taqueleHo
My enemy zitcho f
n zitcho f ne a l
Brother citol cifcolancl
Grass ca*tz ca*tzanel
Man tama tamaten
Mouse e a
zzqui*lmog e a zzqui*lmoco*ten .

Oven aloconiya alocotiniya

a a
Prison que lncztigne que h:ezugtine
Fat cu*pinib cupinitleg
Woman lixii litzzin
Bone ejacd ejaclito
34
Cornelias, in Cal. Farmer, April 5, 1860.
30
Taylor, in Id., April 27, 1SGO.
30
Quod quanquam hoc idioma ineloquens videatur et inelegans, in rei
veritate non esfc valde copiosu.in, obloiigum, abundans ct eloquens.
ita: est
Arroyo de li Cuexta, Alphabs Rivulus Oliaiindus, preface; also, Arroyo de la
Cuest i, Mutsun Grammar. On the cover of the manuscript is the following
important note: Copia de la Icnrjua Mutsun en estilo Catalan a causa la
escribid un Catalan. La Castellana usa de la fuerza de la pronunciacion de
letras de otro modo en su alfabeto. The Catalans pronounce ch hard, and j
like the Germans.
 TATCHE GRAMMAR. G57

Cases do not appear to exist, the relations of the

nouns being expressed by particles. Adjectives do
not vary to show gender or degree. Personal pro
nouns are usually copulative and included in the verb,
whether subjective or objective. Of the use of the
possessive pronoun, the following examples will give
the clearest idea: Brother, citolo; my brother, citol ;
a
thy brother, e tsmitol; brothers, citolanelo; my broth
a
ers, citolanel; thy brothers, e tsmitolanel ; mother, epjo;
v
thy mother, petsmipeg; house, ch iconou; my house,
ch v icono v ; thy house, zimchvicono; blood, akata; my
blood, ekata; thy blood, cimekata; father, ecco; my
father, till; thy father, cimic; our father, tatilli;
work, tacdto ; my work, tacdt; thy work, cimtacdt;
our work, zatacdt; your work, zugtacdt; mine, zee;
a
ih me,e a tsme amee; this, na; that, pe ,

Verbs have also a plural form. Ccflom, to teach;

ca* 6 lilom, to teach much, or to teach many.

a a
The following are
prepositions by, zo; in, ne pe ; to, :

a a a v
zui, zitiyo, zo; from, ze pe ; on, zui; within, zine pa .

A few examples of adverbs are: here, zopa v ; there,

ne ape; to-day, taha; to-morrow, tixjay; yesterday,
notcieyo.
LORD S PRAYER.
Za tilli, mo a a
quixco ne pe limaatnil. An zucueteyem
Our father, thou art iu heaven. Hallowed
na etsmatz :
antsiejtsitia na ejtmilina. An citaha
the thy name: come the thy kingdom. Be done

natsmalog zui lac^ quicha ne^e lirna. Ma tiltac taha

!

thy will on earth as in heaven. Give us to-day

VOL III. 42
 G58 CALIFORNIAN LANGUAGES.

zizalamaget zizucanatel ziczia. Za manimtiltac na

our food our daily. Forgive us the

zanayl, quicha na kac apaninitilico na zananaol. Zi

Debts, as the we forgive them the our debt.

quetza commanatatelnec za alimeta zo na ziuxnia.

Let not us fall into the temptation.

Za no quissili join zig zumtaylitee. Amen. 37

Us from evil defend.

Another distinct language is found at and near the

Mission of San Miguel, but of it nothing but a short
vocabulary taken by Mr Hale is known. The language
spoken at San Gabriel and at San Fernando Rey, called
Kizh, and the Netela used at San Juan Capistrano, I
shall not describe here, but include them with the Sho-
shone family, to which they are related. The Cheme-
huevi and Cahuillo I also place among the Shoshone
dialects, while the Diegeno and Comeya will be in
cluded in the Yuma family. It therefore only remains
for me to speak of the languages of the islands near
the coast of California. Of these, the principal, or
mother language, w as spoken on the island of Santa
r

Cruz. The different tribes inhabiting the various

islands all spoke dialects of one language, which was
somewhat guttural. I insert a short vocabulary of
the Santa Cruz Island language with that of the
Mission of San Mio-uel.
o
SAN MIGUEL. SANTA CRUZ ISLAND.
Man loai, or loguai alamutin
Woman tlene hemutch
Father tata ceske
Mother apai osloe
Head tobuko pispulaoah
Hair teasakho toffooll
Ears tentkhito pasthoo
Eyes trugento tisplesoose
Mouth treliko pasaotch
One . tohi ismala
Two kogsu ischum
Three tlobahi maseghe
Four kesa scumoo
Z1
Sitjar, Vocalndario de la M. de San Antonio. The orthography em
ployed by Father Sitjar is very curious: accents, stars, small letters above or
below the line, and various other marks are constantly used; but no expla
nation of these have been found in the MS. I have, therefore, as far as possi
ble, presented the original style of writing. See also Mofras, Explor., torn,
ii., pp. 392-3.
 SAN MIGUEL AND SANTA CLARA VOCABULARY. 059

Five
Six
Seven
Eight
Nine
Ten
38
Hales Ethnoff., in U. S. Ex. EJC,, vol. vi., pp. 633-4; Taylor, in CaL
Farmer, May 4, 1860,