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OH&ES TRAINING CENTRE SBMN SYNERGY SDN BHD

(PSMB Training Provider Reg. No #1191) 7426, JALAN KUBANG KURUS, 24000 CUKAI, KEMAMAN, TERENGGANU. TEL : 09-8502490 / 91, 8597081 FAX : 09-8595324 / 8596819 EMAIL : sales@sbmnsynergy.com training@sbmnsynergy.com

BAKINI MHD NOR

MIM-CPT

3M COMPETENT TRAINER SINCE 1997 TRAINER ID # 01 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION PROGRAM TRAINED BY: - 3M MALAYSIA SDN BHD - 3M OH&ES DIVISION, USA - COEH UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY, USA - AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION (AIHA), USA - MALAYSIAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION (MIHA) PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS: - MEMBER OF NIOSH MALAYSIA - FULL MEMBER OF MALAYSIAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION (MIHA) - INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR RESPIRATORY PROTECTION (ISRP), AMERICAS SECTION - MEMBER OF AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS (ACGIH) - AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION (AIHA), USA

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PERMISSIBIE EXPOSURE LIMIT USING RESPIRATOR FOR NORMAL WORKSHIFT AND EXTENDED WORKSHIFT
Objectives: Ensure workers exposure to any substance is kept as low as reasonably practicable and does not exceed the substance's PEL. Determine the daily time-weighted exposure during the period when the respirator is worn and not worn. Taking into account the Assigned Protection Factor (APF) the main determinant factor that decides which respirator to be selected and Total Inward Facial Leakage (TIL), when calculating the daily time-weighted exposure during the period when the respirator is worn and not worn. Apply the Brief and Scala Model - most conservative estimate, when adjusting the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for working with extended workshift.

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PERMISSIBIE EXPOSURE LIMIT USING RESPIRATOR FOR NORMAL WORKSHIFT Daily time-weighted exposure = for periods during respirator is worn and not worn (dose) (Cw tw + Cnwtnw + Cniltnw ) 8-hour

is based on fundamental principles prescribed by :Compliance with permissible exposure limit using respirator USECHH Regulations 2000: Regulation 8 (1) For the purpose of determining whether the employer has complied within the permissible exposure limit, the degree of protection afforded by the respirator for the periods during which the respirator is worn shall be taken into account (2) The period referred to in subregulation (1) shall be averaged with the exposure level of the airborne concentration during the period when respirators are not worn to determine the employees daily time-weighted average exposure.

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PERMISSIBIE EXPOSURE LIMIT USING RESPIRATOR FOR NORMAL WORKSHIFT Compliance with permissible exposure limit using respirator By applying the formula : Daily time-weighted exposure for periods during respirator is worn and not worn (Dose) (Cw tw + Cnwtnw + Cniltnw ) 8-hour = (Cw tw + Cnwtnw + Cniltnw ) 8-hour

is based on

TWA = C1T1 + C2T2 +


(Dose)

..+ CnTn

Total Time ( 8-hour)

Where Cw tw = exposure concentration, duration while wearing respirator Cnwtnw = exposure concentration, duration while not wearing respirator Cniltnw = no exposure concentration or zero exposure

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PERMISSIBIE EXPOSURE LIMIT USING RESPIRATOR FOR NORMAL WORKSHIFT Compliance with permissible exposure limit using respirator Example Exposure for 8-hr period Don / Wear : : 350 ppm of Xylene Half facepiece respirator Type: Air Purifying Respirator (APR) Note : (APF = 10, Total Inward Facial Leakage : 10%) 5 hours 1 hour

a. Time duration doning/ wearing 3M 6000 series half facepiece respirator b. Time duration not doning/ wearing 3M 6000 series half facepiece respirator

c. Time duration not doning/ wearing 2 hours 3M 6000 series half facepiece respirator when do not expose to xylene (Lunch ,safety briefing and prayers time)

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PERMISSIBIE EXPOSURE LIMIT USING RESPIRATOR FOR NORMAL WORKSHIFT Compliance with permissible exposure limit using respirator By applying the formula : Daily time-weighted exposure for periods during respirator is worn and not worn (Dose) Step 1 := (Cw tw + Cnwtnw + Cniltnw ) 8-hour

Cw tw

= = =

exposure concentration, duration while wearing respirator 35 ppm x 5 hours 175 ppm

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PERMISSIBIE EXPOSURE LIMIT USING RESPIRATOR FOR NORMAL WORKSHIFT Compliance with permissible exposure limit using respirator Explaination: Inhalation of exposure for Xylene when respirator Is worn = Total Inward Facial Leakage x Exposure = 10% x 350 ppm = 35 ppm of Xylene Total Inward Facial Leakage 10%

APF =

Types of Respirator
Half Facepiece (Air Purifying Respirator)

Co Ci = 100% 10%

10

Note:Total Inward Facial Leakage of 10% is the maximum leakage for a given type of respirator allowed by NIOSH,USA. APF is also known as Degree of Protection.

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PERMISSIBIE EXPOSURE LIMIT USING RESPIRATOR FOR NORMAL WORKSHIFT USECHH Regulations 2000: Regulation 8 states that: (3) For the purpose of this regulation, degree of protection means the ratio of the airborne concentration of the contaminant outside the respirator to the concentration of the contaminant inside the facepiece of the respirator.
Degree of Protection Airborne Concentration of the Contaminants Outside the Respirator Workplace Exposure Concentration Total Inward Leakage (TIL) or Exposure Limit

=
Concentration of the Contaminant Inside the Respirator Facepiece

Degree of Protection = Assigned Protection Factor ( APF )


The effectiveness (degree of protection) of a respirator determined by its protection factor (PR). In the selection of respirators, the assigned protection factors are used. - Guidelines on the use of Personal Protective Equipment Against Chemicals Hazards 2005. ( Page 11 )

ASSIGNED PROTECTION FACTOR (APF)

APF needed =

*Workplace Exposure Concentration


Total Inward Leakage (TIL) or Exposure Limit

By adopting the Right APF, the leakage or Total Inward Leakage (TIL) can be reduced below the Exposure Limit
* 8-hr TWA or exposure within 15-minute TWA * Employers must identify and evaluate the respiratory hazard(s) in the workplace. This evaluation must include a reasonable estimate of employee exposures to respiratory hazard (s) and an identification of the contaminants chemical state and physical form - Guidelines On the Use of Personal Protective Equipment Against Chemicals Hazards 2005. (Page 24)

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PERMISSIBIE EXPOSURE LIMIT USING RESPIRATOR FOR NORMAL WORKSHIFT Step 2 :-

Cnwtnw

= exposure concentration, duration while not wearing respirator Exposure : 350 ppm of Xylene without wearing respirator (100% exposure) = (350 ppm x 1 hour) = 350 ppm

Step 3 :-

Cniltnw

= rest period without exposure and not wearing respirator = zero exposure x 2 hours = 0 ppm

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PERMISSIBIE EXPOSURE LIMIT USING RESPIRATOR FOR NORMAL WORKSHIFT Step 4 :Total (Cw tw + Cnwtnw + Cniltnw ) divide by 8-hour (duration of exposure) = 175 ppm + 350 ppm + 0 ppm 8-hour = 66 ppm of Xylene (Dose) 66 ppm of Xylene is below the PEL of Xylene which is 100 ppm. This is in compliance with the PEL Limits Using Respirators USECHH Regulations 2000 : Regulation 8. Able to avoid occupational diseases.

The validity of this calculation for the daily time-weighted exposure will be based on the following considerations :1. The Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE) must be approved by Director General of DOSH and tested according to international recognized standards such as ANSI, NIOSH (USA), AS,NZS, JIS and others.

Continued .. 2. Respirator selected must be based on Assigned Protection Factor (APF) > for the selected respirator Hazard Ratio Exposure 8-hr TWA PEL

APF needed =

*Workplace Exposure Concentration


Total Inward Leakage (TIL)

By adopting the Right APF, the leakage or Total Inward Leakage (TIL) can be reduced below the Exposure Limit
* 8-hr TWA or exposure within 15-minute TWA * Employers must identify and evaluate the respiratory hazard(s) in the workplace. This evaluation must include a reasonable estimate of employee exposures to respiratory hazard (s) and an identification of the contaminants chemical state and physical form - Guidelines On the Use of Personal Protective Equipment Against Chemicals Hazards 2005. (Page 24)

Continued .. 3. Respirator facepiece and equipment must be free from defects to avoid malfunction of the respirator.

Continued .. 4. Correct selection of filtering media for negative air purifiying respirator.

Beware!!! The use of incorrect cartridge or incorrect filtering gives workers a false sense of security and in addition may cause occupational diseases.

Continued .. 5. Respirator user must passed the Qualitative Fit-Test or Quantitative Fit-Test conducted by competent person trained by respirator manufacturer. Respirator Fit Test must be conducted at least once a year recommended by most respirator manufacturers.

Continued .. 6. Respirator User Seal Check (Fit Check) must be performed after donning the respirator facepiece.

The main objective of User Seal Check is to ensure proper fitting of tight fitting facepiece and minimize respirator faceseal leakages.

Continued .. 7. Prior doning, ensure that respirator user must be free from facial hair such as stubble, moustache, beard, and long side burns, that might affect the sealing surface of the respirator. Respirator user must also ensure that other PPE such as Goggle, Safety Spectacles , or other PPE should not interfere with the faceto-facepiece seal or valve function.

Continued .. 8. Appropriate chemical protective clothing including glove and other relevant PPE must be don when chemical can be absorbed through skin.

Respirator Chemical Resistant glove

Chemical Protective Clothing

Chemical Resistant Boot

Continued .. 9. RPE must be thoroughly clean, kept store so that contaminated it free from chemical contamination.

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PERMISSIBIE EXPOSURE LIMIT USING RESPIRATOR FOR EXTENDED WORKSHIFT Compliance with permissible exposure limit using respirator Example : 350 ppm of Xylene : Half facepiece respirator Type: Air Purifying Respirator (APR) Note : (APF = 10, Total Inward Facial Leakage : 10%) No. of hours worked : 12 hours per shift a. Time duration doning/ wearing 3M 6000 series half facepiece respirator b. Time duration not doning/ wearing 3M 6000 series half facepiece respirator 9 hours 1 hour Exposure Don / Wear

2 hours c. Time duration not doning/ wearing 3M 6000 series half facepiece respirator when do not expose to Xylene (Lunch ,safety briefing and prayers time)

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PERMISSIBIE EXPOSURE LIMIT USING RESPIRATOR FOR EXTENDED WORKSHIFT Compliance with permissible exposure limit using respirator By applying the formula : Daily time-weighted exposure for periods during respirator is worn and not worn (Dose) Step 1 := (Cw tw + Cnwtnw + Cniltnw ) 12-hour

Cw tw

= = =

exposure concentration, duration while wearing respirator 35 ppm x 9 hours 315 ppm

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PERMISSIBIE EXPOSURE LIMIT USING RESPIRATOR FOR EXTENDED WORKSHIFT Compliance with permissible exposure limit using respirator Explaination: Inhalation of exposure for Xylene when respirator Is worn = Total Inward Facial Leakage x Exposure = 10% x 350 ppm = 35 ppm of Xylene Total Inward Facial Leakage 10%

APF =

Types of Respirator
Half Facepiece (Air Purifying Respirator)

Co Ci = 100% 10%

10

Note:Total Inward Facial Leakage of 10% is the maximum leakage for a given type of respirator allowed by NIOSH,USA. APF is also known as Degree of Protection.

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PERMISSIBIE EXPOSURE LIMIT USING RESPIRATOR FOR EXTENDED WORKSHIFT Step 2 :-

Cnwtnw

= exposure concentration, duration while not wearing respirator Exposure : 350 ppm of Xylene without wearing respirator (100% exposure) = (350 ppm x 1 hour) = 350 ppm

Step 3 :-

Cniltnw

= rest period without exposure and not wearing respirator = zero exposure x 2 hours = 0 ppm

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PERMISSIBIE EXPOSURE LIMIT USING RESPIRATOR FOR EXTENDED WORKSHIFT Step 4 :Total (Cw tw + Cnwtnw + Cniltnw ) divide by 12-hour (duration of exposure) = 315 ppm + 350 ppm + 0 ppm 12-hour = 55 ppm of Xylene (Dose) The normal PEL for Xylene 100 ppm is no longer valid for extended workshift. Need to be adjusted using Brief and Scala model.

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PERMISSIBIE EXPOSURE LIMIT USING RESPIRATOR FOR EXTENDED WORKSHIFT

Selected Model : Brief and Scala Brief and Scala model is the simplest and most conservative model. Conservative means results in the greatest reduction of the exposure limit. Brief and Scala compensates for unusual work schedules by reducing the permissible concentration in proportion to both the increase in exposure time and the reduction in recovery time.

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PERMISSIBIE EXPOSURE LIMIT USING RESPIRATOR FOR EXTENDED WORKSHIFT

BRIEF AND SCALA MODEL


This model, originally derived within the petroleum industry, reduces the 8-hour OEL/PEL proportionally for both increased exposure and reduced recovery time. The suggested approach is set out below. Daily Adjustments of Occupational Exposure Limits : Daily Reduction Factor =

8 x h

24 h 16

)}

Where h = hours worked per day Adjusted Exposure Limit = 8 hr TLV/PEL/OEL x Daily Reduction Factor

8 h

( 2416h )}

ADJUSTMENT OF TLV/PEL/OEL FOR EXTENDED WORKSHIFT USING BRIEF AND SCALA MODEL
EXTENDED WORKSHIFT Work Duration ( h ) (Hours Worked Per Day) 10 hours 12 hours Daily Reduction Factor 0.7 0.5

Adjusted PEL = PEL x Daily Reduction Factor Explaination on Derivation of Reduction Factor A) Extended workshift Reduction Factor = 10 hours worked per day = (8/10) x (24 10) / 16) = 0.7 (Reduction Factor) = 12 hours worked per day = (8/12) x (24 12) / 16) = 0.5 (Reduction Factor)

B) Extended Workshift Reduction Factor

ADJUSTMENT OF TLV/PEL/OEL FOR EXTENDED WORKSHIFT USING BRIEF AND SCALA MODEL
Chemical Exposed : Xylene TLV / PEL / OEL : 100 ppm Formula for Brief & Scala : 8 x (24-h) x PEL 16 x h
Work Duration ( h ) (Hours Worked Per Day) Rest Period (Recovery Time) Daily Reduction Factor Adjusted TLV/PEL/OEL ( ppm ) 10 hours 14 hours 0.7 70 ppm 12 hours 12 hours 0.5 50 ppm

Note : Work Duration Recovery Time Adjusted TLV/PEL/OEL Brief and Scala Model is the most conservative estimate.

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PERMISSIBIE EXPOSURE LIMIT USING RESPIRATOR FOR EXTENDED WORKSHIFT

BRIEF AND SCALA MODEL

Adjusted Exposure Limit for Xylene for 12 hours exposure

8 x (24 h) x PEL 16 x h

where h = hours worked per day

= =

8 x (24 12) x 100 ppm 16 x 12 50 ppm

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PERMISSIBIE EXPOSURE LIMIT USING RESPIRATOR FOR EXTENDED WORKSHIFT 55 ppm is the Daily Time-Weighted Average for 12 hours exposure > 50 ppm adjust PEL for Xylene using Brief & Scale Model for 12 hours work period.

When Daily TWA for 12-hr exposure exceeded the adjusted PEL, Xylene may be elevated in the blood which may lead to occupational disease. Recommendations :First recommendation Select respirator with next higher APF which Full Facepiece (APR) with APF of 50.

APF = *50
* Assigned Protection Factors for the Revised Respiratory Protection Standard ; Occupational Safety and Health Administration U.S. Department of Labor ; OSHA 3352-02, 2009

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PERMISSIBIE EXPOSURE LIMIT USING RESPIRATOR FOR EXTENDED WORKSHIFT Compliance with permissible exposure limit using respirator Example Exposure for 12-hr period Don / Wear : 350 ppm of Xylene

: Full facepiece respirator Type: Air Purifying Respirator (APR) Note : (APF = 50, Total Inward Facial Leakage : 2%) No. of hours worked : 12 hours per shift a. Time duration doning/ wearing 3M 6000 series half facepiece respirator b. Time duration not doning/ wearing 3M 6000 series half facepiece respirator 9 hours 1 hour

c. Time duration not doning/ wearing 2 hours 3M 6000 series half facepiece respirator when do not expose to xylene (Lunch ,safety briefing and prayers time)

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PERMISSIBIE EXPOSURE LIMIT USING RESPIRATOR FOR EXTENDED WORKSHIFT Compliance with permissible exposure limit using respirator By applying the formula : Daily time-weighted exposure for periods during respirator is worn and not worn (Dose) Step 1 := (Cw tw + Cnwtnw + Cniltnw ) 12-hour

Cw tw

= = =

exposure concentration, duration while wearing respirator 7 ppm x 9 hours 63 ppm

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PERMISSIBIE EXPOSURE LIMIT USING RESPIRATOR FOR EXTENDED WORKSHIFT Compliance with permissible exposure limit using respirator Explaination: Inhalation of exposure for Xylene when respirator Is worn = Total Inward Facial Leakage x Exposure = 2% x 350 ppm = 7 ppm of Xylene
Total Inward Facial Leakage

Types of Respirator Half Facepiece (Air Purifying Respirator)

APF = Co Ci = 100% 2% *50

2%

Note:Total Inward Facial Leakage of 2% is the maximum leakage for a given type of respirator allowed by NIOSH,USA. APF is also known as Degree of Protection.
* Assigned Protection Factors for the Revised Respiratory Protection Standard ; Occupational Safety and Health Administration U.S. Department of Labor ; OSHA 3352-02, 2009

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PERMISSIBIE EXPOSURE LIMIT USING RESPIRATOR FOR EXTENDED WORKSHIFT Step 2 :-

Cnwtnw

= exposure concentration, duration while not wearing respirator Exposure without wearing respirator (100% exposure) : 350 ppm of Xylene = (350 ppm x 1 hour) = 350 ppm

Step 3 :-

Cniltnw

= rest period without exposure and not wearing respirator = zero exposure x 2 hours = 0 ppm

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PERMISSIBIE EXPOSURE LIMIT USING RESPIRATOR FOR EXTENDED WORKSHIFT Step 4 :Total (Cw tw + Cnwtnw + Cniltnw ) divide by 12-hour (duration of exposure) = 63 ppm + 350 ppm + 0 ppm 12-hour 34 ppm of Xylene (Dose) The normal PEL for Xylene 100 ppm is no longer valid for extended workshift.

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PERMISSIBIE EXPOSURE LIMIT USING RESPIRATOR FOR EXTENDED WORKSHIFT

34 ppm is the Daily Time-Weighted Average 12 hours exposure using Full Facepiece (APR)

<

50 ppm adjusted PEL for Xylene using Brief & Scala Model for 12 hours work period.

Occupational Disease can be avoided. Second recommendation: Half Facepiece APF can be selected provided the duration of exposure is reduced. Implement job rotation

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PERMISSIBIE EXPOSURE LIMIT USING RESPIRATOR FOR EXTENDED WORKSHIFT

LIMITATIONS ON BRIEF AND SCALE MODEL

Not applicable to justify very high exposures for short durations Not appropriate for many of the metals and mineral dust. However, recommended standards for extended workshift operation, please refer to :Recommended Exposure Reduction Factors for Western Australian Mining Industry.

Reference :Department of Minerals and Energy Western Australia, Discussion Paper : Unusual Workshift and Occupational Exposure Standards. J Oostehorf, 1983. Document No. ZME263AA.

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PERMISSIBIE EXPOSURE LIMIT USING RESPIRATOR FOR EXTENDED WORKSHIFT

LIMITATIONS ON BRIEF AND SCALE MODEL


Example Exposure to silica dust for extended workshift for 192 hours per month. Health effect of silica is Silicosis. Typical respiratory disease. Threshold Limit Value for Silica is 0.025 mg/m3 TLV Silica (R) TLV/BEI 2011 ACGIH Booklet 0.025 mg/m3 [(R) means respirable] = 0.022 mg/m3 x x Exposure Reduction Factor 170/x for more than working hours > 170 hours /month 170 192

Adjusted TLV for Silica Working hours = 0.022 mg/m3 of Silica greater than 170 hours per month

Take Care and Good Luck

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