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The embryo can be classified according to its age, its size or its morphologic characteristics. The correlation between these three criterias will allow identifying the embryonic Carnegie stages. The sequence of appearance of the various structures in the development of the embryo remains always the same. Nevertheless embryos of the same age can be in various conditions of development. It is thus practical to divide the development into stages that take inner and outer morphologic signs into consideration. In this way precise statements can be made and various embryos can be compared with each other in a meaningful way. This separation into stages was originally developed by Streeter (1942) who termed the various organizational stages "horizons". Later this scheme was completed byO'Rahilly and Mller (1987) who spoke more simply of embryonic stages or Carnegie stages. These stages permit the embryologist to make a more precise classification than just using size would allow (nevertheless, one can say that the relation between the stages and size remain relatively constant). Moreover, with the stage classification more precise statements can be made than is possible only using the age of the embryo. Chronological statements are really less accurate. Among other things, this is because the date of ovulation is often calculated based on the date of the last menstruation. Deriving the moment of ovulation from the menstruation date, though, is imprecise (+/- 2 days).
Quiz Quiz 05
Memory aid Besides thesynoptic listing that will be gone into in more detail in the next pages, there is a summary of the most important events in the individual Carnegie stages that can be brought up in a pop-up window.
A location in the text for which a Carnegie stage is referred to is marked like this: 12 . When
Taking into consideration various external and internal landmarks of embryonic development, it was decided to divide the 8 embryonic weeks (56 days) into 23 Carnegie stages. The fetal period that begins after the 8th week is characterized by the growth and maturation of the organs. The inner and outer morphologic alterations are less
noticeable. For this reason one no longer divides the fetal period into Carnegie stages.
Fig. 2 - The Carnegie stages and the most important events during embryogenesis
Fig. 2
Legend
LMP = date of the last menstruation (last menstrual period). The embryonic period lasts 8 weeks and is divided into 23 Carnegie stages. The violet surfaces correspond to the times of the most important events during the embryonic period (A).
Characteristic signs:
Fertilized oocyte
Polar bodies
Male
and
female
pronucleus
1 2 3 4
Stage 2
0.1 - 0.2 mm
Characteristic signs:
Separation blastomeres
of
the
Formation
of
the
Morula stage
Compaction (8 to 16 1 2 3 Zonapellucida Blastomere Polar body The axis (dashed) lies through the two future (embryonic and abembryonic) The polarization of the blastomeres slowly visible. becomes cells)
poles. The embryo is divided into right and left halves (A and B).
Stage 3
0.1 - 0.2 mm
Characteristic signs:
After
the
blastocyst
Segmentation
(inner
Embryonic
and
1 2
Embryoblast Zonapellucida
3 4
abembryonic poles
Characteristic signs:
Free blastocyst
Hatching blastocyst
of
disintegration zonapellucida
Epiblast and hypoblast are formed and thereby the didermic embryonic 1 Decomposed zonapellucida with hatching blastocyst 2 3 Trophoblast cells Hypoblast 4 5 Blastocyst cavity Epiblast disk.
Stage 4
0.1 - 0.2 mm
Characteristic signs:
Syncytiotrophoblast
Cytotrophoblast
Anchoring of the blastocyst on the endometrium and interaction between the embryo and maternal tissue. 1 2 3 Epithelium of the uterine mucosa Hypoblast Syncytiotrophoblast 4 5 Cytotrophoblast Epiblast Implantation of the blastocyst in the mucosa of the uterus
Stage 5a
0.1 - 0.2 mm
Characteristic signs:
Genesis of the amniotic cavity and the primary yolk sac (= primary umbilical vesicle)
Invasion of the trophoblasts into the 1 2 3 4 Syncytiotrophoblast Cytotrophoblast Hypoblast Epiblast 5 6 7 Blastocyst cavity Amniotic cavity Maternal blood vessels Solid trophoblast uterine mucosa
Stage 5b
0.1 - 0.2 mm
Characteristic signs:
Formation of the trophoblast lacunae and complete penetration of the embryo into the endometrium
Lacunar trophoblast
Definitive amniotic cavity 1 2 Lacunar trophoblast Definitive amniotic cavity 3 4 Primary yolk sac Maternal blood vessels Primary umbilical vesicle (= primary yolk sac)
Stage 5c
0.15 - 0.2 mm
Characteristic signs:
Erosion of the maternal vessels: maternal blood in the lacunae of the throphoblast
Extraembryonicmesoblast
1 2 3
1 2 3
Transformation of the primary into the secundary yolk sac (= secundary umbilical vesicle)
Stage 6
0.2 mm
Characteristic signs:
Allantoic diverticulum
Cloacal membrane
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Primitive groove Primitive pit Primitive node Oropharyngeal membrane Cardial plate Cut edge of amniotic membrane Mesoderm Endoderm Future cloacal membrane
Body stalk
Stage 7
0.4 mm
Characteristic signs:
Mesoblast immigration
Chordal process
Neural plate
formation of blood
Professor
KoheiShiota, University Kyoto
1 2 3 4
Stage 8
0.5 - 1.5 mm
Characteristic signs:
Axial process
Neurenteric canal
Professor
KoheiShiota, University Kyoto
1 2 3 4
Body stalk Primitive streak Embryonic disk Cut edge of the amnion
Stage 9
1.5 - 2.5 mm
Characteristic signs:
Embryo
with somites
(1-3 somites)
Pharyngeal membrane
Neural groove
Caudal eminence
Intraembryonic coelom 1 Primitive streak and primitive groove 2 3 Neural folds Cut edge of the amnion Placode and pit auditory 4 5 Neural groove Somites Cardiac primordium,
septum transversum
Professor
KoheiShiota, University
Kyoto
2 - 3.5 mm
Characteristic signs:
Lateral folding
Ophthalmic vesicle 1 Cut edge of the amnion 2b Neural tube 2c Caudal neuropore 2d Rostral neuropore 5 Yolk sac 4 - 12 somites Rupture of the
pharyngeal membrane
Professor
KoheiShiota, University Kyoto
Characteristic signs:
Nasal placode
Ophthalmic vesicle
Auditory pit
13 20 somites 1 2 3 Neural tube Caudal neuropore Rostral neuropore that is just closing 4 5 6 Somites 2. pharyngeal arch 1. pharyngeal arch
Professor
KoheiShiota, University Kyoto
Stage 12
3 - 5 mm
Characteristic signs:
Buds
of
the
upper
extremities
Cervical sinus
2129 somites
Professor
KoheiShiota, University 1a Maxillar process 1b Mandibular process 2 3 4 5 6 Second pharyngeal arch Third pharyngeal arch Somites Neural tube Heart P M R Prosencephalon (forebrain) Mesencephalon (midbrain) Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) Kyoto
Stage 13
4 - 6 mm
Characteristic signs:
Buds
of
the
lower
extremities
Lens placode
Auditory pit
Professor
KoheiShiota, University Kyoto
1a Maxillary process 1b Mandibular process 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Second pharyngeal arch Third pharyngeal arch Fourth pharyngeal arch Somites Buds of the upper extremities Left cardiac ventricle Left cardiac atrium Body stalk
10 Embryonic tail
Characteristic signs:
Opthalmic vesicle
Genesis
of
the
endolymphatic canal
Cerebellar primordium
Visible primordium
ocular
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Telencephalon Mesencephalon Myelencephalon Ocular primordium Fourth ventricle Cervical sinus Mesonephric cord Bud of the upper extremity Bud of the lower extremity
Professor
KoheiShiota, University Kyoto
Stage 15
7 - 9 mm
Characteristic signs:
Lens
vesicle
covered
Auditory primordium
Professor
KoheiShiota, University Kyoto
1 2 3 4 5 6
Umbilical cord Cardiac prominence Nasal placode Ocular primordium Bud of the upper extremity Bud of the lower extremity
Stage 16
8 - 11 mm
Characteristic signs:
Deep,
ventrally
lying
nasal pit
Pigmentation eye
of
the
Genesis plate
of
the
foot
Physiologic hernia
umbilical
Nasolacrimal groove
Professor
1 Umbilical cord Telencephalon KoheiShiota, Kyoto
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
University
10 Foot plate
Characteristic signs:
External meatus
acoustic
Fusion
of
the
auricular hillocks
Atrophy
of
the
embryonic tail
1 2 3 4 5 6
Umbilical cord with physiologic umbilical hernia Nasal pit Pigmented lens placode External acoustic meatus Auricular hillocks Formation of the interdigital zones
Formation
of
the
interdigital zones
Professor
KoheiShiota, University Kyoto
Stage 18
13 - 17 mm
Characteristic signs:
Toe primordium
Nasal primordium
Professor
KoheiShiota, University Kyoto
1 2 3 4 5 6
Cardiac prominence Nasolacrimal groove External acoustic meatus Hand plate with visible finger radiations Footplate with toe primordium Primordium of the palpebra (eyelid)
Stage 19
16 - 18 mm
Characteristic signs:
and the
of
the
acoustic
Atrophied tail
embryonic
Liver prominence
Rupture
of
the
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Primordium of the eyelid Eye External acoustic meatus Shoulder Finger Toes that are forming Straightening of the trunk
cloacalmembrane
Professor
KoheiShiota, University Kyoto
Characteristic signs:
Arms in pronation
Separated fingers
Gonadal
gender
Professor
KoheiShiota, University Kyoto
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Liver prominence Primordium of the eyelid Eye Auditory canal Elbow Fingers Toes being formed Straightening of the trunk Subcutaneous vessel network of the head
10 Cervical flexure
Stage 21
22 - 24 mm
Characteristic signs:
Subcutaneous
vessel
Professor
KoheiShiota, University Kyoto
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Umbilical cord with physiologic hernia Nose Subcutaneous vessel network of the head Ear Elbow Pronation of the hands (pink arrow) Knee Supination of the feet (blue arrow) Toes
Stage 22
23 - 28 mm
Characteristic signs:
Nasal septum
Secondary palate
Professor
KoheiShiota, University Kyoto
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Umbilical cord with physiologic hernia Nose Subcutaneous vessel network of the head Ear Elbow Pronation of the hands Knee Supination of the feet Well-developed toes
Stage 23
27 - 31 mm
Characteristic signs:
Angle head
between and
the trunk
amounts to 30
Chin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Umbilcal cord with hernia Nose Eye Eyelid Ear (a: tragus, b: antitragus ) Mouth Elbow Finger Toes
Nasal pit
of
the
genital
Professor
KoheiShiota, University Kyoto
collections. Fig. 4 - Transversal section and dorsal view of a 21 day-old trilaminar embryo Legend
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Paraxial mesoderm Intermediate mesoderm Lateral plate mesoderm Notochordal process Amnion Intraembryonic coelom Endoderm Ectoderm Somatopleura (mesoderm and ectoderm)
8.3 Folding of the germinal disk and the generation of the abdominal wall (4th week)
y y y
Introduction The cephalo-caudal folding (in the longitudinal direction) The lateral folding (in the transversal direction, rolling up)
Introduction
After the end of the third week, the three germinal layers begin to differentiate and transform so that the initially flat embryonic disk develops into a cylindrical structurelike a "C". The folding and genesis of the abdominal wall permits a delimitation of the embryo, that can now be clearly distinguished from the appending organs. Up to this stage 9 , the extraembryonic tissue went over into the intraembryonic tissue with no boundaries. The folding and the resulting formation of the abdominal wall lead to an enclosure of the mesoderm and the endoderm. They become surrounded by the ectoderm, which later forms the skin. Two mechanisms lead simultaneously to the formation of the abdominal wall: The cephalo-caudal flexion (in the longitudinal direction) The lateral folding (in the transversal direction, rolling up)
Quiz Quiz 04
Carnegie:
12
. If
you click on it, a pop-up window opens showing the embryo in stage 12. All further stages can also be seen in the
y y
windows.
longitudinal direction)
In order to understand how this turning takes place, the structures must first be described that are found in the cephalic end before the folding: In the cephalic region, rostral to the prechordal plate and the pharyngeal membrane, the mesenchymal cells form the cardiac plate (pericardium) and the septum transversum (which later becomes a part of the diaphragm and separates the coelom into thoracic and abdominal cavities). With the 180 degree turn that results from the folding, the following occurs: the pharyngeal membrane extends towards the lower front (mouth area) and the cardiogenic plate (which initially lay most cranially) into the thorax area. Between the cardiac anlage and the umbilical vesicle a mesenchymal bridge forms, the septum transversum. After this movement is completed, the brain (encephalon) lies the most cranially, followed by the mouth, heart, and diaphragm (septum transversum). During this folding the endoderm below the pharyngeal membrane becomes surrounded ventrally by the cardiac anlage. From this region, the throat (pharynx) arises and, subsequently, the thyroid gland, the lungs, and the esophagus. The pharyngeal membrane that for now separates the mouth (ectoderm) from the throat (endoderm)
Quiz 01
later atrophies
13 .
In order to understand the process of folding better (after stage 9), the forgoing stages are also depicted.
Navigation
without definition with definition
stages 6 - 12
10a Primitive streak 10b Shrinking primitive streak 11a Neural plate 11b Neural folds 12 13 Central axial canal Primitive node
14a Ventrally merged notochord 14b Ventrally resorbed notochord 14c Free notochord 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Prechordal plate Canalisneurentericus Pharyngeal membrane Cardiac plate Pericardial cavity Fused neural tube Septum transversum Closure of the neuroporuscranialis Recessuscaudalis Thyroid gland anlage Lung anlage Liver anlage Closure of the neuroporuscaudalis Dorsal aorta The gray elements from 29 to 37 are only visible in the transversal section. This is depicted on the following page. 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Aorta Umbilical veins Intraembryonic mesoderm Paraxial mesoderm Intermediate mesoderm Lateral plate mesoderm Canaliscentralis Somite Nephrogenic cord
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The cephalo-caudal folding (in the longitudinal direction) The lateral folding in the transversal direction (rolling up) Comparison of the two foldings.
Legend
Fig. 6, 7 Schematic detail of the cephalic extremity, sagittal section
1 2 3 4 5 6
Future prosencephalon Notochord Neural tube Pericardial cavity Cardiac tube Pharyngeal membrane
7 8 9
The folding of the caudal end occurs after the cephalic folding and has the result that the body stalk comes closer to the umbilical vesicle (yolk sac). Due to the large axial growth the caudal end of the embryonic disk (with the cloacal membrane) comes to lie under the original embryonic disk and thus shoves the allantois and the body stalk in the ventral direction, up to the umbilical vesicle (yolk sac) and merges with its stalk. To be noted is that now the end of the primitive streak, which initially lies dorsally after the flexion of the embryo, also comes to lie ventrally.
Legend
Fig. 8, 9 Schematic detail of the folding of the caudal end.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Notochord Neural fold Amniotic cavity Primitive streak Primary endoderm Cloacal membrane Allantois Body stalk
1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9
Notochord Neural tube Amniotic cavity Endoderm Cloacal membrane Allantois Body stalk Hind gut
Quiz 06
What ?
In a first step the laterally lying structures, due to the large and rapid growth of the internal embryonic anlage (especially due to the disintegration of the somites), are shoved in a ventral direction. Some of the structures lying in the middle are then pressed against each other and fuse. This is true for the pair of preformed aortae dorsales 12 , which thus become the aorta mediana, and for the medial section of the
How ?Where ? - Cephalo-caudalflexion takes place in the A plane - Lateral foldingtakes place in the Cplane
The second step of the lateral folding has to do with the endoderm, from which the inner covering of the gastro-intestinal tract arises. The ectoderm of the caudal and cephalic ends of the embryo coalesce, due to the ventral folding along a medial line. During this process of folding the amnion is pulled by the ectoderm. Out of the small, dorsally-lying amniotic cavity a large one is thus created that surrounds the whole embryo and presses closely on the body stalk and the yolk sac. This is how the umbilical cord is formed. The endoderm, which becomes closed at both ends as well as along the side of the embryo, forms a tube (future for-, mid- and hindgut). In the beginning 9 the midgut stands in an open connection to the umbilical vesicle (yolk sac) and the allantois. Both structures later atrophy and are taken up in the umbilical cord. The connection between the embryo and extraembryonic appending organs remains up to the time of delivery, in order to permit the passage of the vital umbilical vessels which are located in the umbilical cord 12 . The intraembryonic coelom, a cavity between the splanchnopleura mesoderm (outer covering of the intestines) and the somatopleura mesoderm (inner covering of the trunk wall), which in the beginning is connected with the extraembryonic coelom (= chorionic cavity!), becomes separated from it by the folding and fusion of the lateral sides of the embryo. The intraembryonic coelom ring is formed.
In order to understand the process of folding better (after stage 9), the forgoing stages are also depicted.
1 2
Navigation
3 4a 4b
Umbilical vesicle Endoderm Endoderm that joins together again under the notochorde
4c 5 6a 6b 7 8 9
Completely joined up endoblast Body stalk Allantois Lengthened allantois Extraembryonic mesoderm Cloacal membrane Notochordal process
10a Primitive streak 10b Shrinking Primitive streak 11a Neural plate 11b Neural folds 12 13 Central axial canal Primitive node Some elements are only recognizable in the transversal section: 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Aortae Umbilical veins Intraembryonic mesoderm Paraxial mesoderm Intermediate mesoderm Lateral plate mesoderm Canaliscentralis Somite Nephrogenic cord stage 10b (28th day) stage 10a (28th day) stage 9 (27th day) stage 9 (25th day) stage 8 (24th day) stage 8 (23rd day)
14a Ventrally merged notochord 14b Ventrally resorbed notochord 14c 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Free notochord Prechordal plate Canalisneurentericus Pharyngeal membrane Cardiac plate Pericardial space Fused neural tube Septum transversum Closure of the anterior neuroporus Caudal recessus Thyroid gland anlage Lung anlage Liver anlage Closure of the posterior neuroporusDorsal aorta
The gray elements are only visible on the longitudinal section. This is shown on the previous page. stage 12 (30th day)
y y
The lateral folding in the transversal direction (rolling up) The cephalo-caudal folding (in the longitudinal direction)
y y y
Fig. 9 - Schematic diagram of the finished folding, the abdominal wall (ectoderm) has been formed (stage 12)
Fig. 9
Legend
In the region above the umbilical cord (Figs.10 - 11) the liver anlage (ventral) is formed from the endoderm and somewhat later the dorsal pancreas anlage
11 12 .
The liver diverticulum appears cranially to the umbilical vesicle (yolk sac). Liver cell bands penetrate into the mesoderm of the septum transversum. This is formed at the ventral location between the liver and cardiac anlage and contains the umbilical vein. Fig. 10 - Region above the umbilical cord (stage 11, ca. 29th day) Fig. 11 - Region above the umbilical cord (stage 12, ca. 30th day) Legend
Fig. 10 The ventral abdominal wall now closes itself. From the endoderm the liver anlage is formed ventrally. In stage 12 the pancreas anlage is visible.
Fig. 11 The ventral abdominal wall is closed. From the endoderm the pancreas 1 2 3 4 5 Nephrogenic cord Aortae Dermatomyotoma Ectoblast Notochord 6 7 8 9 Pancreas anlage Intraembryonic coelom Amnion Somatopleura mesoderm and ectoderm Gut 10 Liver anlage 11 Septum transversum 12 Splanchnopleura mesoderm und 13 endoderm Amniotic cavity 14 anlage forms dorsally. The liver develops much further in this stage and partially fills the coelomic cavity.
In the region below the umbilical cord (Fig. 13), the ventral abdominal wall closes up, whereby the primitive gut remains connected to it by the ventral mesenterium. After resorption of the ventral mesenterium, the gut is attached to the dorsal torso wall solely through the dorsal mesenterium. Fig. 12 - Region below the umbilical cord (stage 11, ca. 29th day) Fig. 13 - Region below the umbilical cord (stage 12, ca. 30th day) Legend
Fig. 12 The embryo becomes totally enveloped by the amnion now. The intraembryonic coelom encloses the gut and temporarily forms a ventral mesenterium, that attaches the gut to the ventral abdominal wall.
1 2
8 9
Fig. 13 The ventral mesenterium has disappeared and, except for the umbilical cord, the embryo is completely surrounded by the amnion (later the peritoneal cavity will form at this level).
3 4 5 6 7
8.4 The most important events in the third to eighth developmental weeks
y y y
Introduction to the development processes during the third week (stages 6 to 7; ca. 17-19 days) Fourth week (stages 8 to 10; ca. 23-28 days) Fifth week (stages 11 to 14; ca. 29-33 days) development of the pharyngeal arches development of the pharyngeal arches
o y y y
Seventh week (stages 18 to 20; ca. 44-49 days) Eighth week (stages 21 to 23; ca. 51-56 days)
Animation
Development of the embryo from the trilaminar embryonic disk up to the end of the embryonic period
The third week of embryonic development was discussed in the trilaminar embryonic disk module. We come back to it here briefly in order to speak about angiogenesisand the formation of the embryonic blood circulation system. The angioblasts already appear early in the mesoblast umbilical vesicle and the allantois tertiary villi of the placenta above the prechordal plate. 6b . 5 . The first blood vessels
(angiogenesis) become visible in the third week in the splanchnopleura that adjoins the 7 . They are also found in the extraembryonic part 6 and again in the vicinity of the of the somatopleura at the level of the body stalk
The endocardiac tubes form in the middle of the third week in the cardiogenic zone
The extraembryonicmesoblast differentiates into the angioblast in that it forms angiogenetic islands (aggregates of angioblasts) theseblood islands lacunae form. 6 . Within
y y
The cells in the periphery become flattened and differentiate into endothelial cells. The blood islands merge, gradually forming tubes that develop into vessels. The embryonic vessels possess great plasticity. The blood vessels inside the embryo also form in the way just described, starting in the intraembryonicmesoblast. As soon as the two circulation systems meet with one another, they join together to form the feto-maternal circulation system.
The hematopoiesis begins in the third week in the extraembryonic section of the splanchnopleura 7 . It proceeds from the endothelial cells 12 . (hematoblasts). After the fourth week the liver takes over the task of generating the blood cells
The mesoblast cells that surround the blood vessels differentiate and formsmooth muscle- and connective tissue cells. The latter participate in
Fourth week
Quiz
Quiz 09
wall and the development of the somites progresses, the first two pharyngeal
Legend
neurulation, out of the neural plate a hollow cylinder 1 Cut edge of the amnion 2b Neural tube 2c Caudal neuropore 2d Rostral neuropore 5 Umbilical vesicle whose is formed, and
rostral
Professor
KoheiShiota, University Kyoto
The rostral neuropore closes at around the 29th day neuroporecloses only at around the 30th day 12 .
11 . The caudal
In stage 13 the prosencephalon (forebrain) has divided itself into two sections: The paired telencephalon from which the paired cerebral vesicles are
generated.
The anlagen of the upper extremities appear those of the lower extremities 13 .
The sensory organs also arise in the fifth week. The ophthalmic vesicle and theoptic cup 11, 14 develop, followed by the lens placode and the lens vesicle 11 , the auditory pit 11 and finally 13, 14
Picture Embryo ca. 32 days (stage 13)
As was mentioned above, the growth of the central nervous system (especially thetelencephalon) results in a flexure of the head (mesencephalon, cervical and pontine flexure). Only with the development of the future spinal cord does the embryo straighten itself out again. During the fifth week the presence of an embryonic tail is characteristic; this atrophies again, though, during the 6th to 8th weeks.
Picture Embryon ca. 33 days (stage 14)
In stage 14
14
Fig. 16 The second pharyngeal arch begins to grow over the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches and forms a lateral ectodermal pit: the sinus cervicalis with the overlying operculum (visible after stage 12)
Professor
KoheiShiota, Kyoto 1 2 3 4 5 6 1rst pharyngeal arch 2nd pharyngeal arch 3rd pharyngeal arch 4th pharyngeal arch Sinus cervicalis Cranial nerves and vessels University
Picture
During the sixth week a small intestinal loop invades the extraembryonic coelom and into the proximal section of the umbilical cord, because the abdominal cavity is still too small to contain all of it. A physiologic umbilical hernia (stage 16) occurs. This is a normal phenomenon that is due to the rapid growth of the intestines. The cranial 17 and spinal ganglia arise from neural crest cells 14 9 .
Picture Embryo ca. 41 days Embryo ca. 39 days (stage 16)
(stage 17)
embryo rests on the cardiac prominence. The liver makes its appearance between the pericardium region and the umbilical cord as the liver prominence.
The differentiation of the arms and legs progresses rapidly, whereby the upper extremities are always somewhat further developed than the lower ones. One can already see the interdigital zones 17 .
The chondrogenesis of the future bones begins in the condensed mesenchymalblastemas (chondrific centers).
Legend
Professor
KoheiShiota, University Kyoto
1 2 3 4 5 6
1. Pharyngeal arch 2. Pharyngeal arch 3. Pharyngeal arch 4. Pharyngeal arch Sinus cervicalis Cranial nerves and vessels
Seventh week
Quiz
Quiz 02
The interdigital necrosis zones (INZ) are also now clearly recognizable in the lower extremities 18 .
Picture Embryo ca. 46 days
(stage 19)
The physiologic umbilical hernia is still present. The ossification of the upper extremities has already begun. The head becomes rounded, raises and looks more and more human. The cloacal membrane tears 19 .