Title: Pest and Pest Control, Techniques in Agriculture (1st page) Acknowledgement (2nd page) First of all I give

my sincerely thanks to my god for helping me to complete this project. And also I express my sincere to my parents, teachers and friends for doing my project work successfully. Kainady 1-8-2009 Abstract (School master pg.143) Introduction Amal lal D.S (Signature)

In the 17th and 18th centuries the first systematic attempts were made to study and control pests. Before this time, handpicking and spraying were the usual methods of pest control. In the 19th century, poisons of various types were developed for use in sprays, and biological controls such as predatory insects were also used. Resistant plant varieties were cultivated; this was particularly successful with the European grapevine, in which the grape-bearing stems were grafted onto resistant. This project is the comparative study of different types of pests and pathogens affected in plants and animals. We understood about the different types of pests and diseases, symptoms and their control measures. So many areas of the world facing serious food shortages, researchers seek to reduce this loss by improving pest control.
Objective What are the pests affected on plants and Animals? How can we control pests? How can we reduce the pests in Natural Methods?

Collected Information Chemical Control

The chemical agents called pesticides include herbicides (for weed control), insecticides, and fungicides. More than half the pesticides used in the United States are herbicides that control weeds. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimates indicate that 86 percent of U.S. agricultural land areas are treated with herbicides, 18 percent with insecticides, and 3 percent with fungicides. The amount of pesticide used on different crops also varies. For example, in the United States, about 67 percent of the insecticides used in agriculture are applied to two crops, cotton and corn; about 70 percent of the herbicides are applied to corn and soybeans, and most of the fungicides are applied to fruit and vegetable crops.

Most of the insecticides now applied are long-lasting synthetic compounds that affect the nervous system of insects on contact. Among the most effective are the chlorinated hydrocarbons DDT, chlordane, and toxaphene The most effective herbicides are the compounds of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), only a few kilograms of which are required per hectare to kill broad-leaved weeds while leaving grains unaffected. Non Chemical Control Many pests that are attached to crop residues can be eliminated by plowing them underground. Simple paper or plastic barriers placed around fruit trees deter insects, which can also be attracted to light traps and destroyed. Weeds can be controlled by spreading grass, leaf, or black plastic mulch. Weeds also may be pulled or hoed from the soil.

Many biological controls are also effective. Such insect pests as the European corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis, and the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica, have been controlled by introducing their predators and parasites. Wasps that prey on fruit-boring insect larvae are now being commercially bred and released in California orchards. The many hundreds of species of viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and nematodes that parasitize pest insects and weeds are now being investigated as selective control agents. Another area of biological control is breeding host plants to be pest resistant, making them less prone to attack by fungi and insects. The use of sex pheromones is an effective measure for luring and trapping insects
Pest in Plants

Three types of pests can plague gardens: weeds, insects, and diseases. A weed is any plant that grows where the gardener does not want it. Weeds are undesirable because they compete with garden plants for light, water, and nutrients. Common methods for controlling weeds include pulling them up by hand; digging them out; and cutting them off using a hoe or mower. One way to slow the growth of weeds is to cover the soil with a layer of mulch, which blocks out the light and air that weeds need to grow. Weeds also can be controlled by treating them with a weed killer, or herbicide. Like fertilizers, weed killers can be organic or synthetic Insects damage plants by chewing leaves or other plant parts by sucking the liquid from the plant, or in some cases, by transmitting viruses. The number of damaging insects can be reduced by growing a variety of plants in the garden. Different plants attract different insects, including some that attack insect pests. Another method for preventing insect damage is to cover young plants with a floating row cover, which is a very thin, white, gauzy blanket that keeps many insects away from the plants. Another preventive method is to grow plants bred for resistance to insect pests.

Aphids on a Cabbage Plant Aphids are small insects found throughout temperate regions of the world. They parasitize a variety of wild and commercially important plants by sucking out plant fluids. Because aphids exude a sweet, sticky fluid that can be used by certain species of ants, herds of aphids are often found guarded and tended by ants.

Natural Pest Control Ladybird beetles, or ladybugs, have had their name since the Middle Ages, when people looked upon them as a gift from the Virgin Mary because of their miraculous eating habits. As both larvae and adults, ladybugs feed on aphids and other agricultural pests. Many gardeners buy ladybugs at garden stores and release them in their gardens to stave off aphids.

Pest in Agriculture

Insecticides are applied to soil and crops in the form of granules, dust, or liquid sprays. A variety of mechanical spraying and dusting equipment is used to spread chemicals on crops and fields; the machinery may be self-powered, or drawn and powered by a tractor. In areas where large crops of vegetables and grain are grown, airplanes are sometimes used to dust or spray pesticides. Chemical pesticides are used in nearly all modern farming operations. However, increasing concern over the harmful effects that pesticides may have on the environment has led to the use of alternative forms of pest control. For example, farmers use crop rotation to prevent pests that feed on a certain crop from becoming entrenched and infesting the field. Also, certain pests are controlled by introducing an organism that damage or kill the pests, but leaves the crops unharmed. Finally, scientists genetically engineer crops to be more resistant to troublesome pests Pest and Pest Control, Techniques in Agriculture (School Master pg. 144)

Pictures and notes related to pest control

Crop Dusters Crop dusters release their payloads on an Arizona lettuce field. Light, responsive planes allow pilots to maneuver only a few feet above the fields surface. Although this technique allows farmers to treat large crops in a relatively short time, much of the pesticide may be lost in the wind.

Insect Prevention, Mozambique This worker sprays insecticide by hand on a garden in Mozambique. Farming is an important economic activity in the country and employs most of the labor force, yet only 4 percent of the countrys land is cultivated. Agriculture in the country is recovering from a serious decline that resulted from civil war and drought.

Insect Trap in a Cotton Field

Insect larvae, especially the pink bollworm, are especially damaging to cotton crops because they eat cotton seeds. This insect trap uses pheromones, chemical signals that affect animal behavior, to lure male insects inside the container. Without males to fertilize the females' eggs, the life cycle of the insect is disrupted. Insect traps are a form of biological pest control, a method that does not use environmentally harmful chemicals.

Pest Control or Pollution? Pest control has become a difficult issue for farmers because of its potential environmental impact. Although the insecticide being sprayed on this potato field will eliminate a generation of Colorado potato beetles, it may also contaminate local food and water sources. Pest and crop Affected (Lab our India pg. 86)

Analysis Pest Control, any of a wide range of environmental interventions that have as their objective the reduction to acceptable levels of insect pests, plant pathogens, and weed populations. Specific control techniques include chemical, physical, and biological mechanisms. Despite all the control efforts used. Many biological controls are effective. Such insect pests
as the European corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis, and the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica, have been controlled by introducing their predators and parasites.

Conclusion Scientific methods are now applied to pest control, limiting overuse of insecticides and fungicides and employing more varied and targeted application techniques. New understanding of significant biological control measures and the emphasis on integrated pest management make possible more effective control of certain kinds of insects. It could be understood about the Pest and Pest control, Techniques in Agriculture.And also could learn about the peculiarities of pets and control measures. Suggestions (School Master pg. 147)

Reference Encyclopedia Karshakasree Nature Bulletin