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3. MSf]l *VS{MS$Z BMSfl yl$l]l#l$l *^l {*V> ]l^lyl?
4. MSf]l *VS{MS$Z M>l ]l VS$_ ]l^lyl?
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2. l$l$Pl MS As H$s?
3. BMSMS, S$MS VS$_ >$yl?
4. G[M>tl {VSl As H$s? M E]lyl?
5. BMS$Z yl Hyl]l, G l$$M]l^l$a?
6. i]l{MS$ As H$s? M i]l{MS$ $ >$yl?
5 ]l*$P {$ (r)
1. BMS$ Ayl$zMl r X, V>]l$ VS$^lyl?
>{MS$
i ]l$]l$VSylMS$ l ]lyMS, A VSyMS.. A]l]l$MS* l$]l$, Ar$l$
]l$ Gl$P]lyMS, i]l{MS$$ fyMS MS M>.
D MS B > BMSMS > $.
i]l#Z B >$ BMSMS ^l MS H^l {MS$]l$ ">{MS$' As$.
l]l ^l, >{MS$ D ylsMS BMSfl M>. D yl$ ^lZ MS yl$l]l#l$.
l]l ^lZ ^lMSP llr ]lV> ]l* ]l$yl$l$. >{MS$Z D lV> fVSl$.
l]l ^lZ ]l*l$MS >$ l*$M>]l#. >{MS$Z ]l*l$MS >$ l*
]l#.
>{MS$ yl$ M>$:
1) BMSfl ]l$SZ >{MS$ fWl " l >{MS$' As$.
2) BMSfl {l$$ MS$y >{MS$ fWl "A >{MS$' As$.
>{MS$Z llr VS*Mg A$]l#$ _e]lOl$ O$MS B]l$V> ]l*$l$. D l]l$
"VSM>' As$. C yl$ M> >{MS$Z f$VS$l$.
A >{MS$Z BMSfl Eyll$. M>st Dt MS$ O$MS B]l* Cl (BP)V>
]l*$$. D ^l]l$ "MS]l' As$.
A i]l#Z B > BMSMS MSZ f$VS$l$. Al$]l "MS >{MS$'
As$.
>{MS$Z BMSMS ^l MS yl$l ^l >]l$ ">{MS*>$' As$.
E: M>O{ylr$, M]l# >$.
MS Z MS El]l Ol$sZM>{yl*Z f$VS$l$. Al$]l Ol$sZM>{yl*]l$ "MS
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G[M>tl Ol${MP > ]l*{ll$ s tV> ^l*ylVS.
Ol$sZM>{yl*Z O VS, Z VS Es.
l$sZM>{yl*Z Z l^l MS]l "]l*{MS' Er$.
Ol$sZM>{yl* Z l^MS ]lyl$l$ ZMS$ ^^l$aM Es. s "{MSt' As$.
{MStO ^ QZ {l$MS $]l#$ A]l$ Es.
Ol$sZM>{yl* O VS l^l MS Er$.
>{MS$MS$ MS El]lMS$ A]l]l$$ GOg]l Ol$sZM>{yl* Z l^l, ]l*{MS,
{l$MS $]l#Z Es.
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2. >{MS$Z lyl yl$l]l#l$l G *^lVS]l#?
3. A, l >{MS$ ]l$l ]l$ >$yl?
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3. {hrZ E_]l $, MS*V>$$, VS$yl$ GMS$P]l M> yl]lMS$y Es?
M> H$s?
4. , Al >{MS$MS$ VS $ lyl?
fl$]l#Z >{*$
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2. MSf]l*VS{MS$, >{MS$ ]l$l ]l$ ]l^lyl?
2 ]l*$P {$
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2. ^l>{MS$ As H$s?
3. ]lyl$^l$MS$MS$y G EylVS$VS$l$?
4. MSMS _]ll]lMS$, MSf]l*VS{MS$, >{MS$MS$ ]l$l l H$s?
5. M> MSMS, BMSMS MS$ ]l$l l H$s?
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2. ]l*]l]l l$&Al > r X, V>]l$ VS$^lyl?
4 ]l*$P {$
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2. MS$yl, Gyl]l$ fuMS ]l$l ]l$ lyl?
3. AMS MS yl]l As H$s? A G $? AMSyl]l MSVSMS$y $M]l
g{VSl$ H?
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2. l$ l]l VS$_ MS$V> >$yl?
3. JMS ]lMS .. 120/80 A >>$. C ls l$#l$?
4. VS$ylr$ As H$s? ]l MSVS ]lt H$s?
5. ]l$ { As H$s?
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MSZ MS$:
MSZ ]lyl$ M> MS$ E. A..
1. G{Or$ (G{MSMS$)
2. *MOr$ (lMSMS$)
3. *SMSMS$
MSMS$
GOr$
*SMSMS$
*MOr$
G{V>]l$ZOr$
{V>]l$ZOr$
Gy
]l*{sZ
Or$
l*Or$
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G{MSMS$ (G{Os):
MSZ G{MSMS$ GMS$P]l QZ Es.
^l]l G{MS MSZ MSVSM>O]l Ol$sZM>{yl*, MS{lMS, O]l$, V>j
>, Alj]l {l]lg, OZ]l$ llO]l Eyl]l#.
G{ MSMS El ""G{'' As$.
G{ MS$ 120 k$ i.
AW]l G{MSMS$ GMS$P]lV> Z]l$, Ml]lMS$ M>$Z _e]l A]l#.
Al$MS ""G{MSMS >]lsMS'' (Burial Group of RBC) As$.
G{MSMS i]lZ ""l*V'' Er$.
l*V BMSf, M>OylBOMSy Z {l ]l$.
lMSMS$ (*MOs):
*MOr]l$ lMSMSs$.
lMSMS$ 12 & 13 k$ i]lV> Es.
sZ l*V Eyll$. M>st sMS VS$ Eyll$.
lMSMS$ ZMS {l^l {MS]l]l$ MS_ l. Al$MS s ""SMS MS$''A
s$.
lMSMSZ {V>]l$ZOr$$, G{V>]l$ZOr$ Al yl$ ]lQ M>$.
{V>]l$ZOr MS$ i]lZ AlMSM> MSMS$ Es. sZ 3 M>$.
1. Gy
2.
3. ]l*{sZ
G{V>]l$ZOr i]lZ MSMS$yl]l#. C yl$ M>$.
1. Or$ 2. l*Or$
MSMSMS$:
MSMSMS$, MS VSylzMSrtylZ {]lQ {l ]l.
C AyM>V>, VS${ylV> MS MS$M>V> Es. sZ MS{lMS Eyll$.
]lQOl$]l {$
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1. G{ As H$s?
2. G{MSMS >]lsMS A l]ls$? Gl$MS$?
3. , MSs G ]lV> Er$?
4. lMSMSZ {]l M>$ H?
5. As H$s? E*VS H$s?
4 ]l*$P {$:
1. G{MSMS$, lMSMS ]l$l ly?
l
l
l
{]l*MS$ VS$O]l MS, VS$MS$, _MSl fVS ]ll$, fW]l l>l M> GMSP$.
JMS ]lMS MS, ]l$MSMS > GMSP^ly "MS {l]l]l$s$'.
1900 ]llZ M> yl t]l MS ]l>Y]l$ MS]l$Vyl$.
l ]l>Y MS ]l]l]l$ MS]lyl$ G{MS MS$ JMS JMSs ^l f, VS$^leV>
(Clump) Hyl . "VS$^leMS' (Agglutination) As$.
]l*]l]l#Z 4 MS ]l>Y$.
MS ]l>Y {f]lM>$ G{MS MS l^ $l Es.
MS ]l>Y {f]lM>$ MSZ Z Es.
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MS ]lY 'A':
D ]lY ]lMS$Z G{MS MS $l {f]lMS 'A', Z {SMS 'B' Es.
MS ]lY 'B':
D ]lY ]lMS$Z G{MS MS $l {f]lMS 'B', Z {SMS 'A' Es.
MS ]lY 'AB':
D ]lY ]lMS$Z G{MS MS $l {f]lMS 'A', {f]lMS 'B' yl$ Es. Z
{SMS 'A', {SMS 'B' yl* Eyl]l#.
MS ]lY 'O':
MS ]lY
G{MS MS $l {f]lMS Z {SMS
A
B
Z {f]lMS 'A', {f]lMS 'B' yl* Eyl]l#. A
B
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A
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A, B
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VS{ls$.
'O' MS ]lY VS ]lMS$Z G{MS MS $l {f]lM>$ Eyl]l#. D M> {VS_]l Z
MS VS$^e$ Hyl]l#. Al$]l 'O' ]lY ]lMS$]l$ ls$.
MS {VSl MS ]lY, l MS ]lY .
'AB'
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1. MS VS$^leMS VS$_ MS$V> >$yl.
2. MS {l]l G ^l$? M> G]l$ ]l ^l^l$a?
3. l$ A G]l As$? {VSl$ A G]l As$?
4. ]l*]l]l MSZ VS {f]lM>?
ll BMS ]l]l S$
l A V>Z ]l${VSV> A]l ^llylZ l BMS $, S$ {]lQ {l
]l. l $>]lMS stOl$]l BMS ]l]l ll]lMS s. {^lZ lVSV> A]l
^ll$l$]l BMS ]l]lZ ll JMSs. G $ Gl$Pr* MS*y l BMS ]l]l
]ll$MS$ VS$l$.
]l$]l
r yl^l M>$:
1. Q (O ]l$_ AMt)
2. (AMt ]l$_ ]l*a)
3. f*l (]l*a ]l$_ l)
]lR>$:
- s l BMS ]l]lZ $VSlMS$ {s ]l ]l yl M>. D yl
yl.B. V>ylY "BMS all'V>, $ i "BMS l]l$ MVrtyl'V> A]l~^$.
- ]l]l$ l V>O Bylz f 1951Z 70 >l Es, {$l 57 >l
E.
- fZ {V>$ f 1951Z 83 >l Es 2001Z 72 >l E.
(4 ]l*$P$)
ll ]l*hMS&BMS > A]l*]lV> EylsMS {]l M> *Z
A]l*]ll.
{flMS *Z VS]l$ MS]lyl ]l A SV> BMS ]l]lO {]l
^l*$.
BVS M>Z A]l$Z E]l *$ JylylMS ll$ A]l*]l ]l*hMS BMS >MS
f l>. A...
f$ l:
As]lMS$ ]l$$ ]l*$ ^l$]l $MS]l$ D l > * $f]l*]l$$V> (f$
$$V>) ]l*a, fOl$]l * $f]l*]l$]l$ M$$V> ]l*>a$.
M$ ]l$_ f$$ $l^leV> $ ]l*$ ^l$.
]l$ l:
D lZ *$ _]l MS$r$ ]lMS ^lV> VS$$.
B {lZ $ MS]ll$O Es$.
{$MS ]l$ MSst]l ll l.
O l:
D lZ *$ MSs# ]l Ol$ l$V> {$MS ]l$ MSst.
D MSV> BVS$ * $f]l*]l MS$P]l$ Ms VS$_ *]l$ ]l>Y]l$ t
^$. D ]l>Y$ ]l ]l$_ ]l*hMS, BMS A]l*]llMS$ M>MS$*$.
]lQV>
6. ]l]lMSl VS As H$s?
(2 ]l*$P$)
^l$ lZ El, E l$*$]l {]l$$, ]l]l$ V>]l$
]l]lMSl VSV> $$.
{]l$$: $, $$, ${l MS>$, CfVS ]l$]l#$, ]l$,
G[M>tMS ]l$]l#$.
7. A]l]ll VS As H$s?
(2 ]l*$P$)
EV>$, i Z JMS $$l l MS$s, _]ll, A {]l$]l$
A]l]lMSl VSV> Ps$.
]l]l$ > i]l l {V>$ {f, {>$MS$ Q, El D VSZl
GMS$P]lV> E.
MS$s, A, _]ll {]l$$: R, {V>$ {]l$$, ^lll, yl$, AVS l*,
^l]l$$, ]l MSM>$ ]ll$$.
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h]l$:
h NhMO Al {l# ]l]l ]l$_ llsV> h]l$ l$ ^l>$.
M>yl VS yl]l#V> VSylZ hMS$ JMS {]lQOl$]l {]l E.
h]l$ ^lyl ]l]l B, $ ]ls $ AMS $V> (Parthnocarpy) ]l*y
MS l ^l.
stV> Eyl u> lMSPMS$ h yl]l#yl$ A yl]l#V> $VS$.
C $]lZ Eyl l l$P$#.
> l*Z($ MS]l {]l$$)]l$, lZ GOl$g ^l]l$ Elf^lyMS
h E*W$.
A
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OsZOMS$:
lMSPZ MSf]l, MS yl]l# AMS ^l$yMS E*VSyl >]l$ OsZOMS$
As$.
BMS$ ]l*]l B ^l VS$ OsZOMSZ E.
OsZOMS {]l* yl$sMS$ Q]l$ lWY$.
OsZOMS$ M>i, M ]ls BMS$MS* r]l$ lV> ]lMS$y gV> Eylrr$
^l$VS]l#.
C #]l$ gV> Eylrr$ ^l$VS]l#.
AM B]l$:
AM B]l$ lMSP $VS$l]l$ $.
C lVSY$, l$$, l $]l]l$ MS$VS^l$.
BMS$$, #$, M>$$ >]ly {l$.
A]lt l$Z ABA lMSP {l{$ ]ll_ s]lt B#l$.
COl :
MSlMS$ COl Al $]l E*VSyl$l$.
COl M>yl $VS$l]l$ , M>yl AylzV> ll$rr$ {_, lMSP $VS$lZ
]l*$ MS$VS^l$. lV> M>yl Ol E]lr$ MS$.
A]l $VS$l ${^l >MS$ MS_ MS A JMSMMSs ]lMSV> ^l
lMSP $VS$l]l$ ${.
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1. BMS$ As H$s? A lMSP $VS$l]l$ G {l ^l?
2. lMSP $VS$l, A]lZ h {l H$s?
3. lMSP $VS$l >$ JMSMMSs MS () A JMSMMSs $lV>
^l. D M> ]l$^lyMS M E$ C]lyl?
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2 ]l*$P {$:
1. A{V>MS As H$s?
2. lMSPZ OsZOMS {]l H$s?
3. h$, AM B]l$ ]l$l $ ]l^lyl?
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{VS:
{VS ^ _]lV> Er$. C l u> Wf ]l*Z Er$.
Z A Cl Al{ {VSl$$ ${lZ Es. Al$]l "{]l
{VS' (Master Gla-nd) As$.
{VS {^l M ]l$& $VS$l ]l$, {MStl, BMSsZl, {l
llO]l.
]l ]l$$Z lW]ll $VS$l l {^lMSl, $VS$lMS$ BrMS Hyl$
l$. Ar$]ls $ ]l$$VS$kj$V> Es$. "]l$$VS$kjl]l' (Dwarfism) As$.
$VS$l l A GMS$P]l lZ El Al Ar$]ls Z G]lMS$, AV>$
GMS$P]lV> W $ AM>$V> MS$. AM>$l (Gigantism) As$.
lW]ll ]l*Z {l El M>MSl AV> ]l{lj]l A]l#l$. D
yl*s Cyl As$.
A]lr$ {VS (Thyroid Gland):
A]lr$ {VS l$ylZ MS lVSYZ Er$. C Ol>MSl]l$ {$.
A]lr$ {VS {]l, i]l{MS$ r$ ^l$l$. Z GMS$P]l E~{VSl El A$rr$
^l$.
lW]ll Ol>MSl l El M>MSl, $VS$l lMS$POl, $ ]l*]lMSV> GlVS$.
D "{MSsfl$' As$.
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VSl #sMS$:
M]l$ ${]l$ {VS. Z Ml VS $ VS {VS V>]l$, Ml VS Al{ {VS
V>]l$ Es.
M]l$Z Al{ VS C]l$l, VS*MSV>l]l$ {.
C]l$l VS*Mg]l$ VSMflV> ]l*aylZ ylyl$l$.
lW]llV> C]l$l El M>MSl MSZ VS*Mg W, A MS ]l$_ ]l{lr$
jl]l$]l#l$. "]l$l$l$ ' "yl*s $r' As$.
VS*MSV>l VSMfl VS*MgV> ]l*aylZ $yl$l$.
f M>$ (Gonads):
if M>$ (]lP, fM) *VS gMS$ El ^l$yll$ M>MS l]l$ MS*y
El ^l.
]lP$ stt>l Al l {.
stt>l {ts {VSl$, ${M>* A]lMS $ ^l$.
#$$Z VSylz, $$, #$$ MSu ]ls $ OWMS S A]lZ MS*y
stt>l {l ]l$.
fM>$ D[tfl, {gt>l Al ]l$]l$ yl$l ^l.
VS>$, ]l {VSl$$, Z$l A]lZ D[tfl ylyl$l$.
{gt>l GMS$P]lV>, VS ]l$$Z VS>$ VSyMS, yl {]lMS$, f>
D ^tZ ]lQOl$]l {$
4 ]l*$P {$
1. Z {VS {]lQ H$s? D {VS yl$l ^l ]l$]l$ P s
^l$ lyl?
2. A]lMSP {VSl$]l$ VS$_ >$yl?
A
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2 ]l*$P {$
1. {^l l st, Z G M> {VSl$$? A H?
2. Z {]l {VS A l As$? Gl$]l?
3. ${]l$ {VS As H$s? JMS E C]lyl?
4. # V>r Gl$MS$ Hyl$l$?
5. yl*s Cyl, yl*s $r ]l$l $ >$yl?
6. {MSsfl$, ss]l$ _^lyl?
MS{$ yl ]l]l
l$lyl$
MS$ yllyl
$ yl ]l]l
MSyl$$
MS$ yl$$
$^l yl ]l]l
]l$*l
yl]l]l
]l$*l
yl]l]l
A
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l]l$]l:
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$ yl]l]l:
l$lyl$, l]l$]l ]l$_ El^l yl$s MS ""$ yl]l]l'' (Peripheral
Nervous System) As$.
$ yl ]l]lZ 43 fl yl$$. sZ 12 fl MSyl$$, 31 fl
l]l$yl$$ E.
12 fl MS yl$Z 10]lOl]l ""lVS'' (Vagus) yl ]lQOl$. C l$ l]l,
M]l$ {VS { ${$.
]l$]l ^ll$ HOl lyl]l$]l#]l$ MS]l#yl$, s lrl l]lMS$P $MS$s. GMS$P]l M>
MS$l ylz#yl$, lrl MS$ ]l$MS$s. C]l ""AMSl {M> ^l$'' (Reflex
Actions)
{M> ^l>^Z
VS
1. {V>MS
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]lQOl$]l {$
4 ]l*$P {$:
1. ]l*]l]l ]l$P > ]l~^lyl?
2. l]l$]l >, VS$_ MS$V> >$yl?
3. {M> ^l>^ r $ ]l^lyl?
4. l]l l, l]l l {^lMS$ ]l$ >$yl?
A
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2 ]l*$P {$:
1. OVS , As H$s? s]l MSVS E*VS H$s?
2. ]l*]l]l# l$lyl$ H lV> A* ]l$_ Sl$l$?
3. l]l$]l l$?
4. {M> ^l>^ VS$_ MS$V> >$yl?
5. HOl lyl]l$]l# $ ^lMS MS]lyl$, lrl $MS$ l$MS$y ^l l]lMS$P G
$VS ^lyl?
]l*]l]l yl]l]l
H
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MS A yl$$ As$.
${]l$ yl$Z gq]l, ^MS yl ll$]l#$ yl* Es.
* ]ls l$Z Ol$ ^MS yl$]l$ ]l ^l. Al$MS AV>Z MSyl>$
^l$]l#. D ]lt >l.
A
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yl-MS- >-
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4 ]l*$P {$
1. ylMS > r $ ]l^lyl?
2]l*$P {$
1. Z H >$ s Ol ^l? Gl$]l?
2. A, A yl$ ]l$l l H$s?
3. * ]ls l$Z MSVS Z$ Gl$MS$ >lV> Eyl?
4. yl {^l$ As H$s? A G El A]l#?
5. W$ MS$ H$s?
6. O As H$s?
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5]l*$P {$
1. ylMS r X_ V>]l$ VS$^lyl?
]lR>$
& JMS l A]l ^l]l ll*, lMS$P]l A]l ^l]l ll* l$$M]lyMS E*W^l
{]l*Z ]lQOl$]l, B l ""l g*$''.
& l * g*l S BM>]lMS *_MSV> E*W$$.
& l BM>]lMS BrMSV> Eyl BMS ]l]l]l$ yl$]l ]lQOl$]l ]l$$.
1. lMS
2. $VS
3. {$ Al>$
4. {l
5. A]l]l MS>$
& ]l*fZ M ]l>Y {f$ l]l$ i]l>MS A]lOl$]l {l$MS A]l>$ MS*y $a
M "lMS' As$.
& {V>$, rt lM> r$ N~ {l, S {l Al ]l]l$.
]lQOl$]l {$&f$$
{$ ]l {]l *_MS$:
1. B {l l B$
2. {>$M>]l r$
3. ]l]l*]l r$
4. A]l]l MS> MS]l, E*VSr$
5. ]l*hMS A]l *_MS$
(2 ]l*$P$)
8. RLEGP]l$ ^lyl?
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$]l l
{>$:
4 $]l l ^l]l
4 ]l*$]l#$ Gl$MS$ *VS ^ll$
4 $]l lZ M>$
4 Bs Al, M>$
4 , , $
4 $ $ (l, {MS l)
4 ]l$]l$ *f$ l
4 l A$]l# BMSl$$
$]l l ^l]l
""yl$ ]l*$]l#]l$ V>, A*]l$$V> Hyl
]l*$ ]l* V>, _ E^l BMSMS
]l$ $]l l'' As$.
$]l Z M>$
G) A*MS l
4 JMSMSs $l $]l yl$
]l*$]l#$ *VS ^l]l#yl$ Hyll A*MS
l''
()
4 ""JMS ]l*$]l# ]l$_ JMSs AlMSs GMS$P]l
G{M>t$ CMMS ]l*$]l#MS$ M>]lyl ]l
A* ]l$l Hyl]l ll$ A*MS l''
E: Nacl
A*MS yl$.M (W.Kossel) ]l^yl$.
) *f$ l
4 "l G{M>t fr]l$ yl$ ]l*$]l#$ ]l$tV> ^l$
M]lyl ]l Hyl *f$ l A
s$.''
*f$ h.G.* (G.N.Lewis)
]l^yl$.
2p 2p 2p G{M>t 1s22s22p5
1s
2s
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4
4
ii) Al:
1s
2s
2px 2py 2pz
3s
3px 3py 3pz
(O) l
$$
r
1. l:
4 yl$ ]l*$]l#Z RV> E]l yl Bs ]l$l
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Hyl]l l As$.
E: O2 A$]l# Hylr:
BMSf G{M>t 1s22s22p4
BMSf ]l*$]l#Z 2py, 2pz BsZ Jr G
{M>t$.
1s
4
2s
2. {MSl:
4 yl$ ]l*$]l#Z RV> E]l ]lyl Bs ]l$l
Hyl]l {MSl As$.
E: N2 A$]l# Hylr:
Ol{sZf G{M>t 1s22s22p3
1s
2s
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]lQOl$]l {$
1 ]l*$P
1. AtMS As H$s?
2. $yl BMS MSW]l yl$ A$]l#]l$ P]lyl?
3. A*MS l As H$s?
4. ]l$*f$ l As H$s?
5. ]l$]l$ ]l$*f$ l As H$s?
2 ]l*$P$
1. s-s A ]l^lyl?
2. p-p A ]l^lyl?
3. s-p A ]l^lyl?
4. V> (), O () ]l$l ]l$ lyl?
5. s A$]l# (H2O) BMS X_ ]l^lyl?
6. Al** A$]l# (NH3) H BMSZ Er$? s
X$yl?
7. PCl5 A$]l# H BMSZ Er$? s X$yl?
4 ]l*$P$
1. BMSfZ l H lV> Hyl$l$ ]l^lyl?
2. Ol{sZfZ {MSl H lV> Hyl$l$
]l^lyl?
3. ]l$]l$ ]l$*f$ l H lV> Hyl$ JMS
E > ]l^lyl?
4. V> (), O () $ H lV> Hyl$
]l^lyl?
s
1. G{M>t ]l Hyl$ l _________
2. G{M>t ^l$M]lyl ]l Hyl l _________
3. lMS _________O Byl Er$.
4. l{lV> HylVS l _________
5. Al Al ]l Hyl l _________
6. Al ]l Hyl l _________
7. lZ _________ V> (), _________ O ()
$s.
8. {MSlZ ________ V> (), _______ O ()
$s.
9. s A$]l# BMS _________
10.Al** (NH3) A$]l# BMS _________
11. s MO y (PCl5) BMS _________
12.M>OylBOMSy (CO2) A$]l# BMS _________
13.s A$]l#Z BMSf O]l _________ Jr G{M>t
fr$s.
14. s-p Al E]l A$]l#MS$ E _________
15.s A$]l#Z l M _________
16. F2Z _________ Al Er$.
f$$
1. A*MS l
2. ]l$*f$ l
3. Bs Al 4. V> () l
5. V> () l
6. O () l
7. 1, 1
8. 1, 2
9. V BMS M$ BMS
10.$yl
11. {OsV]l O $yl
12.T$
13. yl$
15. 105
14.HCl
16. p-p
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4 ]l*$P- {--$
1. MS-g- -]l--]l VS$-_ MS$-V> >$yl?
2. l-MSP- MS-$, MS-g- ]l-]l > MS-VS {--*-f--$ E-*-V>--]l$ lyl?
2 ]l*$P- {-$
1. M>-- As H$-s?
2. yl -S- As H$-s? H ---l$-Z A]l$-$--$--$?
3. sZ-s s- As H$-s?
4. -G-MS-s As H$-s?
H
I
AOWMS {l$l
OWMS {l$l
JMS iZ f$VS$l$.
2.
*VSg$ Hyl]l#.
, #$ *VSg$ Hyl.
3.
, #$ g$ *VS ^ll$.
4.
5.
f]lMSl# i MS$yl l$ l#
i]l#$ El A]l#.
f]lMS S$ M, f]l S$ Ms ]l
l>l l# i]l#$ Hyl. JMPMSP f]lMS
S$ i]l#$ MS*y Hyl.
6.
7.
A
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H
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D ^tZ ]lQOl$]l {$
H
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4 ]l*$P {$
1. OWMS, AOWMS {l$ll$Z ]lQ ly$ H$s?
2. >T*l ]l MSVS {*f]l$ >$yl?
3. A{^l Ar$MSr$t (A{^l {V>tVS) r $, E ]l^lyl?
4. lMSPZ AOWMS {l$l ]l$ P, JMPMSP E C]lyl.
A
K
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2 ]l*$P {$
1. {l$l As H$s? B]lMSl H?
2. _e As H$s? D l H iZ f$VS$l$?
3. >T*l ]l MSVS yl$ {*f$ >$yl?
4. Ar$MSrtylZ M>]l$ P]lyl?
A
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4 ]l*$P- {--$
1. MS-g- -]l--]l VS$-_ MS$-V> >$yl?
2. l-MSP- MS-$, MS-g- ]l-]l > MS-VS {--*-f--$ E-*-V>--]l$ lyl?
2 ]l*$P- {-$
1. M>-- As H$-s?
2. yl -S- As H$-s? H ---l$-Z A]l$-$--$--$?
3. sZ-s s- As H$-s?
4. -G-MS-s As H$-s?
H
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MSZ {l$l:
MS HMSOWMS i. C OWMS *MSl]l$ ^l*$.
#$ f]ll{$ ]l]lZ JMS fl ]lP$, ${MS MS$, JMS fl ]l{l f]ll{$ $
Es.
{ ]lP Z ^l$rt$ ^l$r$tM E]l AlMS ${MlMS MS$ Es. C ${MSMS]l$
E ^l.
${MSMS A *SOl$. MS l, ]l$lVS, MS Es.
{ {l$l ]l]l
Z JMS fl { f M>$, JMS fl { f MS$ Es.
{ f M Z Eyl VSl$]l$ #sMS$ As$. JMPMSP #sMS JMPMSP Ay El
^l$.
]l$VS MS AlMS l ${MSMS]l$ JMS ]lV> yl$l ^l$. D ]l $t (Milt)
As$.
BylMS AMS QZ Ay]l$ JMS ]lV> yl$l ^l$. (spawn)
As$.
MSZ MS f$VS$l$.
MS #$ {l$l ]l]l
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MS { {l$l ]l]l
D sZ ]lQOl$]l {$
4 ]l*$P {$
1. MS #$ {l$l ]l]l, #$ f]ll{$ ]l]l]l$ ]l~^lyl?
2. $$Z *VS VS$_ MS$V> >$yl?
A
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5 ]l*$P {$ (r)
1. MS #$ {l$l ]l]l r X, V>$ VS$^lyl?
2. MS { {l$l ]l]l r X, V>$ VS$^lyl?
]lR>$
& l{]ll l BMS ]l]l G >Ol$]l ]l*$MS$ Z]l.
& l$ ]ll$Z El M>MSZ $^l$MS$l {f BV> ]l ]l]l
> Hyl$l$. ]l$]l BMS ]l]lZ ]lyl$ M>O]l ]lV>$.
A. {l]l$ (]l]l$ VS), $ ({>$MS VS), l$ ( VS) V>$.
& A]l ^ll l> $Z BM>]l, {>$MSMS JMS ]l$_ ]l$MSs yl$
>.
& {]l$ > *f]l*]l ]l, r$tyl ]l*, ElMSl VS AlMS $V>
h^l]l^l$a.
& $f]l*]l ]l BV> $ {]l$]l$ ]lyl$ V>$V> yl>$.
A: 1) {$l VS
2) {Ols VS
3) l VS
& r$tyl ]l* A]l$_ ]lyl$ M> {]l$$V> VS$^$. A.
1. l {]l$
2. _]l l {]l$
3. A/]l$ _]l l {]l$.
ElMSl BV> ]l$]l lZ {]l$]l$ $VS$ l V>$V> ]lYMS^$. A:
1. ]lMS {]l$$
2. ElMS ]l$]l# {]l$$
3. ]l$l l ]l$]l# {]l$$
4. *VS$ ]l$]l# {]l$$
& BMS ]l]lMS$ ]l]l$, {]l$$ #t ^lMS* VS ]lMS]l$ *_$.
& ]l$]l lZ f M B Cyl* JMSs {lM> E]l MS{l M
& f $VS$l, S>l, lMS, $VS, {l ]l$]l l ]ll$]l {]l
$.
(1 ]l*$P)
(l ]l*MS {MS]l$MS ^lrt)
3. ~
$$.
D $l$]l$ llr MS Z {l.
llZ # { {lZ]l* D ]l ]l lW]ll ]l MS$$$.
ii) D>]l $l$]l ]l:&
t ]l$l ]l$_ yl ]l$l ]lMS$ D ]l$ .
M>Z ]l{l VSO Ayl]l Hylyl ]l D ]l$ *VS ]l$_ ]l{
Ol# D>]l ]l$_ .
Ol$ $l$]l El lZ VS]l$]l ^l D>]l $l$]l$V> ]l*$.
Al$]l s VS]l$]l $l$]l$V> MS*y $$.
D ]l$ llr gZ {l.
D $l$]l]l M>Z l$]l$ AMSV> ]l.
QylYl ~:
{l ]l$_ *V>MS GMS$P]l l* l {]l ]l l$$ylyl ]l B
~ QylYl ~V> $$.
l {l>Z ~Z ]l*$$ f.
M>Z ^l GMS$P]lV> Er$.
4. ""$l$]l'' As H$s?
(2 ]l*$P$)
l M>Z l *VSO Hyl]l Ayl]l ]l]l, *]l$lQ {l# l]l$ MS*yl]l
]l]l$ l* ]l$]l{l $l$V> BMS$.
D ]l{l {l V>$ ]l E$]l$, l$$#$ _ l>l AMSl$V> ]l
MS$$$. l "$l$]l'V> $$.
6. llZ M>? A H?
(1 ]l*$P)
ll ]l $VS$ M>$V> h^$. A:
i) l M>
ii) l M>
iii) Ol$ $l$]l]lM>
iv) D>]l $l$]l]lM>
7. "MS$]l#' As H$s?
l ]l >Q ]l {M>:
]l*]l ]ll 75% MSs lMS$P]l MS$]l "MS$]l#' As$.
50% MSs lMS$P]l ]ll E]l {]lOl$]l MS$]l#V> $$.
(1 ]l*$P)
(1 ]l*$P)
(1 ]l*$P)
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E-MS:
-l B]l--]l st-MS-Z {VS*# 2G(- {VS*# 2-) ]l-M>-O-]l Be,
Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra ]l$ > ]l$-MS Z-$ As-$.
s Q-g-- *-VS-Z --MS-yl s BMS-yl-$ >
l>- {l-. Al$]l --s-MS > ]l$-MS Z-$
Al $ ]l_a.
> ]l$-MS Z- Q-g-$
]l-$-
Q
-]l--MS
Q--f
Q--f MS-l
1.
---$ (Be)
1) -O-s
2) ]l-O-s
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
l$X--$ (Mg)
M>-$ (Ca)
{-$ (Sr)
-$ (Ba)
yl-$ (Ra)
Be2 SiO4
1) ]l*VS-O-s
2) -M>--O-s
3) G ]l
4) B--t-
5) -y--Ol$--s
MgCO3
1) -O-l$ t-l
2) h
3) y-Ol$-s
CaCO3
1) --t-s
2) -{t-$-Ol-s
SrSO4
1) -O-s-
2) l-O-s
BaSO4
1) ^l -yl
U2O3
*-l-Z
>-l-MS
- (-%-)
Be
0.006
2.
--]l*-$ Q 4
3.
G--[M>t-l -
4.
-]l*-$
--- (A0)
5.
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
2.0 ]l$_
0.039
2.1
3.63
]l$_ -]l$_
0.042
0.04
56
12
20
38
[He]2s2
[Ne]3s2
[Ar]4s2
[Kr]5s2 [Xn]6s2
0.9
1.33
1.74
1.91
1.98
$--l$--l-MS-l 1.50
(-VS M-l-)
1.20
1.00
1.00
0.90
6.
A--$--MS-- MS 899.25
(MS-Z go/l*-) 1757.10
737.35
1450.70
589.47
1145.40
548.32 502.70
1064.30 965.20
7.
BMS-MS-- l$-$ - +2
+2
+2
+2
+2
{l---]l-]l ]l 1280
651
851
767
725
1107
1437
1366
1537
8.
(C)
MgCl2 KCl.6H2O
MgSO4.7H2O
9.
---]l-]l
l] (C)
1500
CaMg3(SiO3)4
CaCO3 MgCO3
CaSO4.2H2O
CaCO3 MgCO3
SrCO3
BaCO3
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2M + O2 2MO
(M = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba)
350C
2 + 2H O
2
3. O{-y-f-l- ^l
-l --$ l $W--]l > ]l$-MS Z-$ O{y-f-l-
^l-f O{-Oyl-yl--]l$ H-$--.
M + H2 M H2
(M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba)
-l
BeCl2]l$
4. M-l- ^l
-l > ]l$-MS Z-- M-l ^l- Z- -M-O-yl--]l$
H-$--.
l
M + Cl2 MCl2
(M = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba)
-l
1000 C
Mg + Cl2 + C
MgCl2 + CO
D
b) M>-O-s
350C
] l
HCl
-l
-l
l
-l
l
l
-l
-l
-l
-l
-]l#-]l$
--$:
--$ ${-]l$ Z---]l$ ]l*-- l*-, $-
l*-, ]l*-^- E-{VS-- l*--Z yl--$. V>--
-{-]l$-Z --$]l$ yl$-$.
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l$X--$:
Os sZ-{VS-, -^ l*--Z-]l$ yl--$.
l$X--$ O{y-MS-yl, MO-yl, -s *-Z ]l$l$-
l*--Z yl$-$.
M>--$:
l$r$ -l-*--Z, $]l l*--Z yl$--$.
[t-$:
-MS-- s--f-]l --MSa- r*-$, l-]l*-]l -MS->- l*Z yl$--$.
--$:
V>k, G$-MS- ]l$l$, ---$ l*--Z; VS$- -{-]l$Z yl--$.
yl-$:
MS]l -*---]l-, MS{l-MS MS- El-- ^l$-ylZ yl$--$.
]lQ-Ol$-]l {---$
1.
2.
1.
2.
4 ] * $P {$
{VS*-# 2G ]l-M>-$ $, BMS-f-l, O{y-f-l, M-l-
f- ^l---]l$ ]l-^lyl?
l$X--$]l$- l$-]l# ]l$_ {VS-- ^l l--
]l-^lyl?
2 ]l*$P-$
{VS*- # 2G ]l-M>$ HOl -yls- P- BMS-f-l-
B ]l-M>- ^l--]l$ >$yl?
Mg ]l$ -l$-l -- -l--Z {VS-- ^l-r-#-yl$ G-[Mt-yl- ]ll f-VS ^l--]l$ >$yl?
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
M>-MS _________
_________ Z- AMS BMS-f-l-Z ]l$yl-]l-#-yl$ BMS-yl- -r$ >-MS-yl--]l$ C$.
CaO _________ S--- MS-W E-r$.
Mg l$-]l# _________
M>--O-s $- _________
Mg]l$ l$---- > {VS-- -^l--r-#-yl$ M>-yl
_________
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
CaCO3MgCO3
MgCO3
12
LiAlH4
Ba
6. >
7. MgCl2KCl.6H2O or MgCO3
8. MgCl2KCl.6H2O
9. C-]l$- st
10. 7
1 ] * $P
1. Mg]l$ MgCl2 ]l$_ -{VS-- ^l-r-#-yl$ KCl, NaCl
Gl$-MS$ MS$-#--$?
5 ]l*$P-$
1. A-{ l$X$ MOyl ]l$_ l$X--$]l$ l$-l - > l - ^l*^l r X V>-$
VS$-^lyl?
s
1. y--Ol$-s -$- _________
2. ]l*-VS-O-s $-- _________
3. l$-X--$ -]l*-$- Q _________
4. BeCl2 ]l$_ BeH2]l$ l*-$--^l-$-ylZ E-*-W^l
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r$ M>$:
r$]l$ yl$ {VS*#$V> h$. A.
1. sZ MSVS r$$
"' M>M r$]l$
r$ "'
& 2. M]l#Z MSVS r$$
r$ & G
r$ & yl
r$ & C
r]l$ & MS
sZ MSVS r$$
r$ "' M>M:
C AlMS r$
]l. D {VS*#Z r$$ 1. l$$, 2. O Z , 3. *, 4.
OyMS, 5. M B]l$, 6. $M>$, 7. sZM B]l$, 8. *s.
l$$]l$ r$ " ' A MS*y As$. M>O {yls i]l{MS$Z {l ]l^l GOgl$
1
^lMS$ C A]l. l$$ Z ]l $.
OZ]l$ r$ A MS*y As$. MSZ fVS BMSMS, S$MS ^lMS$ C
2
A]l. Z ]l sNl MS V>Oss ]l$.
* MS MsM B]l* "r$ ' As$. M>O{yls$, {s$, M]l#
3
H
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A
K
S
2. r$ "':
r$ "' $MS ]l$ "GPM B]l$'. C MSZ ^lZ {]lQ{l ]l$.
MS$, l{l MSg, ]l$l$, lZ yl Os HylyMS r$ "' A]l.
$VS$lMS$,
MSg ]l$]l$l$MS$, V>*$ ]l*]lyMS, W]l G]lMS$
Al$MP]lyMS MS*y D r $ A]l.
r$ "' Z ]l "P' Al MS$VS$l$.
1. r$ "G':
r$ "G' $MS ]l$ "s'. MSs ^l*#]lMS$ D r$ A]l. r$ "G'
Af ]l]l VSyMS $yl$l$.
r$ "G' Z ]l `MSs, i>*, $MSr VSyl, ^l Vl$MS ^l
]l*yl llO]l l$$ ]l.
u>Z ^ll MS$ `MSs, All >MS$y, { B$ lMMS lllZ
r$ "G']l$ g$ M> C$.
2. r$ "yl':
r$ "yl' $MS ]l$ M>>. M>$, ]l$ VS$ Z ^l$MS$ s
G]lMSZ $]l ^l$yMS D r$ $yl$l$.
r$ "yl' Z ]l Z "MSs' Al MS$VS$l$. Cr$]ls Z MS^l S$/
ylzM>$, MSl * E]l {Z, ]lst M>$, _]l ]l$MSr$t$.
3. r$ "C':
r$ "C' sZM> MS Hsts r$ A MS*y As$.
{l$l A]l$$ V> VSyMS D r$ A]l.
D r$ Z ]l #$$Z ]lll, {Z VS{]l MS$VS$l$.
H
I
4. r$ MS:
r$ "MS' $MS ]l$ "ZMS'. MS VSylzMSrtyMS r$ MS A]l.
r$ Z ]l MS VSylzMSrtyMS ^ ]l$$ yl$l$. ]l V>* ]l$_ GMS$P]l
MS {$.
D sZ ]lQOl$]l {$
A
K
S
$VS$ ]l*$P {$
1. r$]l$ MSrtyMS l ^l]l M>M>]l$ lyl?
2. r$ "G' Z ]l MSVS l$]l$ VS$_ >$yl?
3. "' M>MS$ r$]l$ P, s $MS ]l*$ >$yl?
4. M]l#Z MSVS r$]l$ P, s B]lMSl A ^l ]l$]l$ lyl?
2 ]l*$P {$
1. * $MS ]l$ H? A]l H$s?
2. ]l$st]l * ]lyl , s $]l*$ MSylW MSVS ]lt H$s? ]l H
]l$?
3. {V> G VS$]l#?
4. r$ "G' $MS ]l$l$? A ^l >$ H?
5. r$ G? s G M>$V> h^l]l^l$a?
E~-]l$yl- l$-$
A
K
S
H
I
-l {MS-]l$V> -^l- - l$--]l$ P--MSV> V>, >-lV> V> MSZ----^l --- "--'
As-$.
l f]l-MS i]l#-$ -Z {l--_- -l-l-$, B ]lMS A--lMS$ VS$$ ]l]l--Z Al-MS l-$
Es-. D l-$ A MS- "- l--' As-$.
l l--Z $-VS$ l-$ Es-. A..
1. {MS-]l$- l (Infection)
2. -VS M> (Incubation)
3. ]lMS-]l$-$ l (Manifestation)
4. Al l- (Termination)
l - f]lMS i ]l$]l --Z {l-^l-y- "- -{MS-]l$-' As-$.
l {l-S MS-yl ]l V>, B-, $, -V>-, DVS-$, ]l$-$, G--$-MS- ]ls fl$-]l#- >, A-$-{-Ol$-]l A--r ]l -M>--MS -{MS-]l--$ ]l$]l -Z--MS {l-^l-]l-^l$a.
l f]l-MS {MS$ -Z {l-_-]l ll-$, -A---l MS^l]lMS$ Eyl ]l$l M>- "--VS
M>' As-$. D -VS M> --l l$-Z M VSr- ]l$_, M ]l-l->-$ E-r$.
l -VS M> l>-l VS S--$ ]lMS-]l$-$ -M>-- " ]lMS-]l$-$ l-' As-$.
l l- P--MSV> M>, >-lV> M> BW--]l#-yl$ "Al-l--' As-$.
M>--l$- -:
l MSZ- MS-g--Z $-#-VS$ VS -$--l Al ]l~-{l]l ^l-yl ]l M>l$- ]l$.
l -$--l A--MS El-, l- {^l-ylZ BrMS, M>$ MS-$ -V> -^l-$-]l-#-yl$
-]l-Ol$-]l-#-yl$ M>l$ -MS $.
l -Os-s- Ol- M>-$ MS-]l$ yl$-^l-$-yl ]l MS*y M>l$- ]l$.
M>l$- & S--$
1. -MSs l-VS$-yl$z, ^l- VS$, ]l-{l ^la-V> ]l*$-l$.
2. -W-MS BMS- --MS--]l-yl, -MS-yl$-# E--#, ]l$--l-MS.
3. M>-$ -{lZ -_a-V> Er$.
4. MSZ -$--l ^l$a-V> Er$.
l D -MS -t-Ol$-]l _MS-l l$. W {l-MSOl$]l {l s^l-yl, Al$-#^l$-yl ]l
-M>-l$- V>- ${^l-]l-^l$a.
VS]l-l --$-:
l $M-Ol-- --Os-yl- (RNA) Al Ol- VS]l-l--- MS$--VS-g-$.
l {l-S MS-yl, W l$- ]ls *MS-l$-]l#- > V> D -$.
l ---f- {VSl$-Z -, $ -l-- l, ^l--r$ D --S--$.
H
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l$l-yl$--# (Encephalitis):
l -B- Ol--$ l$l-yl$--# -MS-$-VS-^l--.
l$-$, $-l] #-$, M ]l$_ ]l$- > D -^l l$-l$. D -VS M- >- 5
l
]l$_ 15 k$.
l f, -l----, -s, A---MS --.. D S--$, M l->-Z W ^l--]l-yl f$VS$-l$.
l l$l-yl$# -MS {l-MS-Ol$-]l _MS-l --l$. l$--$, ]l$ f- lWY^l-yl ]l D
- A-MSrt]l^l$a.
Zl--VS (Filariasis):
l ]l#MS---* l-{M>-t, -]l#-MS---* ]l$- Al yl$ l]l$sZyl {-MS-]l- ]l Zl-- MS$-VS$-l$.
l A-l- MSZ Byl-{MS-$ A-MS Q-Z Ol${M O--* yl-M>--]l$ El- -^l-$.
l {MS-]l$- ^l-]l ]lMS- ]l$ -MS$-st-]l-#-yl$ >-$ ]l$-Z-MS {l---. ]l$-Z >-$
A-]l- ^ll$-. {MS-]l$- ^l-]l -]l$ Ml A--l-- MS$st-]l-#-yl$, >-$ --]l$ ]l$_
A-l-MS ^l--.
l Z-l-- -VS -M>- 5 ]l$_ 18 -l--$. D ll-s S--$ Z--- {VSl$- #, f.
B l>-l {MS]l-$ Z --]l$ Ayl$z-M-]l-yl ]l AMSP-yl MS-g--$ E s -]l*- $-VS$l$. l Zl-- As-$.
A
K
S
H
I
-]l$---* (Malaria):
l 1880Z b- -l ]l$--* >-]li- MS--st-$. 1894Z {s-MS ]l*-l--l ]l$-$ ]l$-*-]l$ ^l-$- ^-$. 1897Z -z > ]l$-$ ]l$*-]l$ ^l-$ *-^-$.
l {-sZ-gZ-]l-l >-]li A-]l ---yl-$ ]l ]l$--* ]l$.
l ]l$--* >-]li l]l i-- -yl$ A-l--Z VSyl$#-l$. 1. -]l*-]l-]l#-yl$ 2.Byl A--- ]l$
]l*-]l-]l#--Z >-]l-i- i-l ^l{MS:
l {MS-]l$- -^l-]l Byl--]l$ -]l$--- MS$st-]l-#-yl$, ]l*]l-]l MSZ B >-]l-i- " g-s' lZ E-r$.
l C -M>--$ MS--]l$ ^l, M>-$ MS ->--]l$ B-V> $-M- B MS- Al-s- B{MS-$-. D l "{MSt &Ogs l' -As-$.
l D Ogs-$ AOW-MSV> {MSt&$-g--s Al MS--]l$ E--l- ^l-. M>-$ MS W $-g--s-$ MSZ-MS yl$-l--]l#--.
l $ g-s$ G{--MS MSZ- ->- B-V> $-M- N-V> G-l$-VS$--. -s-
Ogs-$ As-$.
l { Ogs ]l$--V> ---f-]l ^l 6 ]l$_ 24 $--g-s--]l$ -E-l- ^l-. A-yl$ B G{-MS MS W-, ]l$_ -$--g--s-$ MSZMS yl$-l--]l#--. D- l-Z {MS-]l$- ^l-]l
]lMS-MS ^l f ]l$. l "]l$--* f-' As-$. M l>- -l->-l -$--g---s-$
V>$--s-O-s-$-V> H-yl--.
]l$-Z >-]l-i- i-l-^l-{MS:
l ]l$ -]l*-]l-]l#- ]l$_ --MS a-]l-#-yl$ V>$-sZ--O-s-$ i~-]l-]l--Z-MS ^l--.
l V>$-s-O-s-$ ]l$ i~ ]l]l--Z ]l*{M -V>-$-sZOs]l$, Ol${M V>$-sZOs-$ El- ^l-.
C *-VS ^l -MS f H-yl$-l$.
l --MS f -f-]l ^l -- g-s--]l$ -E-l- ^l$. C ]l$ -f- {VSl$-Z-MS
{- ^ll$-.
l B ]l$ Ml A--l-- MS$st-]l--yl$ B A-l--Z-MS -g-r$ {l---.
l MSOl-l, ll-O-]l L--$ ]l$---* ${l--MS$ E-*-W--$. ]l$- f-- Al$-#-l ]l ]l$--* ^ll-MS$y ^l$-]l-^l$a.
A
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2 ]l*$P- {-$
1. --Z ss-]l- -{MS-]l-$ G {l---?
2. -^la-M>-l$--Z ^l Gl$-]l- ^la-V> Er$?
3. VS-]l-l--- S--$ H$-s?
4. -l$-l-yl$--# -MS MS--$-MS A-l--$ G]l-$?
5. ]l$--* G A-MS-yl--$?
6. ]l$---* -Z Eyl S--$ H$-s?
7. -l$-$ ^ll l-l$-$ G- M>-$?
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B]l$
r G{V>
]l*$l$
G$#
]l*$l$
>
G{ r V>
]l*$l$
$#
VS$
A$ l
1887Z yl lOyl]l A$ B]l$ >
{^yl$.
D l {M>:
B]l$: f {]lZ H+ A*]l]l$ C^la >$ B]l*$.
E: HCl H+ ClHNO3 H+ + NO3-
A$ lZ Z$:
1. D l sZ MSVS > VS$_ ]l*{ll$ ]l
$.
2. sZ MSVS, Cl {]lZ MSVS >
VS$_ D l ]l^ll$.
3. CO2, SO2 ]ls M >$ lV> H+ A*]l]l$
MSW Eyl]l#. M> C B]l$ {l.
Cs > VS$_ D l ]l^ll$.
4. MgO, CaO ]ls M >$ lV> OH- A*
]l]l$ MSW Eyl]l#. M> C > {l.
Cs > VS$_ D l ]l^ll$.
5. Cs]l {*V>$ H+ A*]lMS$ l{l { l
*^. As.. B]l*$ H+ A*]l]l$ C]lyl Al
{MS Eyll$.
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s A$MS
$ A lMS$P]l ]l*Z A$MS ^l H+, OHA*]l]l$ C$. 25C ]l$ ]ll H+ A*]l V>ll
[H+], OH- A*]l V>ll [OH-] MS$
]l*] . D $]l 10&7
l* A*]l$/r
JMS -Ol$-]l B]l$, -]l > -Ol$-]l >, -]l B]l$-, ]l B]l$ --]l >>- ]l$l ^l f-W-]l-#yl$ lr--MS--Z-~ $-]l 13.7MS.-MS/l* MSs lMS$P-]l
Er$.
Ex: CH3COOH + NaOH Na+ + CH3COOH- + H2O +
s A$MS :
JMS l* sZ E]l H+, OH- A*]l V>ll s
A$MS (Kw) As$.
Kw = [H+][OH-]
25C ]ll s A$MS (Kw)
A*2/r2.
$]l 1.010-14 l*
PH = - log [H+]
PH < 7 Al
B]l$
PH = 7 Al lr {]l
PH > 7 Al >
0 1
2 3
10 11 12 13
14
>
B]l$
lr {]l
B]l$ >> $
100% A$MS ^l]l B]l*]l$ Ol$]l B]l*$
As$. E: HCl
100% A$MS ^l]l >> Ol$]l >
As$. E: NaOH
MSs lMS$P]l A$MS ^l]l B]l* ]l
B]l$ As$. E: CH3COOH
100%
100%
lr--MS--Z-~:
JMS l* --Ol$-]l B]l$, JMS l* ---Ol$-]l > ^l
f--]l-#-yl$ l$]l-yl E~- "l-r--MS--Z-~-' As-$.
13.4 MS.MS/l*
Al-]l-# ]l*-^-
B]l*- -l-]l$ -st yl$ M>-$. A
1. B>Y--MS -B-]l*-$- (-fl$-]l#-$ --- ^l-r ]l$_- ]l-^la--)
E: G-s-MS -B-]l$(---VS--)
-{-s-MS -B-]l$(--]l$-)
MSt-MS -B-]l$(--$-)
s>t--MS -B-]l$(-_l-yl$-)
]l*-MS -B-]l$(-B---)
-MS -B-]l$(----l-)
2. -C-->Y--MS -B-]l*-$- -- MS{-]l$ B]l*-$(*-$ Q-g-
]l$_ l*-$ ^l--)
E: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H2CO3 etc.
3. -l-i--lZ E-*-W^l >>-$:
As--yl, r*l --t, $ {]l-, -l-l-O-]l-.
]lQ-Ol$-]l {-$
4 ]l*$P-$
1. A---$- -{-M>- B]l$, >, lr--MS----]l$ -_
^lyl? -D lZ Z--]l$ P-]lyl?
2. Ol$-]l B]l$, -Ol$-]l ->-, --]l B]l$, --]l
>>--]l$ -__.. JMP-MSP -MS E-----]lyl?
3. l-r--MS--Z-~ As H$-s? -E---- C]lyl? ---Ol$--]l
B]l$ > ^l-MS$ $-]l Gl?
2 ]l*$P-$
1. 0.002M, HCl $-]l Gl?
2. s A$MS As H$s? $]l]l$
MSP^lyl?
3. A$ B]l$ M> >$yl?
PH
1. 0.001 M {]l#
2. PH As H$-s?
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PH
1 ]l*$P$]l Gl?
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3. l-r--MS--Z-~ As H$-s?
s
1. --s- A-$--MS--- _______
2. Kw $-l] _______ r$ ]l*$-l$.
3. PH 7 MSs GMS$P-]l-V> E]l ]l*]l-]l - {l]l _______
4. B-l] $ r- ] $ _______V> ]l*$-$.
5. >- {]l-Z ---l -*-_-MS VS$ _______
6. PH=8 V> E]l {]l Z H+ A*-]l V>l-l _______
7. J-MS {]l--# PH $-l] 10 Il (H+) $-l] _____
8. B--]l$ {]l-Z $Ol- -B-g -*-_-MS VS$ _______
9. PH>7A- l B {]l _______
10.-^le-Ol$-]l s PH $-l] _______
f-$-$
1. 1.0 10-14 l* -A-*-l2/r-2
2. E-~-{VS-l
3. -MS
4. G-$-#
5. VS$--
6. 10&8
7. 10&10
8. G$-#
9. >
10. 7
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l
{>$:
1. f, lPl MS$
2. A]l$l
3. #V>$, lV>$
4. V>Z llVS
f, lPl MS$
f MS$: ""JMS ]l$]l# MS^l ]l]l#yl$ A
^l MS f MS$ ^e MS$ A
s$.''
E: Elf_]l lyl, ZMS llO]l.
A]l$l MS$: ""M> lWY$ MS]l $l$$]l
B]l]l ^l A]l$l MS$ As$''. E: Elf
_]l lyl MlsMS MS B$.
lPl MS$: ""JMS ]l$]l# B]l MS
{]l MS lPl MS$ As$.''
E: Elf_]l lyl M>yl MS MS lyl
]l$_ l l ]l$. MS M> lyl,
]llV> MS ^l$yll$.
M lV>$:
*]lMSZ MS$, lVS ^l]l MS$ Z MS
$s Hyl lV> M lV>$ As$.
sZ V>$, {$ {$$ Hyl.
E: sZ Hyl lV>$, l$l$Pl lV>$.
A]l$l
""JMS f ]l@#]l]l]l yl$ ]l$]l#$ JMS {
]l ]l$MSs AlMS y$ MS$ ^l lW
* "A]l$l' As$.
lilZ A]l$l& M E$:
1. OMS$$ ]ll]lO MSl$ ^l, MSl$ ]l@#]l,
]ll]l ]l@#]l ]l*]lOl$ A]l$l ]l ]ll]l
MS*$ {]l*l]l. M>st ]ll]lO
V> ]lyl]l]l$s$.
2. ]l JMS {lMS lVS ]ll Cf, ]lZ Cl
V>$ A]l$lZ Es. lV> l*l
]lyl$l$. D lVS MS]l GMS$P]l lMS$P]l lVS
]l {*$]l#yl$ l*l ]lyll$.
3. F$ y ]l@#]l, F ]lMS {*W^l
]l@#]l ]l*]lOl$]l#yl$ A]l$l Hyl
F$ AlMS y$ FVS$l$.
4. yl*Z M>]l]l t G^l$M]lyl.
lV>$:
""]l*]l ]l@#]l, MS]l $l$$]l lV>$ JMS
lZ ]lMS Z {*^lyl ]l lV>$ H
yl' E: JMS _]l VylMS$ MSst]l yl$ lyl Hyl
lV>$ lV>$
#V>$, lV>$
""JMS *]lMSZ f]lMS ]l$_ l*V> {*^l l
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= t~
p = yl]l
= {ll
]l$MS *{l: V =
= ]l@#]l
=lVS Ol
A]l$l V> {*VS > V>Z llV>
MS]l$V]l$r:
MS>$: lyl, tyl$, 30 .$. , 50 .$.
yl$]l#]l V>k gyl, 40 .$. yl]l#, 3 .$. ]l]l
V>k Vrt, $.
MS> A]l$MS:
& V>k gylZ 3/4]l ]ll$ ]lMS$ s *
& V>k Vst V>k gylZ ]l]l$VS$]lr$V> tyl$MS$
W^.
llVS V =
V = 2 (l2 l1)
2 ]l*$P$
1. A]l$l Al lW* ]l^lyl?
(June-08, Mar-99,02,05,08, 10; Jun-05)
1 ]l*$P
1. A]l$l MS$ As H$s? (Mar-07)
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7. MSl, fyll
8. /2
9. f ]l@#]l
10.t j
(Mar-08)
lV>$
1. C JMS MS]l $, ]l@#]l]l]l yl$ lV>$ JMS
]l*YZ ]lMS Z {*^l$r ]l]l Hyl$.
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--l (MS-l)
1.
M> A-- ()
2.
$-l] M ()
3.
4.
M>yl- (cd)
5.
*-l$-l (Im)
6.
M>yl- ]l$-
--^l-]l
{-]l*-
*-l$-l (lm)
-t--yl-$-l-$ (sr)
M>-yl- (cd) -
*-l$-l/t-yl-$-l
(lm/sr)
M>yl- (cd)
(cd)
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f (LASER)
LASER
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(Ex)MS
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As$.
f M>$
f ]lyl$ M>$: A $]l f, Oyl f, f.
1. * f ($]l f): Z {MS* ]l]l *f, il ElY > VS
$. lVSOl 6943
2. $ *l f ( f): Z *l {MS* ]l]l, yl* ]l@#]l
f]lMS > VS $. lVSOl 6378
f A]l$]l$
gq]l MSMS V>$:
MS {o$l ^l l$$M]l^l$a.
Z ]l*$]l#]l$ MSP^l]l^l$a.
${]l$ IsZ#]l$ l$ ^l$]l^l$a.
Z{VS Al {lMS {$$ sZ{VSZ yl$$.
MSNrZ M>MSt ylP ]l$_ ]l*^> #]l@{VS^l]l^l$a.
O BtMS ]l*^ ll$Z yl$$.
]l MS$]l$ ^lyl
OllVSZ:
- MS M>MS$y ^l _MSlZ *W$.
- M>$, Fl$ l MS$ E*W$.
- GyPZ]l$ f]l$ *W$.
- MSs l l$]l$ ]l$ ^l$yMS f]l$ E*W$.
]l{l yZ >$ MSW^lyMS yl$$.
{]l$ VSZ:
Z]l$ M$yMS, {$ ^l$yMS, AMS^lyMS yl$.
Myl ylV> *W$.
OMS, AlS VSZ:
S$Z {l$ >]l$ Z^lyMS f]l$ *W$.
AlSZ ]l*^ {, >y$, E{VSZ MS*y f]l$ E*W$.
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]lQOl$]l {$
4 ]l*$P$
1. ]l*rl MS l, M> lVS ]l$l ]l$ lyl?
(]l*a 10, 05,03, AMt 99)
2. # sMS]l$ ]l~_, E*W_ M> >]l]l, ]l{MS]l]l$ Hs ]l^l]l^a
lyl? (l07, ]l*a02)
3. f A]l$]l]l$ ]l^lyl? (]l*a 06, 04, l 04,02)
2 ]l*$P$
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
M> ]l^l ?
f ^l ]lZ {]l {{MS$?(]l*a 01)
]l{]l$Z f E*V>$s?(]l*a 08)
Oll VSZ f A]l$]l]l$ >$yl? (]l*a 09,06 l06,03)
f {lMS S?
1 ]l*$P
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
]lMS As H$s?
]l]l As H$s?
$]lM _^lyl?
LASER ^lyl.
f Z]l$ As H$s?
R$
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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M>
{>$:
z ]l*r M> MS l
z OVS lVS l
z sM]l$ E*W_ lV> >]l]l, ]l{MS]l]l
{l^l$r
z ]lMS
z ]l]l
]l^lyMS AlMS $
{^$. sZ ]lQOl$]l.
1. ]l*r M>MS l
2. OVS lVS l
3. ]l*Ml l$l$Pl l
4. ]l*MM MS M>r l
M>
Z$:
1. ]l*r l {M> M> lVS {ll
*]lMSZ GMS$P]l Al $ l kOl.
2. M>MS VS$$ HylyMS M>, M> MS
]l*Z ly Al *MS l$ ]l#.
3. D l ]lMS, ]l]l, l]l ]ls
lW* ]l^lMS.
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G. $MS A *{l:
JMS l$]l# ]ll l>l *]l 2n E]l#yl$
$MS B f$VS$l$.
()
yl$ V>$ ( yl$ {$$) JMSMSs
B ^llyl ]l $MS B Hyl$l$.
lV> Hyl lVS VSt MS]l $ MSW Er$.
R =Y1 + Y2
. MS A:
yl$ lV> l>l JMS N>~MS VS$MS
(2n+1) E]l#yl$ lV> MS A
Hyl$l$.
()
JMS VS, JMS { A ^llyl ]l MS
A Hyl$l$. lV> Hyl lVS MSt
MS]l $ MSW Er$.
R =Y1 Y2
lV> >]l]l
yl$ MS]l f]lM> ]l$_ JMS ]l@#]l, JMS MS]l
$l$ E]l lV> A ]l Hyl oMS
{ "]lMS' As$.
s ElO ]lMS:
#sMZ yl$ ]l*]l MS]l f]lM> ]l$_ El
A$ HMSM>MS lV>$ D ]lMS H$.
lV> ]l{MS]l]l
lV> ]lMS
yl$ AlMS]l GMS$P]l lV>$ ]l {*$]l
*]lMSZ JMS l$]l# ]ll JMS M>Z B ^ll
"]lMS' As$.
lV> B *{l:
lV> B $]l$ {M> yl$
AlMS]l GMS$P]l lV>$ JMS *]lMSZ, JMS M>Z
{*$]l#yl$ H l$]l# ]llOl s l ]l{,
yl$ lV> yl ]l{> > lMS ]l*]l.
# sM {*VSZ HOl l$]l# ]ll lls MS]l
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lV> ]l]l
JMS VSZ ]l*r ]l Hyl l lV>$ ]l$MS VSZ
^lyMS M> A VS Vyl lyl ]lW
{*^lyll$. Cl lV> #sMZ s lV>$
A]ll A^l$ lyl ]lW {*.
"lV>$ HOl _]l A]l]l$ MS s A^l$
lyl, ]lW {*^ly "]l]l' As$.
]l `MS > slV> ]l]l #sMZ D
lV> Es.
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MS]l l$ $]l>
{>$:
M>l *l>$
M>l BMSyl$
M>l A]l*]ll, MS]l > ]l]l$$
O{yM>l$
{l$$ ]l$ VS Cl MS]l >$
M>l *l>$
*ll: JMS ]lMS yl$ AlMS GMS$P]l *]l$ MSW Eyls *ll
As$. M>l ]lQ *l>$ 1)]l{f 2) {V>Os 3) MS$t #l 4) V>]l
]l{f]l:
]l{f]l
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{V>Os :
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CH3 CH CH3
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, CH3 CH = CH3 C
CH
MS]l > ]l]l$$: lMSP$ f]l# MS, VS$Y, {sZ$, llO]l]l MS]l
> ]lQ ]l]l$$.
{sZ$ : ]l>, fl$]l# A]l$ *Z *VS ^llyl > Hyl]l MS]l
> ${]l$l$ {sZ$.
VS$Y: l Z ]lS, fl$g A]l$ *Z SOl$ *VS ^llyl
> VS$Y Hyl$l$.
O{yM>l$
M>l, O{yfl]l$ ]l*{ll$ MSW]l MS]l >]l$ O{yM>l$ As$.
O{yM>l ]lYMS :
O{yM>l$
]l*M> O{yM>l$
]ll O{yM>$
l
O{yM>l$
BP]l$$
Al
O{yM>l$
BP]l$$
M>OMSM
l$$
rOMSM
l$$
BOP]l$$
GOMSM
l$$
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G]l*sM
l$$
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BP]l$$
BP]l$ $ CnH2n+2
E:
CH4 & $ll
C2H6 & Dll
C3H8- & {l
C4H10 & - $sl
C5H12 & - sl
C6H14 & MSl
$ll l*: A*$$ M>Oyl f > $ll]l$ l*$^l$]l^l$a.
Al4C3 + 12H2O 3CH4 + 4Al(OH)3
l>$:
1. 1&5 MS]l ]l*$]l#$ VS BP]l$$ ]l#$, 6&10 MS]l ]l*$]l# VS {l$,
10 MSs GMS$P]l MS]l ]l*$]l#$ VS $]l >$
2. C {S ^lZ s.
E:
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl
CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl3 + HCl
CHCl3 + Cl2 CCl4 + HCl
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BP]l$ E*V>$:
1. BP]l$$ Cl$V> E*VSyl
2. {l]l BP]l$$ ]l$_ {]l$$
3. AlMS M>O]l MS]l > Z BPl { >$
4. $l, Cl, O{yfl l*MS BP]l$$ E*VSyl.
BP]l$$
-& MS JMS l MSW]l Al O{yM>l]l$ BP]l$$ As$.
s $ CnH2n
E:
C2H4 ---- -Dl(Cl)
C3H6 ----- {l
C4H8 ----*sl
C5H10 ---- -sl
C6H12 ---- -MSl
Cl (Dll) l*:
-& -M Dll O]l BPZ MSW_]l KOH ^l]l]l Dll l*$^l$]l^l$a.
C2H5Cl + KOH C2H4 + KCl + H2O
BP]l$ l>$:
1. 3 MS]l ]l*$]l# ]lMS$ VS BP]l$$ ]l#$, 4&13 MS]l ]l*$]l#$ VS
BP]l$$ {l$, 13 MS GMS$P]l ]l*$]l#$ VS $]l >$.
2. C MS]l ^lZ Ys.
E: H2C = CH2 + H2 C2H6
H2C = CH2 + Cl2 ClCH2 CH2Cl
]l$MS:
-& BP]l$$ ]l$MS ^l ylOl]l V$$$ VS ]l$$V> Hyl$.
n(CH2 = CH2) &[-C2H2 -- C2H2-]n-www.sakshieducation.com
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BP]l$ E*V>$ :
]l$ l*Z E*W$
BP l*Z E*W$.
V> MS]l Cl]l$ ]l$l$]l$l$V> E*W$.
BOP]l$$
& MS]l ]l*$]l# ]l$l { l]l VS Al O{y M>l]l$ BOP]l$$ As$.
s $ CnH2n2
E:
C2H2 ---- -COl (Gr)
C3H4 ----- {O
C4H6 ---- $Os
C5H8 ---- Os
C6H10 ---- OMS
COll: (Gr l*) :
& M>$ M>Oyl]l$ f ]l ^l^lyl > Grl l*$^l$]l^l$a.
CaC2 + 2H2O HC = CH + Ca(OH)2
BOP]l$ l>$:
1. ]lyl$ MS]l ]l*$]l# ]lMS$ VS BOP]l$$ ]l#$, 4 ]l$_ 11 ]lMS$ {l$, 11MSs
GMS$P]l MS]l ]l*$]l#$]l BOPl$ $]l >$
2. BOP]l$$ MS]l ^lZ Y l >]l$ H$^l$]l$.
HC = CH + 2H2 C2H6
HC = CH + 2Cl2 Cl2CH CHCl2
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{l$$ ]l $
BP
BzOy
MSsZ
B]l$
Dl
GOl$
Gt
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E
CH3OH
CH3CHO
CH3 CO CH3
CH3COOH
CH3 O CH3
C3H7NH2
CH3COOC2H5
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M>O{ylr {]l:
1. M>O{ylr$ ]l$]lMS$ MS^la i]l >$
2. M>O{ylr$ ]l$]l B>$, $Zg *Z ]l]l$, MS]l$ C$
3. A]lV> M>O{ylr$ ]l$]lMS$ yl, l$$$, ]l]l$ ]l$MS*$a]l$.
VS*Mg S$
1. sZl S
sZl M>MS l*: yl
JMS
MSZ 5 $.. AgNO3 {]l $MS$ MS 5 >l NaOH]l$ 1 2 ^l$MSP$
l$yl. *yllVS$Z]l$]l AgOH A]lS]l Hyl$]l$.
D A]lS]l MSVS ]lMS$ NH4OH {]l ^l$MSP$^l$MSP$V> MSyl. D {]l
Al*MS Ol{ss {]l As$. Cl sZl M>MS.
VS*Mg {]l l*:
]l$MS S MS]l$ HNO3 MSylW Z
$]l*$ 1{V> VS*Mk l 5 $.. lf
MSW^lyl.
S:
VS*Mg {]lMS sZl M>M> MS f MSO lyl ^l$yl.
l:
S MS VylO lylNl Hyl$l$.
M>:
AgNO3Z Ag+ B*]l$ Ag ZV> VS*Mg ^ll SMS^lyl ]l lylNl Hyl$]l$.
2. lylMSt -S
lylMSt M>MS l*:
50$.. ]l* VS $PZ 35 $.. sZ 8.65 {V>]l yl$ {ss, 5{V>]l
yl$ M>ls]l$ l MSW^lyl.
lMS S MSZ 0.85 {V>]l M> s]l$ 5 $.. sZ MSW^lyl.
D yl$ {]l]l$ MS, ll $]l ]l* 50 $.. A$ lf $yl. Cl
lylMSt M>MS.
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V>$ (Parts):
1) ^lMS$ (Sugar cane)
2) MS^l MSl$$ (Crusher)
3) $$$ (Mills)
4) ^lMS$ (Bagasse)
5) $]l, ylMSl (Defecation, Lime)
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BP l*
MS {{MS$: Dt,MSt* ]ls *MSi]l#^ll El A$ GOg]l ^l ]l
l A$]l#$ _]l_]l A$]l#$V> ]l*a {{MS$]l$ MS{{MS$ As$.
lO Dt MS {{MS$ > DOl BP]l$ El ^l$.
BP l*Z l$:
1) l]l$ 10l ^lMSP {]lV> sZ ]l ^l$.
2) Dt $VS$l M Al*$ s, Al*$ s ]ls ]l]l$ lMS$
MS$#$.
3) O]l l*O]l l {]l MS {{MS$ stZMS ^l$a$.
4) O {]lMS Dt MS$#$.
Dt MS {{MS$MS$ A]lOl$]l C]ltg, Ogl$g Al yl$ GOg]l]l$ El ^l]l$.
C]ltg ${Mk]l$ VS*Mg,{Mtg$V> ylVyl$l$.
C12H22O11
C]l-t-g
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
VS*M-g - {-Mt-g
Ogl$g VS*Mk]l$ COl BP, M>lOylBMSyl$V> ylVr$t]l$.
C6H12O6
Ogl$-g
2C2H5OH
COl- BP--
2CO2
M>--l yl*MS yl
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V>$:
1) (Wash)
2) s B (Steam of water)
3) lyl (Hot Wash)
4) s B + BP B (Steam and alcohol vapours)
5) MSyl]l (Condenser)
6) 90>l BP (90% Alcohol)
7) ]l- >$
BP E*V>$:
1) {]l$Z {]lV>
2) ]l$l$ l*Z
3) , {, Oll ]ls ]l$l$> l*Z BP]l$ E*W$.
BP ]l]l MS$VS$ l$$:
1) MS {MS$, yl ]l]lMS$ ]lt MSW$.
2) ]l$l$ *$ _]l^ VS$yl, M>$ l l$$ ]l.
3) ]l]l ]l]l i~ ]l]l l]l$]l$.
GOl$ B]l*$ & {s]l$
GOl$l (NH2), B]l$ (COOH) {l$$ ]l]l$ VS >$ GOl$ B]l*$.
s >
H
NH2
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COOH
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{s]l E*VS:
1) {s]l$ fl$MSg >Z ]lQ{l ]l
2) M {s]l$ GOg]l$V> AlMS i]l$]l ^lZ E{lM>$V> ^l.
3) M {s]l$ i]l]l {{MS$]l$ ${
4) M {s]l$ *s yl.. C VSM>MS {MS]l]l$_ S MS.
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V>$:
1) O{yfMS ^l$ ]l*l (Un Hydrogenated oil)
2) lyl^l st (Heating pan)
3) MS]lt (Converter)
4) E{lMS (Catalyst)
5) O{yfl (Hydrogen)
6) lMS (Coolant)
7) ]lyll (Filtration)
8) O{yf ^l]l ]l*l (Hydrogenated oil)
]l*l O{yfMS ]l E*V>$
1) Al ]l*l l M]l#V> ]l*$l$
2) O{yfMS ^l]l M]l#]l$ BV> $M]lyl ]l$_
3) O{yfMS ]l ]l*l $_, ]l VS$l$.
4) GMS$P]lM> $]l Eylr$ ^l$.
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$ l*
MSl
HOl > ]l$SZ ]l*l/M]l#]l$ f ^l_ $]l$ l$V> l {{MS$]l$
MSl As$.
(C17H33COO)3 C3H5 + 3NaOH 3C17H33COONA + CH2OHCH(OH) CH2OH
W- - >-
$ l* {{MS$:
1. ]l*l M]l#]l$ JMS l t $ st Z $M MS ZnO, MgO MS 4.1 l$V> P
yl]l ]ll 240250C ]lMS$ lyl^l*, s B f ^l^. ]l s
B]l* ${]l$, W> $. W>]l$ l]l > W^l]l^l$a.
2. $W]l s B]l* ${]l* AMS l]l > l$^l, $ VS$MS A]l$VS$V>
l s B]l*]l$ l ]l*Z G]l$MS$s$.
3. C G^l$MS$]l s B]l* ${]l*MS M >>$ MS lrMS$. Cl $.
$ VS$lMS S
1.5 {V>]l $]l$ 100 $.. l]l fZ MSW^.
]l$_ 10 $.. {]l
S MSZ $M.
S MS ]lMS $ ]llst 15MSylr$ V> MS$l.
30 MS]l$ r$ B {l
MSP]l st E^. B l>l ]l$VS Gl$l] $ M.
D S]l$ ]l*PsZ MS l M> $ ^. GMS$P]l ]l$VS^la
$]l$ ]l$_ $V> P]l]l^l$a.
ylrjs$
$MSV> ylfjr$ BOP il Zls ]l$ s BP s
]l$.
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ylr-js
M-]l# + NaOH
s B]l$ (FA) + W->-
2.
FA + NaOH
ABS
ABS
3.
FA -yl-$
1.
-]l-
+ M --$ $
ABS
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FAS + NaOH
FAS yl-$ ]l-
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$]l> {]l$$
{>$:
l$r$ l*
V>k {]l$
]l$$ {l$
tM$, hVS$$, MS{]l$ >$
l l$
f$, ]l$l$$, L$
{sZ$ {]l$
G$]l#$
l$r$ l*
l$r$... M>$ MSs, M>$ A*$ls ${]l$
l*:
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V>$
1). ]lyl ({VS]l ); 2). VS M$; 3). ]l$r;
4). VS$Y yl; 5). VS$Y yl VS; 6). lMS VS; 7). MS MS l$s
2. O ll$Z Hyl]l ]lyl MS ]lyl ^l*~]l$ {VS]l As$. 150$.
yl]l#, 4 $ VS $VS$yl$ M$Z l $. C VSrMS$ 30&60 $ l]l ^l$r$t ]l$
$VS$l$.
3. D M$MS JMS _]l {VS]l {l st , y _]l V>$ V>, VS$YV>
]l$yl_]l JMS gMS]l Er$. M$ _]l E~{VSl 1700 -1900 C ]lMS$ Er$.
4) M$ZMS {lst]l {VS]l llr s A$]l#]l$, l$l M>lyl*MSyl]l$
MZ, _]lV> *yll VS$ VS VSst l$ *Z Eyl MSMS l$s Hyl$l$.
5. D MSMS]l$ ^la ]l ylV> ^l, 2&3 >l h MSl l$r$ Hyl$l$.
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V>k {]l$
-& V>k $MSV> yl$ MSs (Na2SiO3), M> $ MSs
${]l$.
& V>k]l$ AlMS ^l]l ${]l$ As$.
(CaSiO3),
M>
(SiO2)
Z BMSyl$/Z ]l
Cr2O3
MnO2
CuSO4
AuCl3
Cu2o
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V>k VS$
BMS$^la
E
-MS#VS$
G$#
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M V>k$, s E*V>$
V>kMS
yV>k
OMS V>k
M>tj V>k
s V>k
VSstV>k
ZMSs
E*VS
MSsMS A$V>, l*Z yl$
{*V>> MS> l*Z yl$
l$l $$, lMS> l*
l>Z yl$$
VSstV>k MS> l*Z yl$
O#Ol$, {*VS>Z yl V>k MS> l*Z E*W$.
V> ZVS: V>k]l$ lyl^l l$l_ ZMS V> F M]l BMSVS V>k ]l$]l#]l$
l*$^l {{MS$]l$ V> ZVS As$. V> ZVS {{MS$ OMS V>k, ZMSs
V>k ]l*{ll$ l.
]l$$ {l$ (>$MS)
MS]l$]l$ ll > ]l$_ l*$^l ]l$]l#]l$ ]l$$ {l$ As$. >$MS
Al {XMS$ lOl$]l MS>l* ]l$_ #st.
>$MS l*MS yl ]lyl >$ 1)MS]l$]l$ 2) Qf 3)C$MS
l* ]l:
1. ]lyl> ${]l* ]l ylV> $$$.
2. D ^l*>~MS lW]ll s MS ]llV> l*$^l$.
3. D ]ll]l$ ]lZ l ~l BMSVS ]l$]l#V> *_ Gylr$t$.
4. s {MS]l$V> lyl^l$.
5. D lyl^l]l ]ll VSstV> Eylyl ^ll ]l$$ ]l$]l#$ l*VS$]l$.
6. s l*Z E~{VSl 1100 s{VSy ]lMS$ Er$.
]l$$ {l]l$ yl$M>$V> h^l]l^l$a. A
1) MS$yl{l$ (s{>Mr MS r)
2) ]l$M>{l$(Gll)
MS$yl{l$:
s MS]l$]l$ ]l$_ l*$ ^l$. MS$yl$, MS*g$, Cr$MS$ llO]l
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sMS E$.
]l$M> {l$:
s G{MS]l$]l$, *yllVS$ E]l MS]l$]l$ ]l$_ l*$ ^l$. C l$$#]l$ MSW
Es. P V$, l$ l]l# V> ]l$]l#$, V> MS$yl$ llO]l.
tMS$, hVS$$, MS{]l$ >$
tMS :
tMS A]lV> M^l ]l*$ ^l]l MS]l > ]l$$. ($)
tMSMS$ VS {lMS l>$:
1. VSstl]l
2. l$rtMS$y ^l MS
3. s, lyl, Jyl lr$tMS$l MS
4. l*Z
5. Oll E]l VS$$ B^lVSW]l MS
tMS$&s E*V>$
tM
(A {ll)
(AMS {ll)
t
Ol MOy
Gt$
Ol 6, 6
E*V>$
MSr$, tM ^l$$, ]l# Mr$
]l$$, l$ lM>$, tM {l$
l$l lM>$, l$l]l$, CsMS# MS$$, s..,
{hrMS$, A$ MSV ]ll$
Vst$, ^l ^l$$, {V>l$ M>$z$, l$ lM>$,
l MSy$, $$, s#$, MSV ]ll$
$$, s#$, MSV]ll$]l {]l$Z >$V>
{$, { ]lyl$, `$, >$, Cs ]l*{W
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1)
f hVS$$ 2) MS{]l$ hVS$$
l$]l$ hVS$$, MSP, fl$]l#, ^l, G]lMS]l$_ l*O]l hVS$$ llO]l...fOl$]l hVS$
CMS, h]l$, Ml$, &*&>zOyl l$, Ol,tl,GOl$yl
]l$ MS{]l$ hVS$$...
hVS$ M>$,s E*V>$, s l>$
hVS$$ $
f hVS$$ (l$]l$ hVS$$)
MS{]l$ hVS$$
(* >zOy )
l>$ E*V>$
l lMS$P]l, r MS$VS$l$, M>W$ AMS^l$rMS$
E*W$.
s lMSl GMS$P]l. ^lMSP ]l*{WMS, ]l#y $l
M yl$$.
>$:
]l{]l$Z rt llMS$ E*VSyl >$ >$. C yl$M>$. A 1)f >$
2) ]l*]l]l l MS{]l$ >$
f>Z $Zg ]lQ $rMS]l. ]l*]l]ll >$ MS{]l$ ]l$ ]l$_ El
AVS$]l$.
]l$ ]l$_ >]l$ l$^l ll$$:
1. VS]l l: ]l$]l$ VS]l]l ^l {l]lZ VS ]l$]l$ JMS _a{l {l ]l$_ #r
> >$V> VS$]l^l$a. Oll, yl{M>l >]l$ D lZ l*$^l$.
2. yll: D lZ ]l$]l$ HOl A ]l]l E~{VSl VS {]lZ MSW$. D
]l$]l$ JMS _a{l ]lVS$y $rMS$ ]l_a]l {]l lrl lylMS VS$^l$.
{]l ]l]l ^l CWV> ]l$$ >$V> VSstyl. $Zg Gss , K>l
Al >]l$ D lZ l*$^l$.
l l$
JMS]lMS BMS ^lyMS, *#]l$ ]l*ayMS, Al ^lyMS , ]lQ${l MMS$ yl HOl
]l, l* ]l${W A^l ]l$ l l$ As$. E: lMS ,
]l$l$$MS$, kr$tMS$, V$, ^ll$MS$ yl $, ]ll$, yl, Z]l$, VS$, >$
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llO]l s l l$ As$.
l ]l (Mz{MS): l]l]l *$yl lyl]l$_ , ^lV>]l$_ , l$]l,l*]l$_ ^l>
S. AlM>MS ^l> ${_ ]l$]l$#V> ^l. l$ ]l*l,s G]l$]l$.
l ]l]l$l$ ]lQV> l]l*l, lll$st]l$_ ^l Ol$]l]l, VS$sr$,
M^l $]l {l$ MS Es.
VVS$ (l):
V BMS M V$O N Nl]l$ VVS$ As$. Cl$Z MS]l]l$ l,
tOf,]l~{l]l]l, $]l {l ${]l$]l , Hl A]l E~{VSlVS {]lZ
MSW^lyl Es. VVS$ VMS$ N]l#yl$ {]l ]l]l ^l Cl $rM>$
VMS$ Al$MS$Ps.
yl:
llZ AlMSV> A]lyl$ HOMSMS ]l$]l# yl. lO VS ]l*l]l$,
^l]l$r]l$ W_ ^l>MS ]l$]l$#l C]lyMS yl$. ylMS$ 5 {lMS S$s.
S
1. AlMSl (MS Eyl ]l$)
B S M yl$
Oss$ BOMSy, hM BOMSy, l$X$
BOMSy
2. g$yl$ VS$ (lMSV> Ar$MS$ A]l#r) sP, (l$X$ MSs)
3. Af]ll (^l>MS Ar$MS$ Eyl$r) M>$ t$s, hM t$s
4. Z (^l]l$r]l$ $aMS$l ]l$) M>$ M>ls, l$X$ M>ls
5. MS *Sl (yl$ MS ]l*)
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f]l]l >]l:
f >]lZ JMS {Ml* ]l]l, JMS BM{Ml$ ]l Es. {Ml*
fMS VS$]l$ B$.
BM{Ml$: 1) f]l]l VS$ {]ll]l$ ^l$l$.
2) ]l $]l l H$^l$MS$ f >MS AMS_ E^l$]l$.
f]l]l yl ]l:
]ll$V> > f]l# {]lZ ]lst l>l MS MS$#$. Hyl {]l$
f]l]l ]lO]l Al$MS$P MS VS$$.
]l$l$$
VSMS, VS>MS$, VS *]lMS$ yl >]l$ ]l$l$$ As$.
BlOl$]l ]l$l$ S$:
1. ^l ]l$$ {Z MS{MSlOl$ Ey.
2. ^l ]l$l MSWEy.
3. C ]l$$ M>MS*yll$.
4. ]l]l H Cl {]l Eyl>l$.
5. C W MSg]l$ V>$a>l$, {{MS$MS$ Al>$ MSW^l>l$.
]l$l$ ]l]l$$:
]l$l$$ f ]l]l$ ]l$_ MS{]l$ l ll$ > l]l^l$a. lMSP$
fl$]l#$, *MSi]l#$, llO]l f]l]l$$M>V>, VS$Y,{sZ$ B*O]l
$]l > ]l$_ ]l$l$]l$ l ll$Z l]l^l$a.
_MSl,^l]l]l$_ ]l$l$]l$ B$ M>$V> ]lYMS^l]l^l$a.
1. MS{l yl]l]lO ^l ]l$l$$ (l$lyl$,l]l$]lO ^l)
2. lSl yl]l]lO ^l ]l$l$$( yl$O ^l)
3. VS$yl, MS ]l$l$$ (VS$yl,MS{ ]l]lO ^l)
4. $]l _MSl ]l$l$$ ({sZk,MSt*,i,HMS]l ]ls Cl i]l#O
^l.
5. r$]l$ (G, , , yl, C, MS)
6. ]l$ (C]l$l, M>zl)
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L$:
*Z ]l*$^l_, WMS C^la ]l$l$]l$ L$ As$. {l]lS$, $,
CgMS]l$, yl$$, VS$MS$, ]l*{l$, $ llO]l]l L$.
]l$l$ l*: ]l$l$]l$, Cl $rM> yl AMS JylMS VS$^l ]l$l$ $
l*$^l$. D lZ $s M>s ^l*~ ^l ]l {$ VS fylZ f_ D
^l*>~ $V> yl]l ^l$V> Hyl]l ]l$ A]l$Ol]l M>WZ MS*a A]l$.
M ]l$l$ >$:
{sZ$ {]l$:
{sZ$ *$Z Z $. Z ]lQV> yl]l# V$$ O{yM>]l$,
BP]l$, Hl$sMS O{yM>l$, , llO]l AlMS >$s. *$Z
ZMS {$ l B { > {sZ$ ]lMS$ Vst$ yl >
{sZ$ $rMS$ $.
{sZ]l$ $^l$yl: {sZ$]l$ ${_ Al$VS E*VSMSOl$]l MS]l >]l$
l$a {{MS$]l$ {sZ$ $^l$yl As$.
$^l ]l:
1. {sZ$ ]ll$ VS s l$^lr: ]lyl ]l*l]ll$ VS s W^lyMS
]lyl{sZ$]l$ AlMS Bl VS G[Mtyl ]l$l ]l$_ {]l^l$. s l$$
W.
2. > W#: s W_]l l>l ]l*lMS$ M>BMSyl MS$#$.
>$ M> BMSyl ^l M>Oy A]lS]l Hyl$l$. D A]lS]l]l$ ]lyll
> W$.
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3. BMS l]l: ]lyl ]l*l]l$ C]l$stZ l 400C ]lMS$ lyl^l$. Cl$ZVS $rM>
]l]l ^ll$. M>V> Bt A $]l ]l*{l stZ $Wl$. O
{{MS$Z Hyl]l $ BMSl]l VS$y {]l* ^lV>]l*$.
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Ol{sZf, ,
s$
M>$, yl$,
, l$X$
M>,
]l*z]l,
]l*VS, Mt,
hM, Z>, C]l$]l
11. , ]l*^ l$
S
H
I
{MS]l$
Q
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
O ]l$yl
{]l ]lVS
]l$l O ]l$yl
l*$ O ]l$yl
El O ]l$yl
D>]l O ]l$yl
D>]l {s$ O
lS O ]l$yl
lS ]l$l O ]l$yl
BVS$ O ]l$yl
a]l$ O ]l$yl
El&]l$l O ]l$yl
l*$&]l$l O ]l$yl
]l O ]l$yl
l*$ M O ]l$yl
Ol$ O ]l$yl
a]l$ ]l$l O ]l$yl
]l (.s.)
MMS
]l*l
VMSN
]l*V>l (V, A)
^lOl
MS{l
MMS
]l (^laVSs)
Al (El{l)
iN ()
OgN
$]ll
VS*$
fN (]l$l{l)
]lQOl$]l {$&f$$
H
I
A
K
H
I
]l$ MS$#l$.
ll yl$z ]l*>Y yl]l#Z s yl]l# 2 >l MS lMS$Pl.
C ll yl$z Z 40 >l MS$ ylyl$l$.
2. > $$:
> {$l B]lZ Es.
> >f ]lVS { rt MS$#.
lZ ll yl$z ]l*>Y yl]l#Z C 6.2 >l E.
g$ ]l$, $VS$ > ]l$ MS$#.
3. h $:
h {g l BlZ Es.
hZ rt A]l$]l]l$]l#.
4. {V>]l$ ^ $:
]l$yl {g l, {V>]l$ ^ BlZ Es.
{V>]l*]l$ MS$#.
$Z $VS MS$.
(2 ]l*$P$)
(2 ]l*$P$)
A
K
4. l { l]l$ P]lyl?
]l$]l lZ ]lQOl$]l { l$:
l, s{V>, sl, Ol l, MS, G[M>tMS l$.
6. l O$ Gl$Pr$]l $ H?
(1 ]l*$P)
$ O ]l]l, l$MS, VSg ]l*yl ]ls ]l$ Gl$Pr$.
Al>j$
JMS l l Z GVS$]l$, VS$]l$l$$s. l A]l ]lZ ]ll$
ys B l Al>j$ ^lMSPV> Ey.
]lQOl$]l {$&f$$
H
I
1. l f As H$s? A Gl$MS$ l?
(2 ]l*$P$)
JMS l Cl l> ^l g "l f' As$.
z A l>Z f]l]l$$, Ell$$ JMS MSV> Eyl]l#. M>st Cl l> Al>j$
^l*.
z D l fZ GVS$]l$l$$, VS$]l$l$$s.
z l>MS M>]l A]l>]l$ VS$]l$l$ >, $VS$$ Ell$]l$ GVS$]l$l$ >
g ^l$yl f$VS$l$. Al$MS { l>MS l f l.
A
K
2. l f As A H$s?
(1 ]l*$P)
GVS$]l$l$ VS]l*, VS$]l$l$ B l$gl "l f '. C JMS l
^l ]lQ {]l$ *_$.
|sT#TeTT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
\yTq eTeTT
\Vq eTeTT
\yTq seTT
\Vq seTT
>d eTeTT
seTT
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
Kw =
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
F)
G)
CH3COOH
NH4OH
Hcl
NaOH
1.0 x 10-14 Mole ion2/lit2
H+ njqqT #TqT
s dueeTT.
yT\T
1) *, ms 2) ms, * 3) e\T 4) s\T 5) H]+ s+>T 6) msT|
7) |dT| 8) e\T 9) s\T 10) c> 11) deqeTT 12) { njTsD \+
13) 1.0 x 10-14mole ion2/lit2 14) PH 15) -log [H]+ 16) ksHdH 17) eTeTT 18) seTT
19) d <eD+ 20) 3 21) 10`8 22) c> 23) Hcl 24) CH3COOH
25) NaOH 26) NH4OH 27) dsDweTT 28) 13.7 Kilo . Cal/Mole.
29) Nacl + H2O + 13.7 K. Cal / Mole. 30) seTT 31) 1 qT+& 2
32) 0, 7 33) 7, 14 34) $qeTT 35) 7.
|sT#T
1) C
2) A
3) D
4) B 5) F
6) G
7) E
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
|sT#TeTT
1.
C - OH
A)
2.
C - CHO
B)
3.
C=O
C)
4.
C - COOH
D)
5.
C-O-C
E)
6.
C - NH2
F)
7.
C - COOR
G)
\V
*V&
{H
eTeTT
<sY
myTH
mdsY
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
u+JH
TfH
VH
|+{H
b|H
A)
C4H10
B)
C5H10
C)
C3H4
D)
C6H6
E)
F)
G)
C6H12
C6H14
C4H6
yT\T
1) 0.3 2) sb+s 3) eeTT, >|{ 4) 3.51 >/d.d. 5) 2.4 6) eeTT 7) #TsTFjT
8) 1.54A0 9) 109028 10) >|{ 11) 2.25>/d.d. 12) w{D 13) 1.42A0 14) 1200
15) 3.35A0 16) 12 17) 20 18) |{u 19) 1.4 20) CO2 21) 0.003 22) s eT+
23) CO2 24) b&eT+#T 25) HwH 26) k<X\T 27) +d{ 28) 82 29) 70 30) V&
sH\T 31) u+JH 32) bs|H\T 33) CnH2n + 2 34) deTVeTT 35) ||D 36) CHCl3
37) TfH (C4H10) 38) qT\T 39) CnH2n 40) z*|H 41) d+\q 42) ~*H
43) eTTeT+<T 44) qT\T 45) CnH2n - 2 46) mdH 47) mdH 48) mdH 49) k&jT+
|s#T
1) A 2) B 3) c 4) D 5) E 6) F 7) G 8) D 9) A 10) F 11) B 12) C
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ll BMS ]l]l S$
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f$$
]lQ {$
4 ]l*$P$
2 ]l*$P$
1. ]l]lMSl VS As H$s?
2. A]l]lMSl VS As H$s?
3. l ]l]l$ VSZ $l$]l {l H$s?
4. lZ B$ A]l*]llMS$ M>?
1 ]l*$P
1. B$ A]l*]ll]l$ G M$$?
2. l B$ As H$s?
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f$$
]lQ {$
4 ]l*$P$:
2 ]l*$P$:
1 ]l*$P
1. lMS As H$s?
2. BMS ]l]l]l$ yl$]l ]lQ ]l$?
3. ]l*]l]l *_MS As H$s?
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f$$
]lQ {$
4 ]l*$P$:
2 ]l*$P$
1. ]l*$P
1. FERA As H$s?
2. ]lMS {]l$$ As H$s?
3. RBI]l$ ^lyl?
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g$l El]l*$
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33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
f$$
]lQ {$
4 l*$P$
1. f HMSMSZ P _l {l l^lyl?
2. z* $MSlZ Cr H lV> HMSMS _ l^lyl?
3. {lZ {MS.. 1830 $VS$r$ ^lVSyMS ^&10 GllMS$ l$yl $$
$?
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2 l*$P$
1. Gl$ s{V> VS$_ >$yl?
2. M>l*PS VS$_ >$yl?
3. $ l*l l*YlMS *{$ lyl?
1 l*$P
1. ylt As H$s?
2. {ll$ Crl As H$s?
3. s B ll As H$s?
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{]l*fl
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f$$
]lQ {$
4 l*$P$
2 l*$P$
1 l*$P
1. l g ll As H$s?
2. {l*fl As H$s?
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l$M>l {^l
f$$
1.AV>jyl&3; 2. M&2; 3. MSlP; 4. E{yl; 5. ]l; 6. C{P; 7.
yl*]l*; 8. f; 9. 1919; 10. 1917; 11. $l$&2; 12. l; 13. {rl; 14. l ; 15.
1918; 16. f; 17. g; 18. g; 19. ]l*MSl$ VP; 20. 13; 21. l Vl.
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]lQ {$
4 l*$P$
1. l$$ls {^l $$l $s?
2. l$$ l$$ H$s?
1. g $ >$ H$s?
2. MS*rl$$$/J VS$_ >$yl?
3. 1905 MS M>s?
2 l*$P$
1 l*$P
1. l VS$_ >$yl?
2. l$>{MSl$ NMS g$l As H$s?
3. l$$ls {^l $$MS lS M>l$s?
4. Pl l$ H$s?
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34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
f$$
1. ]l; 2.
r ; 3. ]l$^l**; 4. CVS yl; 5. h; 6. O l ; 7. l$lM>
8. ]l^M>P$; 9. yl{y; 10. ]l$*; 11. 1950; 12. ^ltVS ; 13. CZ yl
Cs*; 14. ]l*&s&r$VS; 15.
r ; 16. ]l; 17. 1929; 18. g*; 19.
r; 20. MSt G]l*]l*&3; 21. ]l; 22. l$; 23. Bt Iltl; 24.
V>; 25. ; 26. ${l; 27. l@MS; 28. *glt; 29. AssMS; 30.
tl; 31. ]l MS]l$; 32. f]l {M; 33. ; 34. yl; 35. ]l;
36. MS{l, ${l; 37. ]l*; 38. yl$tlKMS; 39. $MS; 40. g ]lS (Ayl); 41.
lk; 42. $sZfg.
]lQ {$
4 l*$P$
1. y {^l $$l llyMS M>?
2. y {^l $$MS _l >fMS$, BMS s?
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2 l*$P$
1. l* {MS VS$_ >$yl?
2. Al$l As H$s?
3. f VS$_ >$yl?
4. y {^l $$lZMS Al$M> {l^lyMS l M>s?
1. i$$fl$ As H$s?
2. SSWAPO ]l$ ^lyl?
3. lS{M>Z g ]lS (Ayl) As H$s?
4. ]l* VS$_ >$yl?
1]l*$P
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34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
f$$
1. ]l; 2.
r ; 3. ]l$^l**; 4. CVS yl; 5. h; 6. O l ; 7. l$lM>
8. ]l^M>P$; 9. yl{y; 10. ]l$*; 11. 1950; 12. ^ltVS ; 13. CZ yl
Cs*; 14. ]l*&s&r$VS; 15.
r ; 16. ]l; 17. 1929; 18. g*; 19.
r; 20. MSt G]l*]l*&3; 21. ]l; 22. l$; 23. Bt Iltl; 24.
V>; 25. ; 26. ${l; 27. l@MS; 28. *glt; 29. AssMS; 30.
tl; 31. ]l MS]l$; 32. f]l {M; 33. ; 34. yl; 35. ]l;
36. MS{l, ${l; 37. ]l*; 38. yl$tlKMS; 39. $MS; 40. g ]lS (Ayl); 41.
lk; 42. $sZfg.
]lQ {$
4 l*$P$
1. y {^l $$l llyMS M>?
2. y {^l $$MS _l >fMS$, BMS s?
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2 l*$P$
1. l* {MS VS$_ >$yl?
2. Al$l As H$s?
3. f VS$_ >$yl?
4. y {^l $$lZMS Al$M> {l^lyMS l M>s?
1. i$$fl$ As H$s?
2. SSWAPO ]l$ ^lyl?
3. lS{M>Z g ]lS (Ayl) As H$s?
4. ]l* VS$_ >$yl?
1]l*$P
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15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
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f$$
1. ; 2. G.yl. *glt; 3. l$; 4. yl^lMS$; 5. IlZ]l; 6. ]ly{^l; 7.
1960; 8. ; 9. North Atlantic Treaty Organization; 10. ]l*Zl ; 11. 1948; 12. l
>VS; 13. {^le]l; 14. {r*]l$l; 15. ]l*; 16. {; 17. sZMS*r$; 18.
>; 19. yl$VS; 20. _$l; 21. ]l* ssZ; 22.l-; 23. ]l*&s&r$VS;
24. M>]l*P; 25. ^{lMS VS ]l*a.
4 l*$P$
]lQ {$
2 l*$P$
1 l*$P
1. {^le]l l As H$s?
2. NATO ]l$ ^lyl?
3. {r*]l$l l As H$s?
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1. g$l El]l*$
A
K
H
I
HMSMS']l$ ^yl$.
]l$hj, MS]lN, V>z, >k MSt G]l*]l* -- II MS lV> Cr HMSMS lOl$.
l$ & III ^l]l AlMS ]l { BMS ]l]l l]lOl$.
{MS.. 1871Z Z "MS]l']l$ H^$. M> { O]l {]lV> A_l.
]l*fZ BMSOl$]l A]l*]ll]l$ *^lyMS 19]l Z ]l$l
El]l*$ B^. sZ ^l$$OMS]l {l _]l$: >t Kl, s O]l$,
* M, M>]l*P.
A
K
H
I
f.
VSyl]l ]lM>$ g$O]l ^ll$$ MSyl $VS$r$ {]l* a.
A
K
H
I
A
K
H
I
A
K
H
I
2. {]l*fl
H
I
A
K
H
I
A
K
(2 ]l*$P$)
H
I
6. {]l*fl As H$s?
(1 ]l*$P)
& l]l$ >fMS$, BMS A]l>]l$ $aM]lyMS M Ol$]l l>MS$ ]l>f ]l
A]lOl$.
& ]l >g]l$ ^l$M]lyMS B Ol$]l >g ]l$l Hyl]l {l$ll$ "{]l*fl'
A
K
7. lg ll As H$s?
(1 ]l*$P)
& AVSMS$MS$ VSMSl lyl ""lg ll'' A Z {]l*fl l>$
l]l$ ]ll ^l]l$ ]l$^l$MS$r* D Bl> ^l>.
& D Bl {]l*fMS ]l$ *.
]l$M>]l {^l
A
K
H
I
]lR>$:
& ]l >g B{MS]l$ r l>MS$]l >, l$>{MS]l$ NMSOl$]l g$l,
{*f$ M>yl$M]lyMS H^l$MS$]l MS*r]l$, lOl$]l OMSl,
BMS O B. {r BMS $ ]l f >i {]l]l, { {M>^le,
P >gZ ]l$$ {MS.. 1914 OZ lls {^lMS >.
& B{t* ]l>k zy l lS M>V> {Ol$]l D lZ ${l>g$V>
CVSyl, {, , f (_]lZ Al$M> ^l)$ MS*r$ MSst. sMS sV> f,
Cr, B{t*, rP$ MS{l >f MS*r$V> ZMS V>.
& 1918 ]l]l ]lMS$ fW]l lls {^ll {^l V> l t_.
${l>gl O^l A.
& ]ll fW]l (1801&1919) > l$Z fMS, ${l>gMS$ ]l$l
]l fW. D l$$ f A $V> ]l ^l>.
& > l$Z As Al$M> AlS$Oyl]l "E{y ' g $ H>r$]l$
{^yl$. Al>j$ > S^lyll$ D $ {]l S. C A]l$MS$]llV>
M>MS.
& Z g (>k$) MS$]lMS$ ]lMSV> lMSOl$]l, l$Ol$]l El]l*$
{f.
& ^l{lZ MSMSOl$]l BV> {MSMSP]l 1905 f]l]l 9]l ""l V' $
MSlZ ]l$ >k M&II, #s ^lMS$ ]lMSV> s rYZ
$VS$r$ ^l>$. g >i >V> ]l ]lW.
& lls {^l lZ , f ^lZ Kyl. AsMS BMS MSMS Al E]l
]l$ ]l$ $VS$r$]l$ 1917 {Z ^l>$.
& D $VS$r$ > Z g ]l Al]l$. ""{Z'' $MSlZ "M>yls'
{$l Hyl.
& {g MZ]l M>yls ]l]l$ MS* "MSP' $MSlZ $ll ]l$
l$O]l l$M$ {$ H>r$ ^l>$.
& M]lW^]l MSP ~*$ ]l^la {>$MS$$, Ol$$, OMS$$ AylV> E]l
ZM$ ^ >lV> Z ]l*l]l {$ ""'' $MSlZ H^$.
& Z fOl$]l ]l$l ]l {$l H>r$ ^l>yl$. f l ]l$
^l$MS$yl$. r$tyl {^ MS]lt ]lg MS MS ^l sMS $
H
I
1. lls {^ll ?
(4 ]l*$P$)
1914 ]l$_ 1918 ]lMS$ fW]l lls {^l l {^lV> AlMS l>]l$ ]lt_.
l $:
& MS {]l M>MS$Oyl]l OMSf $l$&II f ]l yMS$ *yl$.
& fZ ]l$l M]l$ H>r$ ^l>$.
& lZ $]l*$ Ms ]l$ ^l*$. 60 S ]l$ MS]lylMS$y *$. 65 S
]l$ V>$yz$.
& l ]l]l El]lOl$]l ]l$]l$ ^la^lyMS " > l$' fW.
& >f$ ]l l> J$ fV>.
& Z {^l >MS MS ^l$yMS ""g $'' H>r$ ^l>$.
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2. ]l l$$ H$s?
(4 ]l*$P$)
lls {^l l ]lW]l l>l ]lZ A >f{lZ l glO]l
${l>gMS$, fMS ]l$l fW. l ]l As$.
]l l$$:
1. {lMS H>r$: A, Z{ Al {]l$ f {MS$ C_a.
& f l]l Z$Z VS$Y VS]l$]l$ ]ltV> {MS$ 15 ]ll> r$ yl$M]l
yMS AXMS_.
& f l]l {O]l , ]l*yl]l$ j$l$MS$, PV]l$ ylPMS$ ]ll$$MS$.
2. OMSOl$]l l]l$: f ]l$]l*{l OMS r ]l*{ll$ ^l$M]lyMS
]l*{ll$ A]l$]l$^$.
3. BMSOl$]l l]l$: f ll> AXMS_, l ]ltMS C ~
^$.
4. l]l ^l{MS]l OMSf]l$ Al>j$ $]l ^^ll$MS$ f AXMS_.
5. g $ H>r$ ^l l$Z ]l$_ {^ S^ >^$.
]lQV> ]l l$$ f G M>$V> A]l]l*]l>aZ A M>$V>
A]l]l*]l>a.
3. g $ >$s?
(2 ]l*$P$)
lls {^l]ll fW]l > l$Z As Al$M> AlS$yl$ E{y
{l]l l$MS$ g $ (1920) {^l> El_ H>r$ ^l>$.
g$ >$:
1. Al>j$ M>>, >{ll]l$ ^lyl.
2. >MS]l$ _, Al>j$ ]l$ NMSV> P^l$r.
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5. 1905 MS M>s?
(2 ]l*$P$)
& A]l$$Ol$]l g M &II {$l Ct]l$V> $MS$]l ~*$.
& ]l*fZ E]l Al
& MO Al]l$ #s, > ^l*_]l l${ $
& f ^lZ Kr$
& ]l$ {$l AM> V> {MSs^lyl
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9. VS$_ >$yl?
(1 ]l*$P)
& A$ $ $ C^ E$. 1870Z Z f^yl$.
& {MS.. 1900Z yll*{MSsM tZ ^l ""C{M>'' {MSMS$ lMSl ]l^yl$.
& {MS..1903Z ZM t _, 1917 MS $MSl ]l^yl$.
& ]ll {$ A, MS]lt ]l]l$ Zl ^l>yl$.
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]lR>$:
& lls {^l]ll fW]l > J$ (1919) Z ]l*l]l ]l$
B>MS f l. lZ Y]lyl ]l]l {]l BMS ]ltMS$ VS$O]l f, Cr,
$ ]l$V> r, ]l, $ll ]lZMS l.
& MS]lt ]lMS $ E]l ]l "CZyl Cs*'' Al {MS]l$ {
^yl$. ]l^M>P$ VS t t _ 1922Z Cr {]l]l${l*yl$.
r ^ll$$ MS y {^ll llyMS l]l* JMS M>MS$yl*yl$.
& l$ ]lMS A]l r "Ol' Al llll Zl]l ]l BMSl$Oyl fZ it
^yl$. "l$ M>' Al {VS _^yl$. f G A]l]l*MS$ VS$^l]l
]l l$]l$ P_, MS]llOl$]l f M>S^yl$. l]l {]l*fl
yl]l {^lMS M>$ l$yl$.
& M* ]l$Z ll*a]l O^l]l$ 1894Z f Kyl_. ]l$^l** {l Bl
M f& l (1904) _. Z f$ _]l f $&t
{]l*fl >fV> l*O _]lMS 1941Z O yl^l* yl]l {^llZMS
{l_.
& As Al$M> AlS$Oyl]l zV (1920) l ]l]l>Z l@MSP (Jr)
A]l$^yl$. 1929&30Z Hyl]l BMS]l*l ]l Al$M> ]lOl$. >fMS$Ol$]l
HM>l Al$M> ylylrr$ ^l]l Al$M> AlS$yl$ *gt. f ]l^s
CVSyl ^ll$$ MS _, AssM ^tO lMS ^l, ${l>g >]l yl]l
{^l lZMS Al$M> ^l.
& Z ZM$ {lst]l BMS {]llOl$. A#yl$ ]l*l]l BMS
]l ]l$ M>yyl$. l>l ]l_a]l "t (1924) ^l]l {MS
]l$ Zl ^l, {^l MS]lt ]l $MS$> B^yl$.
& lls {^l lZ ${l>gMS$ ]lMSV> >yl]l "rP' ^ ]lt. rP
{f$ $MS$ ]lMSV> ]l MS]l$ $MSlZ VSyz$. l>l MS]l$
rP AlS$yl$ A MS]llOl$]l lV> ^l>yl$. yl]l {^llZ rP lrV> E.
& N N~]llOl$]l yl]l {^ll(1939&45)Z MS{l>g >]l f, Cr,
f$ EylV>, ${l>g l#]l yl, {, CVSyl, Al$M>, $ lZ
Y.
& Al$M>, fZ ]l*, VSMS $l $yl ^l$yl f W.
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2. y {^ll $s?
(4 ]l*$P$)
MS{l >g $l ${l>g$ VS$lyl yl]l {^ll(1939&45) ]lW. D
l ]l Hyl]l $:
& f, f$ NV> l. f yl$ l>$V> yl.
-& -{^l > ]l B]lMSl]l$ A l>$ VS$_ Al$M 1945 AMtZ IMS>f $
Hyl.
& f$ _ CVSyl, {$ BMSV> ]lt*. s Bl lWY Al$M>,
$ A{VS>g$V> ]l*>.
& ]l>gZ g$l * W {]l*fl l>]l$ {$s^. l>
l{l .
& B*, B{M>O Bl .
& {^ll>$ yl$ ]l MS*s$V> yl*. JMSs r$tyl MS*r$, ]l$MSs
MS]l$t MS*r$.
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5. f VS$_ >$yl?
& CrZ ]l t t ^yl$.
& D g s^l M>MS$ ]l^M>P$ l$.
(2 ]l*$P$)
7. SWAPO]l$ ^lyl?
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B{M> {f $)
(1 ]l*$P)
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8. ifl$ As H$s?
& fZ r i t ^yl$.
& zM g Vl MS^l ifl$ l$MS$ ]lMS
& r __]l "l$M>' i llV> *.
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]lQOl$]l {$&f$$
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5. MS* As H$s?
(2 ]l*$P$)
& MS*Z $s $ AlMS S ]l>$ lM.
& D ^l l]lMS$ ^ {]l*l]l$ MS*MS$ $Z E]l Al$M> _.
& OMS MS { $]l^ Al$M>, MS* ^l$r*t MS VSl]l ^l.
& MS B{VS_]l l]l M> ]l$ MS*MS$ M]lW^lyl f$VS$l$l ^la
_.
& D lZ l ^l l$]l$ IMS>f $ AMSst.
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(1 ]l*$P)
(El AssM l> ]l]l)
8. {^le]ll As H$s?
(1 ]l*$P)
& yl]l {^l l ]lW]l l>l Al$M> $MSlZ >al l> MS*r$,
$MSlZ {^ll> MS*r$$ Hyz.
& D yl$ OMS MS*r$ ]l$l Hyl]l l ]l "{^le]ll' As$.
9. {r*]l$ l H$s?
& {X, rPMS$ OMS, BMS $ A^l {ll {r*]l$ l.
(1 ]l*$P)
(1 ]l*$P)
(]l${VS A$S l Jl)
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6. ll PMS l&l$Ol$]l
gVS
]lR>$:
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l.
2. l$]l {lZ D VSMSl B]l$ GMS$P]lV> MS^lyl ]l]l l$ VS
MSlV> $$.
3. {MS.N.3000 ]l$_ {MS.N.1500 ]lMS$ D l P llZ E]lr$V> l$$.
4. D ll VSMSl g, , VS$f>, >fZ _ E.
5. lgZ rt {$l MSZ { ZVS P hZ E.
6. gZ ]l*sV]l$ hZ E.
7. D VSMSl t S A rt MS ^l M>]lyl.
8. {M>lOl$]l ]lVS>$, t]l > E]l ]l$, ]l$VS$s l$$ E]l $$l
]l]l, >Ol$]l V>>$ D VSMSl {$.
9. lgZZ ]l$]lsMS ]lVS PMS Al$lOl$]l E.
10. l $ ]l ]ll ]l V>, ~ Z ]l_a]l ]l*$ ]l V>, Cl$$ ^l ]l yl$ ]l V>
D l$ VSMSl l]lOl$ Eyl]l^l$a]l$.
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7.llZ l{l]l$
]lR>$:
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6. {Oyl l As H$s?
(2 ]l*$P$)
& ll l]l$ l]l$ l>MS l*, {s BMS ylMS yl$l$]l Pll
{Oyl l.
& {_]lyl$ $ i
& {s {]l*fl ]lZ ]lQOl$]l A BMS yl. ]l_ {fZ g$
O^ll _ {Oyll.
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