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MATRIX ACIDIZING
LESSON OUTCOMES
At the end of this section, the students will be able to : Understand different acid solutions. Design acidizing treatment. Identify selection criteria for acidizing.
1. Matrix Acidizing
It is applied to remove skin damage caused by drilling, completion, workover or well-killing fluids, and by precipitation of deposits from produced water. Due to the extermely large surface area contacted by acid in a matrix treatment, spending time is very short. Therefore, it is difficult to affect formation more than a few feet from the wellbore.
1. Matrix Acidizing
Removal of severe plugging in sandstone, limestone, or dolomite can result in a very large increase in well productivity. If there is no skin damage, a matrix treatment in limestone or dolomite could stimulate natural production no more than one and one-half times.
1. Matrix Acidizing
In matrix acidizing,acid flow is confined to the formations, natural pores and flow channels at a bottom pressures less than the fracturing pressures.(Fig.5.1) The purpose is to increase the permeability and porosity of the producing formation. During the matriz acidizing job, the contact area between the acid and the formation is very large. Therefore, friction pressure increases rapidly with increased pumping rates. Due to high friction pressures, matrix acidizing must be conducted at low injection rates.
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1. Matrix Acidizing
A matrix acidizing treatment consists of slowly injecting acid into the formation so that it penetrates into the pore spaces of the rock without fracturing the formation.
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1. Matrix Acidizing
Matrix acidizing is used primarily in sandstone formations to dissolve unwanted materials that have invaded the rock pores during drilling, cementing and completions operations.
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2. Acid Fracturing
The reservoir is hydraulically fractured and then the fracture faces are etched with acid to provide linear flow channels to the welbore. Two major problems involved in acid fracturing: fracture closure after etching relatively homogeneous carbonates, plugging of the fracture if appreciable undissolved fines are released by the acid.
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2. Acid Fracturing
To combat fracture closure in uniformly soluble carbonates, hydraulic fracturing and propping should be considered, as well as special acidizing techniques designed to provide flow channels. If the release of excessive fines is the problem, suspending agents are used to reduce settling and bridging of fines in the fracture during clean-up after acidizing.
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ACID ADDITIVES
The use of acid can create a number of well problems; 1. Release fines that plug the formation 2. Form emulsions 3. Corrode steel Additives are available to correct these and a number of other problems.
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RETARDATION OF ACIDS
Retardation of Acid
To achieve deeper penetration in acid fracturing, it is often desirable to retard the acid. This can be done by emulsifying, gelling, or chemically retarding the acid. Another approach is to use naturally retarded acetic or formic acid. Emulsified acid has primary application in fracture acidizing to retard reaction rate of HCl on limestone and dolomite within the temperature range of 80oF to 300oF.
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Retaradation of Acid
Retardation of HCl with Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) Calcium chloride is beneficial as a retarder when acidizing formation containing anhydrite, because CaCl2 greatly decreases the solubility of anhydrite. Retardation of HCl with CO2 Carbon dioxide retards HCl acid by cooling and by changing the kinetics of reaction. CO2 expands and provides additional clean-up following acidizing esepcially in low-pressure wells.
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Retaradation of Acid
Retardation of HCl with Acetic Acid Acetic acid reacts with limestone to form calcium acetate Ca (C2H3O2), which acts as a buffer to HCl acid.
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Matrix Acidizing
Primary purpose of matrix acidizing is to remove or bypass damage due to scale, mud, clay, or hydrocarbon deposits, and to restore natural formation permeability. Matrix treatments are usually performed by soaking, jetting or agitation, or circulation below fracture pressure. Fifteen percent HCl is normally used. Since the depth of damage is seldom more than a few feet, volume of acid needed is relativelly small.
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Acid Fracturing
Acid Fracturing is to prop the fracture faces open with sand or glass beads. The choice between acid fracturing and conventional hydraulic fracturing is often a difficult decision. If both systems appear equally feasible to obtain desired fracture flow capacity, then the decision may be based on comparative costs.
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CANDIDATE SELECTION
All carbonate formations can be candidates for acid fracturing More suitable candidate wells are as follows: Poorly performing wells due to low reservoir permeability Wells with restrictions due to damage near the well bore
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Note: (Source Wikipedia) The olfactory nerve, or cranial nerve I, is the first of twelve cranial nerves. It is instrumental in the sense of smell.
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Matrix Acidizing
This reaction slows down as the acid is spent, until finally additional radial penetration produces no additional benefit. Maximum penetration is attained when the first increment of injected acid is completely spent. Additional acid will only enlarge the cross-sectional area.
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Matrix Acidizing
In evaluating this type of acidizing,
1. 2. 3. 4. The formation is homogeneous. The pores are of uniform size. The acid penetrates uniformly and radially. The reaction rate declines uniformly with decreasing acid concentration. 5. The weight of limestone dissolved per increment of distance declines uniformly until the acid is completely spent.
On the basis of the above assumptions, the radial distance the acid will penetrate before being totally spent depends on the equation.
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Matrix Acidizing
Volume injected, ft3 = Pore volume invaded, ft3
(2.3)
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Matrix Acidizing
The only unknown factor in Eq (2.3) is the spending time t, which must be measured for the particular acid in the laboratory. The spending time for an acid depends upon the ratio of the area of the rock exposed to the acid to the volume of acid, here denoted as specific area s = (cm2 / cm3). Specific surface area can be obtained from the Kozeny equation as modified by Pirson. (2.4)
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Matrix Acidizing
The formation resistivity factor is related to the porosity by Where cementation factor m varies from 1.3 for unconsolidated sands and oolitic limestone to 2.2 for dense limestone.
Note: Source (Wikipedia) Oolite (egg stone) is a sedimentary rock formed from ooids, spherical grains composed of concentric layers. Ooids are most commonly composed of calcium carbonate (calcite or aragonite), but can be composed of phosphate, chert, dolomite or iron minerals, including hematite
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Matrix Acidizing
It was found that in matrix acidizing s is so great that the spending time for most acids is less than 15 sec. To obtain greater penetration during matrix acidizing, it is necessary to either decrease the reaction rate or increase the rate of injection of the acid into the formation.
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Matrix Acidizing
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(2.5)
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ACID-FRACTURING DESIGN
An acid fracture treatment is designed in the same manner as the hydraulic fracturing treatment, with the additional condition for the spending time of the acid. Also, as in fracturing, the design is controlled by economic factors. The main difference between fracturing and acidizing design is the absence of propping agents in the latter case. For this, an acidizing productivity ratio will be calculated considering the capacity of the fracture to be infinite.
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Example (1)
Design an acid fracture, given:
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Example (1)
Solution: The well before acidizing is producing 20 bbl of oil per day; it is desired to increase the production to 86 bbl per day. The fracture area required is
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Example (1)
The fracture width to be used in area calculations, is
The term x is
Then the fracturing efficiency is 29 percent, and the total volume of acid required is
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Example (1)
The injection rate,
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Example (1)
The bottom-hole treating pressure is
Example (1)
The surface injection pressure is
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Thank You
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