QUESTION

2.1

Given data;
dist. b/w injectors and producers=2000ft
dist. b/w wells=625ft

porosity=0.18
Bo=1.3rb/stb

Reservoir thickness=40ft

Bw=1rb/stb

Flooding rate=750stb/day
Compare the times and displacement efficiencies at breakthrough, 10%,
20%, 50%, 80%, 90%, 99% water cut for the following cases;
Case 1- o=50cp, w=0.5cp
Case 3-o=0.4cp, w=1cp

Case 2- o=10cp, w=0.5cp

Sw

Krw

Kro

Fw(Case 1)

0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8

0
0.002
0.009
0.02
0.033
0.051
0.075
0.1
0.132
0.170
0.208
0.251
0.3

0.8
0.61
0.470
0.370
0.285
0.22
0.15
0.095
0.06
0.03
0.015
0.010
0

0
0.247
0.657
0.844
0.921
0.959
0.980
0.991
0.995
0.998
0.999
0.9996
1

Fw( Case
2)
0
0.0615
0.277
0.519
0.698
0.823
0.909
0.955
0.978
0.991
0.996
0.998
1

Fw(Case 3)
0
0.001
0.008
0.021
0.044
0.085
0.167
0.296
0.468
0.694
0.847
0.909
1

The values of fractional water flow, Fw for case1, 2 and 3 where

obtained using the relation;
1

Fw=

(1+ (Krow/Krwo))

and the curves Krw, Kro vs Sw and Fw vs Sw have been plotted for the

several cases.

CASE 1; o=50cp, w=0.5cp

At breakthrough;
Swbt=0.29, fwbt=0.56, Swbt=0.35 (from plot)
5.615iwtbt (dfw/dSw)

L = A
1

Qibt=dfw
dSwSwbt

= (1/7.33) = 0.136

tbt= (20006250.18400.136)/ (5.615750)= 291.56days= 0.7988yr

Swbt-Swi

Displacement efficiency= ED=

1-Swi

= 0.1875; ED= 18.75%

Surface water cut at fwbt=0.56;

1
Fws = 1 + BW 1 1 ; Bw= 1rb/stb; Bo= 1.3rb/stb
BO f w

Fws=62.3% surface water-cut

All % water-cut below 62.3% have saturations below shock front saturation
and at every time t they travel equal distance.
At 80% water cut;
1
0.8= 1 + 1 1 1 ; fwe=0.756 and corresponding Swe=0.32 (from plot)
1.3 f we
f w
1
=
= 5.556
S w 0.38 0.2
Swe

t=

(2000)(625)(0.18)(40)
= 384.65days = 1.0538 yrs
(5.615)(750)(5.556)

S we = S we +

(1 f we )
f w
S wSwe

S we = 0.32 +

1 0.756
= 0.38 ;
4.076

Displacement efficiency, ED=

S we S wi 0.38 0.2
=
= 0.225
1 S wi
1 0.2

Displacement efficiency at 80% water cut is 22.5%

At 90% water cut;
0.9 =

1 1
S = 0.42 (from
1+
1 ; fwe=0.873 and corresponding Swe=0.36, we

1.3 f we

plot)
f w
1
=
= 4.545
SS
w we0.42 0.2

t=

(625)(2000)(0.18)(40)
= 470.2 days =1.289 yrs
(5.615)(750)(4.545)

Displacement efficiency, ED =

S we S wi 0.42 0.2
=
= 0.275
1 S wi
1 0.2

Displacement efficiency at 90% water cut is 27.5%

At 99% water cut;
0.99 =

1 1
S = 0.6
1+
1 ; Fwe= 0.987 and corresponding Swe=0.52, we

1.3 f we

f w
1
=
= 2.5
S wSwe0.6 0.2

t=

(625)(2000)(40)(0.18)
= 854.9days = 2.342 yrs
(5.615)(750)(2.5)

Displacement efficiency= ED =

0.6 0.2
= 0.5 ; ED= 50%
1 0.2

CASE 2; o=10cp, w=0.5cp

At breakthrough;
Swbt=0-38, fwbt=0.64, Swbt=0.48 (from plot)
5.615iwtbt (dfw/dSw)

L = A
1

Qibt=dfw
dSwSwbt

= (1/3.57) = 0.28

tbt= (20006250.18400.28)/ (5.615750)= 598.397days= 1.639yr

Swbt-Swi
Displacement efficiency=1-S
EDwi=

= 0.35; ED= 35%

Surface water cut at fwbt=0.64;

1
Fws = 1 + BW 1 1 ; Bw= 1rb/stb; Bo= 1.3rb/stb
BO f wbt

Fws=69.8% surface water-cut

All % water-cut below 69.8% have saturations below shock front saturation
and at every time t they travel equal distance.
At 80% water cut;
1
0.8= 1 + 1 1 1 ; fwe=0.756 and corresponding Swe=0.42, S we = 0.52 (from
1.3 f we

plot)

f w
1
=
= 3.125
S w 0.52 0.2
Swe

t=

(2000)(625)(0.18)(40)
=683.88 days =1.874 yrs
(5.615)(750)(3.125)

Displacement efficiency, ED=

S we S wi 0.52 0.2
=
= 0.4
1 S wi
1 0.2

Displacement efficiency at 80% water cut is 40%

At 90% water cut;
0.9 =

1 1
S = 0.55 (from
1+
1 ; fwe=0.873 and corresponding Swe=0.47, we

1.3 f we

plot)
f w
1
=
= 2.857
SS
w we0.55 0.2

t=

(625)(2000)(0.18)(40)
= 748.03days = 2.05 yrs
(5.615)(750)(2.857)

Displacement efficiency, ED =

S we S wi 0.55 0.2
=
= 0.4375
1 S wi
1 0.2

Displacement efficiency at 90% water cut is 43.75%

At 99% water cut;
0.99 =

1 1
S = 0.7
1+
1 ; Fwe= 0.987 and corresponding Swe=0.62, we

1.3 f we

f w
1
=
=2
S wSwe0.7 0.2

t=

(625)(2000)(40)(0.18)
=1068.57 days =2.93 yrs
(5.615)(750)(2)

Displacement efficiency= ED =

0.7 0.2
= 0.625 ; ED= 62.5%
1 0.2

CASE 3; o=0.4cp, w=1.0cp

At breakthrough;
Swbt=0.7, fwbt=0.86, Swbt=0.79 (from plot)
5.615iwtbt (dfw/dSw)

L = A
1

Qibt=dfw
dSwSwbt

= (1/1.695) = 0.589

tbt= (20006250.18400.589)/ (5.615750)= 1258.77days= 3.449yr

Displacement efficiency= ED=

Swbt-Swi
1-Swi

= 0.7375; ED= 73.75%

Surface water cut at fwbt=0.86;

1
Fws = 1 + BW 1 1 ; Bw= 1rb/stb; Bo= 1.3rb/stb
BO f wbt

Fws=88.9% surface water-cut

All % water-cut below 88.9% water cut have saturations below shock front
saturation and at every time t they travel equal distance.

If we compare the times and displacement efficiencies of Case1, 2 and 3,

we will be can safe concluding that case 3 is the most effective. Because
Case 3 takes a longer time before breakthrough at the producer well and at
the same times delivers the highest displacement efficiency.

QUESTION 2.2
Calculation of displacement efficiency for a vertical Gas flood in a high
permeability reservoir a 200ft oil zone in a high permeability light oil
reservoir is overlaid by a large gas cap gas injected at the cost of the gas
cap to maintain reservoir pressure above the bubble point
The displacement of oil by gas is essential a 1-d displacement
(downward)
Reservoir fluid properties
= 0.35
Kv =500md
Bo=1.8RB/STb
o= 0.5cp
g=0.013cp
o= 0.75gm/cm3
g=0.12gm/cm3
Relative permeability curves are given as follows in the table

assumption made:
1.The displacement is esssntially a 1-d downward displacement
2.The capillary pressure is neglected
3.The effect of gravity is also neglected
Assuming: Fg= qg/(qg + qo)

Where fg is fractional flow of gas

4.Initial water saturation assumed to be zero

0
0.05
0.08
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8

1
0.77
0.66
0.59
0.44
0.32
0.22
.15
.1
.06
.037
.02
.01
.004
.0012
.0004
.00002
0

0
0
0
0.0003
0.0013
.0062
0.0172
0.0359
0.0639
.10
.15
.213
.29
.37
.47
.57
.68
.80

ro

ED= displacement efficiency

ED=( soi so)/(soi-sor)

Where
Sor=1 from the question given
So= 1-sg
ED= sg/(1-sor)
From the graph
Sg= 0.32
1-sor= 0.80
ED= So/(1-sor) = 0.32/.80
ED= 40%

rg

K /k
ro

rg

1966.7
338.46
51.61
12.79
4.18
1.56
0.60
.25
.094
.034
.011
.0026
.0007
.000029
0

0
0
0
0.00195
0.1136
0.427
0.75
0.902
0.961
0.985
0.994
0.997
0.999
0.999
1
1
1
1

Displacement efficiency is 40%