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MANUAL OP PUSHTU
Major
POLITICAL OFI'ICKE

G.

ROOS-KEPPEL
f.kg.s.,
;

c.i.e.,

i.s.c.

KUYBER PASS

PRESIDKNT CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF

EXAMINATION IN PUSHTU

AND

QAZI ABDUL GHANI

MUXSHI OF PESHAWUR

KHAN

ASSISTED BY

SAHIBZADA ABDUL QAYUM,

;

k.b.

ASSISTANT POLITICAL OFFICER KHYBER PASS MEMBER CENTRAL COMUITTH! OF EXAMINATION IN PUSHTU

HUMPHREY MILFORD
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
London
Editiburgh

Glasgow
Melbourne

Copenhagen

New York
r

Toronto^
Calcutta

Cape Town
Shanghai

Bombay

Madras

(^K,

Fifth Impression, 1922

PRINTED IN EXGLAKD

i\ h'^jrr^

AUTHOE'S PREFACE.
Since I have been President of the Central Committee of Examination in Pushto,
I

have had

many
as to

inquiries

from students of the language

get,

what books they should

and whether

1 could

recommend any guide or manual giving

a progressive course of lessons and based on the

requirements of the Lower and Higher Standard

Examinations.

have examined every book

could get hold of on the subject, and have not

succeeded in finding what

-)for,

my

correspondents ask
to

and the idea has thus been suggested

''

me

to

produce a manual modelled on

Clarke's Persian

Manual," which, with the

Ganj-i-Pulch ^o

official

text books (the

and Tari kh-i-Mahmud-i-Ghaznavi)

will enable a student to

and a dictionary,

study

IV

AUTHOR

S PRErFACE.

tlie

language with the assistance of any

fairly
if

intelligent

Pathan he may come

across,
n,

even

he

is

unable to procure the services of

trained

Munshi.

There have been up to date three Pushtu Gram-

mars published,

viz.,

Trumpp's (1873), Ravert^y's

(1860), and Bellew's (1867).

sive,

They

are expen-

not easily obtained, and are far above the

Besides, they are

heads of beginners.

grammars

pure and simple, and in no sense " Guides " or

" Manuals."

Before writing the short

Part
T.

grammar which forms

grammars

of this

book

studied these

very carefully, and take this opportunity of expressing

my

indebtedness to their authors.

<

Major Raverty, the author of the grammar,

has also produced a
is

" Pushto Manual,"

in

but

it

-written

throughout

the

Roman
its

(Jiaracter,

which detracts very much from

value, as no

two people agree

Pushtu.

as

to

the

transliteration

of

In addition to the above,

India have
cabularies,"

many
and

Munshis' in
" Vo-

published Pushtu

"^Guides,"
'*'

" Phrase-books*'

Sentences."

AUTHORS PREFACE.
4

Those which I have examined have appeared to

me

to be valueless.
seiitences

They

consist of masses

of

words,

and

phrases

strung

together

indiscriminatelv.

Twenty, and even ten

year'^ ago,

Pushtu was
language.

looked upon as an exceedingly

difficult
it,

Few Europeans
teaching was
in

attempted to learn
the

and the
or

hands

of

three

four

Munshis in Peshawar.

Within the

last ten years,

however, there has been a great rush to learn

Pushtu,

and

to

meet the demand the number

ail

of Munshis has increased out of

proportion.
in

The number
the

of really good

Pushtu teachers
be

Punjab

could

almost

counted on

the

fingers of one
rtian

hand, but every fairly educated

who

has a smatterino- of Eno-Ush and Pushtu

considers himself qualified to set up in business

as a Munslii.

Very few

of these last have

any
the\'

knowledge of grammar or of teaching, and

aye only capable of giving the meanings of words

and phrases

in the text-books,

and of correctmg,

after a f?^shion, the student's compositions.

They

are useful enowgl* for these purposes, but learning

under such tuition

is

arslow business.
6

VI

AUTHORS
I

i^KEFACE.

hope

this

Manual

will,

by supplying a

sys-

tem, enable the student to get better results than

before.
t

The student should be particular

pronunciation frpm a genuine

to Iparn h:3
If

Pathan.

his

Munshi
but to
is

is

a Pathan by birth, so

mu6h

the better

many

of the Munshis I have

met Pushtu

a foreign language, and although they can in

most cases talk fluently enough, their pronunciation

is

sometimes

vile.
is

Unless his Munshi

is

Pathan, the student

advised to read the short

11.

phrases in the examples and exercises of Part

Chapter

I.,

and

the

"colloquial sentences"

of

Part HI. over to his orderly, his chokidar, or to

any other Pathan he may have

to

in his service,

and

make him

repeat the phrases after him,

pronunciation.

cai<j-

fully noting the

There are few

'>

places
retired

in

Northern India where a Pathan (a

for choice) cannot be got

Sepoy

on a small
t
:

wage

to practise on.
is

The Manual

divided into three parts

Part
is

I.

concise

grammar, original

as far as it

possible for a

grammar

to,

be

so,

digested

from every other work on the subject available.

AUTHOR PREFACE.
Part
II.

Vll

Chapter
'lessons

I.

graduated course of
vocabulary and
ele-

thirty

(including

examples)

and

exercises, starting with

mejitary phrases and working up to a more

advanced standard.
tliese les'sons will

(The^

first

tNventy

of

be

found

sufficient for a

beginner, Avho

is

a candidate for the Lowei'

Standard Examination.)
Chapter
II.

Thirty exercises for more

set for trans-

advanced pupils, being passages

lation into

Pushtu in the Higher Standard

last fifteen years.

Examinations of the

Part

III.

Colloquial sentences, being the whole

of the papers of colloquial sentences set in the

Higher Standard Examinations of the

fifteen years

last

rendered into idiomatic Pushtu.

APrENDICESj
I.

Comparative table of types of Puslitu

transitive Verbs.

In-

II.

Comparative table of types of

Transitive Verbs.

Pushtu

III.

The Hegjdations
Pushtu.

for

Examinations

in

viii

author's preface.
for

The candidate
mination
is

the Higher Standard Exafirst

advised to

study the

grammar

thoroughly and to read part of the text-books to

familiarize himself with the character
;

t|>en

tOj in

work
Part

steadily thro;igh the lessons

II.,

and exercises

Chapter

I.,

at the

same

timfi translating

into Eno;lish the

Pushtu sentences

in Part III.,

and correcting them by means of the English

version.
If

he does one lesson and one paper of

sentences a day, this will take

him a month.

He
II.,

should then go through the exercises in Part

Chapter

II.,

and

at the

same time translate

into

Pushtu the English sentences in Part

recting his translation
version.

III., cor-

by means of the Pushtu

Each of the thirty papers

in Part III. contains

of colloquial sentences
fifty sentences.

an average of

The

total, therefore, is

some 1,500

sentences.

If

the candidate takes the trouble to master these, he

will

have acquired a very varied and extensive

vocabulary.

There

is

a certain

amount

of repetitiori in the
111.,

various papers which form Par^

but

have

thought

it

better

to

lea^e

them

as

they are.

AUTH04l's PUEFACE,

IX
varies,

The form

of

the

sentences

constantly

'and the sentences cover every subject on which

a European would be likely to con^-erse with a

l^atha.n.

There are probably

many

defects in this work,

though everything that care could do to prevent

mistakes has been done.

Any

suggestions as to
slips

improvements, and the pointing out of any

or omissions, will be received with gratitude, and

will

be made use of should the Manual ever reach

a second edition.

In conclusion, I would express

the Punjab Government,

my

gratitude to

who have kindly

allowed

me
*

to

make

use of the examination papers set by

;

their orders during the last fifteen years

also to

fmy collaborator Qazi Abdul Ghani Khan (son

of

Qazi

assisted

Mahmud Khan of Peshawar), who me in writing the grammar, and who

into

undertook the translation

oentences
in

Pushtu of
to

the

Part

III.;

and

Sahibzada
of

Abdul Qayum, whose

Pushtu ,was always
authors.
I

unrivalled knowledge

at the disposal of the joint

mention the nanjes of these two gentlemen

AUTHOR

PREFACE.
share in the produc-

not only on account of

tlieir

tion of this little work, but as a guarantee that

the Pushtu rendering of the sentences

as well as grammatical.

is

idiomatic

r
Landi Kotal, Khyber Pass,

G.

ROOS-KEPPEL,
I
<

Cajptain.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
The Grammar.

I.

Xii

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
II.
PAGB

PART

Chapter

I.

graduated series of Lessons

and Exercises
Chapter
II.

......
studefnts
.
'

7.1

Passages for translation into

for
f

Pushtu

more advanced

36

PART

III. Colloquial Sentences

.167

APPENDICES.
I.

Comparative table of types of Pushtu

Intransitive Verbs
.
. .

(in pocTcet)

II.

Comparative table
Transitive Verbs

of types of
, .

Pushtu
.

(in pocket)
in

III.

The

Regulations
. . .

for

Examination
t

Pushtu

308

PART

I.

PUSHTU GKAMMAK.

PA-RT?

I.

PUSHTU GEAMMAB.
t

'

SECTION

I.

On the Letters and Parts

1.

of Speech.

The Pushtu alphabet

^;->*^

consists of forty letters.

^

Of

these seven are purely Pushtu, viz.:

J ^
L/'

(> ^

and

g or^
and
Jf

Eight are purely Arabic,

-^^

viz.:

L/'

Four are common

to

Pushtu, Hindi, and Persian, but

are not found in Arabic, viz.

(

and

CJ
and Persian, but

Four are common

not to Hindi,
viz.

to Pushtu, Arabic,

anu

The remaining seventeen are common Arabic, and Hindi.

to Pushtu, Persian,

2.

These forty

letters are to

be considered as consoleft.

nants, and are written from right to

3.

The

letters vary in form, as in

their position in the formation of a word,

Urdu, according to assuming the

same
4.

initial,

medial, and final forms.

the letter;

tn the following table, Column I. shows the form of Column II. its name in the Roman character
III. tfie

Column
forms.

corresponding English

letter or

and Column IV. examples

J

of the initial, medial,

power and final

B 2

THE PUSHTU ALPHABET.

1

I.

6
5.

PUSHTU MANUAL.
Althougli
all

the 40 letters of the Pushtu alpha1

bet are used as consonants, the letters

and

^ are

also used as vowels, either with or without the vowel-

points

or

short

vowels

Zabar

( ),

Zdr (~)^ ^^^

^ ,

Pesh {), or in conjunction with hamza ^. The vowel-points Zabar {) Zer ( j'and Pcsh _i,
,

are the real vowels^of the language, though in P.ushtu

MSS.

the consonants

and ^^ are indiscriminately*

used in place of them.

If not followed by
1

^ or

^,
I

the vowel-points repre-

sent the short vowels

viz.

J-

= =

thus
thus
or

pronounced rd
pronounced
ri

r'^
ii

thus

pronounced rd

These short vowels can only be used in the middle

or at end of a syllable, as the syllable

must invariably

begin with a consonant.

If followed by
1

^ or
:

^,

the vowel-points represent

^'

the long vowels; viz.

\

i>J

= = =

a
e

thus
thus

1.

pronounced rd

^^,
^

pronounced

ree

w or 00
is

thus

pronounced
or
^_^
,

roo
is

When
formed
;

for

followed by

a diphthong

example

^
iJs

au or
ai or
^_J

on,
ce,

pronounced as in hough
'pronounced as
>i//i.
,

When

and

"majhul " are written thty have no

this signirying that these

accompanying vowel-points,
ciation
for

vowels should not be strongly accentuated in pronun;

example

PUSH'UU GRAMMAR.

J.i"

hot,

pronounced tod

^.;'.J^-

rJ^ roitnd about,

pronounced ger
viz.
:

clidpSr

Thus we have ten vowel-sounds,

short, represented
*

the

three

by the vowel-points , -^r and and ^; the three long, represented by the same vowel-points when fo^owed by 1, ^ and ^_^^, the two diphthongs, formed by the combination of -with . and j_j respectively; and the two majJnd vowels,
not followed
}^y \, ^

when
stood.

and

are written

without vowel-points, the

short vowel which should precede

them being under-

DESCRIPTION.

HOW PROXOUNCKD
IN ENGLISH.

^Short Vowels
< 2.

an ass

khar, or khiir like

burr
jj the chin

zinna, like
gtir,

8in7Ui

3.

s.i

raw sugar

like

French

jour only shorter

j'o

wind

bad, like bard

bred, like breed

Long Vowels

Joo a houndari/
Jjj

\3.
^"

produce

bud, like food

kaol, like bough
ssel,

Jji a promise
Jjugj

Diphthongs

a flock
birds

of
'

like

Norwe-

gian Sceter
tol,

Jo
"Majhur
{

IV eight

like bowl
like

2.

(JSjki-

tribe

khel,

male

only less accentuated.

8
G.

PUSHTU MANUAL.
In addition
to

these vowels there are certain'

;

signs used with

tliey are
"^
:

consonants to modify their sound

*
(,

(i.)

'Siiadda/' only used with

(alif); it

lengthens

the sound.

Thus, J^.T

io fitrn

round,

hat.

a very long

a sound, thus, aaruwal.

(ii.)

"

'^tashdid""is an
it

Arabic sign causing the

is

consonant over which

thus,
iJIaj'I

placed to sound double

t

a chance, has a double

'

sound, thus,

it-tifak.

(iii.)

""

wasl,''

an Arabic sign of union, connecting

the al- at the beginning of an Arabic

word with the

vowel-sound of the
This sign
origin.
(iv.)

last letter of

the preceding word.

is

only used in words of purely Arabic

In purely Arabic words the vowels zabar, zer

(''

and pesh

')

are frequently doubled at the end of

a word, thus that

This

is

the symbol which denote^

in w;

these

words should terminate

thus, U'ijj

it-tifakan, hy chance.

PUSHJU GRAMMAR.

>

'

SECTION n.

^
,

The Parts of Speech.

In Pushtu, as iu Persian and Arabic, there are the Noun, the Verb, but ,three pa^i'ts of speech, viz.
7.
:

>

and the Particle.

S.

Thei*e is no article corresponding with the, a or

article

an in English, the
though
it is

being inherent in

its

noun

sometimes expressed by the indefinite

the indefinite article, or by the
1j or
,i:cd

numeral o

(one) for

demonstrative pronoun
articlxB,

{tJiis)

for the definite

CHAPTER

I.

THE NOUN.
,

9.

A
;

noun
it

is

word denoting the name

of

an

object

has an independent meaning, and does not

It comprises

indicate time.

substantives, adjectives,

numeral
present.
10.

liouns,

pronouns, and participles past

and

In

Pushtu

the

noun has

two genders, the

masculine and the feminine; t^vo numbers, the singular

and* the plural; and eight cases, viz.

(1)
(2)

Nomisiative

(abbreviation N.).
(

Accusative

Ac).

10
(3)

PUSHTU MANUAL.
Instrumental or Formative (abbreviation In.;.
Genitive
G.). D.).

(4)
(5)

Dative
Ablative
Locative

(6) (7) (8)

Ab.).
,L.).

Vocative

v.).

Gender.
11.

Males are masculine, females are feminine; in

is

other words the gender

tion of the

determined by the termina-

nominative singular.

12.
in

All

the

nouns of the masculine gender terrrinate nominative singular in one of the following

ways :
(i.)

All nouns ending in

(lie

zahir), in ^^

and

those ending in

(ye ma'^ruf),

which denote a pro-

fession or occupation, are almost invariably masculine^

Examples

PUSHTU GRAMMAR.
Most nouns terminating masculine,, Example
(ii.)
:

11

in

a consonant are

CSaS ,
5

'-r'^i-^

CS^j^, and O"'

the

etc.

Tq
In

this rule,

however, there are

of
it

many

exceptions.

a good

many

exceptions
female,

the

noun

is

feminine because
1

denotes a
,

such as

,^

sister,

a dauglder,

^y

an aunt; these we can

disregard as obvious.
are the

Of the exceptions the following

:

more important

J^^.

12
14.

PUSHTU MANUAL.
All nouns of the feminine gender terminate in

the

nominative
:

singular

in

one

of

the

following

ways

(i.)

Nouns which terminate

in

(he khafi),

iu ^-

ma'ruf preceded by hamza), in j^ \ye ma'ruf) denoting condition, and plural nouns which terminate
(ye

in

(ye majhul), are without exception

:

feminine.

Example

NOUNS
TERMINATING IN

PUSfiTU GRAMMAR.

13

15.

The

differences in sex necessitating formations

of gender are either denoted

'MASCULINE.

by separate words, as
FEMININE.

X
,. ,.

a father. a brother. a Ton.

jyo
,i-

a mother.
a sister.

^.

a daughter.

^jM a man.
s

dA^ a woman.
..J
bull.
<i*J^

an

uncle.

an aunt.
o,

l,,^Jui

a buffalo a horse. feminine

buffalo coir.

(uv

x>^
is

a mare.

or the

formed from the masculine by a

:

diffel'ent termination, thus

(i.)

Masculine nouns terminating in a consonant form

the feminine

by adding

(he kliafi).

Example :
FEMININE.

MASCULINE.

^Ji

thief,

<di
i^js^

a female a hen.

thief.

CJj-

a coch.

(ii.)

Those masculine nouns which have deepened

)

the

original

to

iu

their

last

syllable

restore

it

agrci,in

in a shortened

form before the feminine teruiina-

tion.
^

Example

MASCUL?IE.

FEMININE.

^^'y
^jyuj

Oj

shepherd.

iiXjJL

a shepherdess. a Pathan woman. a female cowherd.

a Fathan.
o>

^til-*.;

^^

coicherd,

&ki^

14
(iii.)

PUSHTU MANUAL.

From masculine nouns ending

:

in

the femito
,^-

nine

is

formed by changing the termination

Example

MASCULINE.

FEMIltlNE.
<^

^.1
,

an

antelope.

il^J'
ijuw

/^''^(^^^ o,''^^lope.

^juh
j,^'

a doq.

hitch.
,

a grandson.

'^aS

a granddaughter.

(iv.)

nine

is

the femiFrom masculine nouns ending in formed by changing into ,^5. Example:
I 1

MASCULINE.
lisjis

FEMININE.

a parrot.

L^y^
in

(v.)

From masculine nouns ending

formed either by changing
MASCULINE.
^j?

the femias iu

nine

is

into

^,

FEMININE.
'j.i)

j.ii
C-^j'

a washerman. a
helper.

a washerwoman.
a female
s.j,

tC^^S

helpter.

or

by dropping the
MASCULINE.
>-><,

j^-

and adding

as

FEMININE.
x.a:>-.<

a shoemaker.

a female shoemaker

or a shoemaker's wife.
j'jo

an elephant.
latter

u.ij'jt

a female elephant.
the

Note.
former,

The

form

is

more-inuuse than

wliicJi is

becoming

obs^olete.

PUSHTa GRAMiMAR.

15

Number.
16.

The preceding
10 sliOTr

sections

have shown the singular

it re-

forms of both masculine and feminine nouns;

mains

how

the plural

forms of these nouns

'

are obtained.

In Pushtu the crude form of the noun always represents

the

nominative

singular^

and the nominative

plurals are obtained by changing the terminations of

the crude form according to the following rules.

The

masculine and feminine nouns have to be taken separately, as each

gender forms

its

nominative plural in
its

a different manner, according to

termination.

(1.)

17.

Masculine nouns which terminate in a con-

sonant form the plural

(i.)

By adding
:

the termination

,1

or

;XJ^

for

nouns

denoting animate or inanimate objects

respectively.

Example

SINGULAR.

PLURAIi.

Ci3uc a chief.

^J^^
u'"^V-

cL^L; a leopard.
.to

a snake. a house.
a
hill.
..

uV'*

j^
J:

^y^
^'.J:

j^

a ravine,

^iJ,^^

16

PUSHTU MANUAL.

(ii.) By adding tbe termination % iu monosyllabic nouns with the radical -. Example
:

<.

PUSHTU GRAMMAR.
19.

17

Masculine nouns ending in ^^ invariably form

^^1.

the plural by adtling

SINGULAR.
/J

Example

PLURAL.
^vjj&'^w, ..i^-J^'
^

>LiM jfcLwj

soiaier. a soldier.

^S'

J.i^

a murderer.

,.,ljL.>i-

20.

Masculine nouns ending in

^J~^.

form the plural

by adding ^1 or

Example

SINGULAR.

18

PUSHTU MAIJUAL.
SINGULAR.

PUSmtJ GRAMMAR.
24.

19
are
in

Also

many masculine nouns

;

Pushtu

collective, and,

being constructed as plurals, take no

their

plural

termination

meaning
:

is

the only guide

Jxi.

to
Jtii.

theso.

Examples

are

Ji

huttfir,

wheat,

grhss, ^.lU cotton,

and many others.

(2.)

Feminine nouns ending in any consonant except form the plural by adding ^r-. Example
25.
:

SINGULAR.
ji

PI.UUAr,.

a mad. a regiment. a
quilt.

.3

'^j
fj^j>

^^,
ij^'^j>

When ending
Example
*
:

in

they form

the plural by ^^i'^.

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.
i^'.^Aj...

yLjo a she

cat.

or

a she vionJcey.

^
I f

ov
;'^
\'

>''!
Feminine 'nouns ending in the pluial. Examples
2.
:

^ remain unchanged
the

iu

>

is-

girl.
t

Sr >

^
,

v*

'''''

moon
c 2

20
27.

PUSHTU MANUAL.
Feminine nouns ending
in
:

by changing

to

^.

Example

form the plural

'

SINGULAR.
iuvj

PLURAL.

virtue.
evil.

l^^

^Jo
28.

O^
in
i

Feminine nouns ending

:

clian|re

it

to

^.

Example

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.

Hs^ a woman.
<tywl

ls^
'

a mare.
in

l5:J^

29.

Feminine nouns ending

form the plural by

an,d
^_^

adding

j'^/ when denoting animate objects, when they denote inanimate. Example
:

SINGULAR.

PUSUtu GEAMMAR.

21

Also such feminine nouns as are in Pushtu collective

and are constructed as plurals.

9
>

Examples
,

L<r,.'i'

dust.

Xj^

rice.

^_SJ;}^

snow.

^J^^j^\

barley.

and 'many
>

o'jhers.

Case.
31.

The Nominative and

Accusative cases

(and,

in

nouns which remain uninflected in the singular, the instrumental case) are identical with the crude form
of the noun,
>

and are only distinguishable from one

a sentence
;

another by their position

In
or
all

....m

thus

(i.)

sentences formed with

an intransitive
tenses
of a

verb,

with the present

and future

transitive verb, the nominative precedes the accusative.

Example

^1.

(--vibo

Yakooh eame.

j&. js^ ^,j

The 'man

beats the ass.

'

JJ

I-jIjL^ i^ s

will

read the booh.

(ji.)

In sentences formed w^th the past tenses of verbs the nominative follows the
instru-

transitive

mental.

Exaippje
8j!..

^^

^jui

(l^he

dog killed the

fojc.

22
32.

PUSHTU MANUAL.
The Instnimental case (which
of
is

identical with

the Formative) is only employed with

the

imperfect

and past tenses

transitive verbs.

It represents in
is

Pushto the agent, and precedes the object (which

in the nominative',

being placed

(in

norns in6apablo
of the

of inflection)

at

the

commencement

sentence.

Example
<xljb^

Ua^ Ci3jb
CXii) ,^|J^

The hoy was

The

striking the girl.

JJfclj^

girl struck the hoy.

33.

In

the

Vocative

case,

the

noun

is

usually

preceded by the interjectional particle

^^\j

but this

may remain
V
(i.)

unexpressed but understood.

ol)jects,

In masculine nouns denoting animate

or
1

8,

is

added

to the last letter of the

:

nominative

singular.

Example

*j)j}

^JiJ3

<-^'

brother I

Note.

The

first

form

(with

is

more

in

use

than the last two, which are becoming obsolete.

(ii.)

In feminine nouns denoting animate objects,

added
to

is

the
:

last

letter

of
'

the

nominative
<

singular.

Example
)
\

^^ '

daughter

I
^

^^ "
jy-'J

mother

JJ

PUSHTU GEAMMAE.
(iii.)

23
objects,
tlie

In

nouns

denoting

inaninuttti

tbe

nominative
''

singular remains unchanged,

vocative

being expressed by the prefixing of the iuterjectional

particle alone.
'

Example
j>S
^^\

{my)

home/

-''-*

L^'
L_>'

joy

r
(iv.)
is

sorrow

In

i^lural

nouns

of both genders, the vocative

expressed by prefixing the interjectioual particle to

the formative plural.

JUsjIjuw

Example
^-1

soldiers

j1^

^^\

hoys

34.

All other cases are formed by

means

of prefixes

and

affixes to the

formative of the noun.

35.

The

Genitive

is

formed by prefixing j

to

the

formative of the noun.

iii./i-

Example
t>

the coto's milk. the cows' milk. the chief's cattle.

<
"idJli
'

^
^ly:
t>

^l uliXc
'

t)

J'^ ^^'o ^

the chiefs' cattle.

T\e Dative is formed by affixing formative of the^ noun (in conversation aJ, Example commonly used for jj)
36.
.
:

<jo

to
xij

the
are

sJ,

24
^li ^L>
j_^j
\3

PUSHTU MANUAL.

^
c^

j>S
..i^

He
He He
He

has gone has gone

has gone

to his

house,

ij

to his Iwuse.
to Jiis to

ij"

jsJ

,S
.^

house.

^j

li'

^'.

has gone

hisJiouse.'

In old Pushtu MSS. noun when the aflSx

practically obsolete.

is

sometimes prefixed to tLc

is

i^^

used,

but

this

is

now

37.

The
<)J

Ablative
to

case

is

formed sometimes by
In the former case

prefixing'

the formative of the noun, sometimes

by
or

this prefix

and the

affix

^.

is it

added to the noun,

for the sake of

euphony,
:

when

terminates in a consonant.

Example

^
?

from

the house.

i,J

A)

is

often used instead of

,.^

Example :

i}

from

the house.

38.

The Locative case

it is

is

formed by
(which
*'

prefixinr^
is
^'

<):.>

with or without the used when

affix ^jxS

principally

'desire(^ to

express

in

or

ixi").

Example

^.'xm
.'^

&.>

with or on the eyes. hy hundred^ of ilimiscvh.

<S.>

PUSH'^U GKAMMAR.

25

U^ J^
"

^.>

*'"

^^^ house,
hills.

(vu^

^j'z

in the

^J^

(Jol^

<icj

at Cabul.

39.

Subject to the above rules, nouns in Pushtu

are divided into four declensiona' for masculine and

four for femiiiine nouns.

40.
(i.)

Masculine Nouns,

Masculine nouns ending in a consonant, which

denote animate objects, are declined thus

First Declension.

26

PUSHTU MANUAL.
Second Declensiou.

PUSHTU GRAMAIAR.
(iv.)

27
:

Masculine uouus ending in

"

^ are declined thus

Fourtli Declension.

28
(ii.)

PUSHTU MANUAL.
Feminine nouns ending
in J^.

In these the

oblique cases of the singular remain uniuSccted.

are declined thus
:

They

Second Declension.

'

PUSHTU GRAMMAR.
Third Declension.

29

30

PUSHTU MANUAL.

THE ADJECTIVE.
42.

Pushtu adjectives are governed by the same'

nouns in gender, number and case, and the

rules as

adjective agrees in gender,

number and
is

case with the

noun
or

it qualifies,

whatever

its

position in the sentence.

Note.

When
One

an adjective

used
it

t-o

qualify

two

more nouns

of different genders,

is

used in thb

masculine plural.

Example
tico

man and

women

are

ill.

Position of the Adjective.

43.

The adjective

is

always placed before

it

its

noun,

except

when

it is

used as a noun, when

follows the

noun which
(i.)

it qualifies.

Example

a good woman,
a had man,

^Ks**"

d^

i-Jj"*"

Sr'^^
,

a
(ii.)

croolu-d stick,

-ji

,>

fiie

woman

is

good,

8J

Aa> ^Ks^*

tiie

man

is

had,

^-j

ji^
,^u

i-Ji*"

tiie

stick is crooked

^ii
>-

-Sy
(

44.
(i.)

Decleksion op Adjectives.

'-

Adjectives ending in a consonant are macu-

PUSHTU. GRAMMAR.
line^

-31

and are declined

like
^

masculine nouns of
in

tVie

First

Declension/ addin<^

the oblique cases of

the plural.

They
of the

forni the

feminine by adding

to their

mas-

culine form, being then declined like feminine nouns

Fourth Declension.
Adjectives ending in
like

(ii.)

are masculine, and

of

are

declined

masculine

nouns

the

Fourth
to

Declension.

They form the feminine by changing

Declension.
(iii./

being then declined like feminine nouns of the Second

Adjectives ending in
like

js

are

masculine,
of

and

are

declined

masculine

nouns
s

the

Second

Declension, substituting ^ for

of the plural.

in

the oblique cases

They remain unchanged

and are declined
Declension.

in

form

in the feminine,
of

like feminine

nouns

the

Fourth

Note.
rules,

There

are

some few exceptions

to

these

but they are insignificant.

45.

Comparison op Adjectives.
The, Pushtu adjective has no comparative or
the idea

(i.)

superlative degree,^ but expresses

of affixes to the adjective-

by means

32

PUSHTU MANUAL.

The Comparative is formed by putting the (ii.) compared object in the ablative ca'se, the adjective remaining in the positive^ and agreeing with its noun
in gender,

'

number and
Lead
is
'

case.

Example

:t-

heavier than iron.*

ivoman

is stronger

than a

girl.

(iii.)

The Superlative
such
as

is

formed in the same way

as the comparative, with the addition of a

noun
wtich

of
is

multitude,

J^
object
:

a^A^b

<xL^

&c.,

placed before the

with

which the subject

is

compared.

Example

This mare

is the best {of all).

This horse

is the best of all these horses.

.*

or
or

^J ^3

J_jamT

JCAa

aJ

^^I
,^1

1l3

Aoj JwjI

J
of

JcIas^

jy

,'J

;N"ote.

The

first

noun

multitude Jj

is

more

in

use than the last two, which are stpctly speaking noc

Pushtu but Persian.

34
47.
in

PUSHTU MANUAL.
Numerals (both cardinal and Pushtu as adjectival nonns, and
ordinal) are use'd
hawf-, like

nouns,

gender, number and case.

48.

With

the

exception

of

jj

one,

the cardinal

njimbers are plural, and do not change iA the feminine.

They are
of

inflected In the oblique cases

by the addition o
is

to the noun, and, in the case of cardinal number,s

s,

which end in
like a
its

by

its elision

before the ^.

one, has

no plural form.

Its

masculine form o

declined

masculine noun of the second declension, and

feminine form o like a feminine

noun of the

fourth declension.

The Ordinal Numbers are formed (w/'th the first and second) by adding ^ to the They form the feminine by the addition cardinals. Example of 5.
49.

exception of the

Cardinal.
UASCDLINE.
FEMIN'INB.

three

men.
Ordinal.

three wovicyi.

MASCULINE.

the third

num.

the third tvonian.

this rule are ^ one,
;

The only exceptions to makes the ordinal J^l Jirst ordinal ^,J second.

which

.0

t^^\o,

.which makes the

PUSHTU GRAMMAR.

35
be

50.

In Pushtu only the simpler Fractions can

expressed.

Example

36
53.
8.1. all,

PUSHTU

.M

AMI AT,.

put after a cardinal number, indicates

universality.
s ,1.

Example
,S^
,

(ill

four.

s,l.

the 'wJiolc thoaannd.

54.

Multiplication by degree
^..\

is

expressed by using
^>

the particle

between the cardinal

Jc.;

and any
Jo

othe^.
jcj

cardinal; the expressions SjJ

^i

^jd

y>,j^A.

^j

mean

twice as

much,

thrice

as

much, and four times as

much, respectively, and so on.

THE PRONOUN.
55.

In Pushtu the Pronouns

i.

may

be classed

Personal Pronouns,

ii.
iii.

Demonstrative Pronouns,
Relative Pronouns.
Reflexive or Possessive Pronouns.
*

iv.

V.
vi.
vii.
viii.

Interrogative Pronouns,
Correlative Pronouns,
Indefinite Pronouns,

Pronominal Adjectives.

56.
js:

The Personal Pronouns are

J;
<U

thou;
is

^_^^i

or Aia

he,

she or

it.

Of these
sj,

^xiJt

subject to change for gender, while

^, and

^J

are not.

They

are declined thus:

fUSHTt GRAMMAR.

^7

3
bo

38

PUSHTU MANUAL.

Pm

PUSH7U GEAMMAR.
dJtj)

39
is

wliioli

is

subject to change for gender,

then

declined
*

like,

a feminine
little
is

noun of the fourth declension,

used in conversation, and the
for the feminine
especially
in

but this

is

no\^

above decle'nsion

commonly used
the

tform

as

well

as

masculine,

the

singular.
'

>

57.

The Pronominal
i3

Suffixes

^^ or ^ me,

my, &c.

^-J or

t]ice, t]uj,

&c.
;

^ him,
them,

Jiis,

&c.

,-o

us, our, &c.,

and you, your, &c.

used for above in

their, &c.,

are

commonly

all

cases except the nominative and

and vocative.
J

the
c/nly

reumant
her,
it

of the original

personal pronoun,

now
ai
.J

remains in the dative and ablative cases,

or them, and
:

to him.,

<xj

..

fromi, Idm,, her,

it

or them.

Examples

40
Kote.

ftJSHTtJ

MANUAL.
with
tlio

"Wlicu
S.i'.

,.

is

also 'used
is

verb

as^

above, the second pronoun

the

usually

omitted, and
is
:

common

reading of the sentence

5

C-^.'5

Give

Jiitii

the \jun.

^H9
d^i

Tahe

the

gun from him.

t

'p
id
^^

<JS. iy^

The gun The gun

is

ours or yours.

^j^J

is theirs.

58.

The
viz.
:

Demonstrative
that,

Pronouns

are

four

in

number,

the two remote demonstrative pronouns,

which are identical with thq third personal pronouns given above; and the two proximate demonstrative pronouns, ^d and \d this, which are

^d

and

n^

declined thus

Sing-ular.

PtJSHTlJ

GHAMMAB.

41

Plural.

42
^Jl}
,

PUSHTU MkNUAL.
X:>-

CS*.^
Xt^
j

.i>

wTaoever

mny

rome.

^yi,,^
^_c^^^s>-

^^
^y^

whichever

i/ou'Jihe.
ijou like.
'

x^

whichever one

^_f>.^

x^ x^

whatever t/o^o^may do,

61.
in

There

is

strictly

speaking no Possessive Pronoun

>

Pushtu but the reflexive adjective t3^

:

^hich. can
tlielr.

be taken to mean

vnj, thy, his or her, our, your, or

Example

As>-)j <-^:;^5 i)^=^

Talce your gun.

j'uo

JU

JU
,

(J.Ai^

We
He

will take our cattle.

will sell his horse.

<;^^i>. Xi

vl

ijj^

;J.ji-

is

declined

regularly,
to
:

both in

the

singular

and

plural, according

the rules for the declension

of adjectives.

Example

Bring the saddle of your rnare.

Don't be afraid of your brothers.

When

the particle
is

Xj

is

prefixed to iJj^, the

of

the particle

sometimes dropped.
Xi

Exairple

alxir

We

ivill

go ourselves.

PUSHTU GRAMMAR.
'

43

It is also retained in expressions like

ja. Xi Vui^Ui- JO

We

will go

on our feet.

JcX; ,J. (i^jj^ j^-*^ ^

I heard

it luith

my

ears.

62.
(i./

The Ikterrogative Pronouns

CJ>fL.
I'rho,

are

which Lecomes ^^ iu the oblique,

remaining otherwise uncbauged in gender and number.

Example

^.

"-^r-

Who

are 7/ou

^
j_jj

i_5^
<)J

'^
Ir^

43

TFAo.se

son are ynn

*^
brought it?

(^l5^ J
*;j

<|J

From whom have you

>

'

To u'hom shall

1 take it?

(ii.)

jA. v)hat, is indeclinable.

Example

^p
3

jci

What

is it ?

^1.

What
WJiat

do yoxi

sai/ ?

^j>i J.^A. <ni

tiling is tJiin

(iii.)

j,J,

'which, forms the feminine

and

is

declined

according to the general rules for the declension of

adjectives.

Example

^
iii
<xi.
.

*U'

^y J

ij,

Which

tribe^

do you belong
is

to ?

^^j x*S
jj*>j

TV/dch regiment
L>

that

k^

y^S

Which men's houses have fallen

<^oivn ?

^i^ lJ'V.^

44
i^^ is

fUSHTtJ MANtJAL.
frequently used iu place of *^.
ivhat

y>_

It

means
sense

either w]io,

or which
several

when used
are

iii

the

of which
the

one of

present;

botli

parts
in

take
tlie
'

regular inflections,
:

but

only

used

sinsrular

-J

<Ku.

aj

Jj 'J

^}

J,

Jl^A

rd

or)

.d

3
'

Who
(iv.)

(or ^vhlch one) is the best of those

hoys?

^L.

and

JS^.*

^L.

how many, or

hoio

much^ are
:

indeclinable, and are used only in the plural

How many

7neii

have come?

How much

loill

you

sell

it

fur

How much

land do you oxvn

'

Ho7v ')nany {head of)

cattle do

you own?

63.

The
(in its

Correlative

Pronouns

are

tj^^d

and

^yo^
this

non-interrogative sense),

both meaning

much, so much, or as much.

(The older forms of

<xAa

8j.<j4>, viz. SjW^i),

s^^a, and their compounds a^^a

and ^jK,^

&.d,

are almost obsolete.)

Example

PDSHTO' GRAMMAR.
ij<^d L/i^y^

45

jjj^i_j

^ V'^
muck as
much).
a thing
of
,

TaJce as

mdch

as you ivant (literally, as

so

you want take

>

When

referring to
,

tlie

be done,

^J\d thus

(the

way in which modern form

!$^,J;

is to is

^^lj)

commOnly usei

in place of

the old form

(^*ijJt

in this sense only surviving in poetry.

X:s^

ij^^ii,

^ ij^^L

and

aj5-

^^'ti are

commonly

used adverbially.

64.

Indefinite Pronouns.
:

In Pushtu the Simple Indefinite Pronouns are cL/j^ someone, anyone; ^xi some, something, anyone,
anything;

^^

or ^^xL. some;

2^

anyone, anything,

which when joined to a negative makes nobody, nothing ; and j) one.

Of these Lli^^ becomes

l:>^

in the
;

oblique cases;

^J^

takes the regular inflection

and

^ and 2^ are

indeclinable.
auLi

Example

u^ J^ 1^^ ^
JlL^
^xi'K

^^
'^y^
^iL

^^ there anyone in this house ?

There

is

someone.

1^

Give me something.
^^'^'^^^

Jj

15^

cJ^^
iolj

^
<u

vf^

^^^

O^od, some evil.

2^

Say

nothing.

46

PUSHTU MANUAL.

Numerous Compound
from
the
nA..

ludefinite
:

Pronouns are formed

copabining

above.

Thus

jd

every,
Jb

with

C/j^,

and o, makes lLS^L

everyone
;

everyone, dti Jb every-'

^Jj

thing, y) .a

and
l)^

similarly,

another and

.J another

make

i-l^^

and cii^ ,y

another, some-

one
2:i^

else,

ajs.

(Jj and<.:*:i

.J something else, something more,

.J something else (with the

negative form, nothin,j

else),

.y or

Jj another.
* j^

i^

which makes o

anyone

^li^

makes

C/^ i:^*
are
in

or lL/^stJ^ anyone, no one, nothing.

65.

The following Pronominal Adjectives

use
:

common

MASCULINE.

PUSHTU' GRAMMAR.

47
.

(i.)

With

the termination

^i

or ij,

Example
noun

From From

the infinitive

Ji

to

bind, the

iiJ

binch'jng.

the infinitive

JjJ^

to forget,

the noun

,i6^jjJb forgetting.

(ii.)

By

the use of the infinitive as a noun.

All infinitives can be, and

as nouns,

commonly

are,

employed
how-

and take a regular

inflection, being,

ever, always used in the plural.

In conversation, in the oblique cases the semi-final

J may be dropped
The

thus

infinitive JIj

to

go

becomes the noun JJJ

going, which in the oblique cases

JJj
<io

may be

either

or yj
the

a;j

in going.

(iii.)

With

termination ^.

to
(in

the

root,

the

anil
in

of the infinitive

being dropped

verbs ending

Jjo the whole termination may be dropped except

Jo is part of the root).

when

Example
to

The
<

infinitive
I

Jj..<,.

hear, forms the

noun

^i.Jo,.

hearing.
jjjlvj

The

infinitive
J'w*.

to

Iceej.),

forms the noun

^
(iv.)

keeping.

With
of

the

termination

to

the root,

the
the

final

the infinitive being dropped.

When

48

PUSHTU MANUAL.
is

root-vowel of the verb

the noun.

short, it is

lengthened in
*

Example
infinitive.

The
J!

Jj*^
to

to

eat,

fornjs

the

noun
,

.li^ eating.

The

infinitive

,J.x^

see,

forms

the

noun

<bl^ seeing.

(v.)

root.

With the gerundial termination Example

:

J.

to

the

The

infinitive J<^;i^l

forms the gerundive noun

to he

^.Joj.I what ought

heard.

(vi.)

By

the employment of the present participle

jj

terminating in

or ^J^^,

and the past

participle

terminating in
to

^^'

i^-

Thus the

infinitive Jjo.tij

stand

still,

to

remain in one place, forms the noun

a resident
;

^. Jj .J.
J^'
to

or
seize

cCJ^Jj ,Jj

and the
or

infinitive
seized'.

forms the noun

{^^

^yJ^

These participles are commonly used adjectively.

ABSTRACT OR DERIVED NOUNS.

(Substantives and Adjectives.)

Secondary nouns are derived from

following afl&xes
\^,
:

prr-iiary

by the
^)'^,

1,

^,

Ui',

or^

Uju.,

>-Jyj,

^y; thus:

PnSHTti GRAMMAR.

49
tlteft.

Jx

thief,

with the

affix

becomes Hi
^_^

iA>^

pleaded,

with the affix

becomes ^^-^^

pleusure.

(LJjLo

a guest, with the

affix Ui^^

becomes

Ij^jua^Juc*

hospitaliti/.

i^jj^ white, with the affix L_jy

becomes

(jujjuou-

,juum lohite,

with the

affix ^Jl^

becomes

Iljljuu.

J JoV^)

hnowing, with the

affix

J^

becomes

^ii*Jo\fj>.

acquaintance.
separate,

i^j<i

with the

affix

.J

becomes

^j%Ji5oo

separation.

DIMINUTIVE NOUNS.
68.

These are formed by the

affixes

^
,

^,

^
^_^

and (rarely) 'j, to the primary noun.

Nofee.

Sometimes
sake 'of

^ is prefixed to
;

^^, and

for the

euphony

and in cases when the

initial

primary noun ends in a guttural, the

of the diminutive affix is dropped.
*i-

consonant
:

Example

girt,

with the

affix

o becomes
B

^^''^

little girl.

50
^5 a pony,
a

PUSHTU M'ANUAL.
with
the
affix

^J becomes ^yii

little iiony.

rat,

with

the

affix

Cj
t

bi?comes

CS^*
^

a mouse.

ram,

-^ith

the

affix

^j^ becomes ,^j^^

<

a male lamb.

CHAPTER

II.

THE VERB.
69.

Verbs
:

in

Pushtu may be divided

ii^to

two

classes

i.

Intransitive or Neuter.

ii.

Transitive or Active, and Causal.

70.

The
to fall,

Intransitive
to

verb

denotes simple
such
as
JtXj^^

actSoii
to

not

passing

an

object,

flow,

Jjo J

JjoJ /

to tvander.

There are three classes of Intransitive verbs

(i.)

Those which add the

jJ,juj'Jli4J^ to sit,

infinitive^

termination

to the root, as

iJj^

to rise, (Jj"^ to

go out.

(ii.)

Those in which the root ends in

jo,

and which
iJ

retain S> throughout the entire coiijdgation, as Jj>^ to fear, ^}Si^ to fall.

PUSHTU GRAMMAR.
(iii.)

51

Derivatives formed from nouns by the addiJjo,' such

tion

of

as

JtXj^jij^

to

become

informed,

Jjsj^ouj to

become

light.

71.

Intransitive verbs form no passive voice.

oi

They

usually govern either the dative

ablative case.

72.

Primitive intransitive verbs ending in

in

are

defective and irregular

conjugation, while

those

ending in J Jo are regular, and are conjugated like the example JajJ to fall (see Appendix sheet).
Derivative
intransitive verbs

are

regular,

and are

conjugated like the intransitive auxiliary verb Jjoi^

to becorr^e

(see

Appendix

sheet).

73.

Intransitive verbs ending in

:

J may

be roughly

classed under three heads

Class
Jiirjie

1.

Those

which form the tenses

of present

by suppressing the

last three letters of the root

and affixing the personal pronoun, reverting to the

root form in tenses of past time.
Infinitive
jJjUi'JU*;*^ to sit.

Example
Root
:

i^:i.^^^Xx^

Present
Perfect
Note.

Juu**^
*j

sit

or
I*

am

sitting.

:^

^Xx^^S^.^
in use

have

sat.

ciitvj'J is

more

nowadays

than^X*,'.Ju^.u*^,

which

is

becoming almost obsolete, and there are very

this class.

few verbs that come under

E 2

52
Class
2.

PUSHTU MANUAL.

Those

in which the root ends in

and which

foi'm the

tenses of present' time

by sup-

pressing u::^^ and substituting j or J, reverting to Example the root form in tenses of past time.
:

Infiriitive

ijj^j
roll.

to roll.

Present
Perfect
:

^ji. I

j^j_

^'x-^J:,

I have

rolled.

Note.

^Very few verbs

is

and the above verb is more in use now.

Class
3.

come under this class also, also becoming obsolete; i}'^.f-j

Those

in

which

the root ends in

c:ji,

and which form

the tenses of present time by sup-

pressing CLJ and substituting

or

reverting to
:

the root form in tenses of past time.

(i.)

Examples
:

Infinitive

^Jj".

to

go out.

Root

cu^

Present
Perfect

;^

I go

out.

^ ^^
:

I have gone

'out.

I
ascend.

(ii.)

Infinitive

^yis>~ to

Present
Perfect
:

\ v>- I
*j

ascend.,
ascendtid.

ij-^ ^ have
,

74.

Most intransitive verbs ending

in

J come

PUSHTU GKAMMAR.
under the
are
Infinitive
:

53
exceptions

above heads.

The

principal

J^
or

to

burn.
hiirnt.

Present
Perfect
*
:

*^vw I
*j isy*^

hum

am

^ have burnt
JJo

,or

been burnt,

Infinitive

to go.

Present
Perfect
:

^I
^_

go.

,Jb or

j^ I have gone,

75.

The

Transitive

verb

denotes

the passage

of

action

^om

the actor to the object.

76.

All primitive transitive verbs end in J, with

Jtio_, viz.,

the exception of two which end in

to

Jaj m!

hear,

and

Jj*jXjuj*j

to ask.

77.

Causal Verbs are formed from transitive or

intransitive verbs

by the addition

of

They are without exception

verbs.

transitive,

J. to the root. and are subject

to the ordinary rules for the

conjugation of transitive

They

are declined regularly.

The primitive
the
causal

transitive

governs

the

accusative,

the

dative case.
78.

Though Pushtu does not possess a proper

aJl transitive,

Passive Voice,
verbs
can.

causal,

and derivative

produce a passive form by the conjugation

54
of

PUSHTU MANUAL.
the past participle with

the auxiliary verbs

J Jo.^

and Jyij the participle agreeing with its subject in gender and number. These two auxiliary verbs are conjugated at length in the Appendix, and it is very
simple
to

produce any tense of the passive voice

of,

any transitive verb.

Example
Active

Voice.

Infinitive

,i'

to hind.

Past Participle

,JJ

Passive

Voice.

Present:
Perfect
:

^
>j

.j^^

^Sj I am bound, or I am
have been bound. ^^J I

being hound.

^J::^

Imperative

iJL

^S

Be hound.
verbs

79.

Primitive

transitive
:

may be

classed

under three heads

Class
1
.

Those
to

which form the tenses of present

time from the root, and those of past time from the
infinitive.

These are conjugated regularly like the

hind, given in
to beat.

example Jj

Appendix

II.

Example:

Jjb^

PUSHTU GRAMMAR.
of past time.

55

This class includes the great majority

It

of primitive tYansitive verbs.

may

be divided into

'sub-classes according J;o the root-changes of the present

tense

(i.)

Those

vferbs

whose

root

ends in

li

These drop

the

t)

in tenses of present time, res*fcoring it in tenses

of past time.

Example
J'^i^'

Infinitive:

to hear.

Root:

^ioj^l

Present: ^.^1
Perfect
:

hear.

^^

lS^'^J^'

''^^"^

heard.

(ii.)

'Those verbs whose root ending in

c:^*:.
it

change

it to

in tenses of present time^ restoring

in tenses

of past time.
Infinitive

Example
:

{JXii^ ^^ want.
:

Root

^jl.^^

Present
Perfect
>
:

^jl^ I want.

^d

^IjLfjy:

'v

I have wanted.
ci^

(iii.)

Those verbs whose root ending in

or
-.

change
it

it

to

in tenses of present time, restoring

in

tenses of past ^time.

Infinitive
U-^^
:

Example
r:!

^^ open.

Root

c:^i|^

Present
Perfect
:

^^\;i I open.

^d

iJ-'^\.'-

^*

^ have opened.

56
(iv.)

PUSHTU MANUAL.
Verbs
of

penultimate syllable

more than one syllable, in which tho is formed by a short vowel, and

which lengthen this vowel in tenses of present time,

reverting to the short vowel in tenses of past time.

Example

: ,

Infinitive

(Jj ^

speah (which

is

both transitive
(

and
Present
Perfect
:

intransitive).

^\^ I speak.

^p ^L U
,

I have spoken.

(v.)

Verbs whose root ending in

it to

L:l,^*.

or c:^^

change

in tenses of present time, restoring it

in tenses of past time.

Example

Infinitive

(JXL>^ to throw or shoot.

Root

c:^j.

Present
Perfect

J^ I throw.
^t3
ixio^

I have

thr^own.

Most verbs

of Class 2 fall into one or ot-her of these

five sub-classes, the

exceptions being generally solitary

examples of independent forms.

Glass

3.

The small

class of verbs

which form their

tenses of present and past time

infinitives, thus

from two separate

combining two defe^t^ve verbs to form

a complete conjugation.

Example

PUSHTI?
Infinitives: J^ju

GRAMMAR.
to

57
to

and

JJojl>

take away,

lead away.

Indicative Present

^'sjo

I lead away.

Subjunctive Present

^ V

I may lead away.

Imperfecji

!sjj

I ivas leading away.

Past

(.i_Jo

Jed

away.

Perfect

^d

^J^J^

i //are led away.

80.

The Derivative Verb.

to

The

transitive, like the

intransitive, has its derivative verb,

which

is

formed

by adding J
It is regular,

nouns (substantive and adjective)

is

and

identical in conjugation with the

:

Causal .Verb.
ji- news,

Example

makes the verb J^rJ^

to

inform.
to

^juw
81.

wldte,

makes the verb JJuo^^

is

whiten.

The Compound
{to do)

formed by conjugating a noun

Ji^

(substantive or adjective) with tbe auxiliary verbs

or
{to

J^

when

transitive, or with (}sx^ or

J^i
:

become

or, to he)

when
j<->-

intransitive.
neivs.

Example

^^

inform.

JSj6

y^ )

(to

he or to

become informed,

58

PUSHTU MAIIDAL.
The conjugations of these
auxiliaries are to be

found

in the Appendices.

82.

Prohibition and Negation.

Prohibition
<L,

(i.)

ic is

expressed by the adverb of proprefixed to the 2nd person singular

hibition,

which

and plural of the imperative.

In practice x^ often coalesces with
elision of the x.
its

verb by the

Example

^
^y

go {thou),

do not go {thou).

ji

go {you).

^ > do not go {you).

(ii.)

Negation

is

expressed by the adverb of negaau),

tion, jj,

which, like
^

naay coalesce with the verb by

the elision of
It is

used with

all

formations of the verb except

with the 2nd person' singular and plural of the imperative.

In simple tenses of present time-Jt?

the verb.

is

prefixed to

Example

PUSHTU GRAMMAR.
^l' I
go.

59

'

--

I do not

go.

In
the

tenses Which
is
:

are

formed

with

the

prefix

placed

between the

prt^fix

and the

verb.

!^xample
JCbl,
,

to

struclc,

(X5)l.

AJ

U
is

I did not

strike.

In compound tenses the

participle

Jcj

placed between the

and the auxiliary which forms the tense.

:

Example

^d ^

^^

Jjy ^j^

The man has not been wounded.

83.

The

Personal
or

Pronouns
in

are

present

(either

expressed

understood)

various
:

forms

in

all

tenses of verbs.
>

The forms are

(i.)

The simple personal pronouns

^
iJiib

tliou.

yJ^
^ffSb

you.
they.

he.

This

is

expressed or understood in

all

tenses of intran-

sitive verbs, anc],

jn the present tenses of transitive

verbsj

when

it

denotes the agent.

60
(ii.)

PUSHTU MANUAL.
The
affixed personal

pronouns

SINGULAR.

PLUI-AIi.

Isfc

person.

j
jj,-

1st person.

^ ^
These

2nd person.
3rd person.
affixes,

2nd person.
3rd person.

^.

which are inseparable from the verbs,

are used in present

and past tenses

of intransitive

and in

all

tenses of transitive verbs, to distinguish

the various persons of the singular and plural.

(iii.)

The Instrumental personal pronouns

MEDIAL.

PUSHT% GEAMMAR.
with the object (expressed or understood) which the nominative case. Example :
is

61
in

^ Jj
,

jG

J bound

thee.

s.li^

<xia>

/ hound

him.

(ii.)

In the second form the order of the agent

is

and object

reversed, the object being in the nomi-

native case, the pronoun denoting the agent in the

instrumental case, and the verb agreeing and person with the object. Example
:

in

number

Jj.

8:

He hound me
is
;

(lit,

hi/

him

am

hound).

This

formation
it

simpler than

looks

confusing at first, but it is and the student, by practising

first

conversions from
tenses of

the

to

the

second
verbs,

form
will

of

past

time

in

transitive

soon

familiarise himself with the system.

Example

i.

SECOND FORM.
Ij

Thotc houndest me.

&ka> :

He bound

me.
us.
us.

^.ji.

^3 J >^ We bound you.

<3Jta

S'i^ y*.'o

J.<

You hound

J.i\

J^
r
ii.

We

hound

Jj^

yts>

J^o They bound

them.

Example
^j
J,)

J ^jl^

J'hh.d

hound

^^

^]^

y l^

The boys had

the hoys.

hound me.

62
Example
iii.
:

PUSHTU MANUAL.

FIRST FORM,
.!

SECOND FORM.

J J

^Kla

'o

Til on

hadst

^^

Jj"

yl^!t> ^'

T/ie

?>o?/s

hound the hoys.

had,

houpd

thee.

Example
5

iv.

<-

J ^J^^ ^f^ II
the hoys.

<^

^i^cl

^] ^Jj'

y(^)^

^^

The hoys

hound

had

bound. 1dm.

Example
.j
1

v.

J ^jl^ jivo

We

had

^J

Ij

yl^ j^
hound, us.

TAe

/j07/s

hound

the hoys.

had

Example

vi.

A ^J ^J'^

^'j'

Yon had

^^

J^yJl^^o

The hoys

hound the

hoys.

had bound you.

Example
,j
1^"

vii.

^J^

^iit>

They had

^j

J yiKisb

,.xAj&

The hoys

boiind the hoys.

had bound them.

85.

The substantive verb

I am, makes a slight

distinction between the alternatives.

^J

and

jjjLi

in
is

the 3rd persons of the present indicative.

^ti

used affirmatively or interrogatively 'When a proximate

object is referred
to,
JuLi-

when

a remote.

Example:

pushtIj grammar.
d CSjy'i Have you a
^ "^r!^
t>
1

63
rjun ?

<Kxi,

x'jJ^

I have a gun.
Is
tliis

^j

<-l^jo
j_^J

your gim
gun.

^ CSjji

It is

my

80,

The Verb

is

generally considered the principal

difficulty in the

study of Pushtu,

In order to enable

the student to compare the various types, two tables

of verbs, one of intransitive and

one of transitive,

have been drawn up.

of the Manual,

They

will

be found at the end

The Table
:

of Intransitive

Verbs (Ap-

pendix

I.)

includes

The simple

intransitive verb

J Jo J

to fall.

The derivative

intransitive verb

J Jo J J

to

become

hot.

The auxiliary intransitive verb Jj^j^ or Jy:

be, to

to

become.

The auxiliary intransitive verb ^ / am the substantive verb to be, which has no infinitive
in Pushtu.

The

compoand

intransitive

verb Jjuo J J

to

become hof.

The

irregiditr

verbs

,JXi

to go,

JJxl. or JJoi.

to

come.

64
The Table
cludes
:

PUSHTU MANUAL.
of Trausitivc

Verbs (Appendix

II.)

in-

The simple transitive verb Jj

to hind.

The causal
to heat.

(or derivative)
(

transitive verb J.l>o

The auxiliary The compound

transitive verb
ti'ansitive verb

J J"

or ^jJ

to do.<

J J* jJ

to heat.

By

learning these verbs thoroughly, and modifying

the instructions contained in

the type according to

the preceding pages, the

student should be able to

conjugate the majority of Pushtu verbs; and by taking

these
tables
as

guide,

should

be able,

with

the

assistance of any Pushtu-speaking

man

of fair intelli-

gence, to work out those verbs which are irregular or

defective.

CHAPTER

III.

THE PARTICLE.
87.

Particles are

The Adverb. The Conjunction.

The
The

Preposition.
Interjection.

PUSHTU GRAMMAR.

6.5

88.

THE ADVERB.
They

Tliere are in 'Pushtu but few pure Adverbs.

are

quidiS).

js^
sJI.

at least, aftsr all.

together.
like.

S'l^ perJifirjs.

^
i^wJt)
ju'.^
If

thus.

...

slowly.

suddenly, by

Jj always.

^
i

at all, enth-ely,
it

even.

<bkj

behoves.

89.

The Adverbs of Place

Si
-J

are

itpon

oj-i

if3 jj^ i jj^i

backwavds.bachi

xf\

"^'ound aboxit.

dj

i.j

abover
-

is^j-

where."
everywhere.
<

[ here.

d^y^
iJijs..

jSb

uJj within.
near.

Jo somewhere
noiuherer

els?.

li'^ji

Ai'^i)
<xa: i.Csi

below.
Jo^
Xjj..
oj'o jJ^

behind
there^
I /I

^ipside down,
top^fjf-turvey.
ijciibb

f^

outside.

Jo

u;

fro at.

66
90.

PUSHTU MAW UAL.

The Adverbs op Time

r~-l

are

at last.

^j.j idj
^J*r:\
,. ,^

successively.

^^ ahvays.
<x)o
J"

yesterday.
the

(Jo

for

ever.

tjo''

day

heforf

yesterday,.

^J^.l

j'i

li

even

till

now.

^^

,j

(Jj

^J

the second

day

'.$00

lastnltjht.

before yesterday.
'jut

to-morrow.
c?y

ux?
i_$jSp>Ji>

jj.^

after

to-

never.

morroiv.
'A^ (Jj
^
til

^jxJ yLj. yx^^ii&j

<)cK

nowadays.

second day

when.
noi^
ti<?7

after to-tnor row,

then.

^
^. o
^sK
<)J^.

<xK

and

\xc j^

noiuadays.

.i'

when?
dJ^

<xj

(XK

occasionally.

.a

always,
at

cvfr
tiine.

any

.U

^,;

.L

rn

^wj'/i.

&=^ )6

ri>

ichtnever.

^j;

firstly.

j^ to-day.
^Ijm;

always,
^O'Tly.

quickly.^ jj jj
-.i

^^i
^^.
\J^
*.

noic.

l^s; formerly.

/low

o/i5eit ?

\M

again.

ji,^

many

timea.

PUSHTU GRAMMAR.
91.

67

The Adverbs of Quantity are:

^^

^
how
this

Jt)

however many.
whatever.
everyone.
everyone.
to

V-^=
j.

much. ?

j^^L

't)

.J

much.

5#

Jt>

^^ n^

,a>

however much.

tl/j^
-.^j

tJt>

Lsly

little.

Ss- J

the
extent.

utmost

zj\ij

more.
some.
every.
ti_>l> ;j>eJi

^
jX

beyond degree.
unlimited.

jc^\_>

92.

CONJ UNCTIONS.
:

tTliese are

,1

or

68

PUSHTU MA^'UAL.

93.

THE TREPOSITIONS
and
suffixes)

fwhicli include both affixes

are:

of.

|rS^*

JC;

m hetiveen,
the midst
on.

in
of,

5i

J _

^
>j

to.

^.

ii.i'

.'i

from.

1 1I.

ji

up

to.

&s^
^^'.j

at, with.
aJjove.

ijM
sii

together with.

d below.

94.

INTERJECTIONS.
Interjections are
:

The common
j]

or ^\ oh

PART

IT.

PEOSE COMPOSITION,

PAET
chapter

II.

i.

Prose Composition.

Chapter

I.

of Part II. contains a progressive series of

lessons and exercises, beginning with simple sentences, and

working up
>

to

the

standard required for the

Higher

Standard Examination.
>

The beginner who

is

going up
first

for the

Lower Standard Examination should do the

twenty lessons; variations of the sentences, on the lines

of the

examples and exercises given, should give him

composition of simple sentences

sufficient practice in the

to qualify hini for the

Lower Standard.

Although the
test,

Lower Standard Jilxamination includes no written

the student, is advised to write out these exercises in the

Pushtu character, '^s by doing so he

with the character which he
is

will familiarise himself

required to read.

72

PDSHTD

MAWtJAli.

PROSE "COMK

74
ITouso

rUSHTlJ MA'KtJAL.

rU0Sl5 G^MPOSITIONT.

75
'J

Hax"

husband
is

is lazy.

^-J

c:^^vl

^j^4*^

^_^ii>

i)

Whose dog
Have you
1*his

that
?

^t^
*xi<

^^^ '^ J

AiJfc

guu

JCs^ ,J '^^l^"^
''^

horse

is stivDuger

than

^ (ir'^
'

''^^^

v^'

'"^

that one.
Tllis

^Ci isA^^

sword
all.

is

the sharpest

JSJ

"i

SI

^>

^yi

^jyi

1*^

of

EXERCISE
That man's horse
horse
sharp.
is is

2.

strong and swift.

The
is

swifter than the mare.

This sword
is

His wife

is

lazy.

This husband

haj^py
I

his wife is intelligent.

a dog and a mare.

Have you a dog? Whose house is that ?

have
It is

that tall man's house.

is

He

has a sword.
are

This boy
I

the strongest of

all.

Who

you

am

that

inan's son.

76
Service

tUSHT(J MiiNDAL.

^JJ^^
.k^

A A A

cavalry soldier
cavalry sergeant

((^5'^, S)

Jiiltdd
jj'^
. ,

cavalry regiment

The verb

^}s^.^ or J^i, fo te, to become.

(See Appendix

I.)

Examples.

Who
He

is this

man

.li

'--'S^ ^Ji**"
^_^-'a^ (j^;;ij

^^

is

an infantry soldier.
?

^J

i))

In which regiment

isV'-; i^-<y^
!JJ

Where

is

his

regiment?
is

xij>-

^J

^^^L;

Whose

horse

this?

^J

'=>-

J ^_^I Ij

It is the cavaliy sergeant's.

^jJ^SjtSii J
iL^

He became
terday.

a sergeant

yes-

^JarjJ

^j,.jj:iio

Whose swords
They

are these?

^*^ ^^ J ^;i ^'^ ^j^^ d

'^^

are the cavalry soldiers'.

-EXERCISE

3.,

Who are these men ? They are infaiitry soldiers.

They
are in (of) the 3rd regimen'u;
?

Where
I

is

their
j

reofiment

It is in

Peshawar.

am

a corporal,

PROSE
[

C/OM POSITION.

11
sergeant
is

became a corporal to-day.

house.

My

in

tlie

Whose gun
?

is

this ?

It is this soldier's.
?

Is

he a cavalry or an infantry soldier

Who
She
is

are

these girls
soldier.

They
is

are the daughters of a cavalry

their

Wh^Sre

mother?
I

ill.

Where were you yesterday ? Where wm^e the the house).

soldiers yesterday ?

Was at home

(in

infantry and cavalry

78
Grass

PUSHTU MANUAL.
au'.

Wood

J}
^^6^
;:ii-

river

People
Tribe
,

u'

J:!--j*'si"

Name

^ft
^^'^:^-'e

^;
^1/'^^

stony plain

^ >J^

i)

!$

,J^

Intransitive verbs.
(See Appeudix
I.)

Togo

PROSE Composition.

79
Ij'
Jcl

Did you go
yesterday
?

to

the

plain

Jj

<xi'

^,

.j^^i

^jjj

My
I

aunt lives in the

here,
I,

city.

.^.i

^^^
Jo

^4,

<x.>

* ;

J
:>;

live

came here

it>

^^..>

_ *>^j'

<x!i!j

the

day before yesterday.

^lil.

EXERCISE

4.

There are large houses in the

goes to the city.

city.

This road

The

i^eople of the city are good.

The road through the

forest is bad.

The people
and

who

live in the city

go to the

forest for grass

Avood.
plain.

The soldiers came from the forest to the They have five hundred horses, and have
to the plain for grass.

come

The

river flows from

the plain through the forest.

These

men

arrived
in the

from the city yesterday.

plain near the forest.

They

will live

These

women

stayed seven
is

days (nights)

in

my

big house.

Whose
fruit.

this
it.

garden ?

It is mine".

The water
the
forest.

flows through
]\Iy

People come from the city for the

lives in a village in

wife

She sometimes
go
?

comes to the

city.

When

will ,you

shall

go the day after to-morrow.

Of

Avhat tribe are

you?

I ani (an) Afridi.

I live in

Tirah near the

stony plain.

80

PUSHTU MANUAL,

PROSE COMPOSITION.

g^

Transitive Verbs.
(See

Appendix

II.)

To

eat

82
Tell thatinan to

FUSHTU MANUATi.
bring water.
ij^^
Jis--

jcjl^

xi

^j^

Aii

The food
hours.

will be ready in

two

kJ^;^

i^j^.

^
^j^
<xK

*;'^

^J^

When

did he return ?
to the village.

^^1

ijjj.i

<xAa

Take the horses

8jy ^

J^ X'^-

EXERCISE
Bring a bed and put
carpet near the bed. food ready
?

5.

it

under the

tree.

Place a
Is the

We

will eat food.

(after)

It will

be ready in

an hour.

Take away (lead away) the horses. I will sit on Have you the bed, and you can lie on the carpet.
a

pipe

have tobacco.
he has heard.

Tell that (infantry)

pipe.

soldier to bring fire for the

He

did not
fire

hear.

Now

He

is

bringing

from that small house near the

(some) tea.

city.

Give
is

me
fire.

The

tea

is

not ready, there

?

no

Will you eat (some) curds

for four people

Make ready dinner

cify.

who

are

coming from the

go
to the city,

Is
I

the meat good

I will

and when

return (come again) I will bring bread, butter,

and

fruit.

Call

my

servant.

He

is

lying under
tobacco.

the tree by the bed.

Tell

him to Vring my

PROSE

84
I

PUSHTU mAnual.
was
reading-

your

letter

x'x^^

jj*^

^^

- uiji

yesterday.
Sit on the bed.
-xij.^^^

,_^^ ^>.^

^.^

Take away tbe dog,

eaten the meat?^

lie

has

^i

JUi:

^j^i

lb

^j^^'
<xS.K

Bring

my

horse.

,^1

EXERCISE
This

6.

man

has brought a letter from

?

my

sister.

Does she send any neAvs

He

writes a letter to
uncle's letter
it ?

me every
eaten

day.

Have you read your

(it).

No, I have not read

I will read
is

when

have

my

food.

This tea

very hot.

Tell

my
is

servant to bring
this villao-e
?

me some

fresh water.

Whose
sit

It is

my

father's.

Let us

on a

carpet under this tree and the village people will

come to us. What are the crops They are wheat and rice. The
river flows through the village.
to

in this village
Ava'cer

from the
this letter

Send

my brother.

He

lives in the large house in the

I

city near the ga,rden.

will
all

also send

him

message.
all

The dog has drunk

AVe
will

the tea and eaten

Oity.

the food.

go back to the

PEOSE COMPOSITION.

85

LESSON
Early

VIT.

^j
'ju?

To-morrow

Morning
Evening

"

js^
^W'*^
oi'

^W*-*
<)u,,

Noon
Late

c:^^^ 3
c:J;J
all
-

'o

Wealth
Cattle (including

':^>-i

kinds of

JU
^,^
iys^

animals)
Cattle (bulls, bullocks, and calves)

A A A A A A

mule
sheep
(m.) ^_/j}^
if-)

^^
\*c

cow
goat
chicken
thief
im.) jj _

^i^-

(/.) S;J

J^
Jx

'-^A'i^fT

Verbs.

To To

kill

Jjj
,

die

Jjsji^ws)
.

To
To

strike
binjl

Jjfcj
.

or

J^

.Ijo^

J^
^}^^.)

To carry

ofif**

or Jj^

To understand

Ja^^v;

86

PUSHTU MANUAL.
Examples.

do not understand Hiudustani.

i*j-^yi

^'^'^

*.i

^J

This

man

understands

,^

-xa^,;

jJct

f.;

^ct'^

''^

Hindustani.

He

has

come from

the

^ti"

K^l ^i^ lJ^^j

tJj^^

^ ^'r^ ^
'^

mountains, and will lead

j^^

'^

you to the village

to-

morrow morning.
The thieves killed two men

JU

Jj j ^.-^ s.j Jx
.5
jStj

who were with the cattle.

Three goats diedlast night.
^_^yL

^^^

,^^rT- i^j'^ '^^i

EXERCISE

7.

Do you understand Pushto

(will go) to the

We

are going

mountains to-morrow.

There are

many thieves
They

in the mountains.

Yesterday thieves

carried off twenty (head of) cattle from

killed a mule. I

my village.
and two
(cavalry)

My

sheep are

ill,

have died.

wrote a letter to

'the

sergeant at Chaprahar.

I wrote' that all

off.

my
?

cattle
is

had been (have been) carried

lead you.

Which

the

road to your viDage through the mountains

I will

We

will

go to-morrow morning

early.

PROSE 'composition.

87

My

uncle

is

dead.

must go
go

to

my

village for

for three days.

T will

this evening.

My uncle
go
to-

had much wealth.

It is

now very
we
will

late,

morrow.
soldiers

(It

is)

very well (good).

;

Call

the

and

t'he

servants

go to that large

villao;e this evenin";.

LESSON

VIII.

In recounting a conversation the actual words of

the speaker are used.

Example

He
He
*El*e

told nie

lie

had killed the man.

f
|

told

me^ "I have

j

killed

ufr"

'-o

'^

j j ^'i .3
J.-.

<'^

said

the man.''

To ask

AJ

a;u.^j

A.'xi,.c

or

AJ

^.jG

To run uAvay

}^J^

EXERCISE

8.

Who
says his

is

that^^man
is

Ask him
says, "

his

name.
is

He
")

name

Jan (He

My name

Jan

88
I asked

PUSHTQ ma'nual.

him what village he came from (from which village do you come?), and he said that he came from Dakka (that I came from Dakka). The sergeant has come.

He says that he saw

(I

saw) seven

thieves in the hills yesterday, that he

(-1)

asked them

who they were (who are you ?) and that they ran away. He said that he would not go (I will not They said that they had killed seven men go). (we have killed seven men). When Jan asked him He first said his name his name, what did he say ? was Ahmed, but afterwards said it Avas Mohamed.

LESSON

IX.

servant (usually used for sold

PEOSE 'composition.

89
ij<-

A knife A
medal
brave

(large)
xaJc
oi*

^-.j'o

man

..

or .S^^ or ^^ij<
.d^^At

Bi-ave (adj.)

To be wounded

J'^*-^ c3^v'

*^^

J'V^^j"
jfc..>

wound

*i-; or

Examples.

He

is

(Government)

^^^i

Sy

<xia

servant.

He

has

fourteen

years'

^-j

Sy ^^ ^.L:L
..

45

jcAa

service,

and has been

seven

^J

^Ij"

^^^jj^^i

^,.1

f.;

^1

through
>

cam-

jpaigns (wars).
2 J <xL.^

The enemy are well armed.

1^/*^^

<^

EXERCISE

9,.

Are you a (Government) servant ?

an infantry
soldir&r
?

Yes, I

am

of the 24th regiment.

Did you
Tirah

go to the war

Yes, I Avas

wounded

in the

90
expedition.

PUSHTU MANUAL.

How many
many

years' service

have you

(Since (of) liow

I

years are you a servant)?

have four years'

(of)

service,

and have two medals,

for (of) Tirah.

one for

Agror and one

Masjid
"
(said,

In a

fight at (of) Ali

a brave

man

the fight at Ali

killed.

my captain told me I was You are a brave man"). In Masjid many of the enemy were

The enemy were very badly armed (the weapons of the enemy were very bad). Thev had swords and knives, but no guns.

LESSON

PllOSE COMPOSITION.

91

ExAMI'JiES.

can speak Hindustaui,

but
I

^_s-l>

.iXi

-.'i*

^J^^^
"
-'

^i'jai ij
^

cannot

under-

<o

. .^s>-

.aU-

l)

,i

stand what

these hill

^ ,aa.>

people say.

Bring twenty of your own

Al

^^J>^

(J:^=-

^^i

cJ-i
;

^o

men, and
with

will

take

J}^^ <j:^^>j x^-.

^^^
^jli.
(^jjl* l;)

Aj s

.!

me

twenty-five of

^j^0

my

followers.

A^^j
ci^jj,y;^.u^J jo S^'xj^

He swam

across the river.

^ xia

EXERCISE

10.

*Can you go across the river

the river, as
Caq.
it is

cannot get
is

acj'oss

deep

(as there

much

you swim ? I can swim, but not well Tn the darkness I (but I cannot swim well). could not see the man. I cannot speak Pushtu, but
water).
I

can understand what ^^eople say (the Avords of

the people), and' in (after)

able to speak.
ignorant,

two months

I shall be

The people

of these hills are very

they * cannot

understand

Hindustani.

Can you go with me ?

How many men

can you

92

PUSHTU MANUAL.
I

bring with you?

followers,

can take

fifty

of

my own

and you have

fifty soldiers.

LESSON

XI.

A A

letter

i\^^ or k=^

An

order

^^
('*:6.-',

message

To be able

J^/i-

To recognize
To open To shut

J-Jo^j

^ycU- Jj-^-V

J/ ^1^
'^^^

or J^i"

^^

J;^
Jjtj

or

Jji' i_sjy^.

To run To write

t^.^j'-'c

or JjsjJxj

Ji^

Examples,

Can you get

across

j^*S.

^^^.J^^_.

He

said

that

be

could

*^ ^s^yx.^

^j

Xs^ ^ xkx

recognize the

tliief.

PROSE COMPOSITION.
I

98

could not open the door,

so I returned.

&.>

sLa,

sJ:,

Lj

.} ^.^
<iiiyj^

'Jl],

That man's
run very

nephew can
fast,

Uj^j*

'^^^^^

,c:'^

^'^

"^

he can

J. ^^la^ ^^x.^

u^^iO-*^
J

run faster than any of

the village boys.
If I

^J

<Xj

^^

Jl^ia Jj ^J^

^d ^j^
^^

^^o./

could go I would, but

^
{I'i

Ajo j_^^^ ^Jb

.i,
<io
,

jlT

I cannot.

^JJ

He

sent
that

me

message
ill,

j^J
xi

^'

^ ^j^
>

i'j

j^
^1

^'^^

he was

and

L>)

,Jj'

(t.>

could not come.

^^

EXERCISE
'

11.

gave him an order to go to the village in the

plain.

He

started,

but an hour after sent

me

a message that he could not go.

the door?

No, I cannot (shut the door).

I

Can you shut Can

you speak English ?

I

cannot speak English, but

This boy can run faster

understand' English.

than this boy. 'Can you recognize this

Yes,

man?

he

is

the

yesterday, and

who

man whom I saw in the hills told me that he had come from
is

Peshawar.

He

says that he

a corporal in the

94
4th.

PUSHTU MANUAL.

regiment (of infantry), and that he cannot

liis

return to his regiment because

father
I

is

ill.

Can you write a

letter to his Colonel ?

(his words).

cannot

understand what he says

LESSON
On
Verbs.
tlie

XII.

two forms of the past tenses of Transitive

To To

strike
kill

Jjbj

J/j^
^}J Jiw or
Jij\

To murder To hurt

u3j^
J^i^ cSX'i

To oppress

To

call
,

JL

Examples.
I

have killed him.

<)cAai

'w<

or ^^^ ^_^j^ q!X>

X.kSb

'w<

He

has struck me.

^i

^-^^

<^'^
^J

PROSE COMPOSITION.

95
*-.>

Tgu have hurt me.

I

^J,
^_jj

^^
j^^iio

ij

have called

you..

'--o

Thou hast oppressed

nie.

*j

^J
Jjbj

lLxG' sj

U
^

Why didst thou

He had
I struck

strike

me ?

^^>^

killed him.

^^^

''^^ y^^

you to-day because

Xs^

<)c^

^^^^ j
'^>'

Jo

^^

you hurt

me

yesterday.

*j (_?vl^^3^
,_^t>

!^

c;^/^-

Whose

is this

dog
is

U-

t>

^_j~w.

Ij

Probably
Khan's.

it

Ahmed

4^j X) ^^J^

c*..k.-^1

EXERCISE
I

12.

He struck me yesterday. Wliy did he strike? You have murdered him. He called you yesterday. He could not kill me. He has oppressed me for a long time. Thou hast hurt me. You have all oppressed me. Who is Probably he is a I do^ not kno^^^ that man ?
have struck him.

Sepoy

(he will be a

Sepoy^

96

PUSHTU MANUAL.

LESSON
I

XIII.

will

go myself.

^L

^ihss:^

<xj

s:

He

himself said to

me

.1 Aj',

^>af

xiLo

Why

did you not go your?

j_^^>i,

<o

J ^J^

Av^

self

little

boy

like

you can-

tJ^U ^^^j
^*i,
,

^.
,

^jli>
J.J'

Ism\L

not do this work.

Aj

,i^

Ij

What
What

is this

thing

^j
is

>i,

jc^ Ij

sort

of

a beast

y^d

j^^

CS.ijL Ij
Q^

this ?

Where
coin

did you find this

?

aJjvXo

J6'y-

<):^^

He

arose
again.

and

sat

down

ci^^^'Ja***^

Uj

^1

^j^^'o, iJch

go myself to the village

every day.

^L ^j^

j$^

jj

aJuusr &

Write a

letter for

me.
'

^!j
&.^

a1 I.

^|3j>-

j!^

Go
I

to

your own house.

.^^

^^j^

have got his book, I

have
lost

^d

^x^s^\ ^
^^^

ljIIT

jc.ia

my

own.

^J> CJ,j

J..tj>-

PROSE COMPOSITION.
G/ve

97
dcS

my

compliments

to

Ju'^.

A^

j,

(^jli-

b)
jJ^^

CXU
J

the Chief, and^ask

to

him

Jui/L <uJii

<t:>-

<Xjjj

come

in.

will

go myself

in

his

^'o-

JCj

<xii,

<xl>isr

jo

!Jy

place.

^jj
themJ.^,

They said among

selves,

^^^ i^-<

J.Ai-

f;^^

EXERCISE
I will

13.

go there myself to-morrow. If you cannot

come
I

yourself, perhaps

your brother can come.

cannot go myself, but

my

cousin will go instead

(in

my

place).

Is this horse

your own?

A man
Of what
?

like

you can do
this

my
?

work.

He

is

as brave as

Kifstum, and
tribe
is

as just as

Naoshirawan.
is

man
n,ie.

He

an Afridi

he has come

here to see

Where

did you put

my gun

put

it

under the bed.

He

got up and. went out,

saying 'that he would come again to-morrow.

goes to the city every day to
sell

He

wood and

grass.

The chief sends his compliments, and says he will come to-morrow to see you. Go out of my house. What is this thing ? I do not know what it is. Ask him why he did not come himself when I sent
H

98
for him.
T Avill

VUSHTU MANUAL. go to the river to-morrow before

(will)

dawn, and you must

come with

nic.

LESSON
In a narrative,

XIV.

when
used.

second verb occurs after a

verb in the past tense, the present or subjunctive of

the present

may be

well

15^^
J'^f*-^.-!

To get up

To escape
To climb up

J^^ ^.

^^ Jj.j.^i=>(JjU

A
To To

way
seize
fall
'

' '

AjJ
Ji^^j
J'Vijj"^

'

To get down

Examples.

The man saw that he

not escape.

could

*J^=-l('f*i.

t^i

^J*^^

(_?

<o

^"sxiol^

PROSE 'composition.
T'he river

99

was in

100

PUSHTU MANUAL

fROSB COMPOSITION^.
T^o steal

101
01-

J^i'ii

J^j
(

Only

J'^ or

ij^

merchant
elder*

An

grey-beard

^j-l^ uH'^

Dear, expensive

u'r

To buy
To load To
fill
)

Examples.

The

Afridis

are

better

JO

}JJ
i&s>-

'^=

^}

,j}

armed than the Orakzai,

they have got manyLee-

^j^
f..^

8^1

<x^) s^ A^^

^^'^j; ^i^.y^ j/^j;^ i'

:k=

'Metford
.rifles,

and

Martini

^^'.
'o)

ijVi

rW
{^s.

while the Orakzai

<i

^_3^^^
^\

have only
rifles

few Snider

ji^ JidXxAi^

and many flintlock

and matchlock guns.

I fired

three

packets

of

x>.

animunition at a mark
to the east of
tlTe

village

yesterday.

102
Bring lue
I will
for

PUSHTU MANUAti.

my

sliot-guu,

^i^}
8^1

'ti^l;

'--^.-l^'

't^

'^

go out sliootiug
little

^..j

^^

<x.

<x!

,^^
0"~'

wliile.

l<^'^.; j

if"^^

shot 17 snipe yesterday.

This shot

is

too coarse,
finer ?

J,-

^^

-^ lJjI-^
<)cxiJ

^j^
,d

'"^

have you no

As^

He

is

a very good shot.

ruosE c'oMPosiTrox.

103

Thieves steal cartridges and

in the city,

them to merchants and the merchants sell them to the hill

sell

people.

The

hill

people can

make good powder,

well) ?

and can load empty cartridge-cases (cartridges).

Are they good shots (do they shoot

every village they shoot at marks?

At
that

The

elders are

good
the

shots,

but cartridges are so dear

now

young men cannot buy them.

Get

I will

go out

shooting to-morrow.

my

shot-gun ready.
snipe and duck
I

The

elders say that there are

many

in the

marshes and a few hares in the plain.

shot seven francolin yesterday.

LESSON

104
Rich

PtJSHTtJ MA'A'tJAL.

fROSE C'OMPOSITION.

105

EXEECISE
The
chief of this village
is

16.

Ahmed Khan MohMohmands.

mand

he

is

one of the elders of the

Does he pay (give) much revenue to the Govern-

ment ?

He

pays four rupees an Acre for irrigated

for unirrigated land.

and two rupees an acre

The

settlement officer has assessed his revenue lightly,

as

his

father

and grandfather performed great

services for
brino;s
river.

Government.

The

irrigation channel

the water to the villao-e from the Cabul

He

is

a very rich man, and has

many

dependents.

He

is

at feud with

the people of

independent territory

who

killed his father.

LESSON
The seasons

XVII.

are ^JjJ^ spring (comprising February,

;

March, and April)

hot season

^^^1

summer (comprising ^j.l

Jl^!>io*

the

(May, June), and

or Jl^Lij the rains

(July

and

August)

x*

autumn

(September and

October), and

^^?

winter

(November, December, and

January).

106
Rico

I'USHTd MANUAL.

PROS

15

rOMI'OSITION.

107

To ripen
Year
This year

Ja^st or J

Last year

Rain

The harvest

Famine
Seed or seed-gfraia

108

rtJsHTtJ maI^uaL.

Many

Afridis will

come

<xl

tj'^.r^}
.
>i

r^.*^

h^

*i

J J

down from
the harvest.

the hills for

Jl^ jm
<Li,

j^]j jJ J^ J:

This year

(Jv^

<xj

Jl^^o

a;!

JO

the harvest will be better

' ,

.^

than

last.

EXERCISE

17.

Among
in the

the Pathans the villagers are very busy

(the village people have

summer and autumn

in ....
)

much work
in the

and have nothing to do in the

winter and spring.

They plant barley and wheat

rice

autumn, and

and maize in the spring.

These crops are harvested in the hot season, and

maize and millet are sown before the

fruits

rains.

Many
There
is

ripen in the rains.

In Peshawar there are

very good apricots, peaches, and grapes.

little

rain this year, and the crops will not be

good.

Last year there was good rain in the

the plains.

hills,

but

little in

This year there will be a

famine.

PROSE COMPOSI'I'ION.

109

LESSON
A month
Pfithfins

XVIII.

Jw^Lk^
Their year cor-

reckon by lunar months.

iTie

responds with

ordinary ]\Ioharamadan calendar,

which in other Musuluian countries ^s used with the

;

Arabic names.
ARABIC.

rUSHTU.

Muharram
Safar

Rabi-ul-Awal
Rabi-us-Sani

Jamadi-ul-Awal
Jamadi-us-Saui

Rajab

Shaban

Bamazan
Shawal
Zil-Kaida
Zil-Hija
,

110

rOSlITU MANUAL.

A
The days

iveek

di'jjco

or JCx^^

of the

week

are

ENGLISH.

PKOSE coMrosmoN.

Ill
.1

The

villagers

pray

at tlie

^
<icl

a.;

<in^~^

ei^vl;;
^-^

,i
<^

shriue every Thursday

(-^'-j

i*

c^

l?^
^:L

and Friday.

(aJ'^uO

EXEECISE

18.

We will start on Tuesday and return on Saturday.

In the rains a tribal council
at the
is

held every Friday

mosque at Bagh in Maidan. My nephew is very ill we will take him to the shrine of Kaka If you start to-morrow you Sahib at Nowshehra. will arrive at Nowshehra on Thursday morning.
;

In the Avinter and

spring

the

caravans go on

Tuesdays and Fridays.

rains they

In the hot weather and

go only on Fridays.

To-day

is

Satur-

day

he

may

perhaps come here the day after

is

to-morrow, which

Monday.

LESSON XIX.
The cardinal points are
North
South
East

,
:

'

t^^vkJJ

(J-tH^
(!_j:^)

i'^^^<dju>

West

(1^)

iol^,.;

.y or

112

PUSHTU MANUAL.
into contact ^^ith
of

As Pathans come more and more

civilization,

so

the

European system

measuring

time

is

making progress

among them.
:

The following
,

terms are in

common
-

use

An

hour

a^j/

minute
o'clock

^i^^
jc;sr

One

jso

Two

o'clock
etc.

j^sr

Ti.Ci

etc.

Examples.

We

shall

arrive at

home

^^

jy^

^'

i^-.-!

;*J^:i^

^j^

in three hours.

y.j-^ji
^^ssr

Half past

five.

^^AJ^i Jcs\!

quarter past seven.

six.
(i^-^'-'
li

|,;^_

!s^l

j^iU ^Ij

Twenty minutes past

-r^'-^

l;;-^*

l)'*'

The

original

Pushtu measure

of time

is,

however

^"^ or cL^'ol*

The

early

call

to

prayer,

about an

hour before sunrise.

iUtC

Noon.

^^-mAa.U

The

second

or

afternoon

prayer,

between 2 p.m. and 3 p.m.

PROSE COAIPOSITION.

113

ioJjU
^'.-il-o

The prayer before

The prayer

sunset, about 5 p.m.

after sunset,

about 8 p.m.

^!L*.4.U)

The night prayer, about 10 p.m.

JU/i,

JuuJ

Midnight.

jiU x^Jl

The

(lead

of night, about

a.m.

to

3 a.m. (literally

meaning

2"*^^

still).

Examples.

Leave the
of

fort at the

time
to

xi,

.'.

dl

tji jJ

JU
iJ-t^i^

uLkjoIc
i^

the

early

call

jsi->-^^

,!)1

^_j^i^

^^

prayer,
to

take the road

^
^o

(^^ ^^f*

Xj y^ji.

^1

the south, and go

hills,

J A> yiyir^.

.y

^w ^1

j;^

through the

return

t\^ ^j

^ ]^.
^aj

u^

here just before sunset.

It will

be about three and

^^

jo

^ y^
a^jui

^
jo

.J

a half

homV

march.
yi
.1^
,

We will
and
'

start at midnight,

Jc^oJ
^.

<Jo

}y<

return

early

to-

^i/j')

-'^^

)=^*'

^^

morrow morning.

A A

pursuit party

JC-

Raiders

raiding party

114

PUSHTU MANUAL.

EXERCISE
The
thieves

19.

came from the

hills

to

the east

they reached the village at the time of the afternoon

prayer, and started two and a half hours afterward;^,
crossed the river At 5 p.m., and reached the hills at

midnight.
I start at

How

far

is

your villnge from here?

If

noon, I can reach

my home

(house) by

the

time of the

prayer before sunset (5 p.m.).

start

The men should

to prayer).

by dawn
were

(at the early call

all

In the dead of night, when

asleep,

the

people

of the village

twenty men

opened the west gate (door) of the village and

took away eight horses.
pursuit party started

Twenty minutes after, a after them. The pursuit

party returned at noon, but had not found the

raiders.

LESSON XX.

Common
Pathaus
:

saiutations

and

expressions

used

by

j^

<U

^_^$Jj^

May you

not be tired (the

common

expression on

meeting anyone).

PROSE COMPOSITION.
'

115
also not

is**^ t-^i^

May you
Ma}'-

be

tired.

^j)ji^ X*

^^/i, .JLo

,^y~>-

you not become poor

answer to the

(the usual
,

above)
lil,
jjJ>JL)

You You

are* welcome.

x^^j <xK,a

are always welcome.

<K/i,

J.O J

t^'lj^i-

Good-bye
you)
!

(God

be

with

L5^
s

^J
J

i'ouj

j6'

^Ijoj_^ltXs>-

I entrust

you

to

God.
pro-

ti'ol

i^

May God keep you

sperous.

aJ'wj

J',s^ji- d
iX/i

t_5^Jsi-

May God keep you

happy.

ji'o

j^

May

your house be pro-

sperous.
p

<oL.^

^^

o-*^^
t_^'i^>^

'^^y ^^^ keep you.

^i^.

*/ ^^j J
,

May God make you a lord, means May you

receive promotion.

<u,

^-0

iXj

Good-bye

[lit.

in front of

you(may) good (appear)].

8 .^'j

i^j^

The same

to you.

XiJi

Shame
Mercy

J^\

116
*Cxlc

PUSHTU MANUAL.
^LJl

Peace be upon you

^LJl -XjAij

And upon youpeace!

to above).

(answer

idJl

ftMij

In Grod's naqie.

*^

^i

^Ij

By God

jdJI

O God

EXEECISE

20.

\
poor

Who
(it

is

that coming

It is

probably the Khan

will be the Khan).

!

Welcome, Khan Sahib, may

you not be tired Peace be upon you

to the city.
to

May you all not be And upon you peace

!

Take

a seat in the shade under the tree.

No,

must go

Good-bye,

Khan

Sahib, I entrust

you

God.

PKOSE COMPOSITION.

117

Examples.
In a certain village there
*law

s^

xo ^jjj

aL;

was a

girl

who was

so

Xs^ ^

J:jij.jL,

ic>^lt)

<t-

beautiful, that her friends

L^^' 7^ *'^J

o'vl^.J*

^a>

li

said that

up

to the pre-

^_us^j^g)t){Lisr_aJ^^t>
.

l))

sent time such a girl has

aj

(j_^./i,

lju..O ^_j.::sn.A

never been.

Day and

night, winter

and
re;

^
^^^

-J-

^1

.^1

i
<x>

.^ ^1

^,i

summer, she would

main
but
in her

.^-i"

(Jjki^

^jlAa

own house

ij^'ri.
5^*i

^sj^

^^
!$.j^

^Ju^^jl
<)c^

if

at any time she

j j;ix

^^J

jj'

had a great longing for

anything, she would send

t^^

j'Ji

^J

j^y J>.^

\r^^^;;

her servant to the bazar

,

,for

it.

Oue day her

was a
to
rio'h

father,

who

^^ ^
&L. i(^
a:j

^
^
j
<)G'

Ij
aj
^c?..

kib

Si ^
(_fr-wj

^y\

man, said
is

bj

her.

What

the

^l^x*

rd'^

uw
.i'

reason that you always

i^ ^
zj

Aa
a::?-

_ ^-^^j*!

^J4*^

remain in

the hpuse ?"

''

l^^'

j^ti L-.'vjuw
"^^

lii

She
is

said,

The reason

tJJ>^

llj

that I do n(5t like to

go out."

118

PUSHTU MANUAL.

EXEECISE

21.

People say that there was a rich man,

who was
lie

so avaricious that, because of his great avarice,

would not eat meat.

great longing
for,, it,

But

if

at

any time he had

he would send for a goat's or

"

sheep's head from the butcher through his servant.

One day a
reason that,

friend
Avinter

said

to him,

What
is

is

the

and summer, you eat only

that
I

head."
like it

He
up

gave answer, " The reason

very much."

The

other said, "

You

are

lying

to the present time I

have never seen

such a miser as you."

LESSON XXII.
Falcon
JuXi
m,,

Crooked

j^

f.
j^s**"

tj
!^

Au

old

woman

(literally,

^-^^^ or

a white-headed woman)

i^'f (CrA^
'

Beak
Alas
!
^

s^y:*^

* or

^U^l ^U;i
V.^Njuai Jo

Poor wretch

PROSE COMPOSITION.

119

knife

120 They kept a

chase.
dog'

PUSHTU MANUAL.
for the

^^x^

%J^

,1^

a ^*a

xj ^5j'-'

One day
was

it

ran away and

^1

SJ^'i^^il

,>,

xict

..

s^j
'

lost.

i^

^Ji

EXEECISE

22.

king of Afghanistan kept a falcon for hunting.

One day it flew away and alighted on the house of an old woman. The old woman at once seized the
falcon.

When

she looked at

it, its

beak appeared
exclaimed,

to her to be crooked.

The
!

old

woman
will

" Alas, alas, poor wretch

to eat

How
When

you be able

with such a beak."

its

She took a knife and

she had

cut off

upper beak

made

the

upper and lower beak

alike, she said,

" Well done

eat."
.

now you
The

will be able to pick

up grain and

friendship and enmity of a fool are alike.

PROSE bOMrOSITION.

122

PUSHTU JIANQAL.

EXEECISE

23.

In the city of Peshawar two

men were

sitting

together (in one place), eating bread.

had

five loaves

and the other thlee.

to be passing.

One man A young

he got to

man happened
They
replied,

When
peace.

their side he said to them,

" Peace be on you."

"And upon you

down and

You

are

welcome.

Come

here and eat bread

with us."

He

therefore sat

ate bread with them.

When

he had eaten enough

got up.

(was replete), the

the
''

traveller

He gave

owners of the

loaves eight rupees, and said,

the price of

Take

this

it is

your bread."

PEOSB COMPOSITION.

123

To inform

124

PUSHTU MANUAL.
in this."

The people drove that good old man out of the village, and he cried, " Mercy mercy!" They said, " Think well, old man there v'ill probably be some good in this." A good old
some good
!

man

is

sometimes stupid.

LESSON

PfiOSE COMPOSITION.

125

To

arrive

126

PUSHTU MANUAt.
said,

camel-man

" I

do not know you

who

are

After much quarrelling they went to the The judge said to the merchant, " Who judge. The merchant said, " I am a poor are you ? "

you

? "

man.

This

man

has stolen

all

my

p'roperty."

LESSON XXVI.

priest

IL*

A
A
A
To

place
fruit

(_f''^

J5^^
tju.

journey
travel
kill

or Jim
&i

Jjj' jA,*>

To
To

J;_5

find

JjJ^
Examples.

'

If

you live

in that country,

15'^^^

U^
*
<xj'

(-LxL*
Jo

&kx

x> xi x^

youwillneverbecomeill.
I

^^ Aj

.^s^'J

^rS?._iti

y
t>

was very desirous

of ob-

jSr^^

^JD^yc
^J^
'o)

,^1 xkx
8^

taining that horse.

(sj Xjj

<xJu^

The spy went

to

Persia

J'o

1
jl

aj'

^jL;!
x.^^^^

jw,^^\,>

disguised as a priest.

1^^

dj

PROSE COMPOSITION.

127

Wh^nhe returned home

he

^b .^

15^';
;

''^r:^^

'v^

"^

found that his son was

dead.

^4

^ ^. ^

iJ^ cCcJ.^o
'sj

The prince
and

collect^ed a force

'J:.;5'o jl

./ 4.s-

.i^4J

Jiyil;^^

killed the king.

^^7'^^

'':'.^

"^

J-^

lJ

EXEECISE

26.

A priest
tree.

said to a king, " In Persia there

is

If a

man

eat of the fruit of that tree he

will

never die."

The king was very desirous

and said to
his son, " Sit

of

obtaining this

fruit,

on

my

place, I

am

going on a journey."
disguised
years.
as

The king
cities

went

to

Persia

merchant, and

travelled for

many

He saw many
this tree.

and countries, but could not find

had told the people
"

When
am
hi?-

he returned to his country he found that his son

:

The king

is

dead, I

now 'king."
son,

The

king collected a force, killed

sat

and once -again

on his own place.

LteSSON XXVII.

The

tree of

knowledge

j61 ^li

Wisdom

^^JJ^.^Jt> -

Ac

128
For ever

PQSUTC MANUAL.

Ja^
ac^^

joke

To search To joke
r
.,

J^^j

J/

J^

'

Examples.

He

has travelled for

years.

many

^o ^S,

Jl^ .;^ i.k%

could not understand the

L__^lla ^j >\ aJt*

aj-

i^

meaning ofwhat he said.

It
is

^yi

aJ

v<
js

not good to

make

Jtj

Ju?

o'^^

w*.

Jx

friends with thieves.

EXEECISE
The king
"
priest
!

27.

sent for the priest, and said (to him),

I

have searched for

fruit."

many

years, 'and

have not found the

The priest said, " You did not understand the meaning qf my words. The tree is the tree of knowledge, and if anyone
eat of the fruit of that tree he will live for ever.

You,

king, havp travelled much, aiid have gained

great wisdom, therefore you haVe found the fruit."

The king ordered

It is

his soldiers to kill the priest.

not good to joke with kings!

PROSE COMPOSITION.

129

LESSON

130
Bring

PUSHTU MANUAL.

me whatever you
find.

u.^K (<<> J

^..-

^
f

may

The enemy spared nothing.

<xj

j jcj^

Jl

JO

^^>Mi>i3

i^J xjj Ail

ij'*^'^

EXEECISE

28.

Klmshal Khan assembled a force on pretence of

(a)

hunting (expedition), and made a raid

in

open
his

day upon the Aka Khel.

He

gave orders to

men

to

put to death whatever they might

find,

dogs or men.

They

therefore

killed

whatever
;

they found

cattle,

men, Avomen, children

they

spared nothing, and the streets of the villages ran

(flowed) with blood.

The blood

of dogs and

men
kills,

flowed together (in one place) in the streets intermingled.

The

raiders

went on through the

burnt three or four more large villages, and retu;rned

at the time of evening prayer without loss.

LESSON XXIX.
A
'*

pass

J.jy

o^-

)ijd

or ^^[c
*

aong

t*i^

PROSE COMPOSITION.

131

thought
detour

_ Jlxi-

To conquer To subdue
To reduce

To aunex
To To To
halt
sing-

JoJ

!5^)^

or

J^
J.J^

^'JU

ukj t_^;^i^ or

Jj

seize

To

attack

To guard

Examples.
llieAfridis are determined
t(!>

l/'^

)^

''^

'^'^^ i-^'^j-'^

rise.

We

will

spend some days

^^^

'jU.-:

'''.;

^'^

l5^;J '^
<_^f:^>

y.

in Posliawar.

^^
do

thought that he would

-Ua

j^?-

jsj

J'-J^

-^^

come.

lJ*^1/

While

was talking he
out.

.il

&i!b

^Jo" ^w^i-

a:^

went

K 2

132

PUSHTU MANUAL.

BXEECISE

9.9

THl Yusafzais determined to conquer Swat. They started together and halted in front of the Shakot Pass, and spent some days there. The
Swatis guarded this pass night and day, and had

no thought
said to their

for the other passes.

women,

"

The Yusafzais Sing songs." The Swatis,

when they heard

Yusafzais

the singing, thought that the attack

would

them next

morning.

While the women were singing, the Yusafzais

made
In

a detour and seized the Malakand Pass.

(after)

twelve years they had conquered the

whole of Swat.

LESSON

PHOSE COMPOSITION.

133

lliXAMl'l.KS.

Give

me your

horse

in

U) ^^.L ^. t=s*
,

;^i^

lJ'^
^.
\j

'^

exchange for these two

mules.
*

^1

(_)wV=^

(t/4*^ J'^?

^J
id.J<^^ J-^!^
Lj^'^'i^j
<^.-!

Put tliis load on your head.

I

^ls-^:.

oi')

tV*^

have brought your horse

with great trouble.

^.J

t!.^

^-

r*

o**'

'^

^j
Jl

The

fort will

be attacked

j jda aJ'j

ili'

jcj

<kj

U^

to-morrow.

^ He was named Mohamed.

I will

!5j

j^as-* *

J ^ia J
1

not take this cow.

take
this

*ii- ^'

1.

Ki

^o 8^

will

buffalo

k&>

j:j

(l^U, o) ^x^^x^ lo
'^

instead.

A~>-

^^^J

J'^

'^^

EXEKCISE

30.

was attacked, Karlan's mother ran away and forgot him. When she remembered him, Umr, who was her brother, returned to look
the
\'illage

When

for his

nephew.

*After

much

search he found him.

left

cooking-pot had also been

behind in the

134
village, so

PtJSHTU MANUAL.

he put Kaiian in

it,

put

it

on his head,
his

and brought him home.

Umr

had no son of

own, so he said to Hanai, " I have brought your

son with great trouble to this place, do not take

him now.

I will

keep him.

Do you
;

take this

cooking-pot instead."

Hanai agreed

and because

he had been exchanged for a cooking-pot, which

Pathans
Karlan.
call

karlaij

he was named Karlanai or

PROSE COMPOSITION.

135

CHAPTER
Chapter
II,

II.

of Part

II.

contains thirty exercises for

advanced students.

These exercises are passages which

have been

set for translation into

Pushtu

in the

Higher
Three

Standard Examinations of the

last fifteen years.

which were unobtainable have been replaced by passages

set in earlier examinations.

EXERCISE

31.

Higher Standard Pushtu Examination.

Ap-il, 1886.
Ik

happened

in

this wise.

The

fact that the

brotjier of the

Prime

Minister had but recently

gained
of the

a great victory,
other

suggested to the mind

the

members
-of

of

Government that
related,

the combination of the civil and military authority

in the

hands

two men

so

might be

fatal to the interests

and fortunes of the other

plunderers of the State.

Religion eagerly enlisted itself in a plot then

and there formed

for their removal.

At

the head

136
of
it

PUSHTU MANUAL.

were the chief muUas and the chief physiThese pious men, well
entered
the

cian? to the Sovereign.

supported

from

without,

Shah's

chamber at midnight, and persuaded the weak monarch that the safety of his cfown, even of his life, depended upon the prompt execution of
rigorous measures against his Prime Minister and
his Commander-in-Chief.

EXERCISE

32.

Higher Standard Pushtu Examination.

October, 1886.

The road now

left,

leads over the low ridge on Vhe

and, going over some low undulations, .de-

scends to the river through a narrow defile between

low

hills.

This pass

is

practically the limit of the

for

cultivation of the

Mashhud Valley;
it is

though

there

is

little

beyond,

of the most pre-

The villagers exist in constant fear from Turkaman raiders yet under a strong Government the whole valley of this river, right
carious kind.
;

down

to

Ak-Darband,

is

capable of being kept

PROSE COMPOSITION.
in
,

137
there
is

the

highest state

of cultivation, as

abundance of water

in the river,
its

whose banks are

being distributed

not too high to admit of

for irrigation.

The road now goes along the bed

is

of the river, which

covered with a dense jungle

ancl

of tamarind and high grass,

after

one mile

and a half passes the old

there are
still

fort of

Nazarean, where
It

a few miserable inhabitants.

is

then crosses the river, which

here only two and

a half feet deep and thirty feet broad, then turns to

the
left,

and ascends the right bank

to a ruined

fort,

and then going over an undulation, descends

river at Lano-unaba or

again to the bed of the

Inayatabad.

EXERCISE

33.

Higher Standard Pushtu Examination.

April, 1887.
ft

Dilawar Khan 'wns not so successful as had

been
his

master.
led

against
forced

him,

The Tal^Duri chiefs united him into an ambuscade, and

back with
loss

him

to fall

on Shikarpur.

138

PUSHTU MANUAL.
entered into, in virtue
in
.of

An accommodation was

which the Chiefship of Sindh was vested

Talpuri noble, Fateh Ali Khan, on condition of

his

acknowledging the suzerainty of Tanour Shah,

tribute.
*

and paying him a fixed

Gradually the Talpuri strove to rid himself of

both obligations, and at the end of three years he boldly severed the
tie.

EXEECISE

34

Higher Standard Pushtu Examination.

October, 1887.

Kamran was waiting

It is difficult to assis:n

for

him within

the ci^y*

a reason for his inaction

In his case boldness would have been prudence,

and he might have used his superior force with

much advantage
soon,

in the passes north of the city. to

But he preferred
however, as
Istalif

wait for his brother.

As

Hamayun's

force

descended

from

and had reached Deh-i-Afghanan, one

(iity,

of the outlying suburbs of the

he sent his

best General, Slier Af^an, at the head of his best

PBOSE COMPOSITION.
troops
to

139

attack

him.

hard-fought action

followed.

At

first

the sokliers of

Kamraa were
on their
fatal,

successful, but to unexpected

attack

flank at a critical period of the

day proved
disorder.

and in the end they

prisoner and

fled

in

Their

leader, after displaying great co\\rage,

was taken
of
battle.

beheaded on the

field

Hamayun

pressed his

advantage, captured

the
artil-

outer enclosure of the city, and planted his

lery on the hill which

commanded

the town.

EXEECISE

35.

Higher Standard Pushtu Examination.

Avril 1888.

The year following the XJsbegs, recovering from once more invaded Khurasan, and took Mashhad. They then moved on to Herat. Herat withstood them for seven months, and then,
their defeat,

hopeless of succour, capitulated.

of the

But the triumph Usbeg was shortened. The following year Shah Tamphan tidvanced with an army and recovered the whole of Khorasan but Herat was
'

140

PUSHTU MANUAL.

again attacked by the Usbegs, and again relieved

by Shah Tamphan, towards the end of the same year. Shah Tamphan wintered in the neighbourhood, and for the two following years the city

enjoyed peace.

EXERCISE

36.

Higher Standard Pdshtu Examination.

October, 1888.

But the

tide of his misfortunes

was

at its flow.

Kamran

relieved

Kolab,

was joined by Askari,

Ali.

and drove away Chakar

against Suliman,

Then,

marching

he reached the banks of vht

Kokcha River, and encamped near the town, of Rostak. When lying there his camp was suddenly upon and plundered by a large body of set
Usbegs,

who happened

to be passing by.

There

was no time

for resistance.

The attack was utterly

unexpected, the more so as the leader of the

Usbegs, Sayad Usbeg, was in alliance with
ran.

Kam-

It subsequently appeared that the Usbegs

had not waited

to ask to

whom

the

camp belonged

PROSE COMPOSITION.
before they attacked
it.

141

However, the mischief

there

was done.
escaped, but

Kamran, Askari, and a few others

the

army had disappeared

it,

appeared no chance of reuniting

for

Suliman

was now mai^ching, joined by Hindal, against the

revolted brothers.

EXERCISE

37.

Higher Standard Pushtu Examination.

April,

1889.

Candahar captured, Nadir marched on Cabul. That city, since the date on which I last menticftied
it,

had
In

undergone
had,

some
other
the

vicissitudes

of

forj;une.

common with
it

cities

subject to

Shah Jahan,
zeb.
'In

after

usual period of

interregnum, recognized the authority of Aurang1670, hoAvever, the Usbeg tribes in the
of*

north-east

the country completely defeated his

Lieutenant,

and proclaimed their

independence
Little

under a chief of their own nation.

than two years later Aurangzeb

more
to

proceeded

Afghanistan to restore his authority,

but soon

142
returned,

PUSHTU MANUAL.
leaving his Generals to

complete the

work.

It

was

not,

however, until the Raja of

office

Jodhpur, Jaswant Singh, had taken up the

of Viceroy (1675) that the Emperor's authorityFroiii that period was completely established. to the time of which I am now writing, it would seem that Cabul had submitted to the Governors

nominated by the court of Dehli.

EXEECISE

38.

Higher Standard Pushtu Examination.

November, 1889.

At
tlie

sunrise the battle joined.

The

left

win^

of

Persians bearing

down on
it

the right Aving of

the Afghans, forced

the Viceroy of Arabia,

the same time making a detour with his

back.

At

oAvn troops, turned the left flanks of the Afghans,

and

falling

upon

their

camp,
be

set

to

work

to

plunder.

This

act, it will

S'een, lost

the day.

When

he started to engage in the turning opera-

tion, the right

wing of the Persians attacked the Afghans opposed to them and drove them back.

PROSE COMPOSITION.
Mij^hmud,

143

who watched tke battle from an eminence,

all

thought that

was

lost

and prepared

to flee.

All

would have beem

lost

had the Viceroy of Arabia

But, as he did not follow

not stopped to plunder.

up his advantftge, the Afghan General falling back, drew the enemy within range of the swivel guns

fixed on the backs of the camels, kneeling in a

line,

and then opening out

This
fire

his ranks

poured

in a

volley.

not only checked the advance of

the Persians, but

confusion.
this into a

threw them into inextricable

charge of the Afghans converted

complete rout.

The

victors drove the

enemy

before

them

for

some

distance, then

wheeHng
left

round, captured their cannon, which had been

unprotected.

These guns were at once turned on

efi'ect.

the Persians with decisive

EXEKCISE

39.

Higher Standard Pushtu Examination.

April, 1890.

Aibak, scantily provided and vigorously assailed,

soon surrendered.

Had Hamayun pushed on

at

once he would probably have carried Balkh, for

144
the

PUSHTU MANUAL.
easy capture of Aibak had

made a

g]5;eat

impression on the Usbegs.

But the
still

inaction of

Kamran
come.

paralysed him.

He

hoped he might
effect

He

feared

the mischief he might

should he himself be seriously involved with tKe

Usbegs.

vacillating

mind hovering between

two conclusions almost invariably decides on a middle course exposing it to the two evils it had wished to avoid. So it was in this case. Hamayun
dreaded to attack the Usbegs,
act in his rear
;

Kamran should he dreaded a 'hostile movement

lest

against
revolt.

Kamran,

lest

he should force him into

still

result

The was that the two things he most dreaded

therefore sat
:

He

and waited.

happened

the Usbegs forced

him

to retreat,

and

Kamran

revolted.

EXERCISE

40.

Higher Standard Pushtu Examina-^ion.

.

October, 1890.
at

'

The Afghan king was

first

unwilling to

proceed to extremities against .a man whom he regarded as a friend and esteemed as a soldier, and

PROSE COMPOSITION.

145

he jused every means in his power to induce him

to return to his allegiance.

The

result afforded

another proof of the generally accepted

that

maxim

when an

oriental

chie^f,

with an armed force

at his beck and'call, puts the bit

soft

between
*Nasir

his teeth,

words only

inflate his brain.

Khan not

only treated the advances of his late suzerain with

contempt, but
his Wazir,

when

the latter sent a force under

his capital

Shah Walli Khan, against

Kalat, he did not await there, but

to encounter
it.

marched

forwai'd

EXEECISE
'

41.

Higher Standard Pushtu Examination.

1884.

Aurangzeb
greatest

alone

remained

unshaken.

He

presented his elephant wherever there was the

dangi^r,

and called aloud

In the

to

his troops

that God was with them, and that they had no

other refusre or retreat.

nio;]it

of contest

Raja Rup Singh leaped from his horse^ and running

up

to

Aurangzeb's elephant, began to cut away

L

146

PUSHTU

MANtJATi.

the girths with his sword.

Aurangzeb was stFUck

with his audacity, and even in that

moment
fell,

of

alarm called " Well done

cut to pieces.

"
!

The Raja

almost

At

this critical juncture

Morad,

having at length repelled the Rajputs, was able

to

turn his attention to the centre, and Dara, Avho

found his right thereby exposed, was obliged to

abate the vigour of his front attack.

EXEKCISE

42.

Higher Standard Pushtu Examination.

October, 1891.

As Pollock's army approached the hills i^hifch commanded the road through the Jagdallak Pass,
he found that their summits were occupied by the enemy. Large bodies of Ghilzais under different
chieftains,

each with a distinguishing standard,

were clustering on the heights. The practice of the guns was excellent, but the Ghilzai warriors
stood their ground.

They

still

poured in a hot

fire

from their

jazails.

Pollock sent his infantry to

the attack, and gallantly they ascended the heights.

PEOSE COMPOSITION.

147
It

AIL went forward with gallantry.

that their heart

was plain

was

in the work,

and that nothing

of the Ghilzai

could turn them 'back.

tribe

The flower
their

was there under many of

most renowned
but they had
leaders.

chieftains,

and 'they looked down upon the scene

;

of their recent sanguinary triumph

now

to deal with other troops

fled before

and other
;

They turned and

battle

our bayonets

but the

was not yet over.

considerable

body of
to

the

army had betaken themselves

The
Ghilzais

for safety

an apparently inaccessible height.

pushed on.
encounter.

The stormers looked down on them

with astonishment and dismay, and shrank from the

The Ghilzai standards were lowered.

in confusion,

The enemy fled

to be occupied

and

left

the stronghold

by

British troops.

EXEECISE

43.

Higher Standard Pushtu Examination.

April, 1892.
'

Jalalabad, formerly considered

of the second
district in

the chief town

is

Eastern Afghanistan,

one hundred and

Ave miles

from Cabul
L 2

and

148
ninety-one
to
it

PUSHTU MANUAL.
from Peshawar.
lies for

The
first

line

of road

from Cabul
east,

the

ten miles nearly-

due

descending steeply the Cabul valley.

The next ten miles, leaving the valley, commence by turning south, and proceed thr6ugh a long and
narrow
defile b'etween steep

and

lofty hills devoid

is

of verdure.

Along the

defile,

which

only a few

yards broad, runs a stream which has to be crossed

twenty times.
the elevation

The whole breadth

seven thousand five

of the pass

is

covered with pebbles and stones.

is

At

summit hundred feet

its

above the
hills

sea.

Ten

miles further on the Tezin

still

commence, which are

higher, and reach

eiffht o

thousand two hundred

feet,

EXEECISE

44

Higher Standard Pushtu Examination.

October, 1892.

the field, and his hundred thbusand men, chiefly cavalry, selected from the hardy tribes that reside
first in

Mahmud

of Ghazni

was

army

consisted of a

to the north of the

Hindu-Ku<h, and on the plains

that

lie

on the right bank of the river Oxus.

PEOSE COMPOSITION.

149

Fanned by Mohammadan
India, these

zeal,

and urged on by

the love of plunder and the reputed wealth of

men 'were

only too willing to join the

army

of any

monarch who could assure them of

an invasion.

success in such

Mahmud
tht^

advanced

with his army into the valley of

Laghman, and,

having traversed the

to force the

district of Jalalabad, resolved

Khyber Pass, and then secure the city of Peshawar and remain encamped near it for a few weeks to give his troops some rest. The news of the advance was carried to the Hindu
Rajas of India,
this

who

resolved to unite and stop

mo

FiXERCISE

45.

*HlGHER StANDA-RD PuSHTU EXAMINATION.

April, 1893.

The Logar,

gi

fine,

broad, rapid river, crosses the

its

Cabul valley aboijt thirty miles from

head,

coming out through a narrow gorge

and, after crossing the valley, leaves
gorge.

in the hills,
it

by another

This

is

the strongest part of the country

150

PUSHTU MANUAL.

between Ghazni and Cabul, as the lowland ceuld

be flooded by
the river

and rendered

nearly

impassable for any but light troops, whilst the

ground
side.

is

high and very stony on the opposite

falls

This river

into the Cabtil river, but not

until the latter "has passed the

town of that name.

is

slight description of

one or two stages will be

a distance of

interesting.

Cabul to Arghandi

twelve miles.

The road

for sfx or seven miles

runs through a highly cultivated valley abounding with orchards and fruit
trees

and

cultivation.
is

After leaving the Cabul valley there

an ascent

over a rough stony road

of Arghandi, where there
to that place.

till

within three miles

is

a gradual descent

EXERCISE

46.

Higher Standard Pushtu Examinat.tqn.

.

April,

1885.

In six days the trench was finished, deep and

wide, throughout almost the whole length of the
defence,

and great stones were heaped along the

PROSE COMPOSITION.

151

innr side to

be used against the enemy.

The

dwellings outside the tower were evacuated, and

the

women and
'

'children

placed for security on

the tops of the double-storeyed houses within the

intrenchment.

These arrangements were hardly

completed when the enemy was 'reported to be

advancing by Dhad.
strong,

The army

of Medina, 3000

was immediately marshalled and posted

and their rear resting upon the northface

along the road leading to Dhad, having the trench

in front

eastern quarter of the city and the rising ground of

Silor.

The northern

was the point vulnerable

to the

enemy, the approaches from the east being

covered by walls and palm enclosures.

A tent of
turns.

red leather was pitched on the ground, in which

Aysha and Salma and Zenab

visited

him by

EXEKOISE

47,

Higher Standard Pushtu Examination.

Qdoher, 1885.
*

The nature of

these outrages

is

thus described.

trader loads his mules at one of our chief towns

starts across

and

country to a village he hopes to

152

PUSHTU MANUAL.

reach by nightfall.
spot,

On

the road, in some lonely

he

is

seized, gagged,

and taken aside to some

mountain nook, and there kept close under drawn swords till dark, when the whole party starts

by well-known but unfrequented tracks to the mountainous riv*er-bank, when he is ferried across the Indus and is detained till his relations pay up
'

the required ransom.

His chief danger

lies in

the

day dawning or other obstruction occurring before the kidnapping party reach the Indus, in which
case the

encumbrance

in the shape of the

of.

gagged

idolator
let

must be got rid him go if they could

They might perhaps

it,

afford

but the locality

indi-

and route would be described by him, and

viduals perhaps recognised, and so he
is

knocked
crevice.

on the head and thrown into a mountain

EXEECISE

48.

Higher Standard Pushtu Examination.

April, 1894.,

A caravan consisting of fifty-six camels laden with

rice,

dried fruits, and woollen goods, proceeding

through one of the passes leading into India from

PROSE COMPOSITION.
Cq,bul,was suddenly set upon

153

by a band of marauders it where the pass was who narrowest. Th^ men accompanying the caravan, about forty innumber,made a determined resistance
were lying in wait for
and shot several of their
after losing ten of their
assailants,

but having been

taken by surprise they were eventiially overpowered,

number.

The rest helplessly

forty-

submitted to the plunder of their goods and fled

with their

lives.

The robbers drove away

their loads, the

three camels with

remainder having

either been disabled during the assault or

their loads

had

cast

and escaped unpursued into the

hills.

After the robbers had disappeared, the

men whom

they had plundered tracked them to a village

about four miles from the pass, and came into our
territory to apply for help to recover their property.

EXEEGISE

49.

Higher Standard Pushtu Examination.

October,
1894.'

The

siege of

Herat by the Persians, in whose

officers,

ranks were Russian, French, and Italian

begun on the 23rd November 1837, had been

154
continued
spring,
ing.
officer
a\\

PUSHTU MANUAL.
the winter of tlmt year and

the

summer, and autumn of the year succeedto the exertions of one English

Owing mainly
within
its

walls,

Eldred Pottinger of the

Bombay
who

Artillery, the efforts of the Persians

baffled.
It

had

been entirely

was Eldred Pottinger

repaired the fortifications and

It Avas

who

inspired

the garrison.

Eldred Pottinger who, on

the 29th June 1850, repulsed the enemy's attack

led

by

the

Russian

General

Boramski

and a

battalion formed of Russian volunteers.

EXEKCISB

50.

Higher Standard Pushtu Examination.

April, 1895.
Still

matters were allowed to go on as 'if the

situation

were

tl;e

same.

But

there soon

came

Avarnings

of the

storm.

On

the night of the

9th October, the 35th Native Infantry,

commanded

Butkhak, by Colonel Monteath and encamped nine miles from Gabul, was suddenly attacked in
at

PEOSE COMPOSITION.
fence.

155
Sale,

The attack was

repulsed,

and

marching

from Cabul, cleared the passes.

The 35th Native

Infantry, remaining encamped and isolated at But-

khak, was again attacked and again repulsed the

enemy on
joined
it

the '17th.

Sale,

aware now of the error

rest of his brigade,

he had committed in leaving that regiment isolated,

on the 20th with the

his

and began

march

for the

Tezin valley.

BXEKCISE

51.

Higher Standard Pushtu Examination.

October,

1895.
his blindness unaffairs,

Mohammad, considering that fitted him fgr the supervision of

authority in the hands of his son
to himself only the regal title.

placed the

Ahmad, reserving
For some time the
Punjab engaged
in

father and soli remained in the

organizing their army.

*

Meanwhile Modud, the

the province
his

son of Moshud,
of which
father's

who was governing

capital,

Balkh was the

fate,

had heard of

had hastened to Ghazni, and had

156

PUSHTU MANUAL.

been welcomed there as sovereign.

with
all

He marched

convenient speed against his uncle and

of the Indus, and

cousin,

met them on the banks

defeated them.

Mohammad and

three of his sons,

Ahmad, Abdul Rahman, and Abdul Rahim were

taken prisoners.

EXEECISE

52.

Higher Standard Pushtu Examination.

April, 1896.
Tj^is

agent had proceeded in the

first

instance

to

Kandahar.

Detecting that that city was but

a limb, whilst Cabul was the heart of the Afghan

territory,

he pushed on, armed with a

letter

from

the Czar, to that place.

of the

The

letter to the address

Amir

professed to treat only of commercial

matters, but that phrase veiled other and

more

important

affairs.

Vikovitch had not been

many

days in Cabul
to his first

when Burns

received the replies

communications to India.

In these
to waive

Lord Auckland I'ecommonded the Amir

PROSE COMPOSITION.
his

157
such arrange-

claims and be content with

ments as Ranjit Singh might make with Sultan Mohammad. I'he purport of the Amir's reply-

was

that

he
than

Avould
his

sooner see
brother,

the

Sikhs

at

Peshawar

and
to

that,

though

fully sensible of the

good

office's

of the British

Government, he must
claims to that place.

decline

renounce his

EXEECISE

53.

Higher Standard Pushtu Examination.

October,
>

1896.

]yiahmud, I have said, had been astounded at

his
It

own

success.

He
at

never realised
for

its

magnitude.
fire, first

had been snatched

him out
critical

of the

by th inaction
of that inaction

the

moment

of the

Viceroy of Arabia, secondly by the use made

wing.

by the commandant of So utterly unprepared was he for

steal

his left

so great

a success, that, as already related, he allowed the

Persians to

back some of their

lost

guns

158
during the night.

PUSHTU MANUAL.

morrow of the victory he remained motionless. The repulses he had experienced at Kerman and Yazd sat heavy on Nor did he fully realise his position his soul.
the
until the spies

On

he had sent out returned with the

information that the panic of the Persians had

been so universal that he might have entered

Ispahan with them.

EXBECISE

54.

Higher Standard Pushtu Examination.

April, 1897.

The army

collected to invade Afghanistan con-

The Bengal force, under Sir Willoughby Cotton, numbering seven thousand five hundred men of all arms, assembled
sisted of three distinct bodies.

at Ferozepore
for

a contingent of Hindustanis raised

Shah Shujah, numbering six thousand men, officered by British officers, was to start from a place well known by past experieiice to the Shah, Shikarpur and third, a force called the Bombay
;

PROSE COMPOSITION.

159

column, composed of five thousand five hundred

men, under the personal command of Sir John

Keane, was to inarch through Sind and proceed

by the Bolan and Khojak Kotal

Lody, of about two thousand
five

Passes.

fourth

hundred men, was

likewise formed to keep open the communications

Presidency by the occupation The whole force to be employed thus amounted in round numbers to twenty-one thousand

with the
of Sind.

Bombay

five

hundred men.

EXEECISE
.

55.

Higher Standard Pushtu Examination.

October, 1897.

Herat had only a small garrison.

The

officer

who commanded it tried to enlist the to^vnspeople They were willing, but the tyranny in its defence. of the Commander Soon disgusted them with military
'

service,

and they began to intrigue with the Usbegs.

five

But for

months the

siege continued.

At length,

three hundred Usbegs having

by treachery gained

160

PUSHTU MANUAL.

entrance by night within the walls, the city was

taken.

The

garrison fled to the citadel, but a few

days later yielded to the Usbegs.

later, in

Four months

1537, Herat was recaptured, the Usbegs

left.
;

having

Herat was never again molested by

their retreat

the Usbegs

was a

final one.

EXEECISE

56.

Higher Standard Pushtu Examination.

April, 1898.

The
them

state of the

country was very bad.

cultivators

.The

nobles oppressed
to

the

and compelled
This

pay large sums by way of revenue.

safe.

state of things disturbed the country.

The roads
travellers

were not
and
kill

Robbers would

seize

them or

steal all their property.

No

one

could travel after dark, nor singly.

The Sultan

never showed himself, and was surrounded by a

clique of tyrants, and appeared

unaware of the

PROSE COMPOSITION.

161

condition of the country, and did not hear complaints

from the poor, nor redress Avrongs.

result of this state of things

The
became

was that the

in

qnemies of the Sultan increased in numbers and

active.

There was rebellion

put

many
Large
rulers,

parts of the kingdom,

and the nobles Avere too

to
it

weak or

tAvo

slothful

down.

tracts of territory

were seized by other

who

built forts to

guard the lands which they had

wrongfully acquired.

armed, was not

The army, being badly feared, and was concentrated

Sultan

round the capital

for the protection of the

and the nobles.

EXEECISE

67,

Higher .Standard Pushtu Examination.

October,

1898.

A party of leading men, having, plotted together,

put the nephew
of 'the

deceased king on the throne

of Sherpur, in place of the king's son

BaiduUah

Khan, who, according to the customs of the country, was the rightful heir. This without doubt gave

IQZ
oifence to

PUSHTU MANUAL.

The new king was ^'ery young and weak. li e had not the power to control the leaders who had put him on the throne. The country is a hilly one. The villages a^e built at the foot of hills, and small forts are erected These forts are guarded by in all high places.

many

people.

fighting men,
villages

who from time

to time raided those

which were under

different leaders.

These

raids

became very common

in the reign of the

new

king.

The

result

was that the

villagers did not

keep
little

many

cattle or flocks.

They

cultivated very

land, and

sowed only the most common kinds

of grain, such as barley, wheat, millet and maize.

One

often

saw the ploughmen working armed with

sword and gun.

hatchets or clubs

Even the milkmaids when they went out

fine set of

Avould carry
to milk the

cows in grazing lands.

These troubles bred a
braye, and good fighters.

men, strong,
enlist&'d in

They gladly

the

army
result

for the sake of the fighting

and

loot.

The

was that every year the army became

of Sherpur in a

stronger and larger, and the neiohbourino^ kin<is

feared the

power

way they
strong.

did not
silver,

formerly do.
so

]\Iany paid tribute in gold

a|s

and

Sherpur became rich as well

FKOSE COMPOSITION.

163

EXEKOISE

58.

Hlghee Standard Pushtu Examination.

April, 1899.

At
officer

the time of starting

no one but the Civil

who provided

the guides

knew where

was

going.

At midnight

the troops assembled on the bridge.

PCven at that hour the heat was tremendous.

The
horses

road was unmetalled, and so

many men,

o'uns raised the dust. We marched as far as and o we could, and halted as we crossed the river.

The enemy's camp was about two and

quarters koss off to our right.

three-

When

assured by

our spies that

restk ^iitl

all Avas quiet, 1

halted to let the

men

The heat and dust were very bad, and our mai'ch had been rapid. At the expiration of an hour we started again, and just at daybreak the first shot was fired. The enemy's position Avas strong, between two villages with a
have some food.

marsh
rise.

in fronft.

On

their right,

where the ground

slight

was open, the en^my had two guns on a

These guns were escorted by a body of

cavalry.

ii

'J.

164

PUSHTU MANUAL,

EXERCISE

59.

Higher Standard Pushtu Examination.

October, 1899.

PROCLAMATION.
In the years 1873 and 1874 the Mahsud

Wazms

entered into treaty engagements with the British

Government, with which for a long time they had

been at enmity.
of which

Treaties were taken from

them

the object was to

secure the

British

border against predatory invasions and murderous

assaults

by members
good
faith

of their tribe.

As a guarantee

for their

and security for their good

conduct they gave several representative members

of their clan as hostages.

The Mahsud s, however, on the

warning conveyed to them,

1st

January

187'9,

violated their engagements, and, disregarding the

collectf.d

a body of

3000 men of their

of
lives

tribe, who plundered the town Tonk and other villages, causing the loss of some

and of much property

that time
offences

in British territory.

Since

the

Mahsudss
the
life

have committed
British

frequent

within
loss

border,

causing

further

of

and property and

territory.

disturbing

the peace

of British

In

Prose compositioi^.

165

ord^r to punish the tribe for their misconduct, and

to

prevent a recurrence of

it,

the

Government of

India has offered' the Mahsuds peace upon certain

terms.
.

These terms have been announced publicly

to the

Mahsuds

for

some time
its

past,

but hitherto

the tribe has not tendered

submission.

EXEECISE

GO.

Higher Standard Pushtu Examination.

April, 1900.

Mahmud had
Safi ,

noticed with satisfaction the blows

dealt at the empire of the Safis.

The

defeat of

Kuli

Khan

had been followed by the loss of

southern coast.
side.

the dependencies of the empire in the Persian Gulf

and by attacks on

its

The

em}3ire

seemed distressed on every

Mahmud resolved to
by the Abdalis
to

seize the opportunity.

just at this period he heard of the

But march on Farrah

Farrah

which

have referred.

was garrisoned by the Persians.

the Persians were not to

But at the moment be dreaded. But the case

166

PUSHTU MANUAL.
different

would be

were that

place, then a placp of

by men who, though Afghans, were Abdalis. Before dealing his blow at Persia, he resolved then to march to the relief of Farrah.
strength, occupied

There he met Azadulla,

his

killed him,

and defeated

army.

From Farrah he

took a south-westerly

route across the Seistan desert, and then

moved

towards Kirraan.

Surmounting great

difficulties

he reached Kirman, and caused his authority to be

acknowledged

in the province of

which that town

was the

capital.

PART

III.

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.

PART

III.

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.

LESSON

I.

Paper set at Higher Standard Pushtu Examination.

April, 1886.

(1)

What

supplies

are

uJjyi ^^'*'^'^ j^-^t

'"

('^

procurable
to

from

Peshawar

Charakauni?
barley,

We

^^

^^ '

^^ (^^
'

j
'

y l^ 1^
^^^J^l'

want

rice,

wheat and grass.

Jy ^ ^^Jj^^J'^r^
^.'$
^.

'v.)

(2)

Has

it

been raining?
Tell

d.L i^^^S ^jl,U

^
"
.

(r)

Are the roads good?

the bunnias
tor

....

nave every*

"-

^
^}^ J
(r)

thing ready.

^^ j^
i

^^
Xj X)

j^

^
?

(3)

The

regiment

will

^sr^ a;s^
i

^j
^

march
them.

at 5 a.m.

The men
'

should take some food with

"

'

"^

-,^

^^;--'

ij^

"^

'--^'>?^

*^

170
(4) Is there

PUSHTU MANUAL.
any
river
it

on
he

the road?
crossed,

How

can

by a bridge, boat,

or ford

(5)

Is that a pomegranate-

tree

No,

it

is

mulberry

the fruit will ripeu soon.

(6)

My

brother

is
;

the
the

khan

of that village
is

lambardar

named Akbar;
is

and Khawas
dar.

the chauki-

(7)

flood

came down

the Cabul river.

Nowshera
re-

was carried away, the guesthouse of Eahmat only

mained.

Oft/M

(8)

liain is

good

for the

country.

The
all

floods

have

destroyed

the crops.
is

The

Indian
ruined.

corn

entirely

(9)

Who

are
?

you? what
I have

do you want

come

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
to

171

make

a report, as I

am

^^^iJJ^i 3 \j ^-- ii^

.

>^.

the chaukidar of Peshawar.

There

was a burglary at
of

V^ J-f H u'^*-^^
*

^'^.-f..
iU,

the house
jiight.

Sultan

last

,^3

The attempt was (10) made from the rear of the

house.

^j-^)^

lio

.0 j

.^-'0

(1.)

The

residents were
alert, all

L^^J

J^
sj

j'f

'^

^j

t^;'*'

awake, the police

the
offenders

J^
" "^

j'ooj
> \

{^y:,
-

^
\

^;

have

been

arrested.

Well done I

^'^ "J^^ ^
* (o
>ii

^ *^
^

u)

if"i
(11)

(11)

Is there

any shootof

a.i.

-i^-i.

dj

ti>.'-._wj

j
c

ing on the banks

river
i

the

/.

1/

(12)

Have

the

quails

c^J J-^J;

^^

^;^-^

('O
c
^

come

in yet ?

(1.3)

You
prefer

people

geneto

^
,

J;S^

j}^
1

.J2
'

(ir)

rall^

hawking

^
^

shooting.

>

>

>

(14)

like

the look

of

^^^^

*,

,^1
^

Ij

(,^)

the horse, but* he ajipears

to

^
* ^V^'^' '^ v'^ t^^
A'<z,i Aj

be lame.

^^
(ic)

f-'^

(15) Government has demanded hostages from the

tribe.

^U J

X^
*

^^

^^

172
(IG)

PUSHTU MANUAL.
If

they

agree

to

^y^
'

i^-^ii
.

&J>
.

(n),
. ,

Government
will not be

terms,

there

,.

any expedition

'

^r.

>

against them.
(17) If they

^^^

} lLS-xs^ ^h-

commit

raids,

^--^ ^j}^ o^;*^

.

aii"

(iv)

we

will

make

reprisUs.

(18) in

Is there
?

much crime

^^

^^
c

a:;

(i^)
.^

your village

(19)

Four men were conmurder yesterday

t>
-

j..j

^;.A^
...

'*'.

e;^7"
*
i

^'^^

victed of

and sentenced to death.

"

>

^>

(20)

One

man

escaped

sic

,^1.

^,^

yi

(r.)
.-

to independent territory.

LESSON
H.
(1)

II.

S.

Pushtu.
cattle

October, 1886.

The

village

JU

^.K J ^"-i*-^

^j
.

(0
..

were driven

ground at daybreak.

1111

to the grazing

'",
*
js

'

^^

if*'*' - ^

Vi'*'

S^'*

y**^} ^ ^'

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
(2)

173
jJ^a^
.

The
is

river rises in the

hills,

j y^}j-^
,

"-^

<xAi
.

(r)
;

heart of the

and

its
'^

sprmg
as
ice.

said to be as cold

SP

"

j.

"^-^ >

v
^>};

J-J^

^j

_j;jlj

J ^l^

(3)

Fish are caught in

large

^'j^
.

^^
i i

^
i

a:jL^j

j;.

(r)
^
t

Nisatta in

numbers.

Tney

are brought into canre-

->*-'

"s^-v-

i-5>"

tonments, and sold at

J^J^

jlj ^1

J:,

t_5j;^

munerative prices.

(4)

The

city is populous,

y}

^\

^j
^

^'oTyii'^^u,

H
>^

and the roads and lanes are

narrow and
ill

kept.

^-^"^

^
y^
.

^' <^^^

(5) is

Every kind of sport

^^
^/^

^m^
^/'^

^Uj

(e)

procurable here, but the

jnbabitants prefer to take

their ease at home.

- l/" ^/'^r

y^^
(6)

Order a native

officer

^S.^ X-.
._

jJ
^.

I'tV"

to go on ahead and arrange

for supplies.

-''

"^
fj^
ti

u^

,9
^< ^^^
!;>

(O

C^^^jAJj
(v)

(7)

Take a hundred
tlie

so-

s^^j's^s.

.O^^p J^^j

wars with vou, and make a

sketch 01
country.
"^

/i

'
i
i

174
(8)

PUSHTU MANUAL.
Heavy firing was mainon both winos
till
..l.t>

A ^jyj
,

^^-f^

J^

(^)

tained

1 11 nigntiall.

,.

J^r^^ ,0

^J^
j:j

^y..^ ^'i^^ ^

(9)

Tlie regiment is to be

x>

^j^ j
*

aJ

J'^. (0
"

<

armed with lance^ instead

of with sabres.
(10)

^
,

^^'^^ ^^"' ^^'^

The
and

enemy
thither

fled

ti
J

^U j^
7-

^,^"
.^,

J ^^^

'5-

(i .)

hither

down

the hill as soon as the guns

u
^^

opened

fire.

* s^.j^^^

(Jj

(11)

Say concisely how

occurred,

|j &>.

i^>}^

^j^
1
..

is^ ('0
(<
,
.-.

the

affair

and

11

merely say what you yourself saw,

SP

not what you heard

J^j
^t
.

''^^^v
-^

'^^

'^ ^^
l

''^.-'J^

from others.

>

>

v-v

J^A;j

^ 9 ^ ^j^

(12)

When you

first

saw

^_^I,
^

J^l ^
^^

^
v^

^^
'^v
,

(,r)

the accused, was he coming

towards his home, or had

he arrived there
(13)

S sJ

Jaj^^.

,,

If

you were^ on the

the murder oc-

spot

when
must

^ ^^^ ^ ^ ^
^
.^

(,^)

curred, as you have stated,

u>';

o-=^

'^'^

^i

'^ j
.^

u;'^"

you

have

noticed
"

\^^

j
^
l5^

^^

whether there was anyone

else

there,

besides

the

Jj^

-'^ ^^''.

^^^

COLLOUUIAL SENTENCES.
prisoner and the murdered
ij

175
^' k-Sj^

^ ^y^
J
^
J'^1
^

O-^.

o";^

(14)

If

you had given

i^'j

Jc>

(it=)

notice to the

Thanadars

of

the

enmity which
the

existed

-^ j> j-^j'^

o
^_^
\.:
\

o
Jcj

between

parties,

they

Jo^i^y
^,
/

s^
\

o^t)
r.

&^
'

would have made arrano-e-

ments to prevent crime.

(15)

...
s.^'
'''..
,

>

The night was very

was no moon;
describe
clothes
?

s.
v..

^io a>J:
.

(ic)
.

dark, and there

^
-^

how then can you

exactly

"
d^

^
v

^''''

what

the

^^ ^..[^^Xk^
i

&.i_S) ^i}ji

man was wearing

(16)

Put out your tongue,

this medicine

^''j 1j
,

_ ,<^
,

U^ j joy
..

(n)
^
,

You must take

will^ recur.

at ftnce, otherwise the lever

^
l>)

"-''

^^
Jui'

S?.

^>^' j

jl'

Uj

Jci

^J>

(17)
to cut

Unless you allow

me

,ju,

.\j^

1>

A3

(iv)

on your

leg,

you

will

never recover.

(18)

Do you
r

cultivate
irri-

^.^'j

"o- ^j;^ /^j ,_5^T ^o

a:,-

o-^.-^^
(i a)
.

any autumn crops on

gated lands

>

^-/^

>

Sr

I
17^)

PUSHTU MANUAL.
There has been very

(19)
little

ji.^

.^y^K tJr-^'^
"'
, .

('0
^^
.
.

rain since the spring,

.^
-'^^

but the heavy snow which

fell

^'^ ^

^^
.

'^'^

^^ ^^
/-

in the winter has caused

^J'^lji
i

U^ \^j H '^ ^!))^b

i

a plentiful supply of water

~T
>...,/
jcki

the J3ara

rivex-,

conse-

>

quently the irrigated land

*Aj^j aJ^^^<!cj^L;j^^l

has not suffered.

(20)

We

have sown some

corn
us.

^i^
'

^cs.

^
t

.W
^
,

y^

(i**)

of

the

Indian

seed

^
-

which you gave

grain
is

The

S^^

- -^

"n i^ -^

very good, but the

^-"^^^^^

stalks are so hard that the

cattle will not eat them.

COIiLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
Is

177

(?)

there

ever
;

any
tlie

^^^
^-'-J

jo^l

^^,^

^^
J

^,

(r)

water in

it ?

Yes
in

when

snow melts
great deal

tlie

hills a

of water comes

^r^,'^

iown, and
across

we build dams the ravme and take

off

.._"..
'

^
,^

ijijj

l^;^'
,

^'-'-^

-?

S^ >

'^

the

water

to

irrigate

^/"r."^

y^^

^y

y^i

^^^

^ ;^ ;J

(3)

What
of
?

is

the condicrops
this

^ j ^j^ 3 Jl<^^
^
^
"

(p)
.

tion

your

What crops do you sow? Do you make most

year

^ ^

C^

C^
'^
.

'

'^~

'^

J^
,-

'^ t^j;'

^J/
^-

^'y^
^

money out of the spring or

autumn
stacks

harvest?

hear
,Jb'

^-r^

-^*

^-^

rats often get into the corn;

^_yo &- ^

.^

>;

\J^''

do they cause

much
''^

damage, and how do you

get

^3^

Sr^y'/'

L^^y'v^^ ^
^J-^';!. >

them out

J ^'>^
Ma-

^1

^y^
9

(4)

am

going to

j^^

J
^

^^^ '^
Lt'
jJ
>'/^

(^)

tanni

to-morrow

morning.

Take

my

black horse to the

^i ^^i^
'''

"

'-\C

r^

chauki near the Bara bridge,

^ ju^T J s:o

o o-

A=b=^

and post the mare at Badaber.

You

start to-night,
at

and

^^j"^ J
J^ ^J

U^

^
N

"^^

H
j

shall leave

o'clock

^. ^

^1^^

^^

in the

morning.

178
(5)

PUSHTU MANUAL.
Is there
?

any spurt

in

fv^L

^jj^i

^JLo

^0

j:.;

(ol

the

district

Yes

there

are several large jheels in

which numbers of snipe are

found,

and

also

teal.

On
any

the

rivers

there

.^re

amount
open

of duck,

and large
on the

flocks of sand-grouse

plains.

5.

(6) I

am going

out shoot-

jK*i> ij ^j<mj.s>,

^
-

^.j (t)

ing this afternoon, but will

&i

^J^

li"

ifi-

not take you or the

dogs

^
tr

8,uJ
cJ-

with me.
till

Keep them here

don't

I return;

take

^A>^ O

them away.

J"

<

(7)

My

regiment

starts

for

Cherat

on

the

28th.

You go on

a day before and

see that all necessary supplies are collected; the

Tah-

sildar will help you.

Sj

'^

4>J^

,J

J;;

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
QS)

179
^J
ji^) (a)

Be very

careful

tlie

J^

l)

^^

lumbardars

of the

village

supply you with good chaukidars,

and take none but

It
*

fnen of good character.

is

a bad place, and

we

can't

be too careful.

^J
(9)

Has
last

there been

much
?

^ji

y^

^'^

'^'

crime in your village lately

Yes

month

there were

^^*7t^

y."^

U^^

1^

lJ^

three burglaries, one

der,

mur-

and several bad

thefts.

A
S:^
I?>

drought occurred this year,

and

the

characters,

J- J

being hard up, turned their

hands to stealing.

(10)

A
ago,

case occurred ten

in

days

which
off

one

lambardar carried
wife.

Amir's

The
the
a

police came,

and

inquired into

the
-

matter,

but
took

deputy
bribe
off.

inspector
i'et

and

the
^

offender

The woman
for Ks,

-fit.
N 2

had been sold

200

to

a chief in independent

ter-

180
ritory,

PUSHTU MANUAL.
and her husband had

to

ransom her.

(11)

How
?

is
it

the

river

X.^-'xL

JvXA

>jj

X~\

(l l)

crossed
is

Is

fordable, or

there

a ferry-boat?

Is
!$L>

the boat pulled across by a

rope, or is it

.IJO

JCj

,1- ,JU i *->

J^

i^ .\
c

Sr'ir-

.JO
j:.

rowed
?

How

deep

is

the river

^^
(12)

flood

came down

last year, just as a boat full of

women

was
broke,

crossing.

The rope
in
all

the boat
- IJwJv
5)J

was washed away, caught

a whirlpool, upset, and
the

k^r-^^

5'

lis^lJ:,

women were

di'owned.

.1

_ &X^^^ ^jjj l-jIj^

! ;

.*

jK.>

Che boatmen, however, who

could swim, got to the shore
safe.

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.

181

LESSON

IV.

H.

S.

Pushtu.

October, 1887.

(1)

I say, Khan, what

is

i>

^K
,

J
o
"

J-^ ^j/
/

(i)
n

the

news of your vilWe?

?

Is all well there

Are the
?

>^^
jl Aj,

^
v

u,^' u

ii

t*

crops

good and plentiful

iO^^ S^j
.-

(ci^^^oi^-)
9
^
v

Have you had any crime

within the last month
?

.-.i.

>

(2)

The only news

is
is

of

any

^^
-

s-*^
\

L^ioo j
<

(r)
,

importance
thing

that every-

^
>>"

very dear.
rates. rain.

We

are

y^

^
'^

having famine

There

^J^j^
/
^

^
*r'.

ij^^i

'^^/
--,.

^=^=^
-

"^

has
vyel.',

been

no

The

crops have been eaten

rats.

'

^
^?.

up by

The only people

flourished are the

^J-o r^

j^^i

V* '-^
<_5:

who have
thieves.
(3)

:/j

What
have

description
yo,u

of

aiJiA.
,

^^
.

^
^
r,

f;

(r)
/

lauds

in

your
v

village?

Are they irrigated

river,

>'

../

by water-cuts from the

or from wells,

A^

y^'^^

H ^ ^/J^
<^

^-y
it

or, are your

crops dependent on the rainfall?

"^

182
(4)

PUSHTU MANUAL.
Our lands
on
are all de-

^^
.

^^!^
/
..
,

^
\

^C^j
^

{\^\,

pendent

rainfall.

In

i,/

lormer years the water was

^^
^'^
^t
i

^^
^^^

^^^
<o^l
>

'

-^

brought from the river by a

canal; but the channel has

^
.

skxm ^
r

jcj

^i"
r^

been filled up, and tte people

are too lazy to clear
it

out.

j^

J
3'

^^

v-^^'*'

'*>-^'^

i^j'

i^ ( J_r^"

l^.)

J/l,;

^
(**)

^J
'^

Li-

(5)

If our lands were all

(X.j

!^
^
"

15^;'

^
1

irrigated from the river, or

from wells, we should not

suffer as

y
^
"
1

>

> ^

>

we do now.

Then

-^<^^ "^

yj'\'J

^^o^"^
('

^^y*^y
1
>.

there would be no bad harvests,

and the revenue would

""

""*

be paid without difficulty.

^. ^r^^'-^ ;'

^j

^'^y^

v'A

(6)

Trust

to

Grod

and

A^*^i>,

^1

|_j'j^
.

^
.

(n)

His prophet.

Next year the

J
JO

crops of barley, wheat, mustard,

rice,

Jl<

Jj

x*^

^aC

millet,

Indian

corn,

_^lLij

-^/J:.^ -yKii _y:o.jl

1'

and suoar-cane will be n , r,fi -ii excellent. Then no one will

complain,
contented.

.^

^'r^ ^-j' yrj} j jjjj

^^ CS^:t^
n

J;W
jjj-

and

all

will

be

Cj^y <^

a:jU.' _

^^
..

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.

183

(.7)

What
?
?

is

the

name

of

?^_^j

^y k^
,.

J^
''

a:ii,

j
f

(v)

that villaoe

Who

are the
'

./
-"

lambardars
or

Are there two

''

'^

v\

more

How many watchwho owns

it ?

^ v_^t^

^jy

men?

Is there any guest-

^y^ f^ ^ ,;;^

'-^^rj

^
l^

=.

house, and

(8)

The name
is

of the vil-

lage

Shalbandi.
are

The
in

lambardars

two
are

number.
with
all

They

friends

the thieves in the

neighbourhood, and in these

days of pleaders they have
a nice time of
it.

(9) Are there no means of punishing them for their

^3
^

^jk^

fV^ J^^
J^

"^

^'^

^;^;
^

j^
"

misdeeds?
but
it is

Yes,

there

^^
J>~

^^

1^ 3
-

is;

very hard to bring

^j^ ^
j^^- _

^ &^
^^
'"'

J^

yb

Iheir offences

home

to

them,

All the

bad characters are

side.
,

J/
H y^

j-:.^

J^^'-^'^.i

on their
(10)
rally

* ^.^ 'jt

-'

J-^^'^
()
>

^
.c

The crimes
of

are gene-

^^^0
1

JL^I
1/

&^^-^js^
'v

thus committed.

All

..

the

men

feach

village

"^^^

^^
^

-^
...

"^^

attend at the guest.houses.

(j^^^^^-^^'^j^ yr^^yJT'
^'^y,

The women alone

their houses.
still,

sleep in
all is

^^

Wlien
is

J^^ ^y^,/ ^^
-

attempt

made

to

*^,j^

J'>^'^

4^-^ y^.^

^f'J^

break into a place.

184
(11)

PUSHTU MANUAL,
In the morning a
is

.s^ J

^^

JS^O

Hj

(i i)'

report

station.

made The

at the police-

deputy
with
is

in-

spector

arrives

his

constables.
stir

There
;

a great

made

but

the

1am-

u*^

;=

.^

jd?

jdjj)

bardars ruin every case.

1-

(12)

What
river
?

is
?

the

name
is
it

(1^ t3ajuu

iXAa

(i

r)

of that

How
any

crossed

Is there

ford,

lJ-'

ferry, or

bridge for the use

?

^.^

<kL

of travellers

(13) It is

a bad stream,

^j ^y
v...

jo j,^
^
\

jcAjd

(t)

and very narrow, with steep

banks.

'^W

Wf

There
it
;

is

seldom any
if it

water in

but

rains

^-^
^j
4)JI>
<Jj^i

fj^.'^

ij
JCj

in a particular locality,

down

comes the

^^^

<WS

^
JCj

- \^-J,

flood.
C^'^

io
>

J;i

"Li,
^^1^ j^^
then carries away
it.
;

U? ^tJy
^.j

jJ^.i

'^^

(14) It

u'^ f- 7^
11/

':^^

('*^)
-^

everythine; before

Last
the
fj;^
^

year one mosque went year

w;is

before Ismail's house

carried

J^

u^ H

"-^^^-^^

away.

Now

^i i^

^/

J^>i>-1

J^

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
it

185

jgaay

be

someone

else's

^'o

l^s-

Jj j

i^^l
.

chance to

suffer.

(15)

What
you
?

sort

of road

>

aj

&i

^^L ^d ^
,

((o)
.
\>

tave
Pabbi

from

here

to
*^

...
v
,

^'

Are there
?

trees on

>^ >
i^^^i^

v
j
'j.^

either side

What number

^ ''^^

of stages
(16)

Are the encamping

?

t!/lj ^jJIaj.^
.
,

^l^,.;

j (n)
/
"^

grounds clean

Are sup-

c
'''

plies obtainable ?

They

will

____'

be wanted for troops going

to Cherat.

"^j^ ^^
^.
y
i

^'j^i' r'T ,.'',

.

'

^'j^
.l

',

y:

(17)

Yes,

the

Bunnias
to proto

S^
,

<)6"

y'^Uij
<

yt

(iv)
,.

have been ordered

vide everything.

Owing

"
S-^^^
^

v"
**'

^>
lA-^-^

-.^

-^
-

the* severe frosts, grass will

c:^

s^

->

i^^
J^l^

be difficult to procure.

^^

^1^^^^^

(j^^^)

(18)

The regiment

will

^s=f.

^^k
vi

^-t

'^^
'^

('-)
^^^

be inspected to-morrow at 5
in the morning.
ral is

^^

The Genevery particular. Take

f-'^

(w-^^-vo u-^'j^ - ^c;rM

_

care that musketry 'returns are all con ect.

^,

^^

(k^U

'o)

^J-^^
"'

kJ^

C^r" ^''^

'^^

^>*^

186
(19)

PUSHTU MANUAL.

We

shall

be

quite

.^j jlxi
\

<x^ <^t dj

'y^ {\^)

prepared for him.

Our men
have
^

\f
Vr^-'
S-^,

^C
'-^
**"

are splendid sliots, and

-^^
if-^

Jj^
(^L jS)
}

been carefully instructed in

<)^
*

^d

^>f

&>^

what they are

to do.

>

(20)

boat

full of pil-

y'j^'^
^^ "
_

<^

J^^

^^.

(*)

grims was going down the

river.

^-

Getting caught in a

^ ^^
-

^^

^;^

whirlpool, the rudder broke,

ij j,^}'^^^

^^^l)
^)

u^ ^ "^f
I^ ci^U

the boat was upset, and

all

j^

^|

sjo.^^]^

were drowned.

LESSON
H.
S.

V.

Pushtu.
the

April, 1883,.

(1)

Have you
?

seen

^L ^^^j
'*
\
i

,^^
v
'
'

^J^
1

()
*

Khan
to

What news
?

has he

"

give?

any rain
it

Has there been The Khan said

proper

^^

^""^
'-^^^^^
^-

"f

^=^^
\

}
*

J-i

'^

^-> i_s^

had

fallen at the

taue.

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
There was no danger

187

(.2)
ill

{^^
,

Ij)
.

JiJ ^
. s.

^>_

/J^
.
.

(r)
v,

cutting wood.
,

The bun*

v-

uias were unhappy, as they

,^.J.JU -'

<)0

^jJ^

>

2:^ i^i
<.

had been collecting grain.

(3)

^^

^J -^^ ^J^'^ ^
K
'^
_._

i*^

^
,.

Our

village crops are

^
^
1

a;j

J^^
. .

(")

barley, wheat,
in the spring.

and mustard
Later on we

>'

SP

v^

grow

rice,

Indian corn, and

Jy^

^_jt>

^ ^^j

- w$J:^^ v-^j^'

sugar-cane.

Eats have been

ery troublesome this year

(4)

Is there

much water
?

;j4^

^S
^

H
a

^-^^^-^

"^

^'^^

in the
it

Swat canal

I hear
'

x(

a,

commences near Abazai

and goes towards Mardan.

^ij^ ^^

^j^j'

"-'

v'"^^

(5)

The Khan
of

is

becom-

^j

^'^a^
\y/
..

(0)

ing very wealthy.

sonfe

Last year

the

Zamindars

fV'^V^^'^'^J^'^.J^-^-'
Aa
'9
_

would not take water from

the
canal.

^n

_
,

!ws-l
^

<xj

Jo^l

<i6

^Ij
^
,

They expected
fell,

rain, ar?d

none

'

^
^""^

(6)

The entrance

to the

S^-^'
.

'J^e

Jj"^
1

^
\

^
I

village is from the* north

'\

i;

you pass between the two

towers.
lies

A little to the right

i^

t^;^
'>
,

-^j---;^'

L/^
s

z^
,

the grand house of the

,'.i^

^"

Ji

188
Khan.
left is

PUSHTU MANUAL.
Further on to the
the masjid of Omar.
is

<b

f^jA
-

Xx^ ^y^ -^
I
_

'(Kj

The Khan

very friendly

,o'^ ^

^rvA~^ 5.-

Y^C

with the thieves.

He

keeps

two chaukidars
from the

they steal

villages,

and send
gets
his

the property across the border.

The

Khan

share in time.
i-j &.Z

'f-

(7)

What
asks
tell

do the police

^! JJS^li"

S^^^ i.L^^i_^

(v)

do?
and

The Thanadar comes

the

headmen.

They

a story of their
trans-

own, and implicate

border men.

This relieves

the police of further inquiry.

This

is

a regular Pathan
,ju.4j r

custom.
J! ,

lij

/i.

(^^

* id

(8)

wish

to

go

to

Abazai.
I

What
? ?

rokd must

take

Are there any

No,
there
are

bridges

none.

You must

search fur

fords on both rivers.

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.

189
(0
_

The Swat river comes (9.) down by Abazai. The Cabiil river flows by Michni. Both
unite

^jj]

<Kj

ajuu ci;iL<? j
i^X^.^
(Jjl^

'%*
j^>i>^

(c^l;

some

distance

from

&>

^J^ii

't>

_ i^j^i^.

^^^
Aii

Nowshera.

^j^ J^
Kaka
of

y".

^}
^^

,^
(i.)

(10)

The

Khels
(logs)

^U^

^j ^}jj^
1 1

bring lots

wood

down the
they
all

river.

This year

r
J^jyi-

" -^^^^^

^'^^
^j'^

^-^

^
/

''

are

very

unhappy

y^^ ^i'^
t
^-

^
L^

J^

their

timber has been

Jmi
>

vi|

seized

by a tyrannical ruler.

^^

(11)

The

regiment

is

/^ ^1^
t>'-'
'^

j
"^

jci'

^i:^U

ordered to Cherat.

It will

march on Saturday. What sort of road is it? The road

is

l5

,^J

dXL
,
.

.
-

^- ^J ici' ^

aL'

very

good.

There
side,

are

.,

tj'ee:*

on either

with

>^>

>

clumps here and there.

^^'^ (^-^H

^^

i^ ^^'^

r
(12)

must
nias

see to the tents.

will

The quarter-master Bunhave supplies at

^^^U
.

^;;.--.U

c;^y
^
_
,

(if)

}*^^
^i
.

^-

^Jj

every halting-ground".
shall

We
stage.

a:.;

a;^

^1/ 'oJo
.

U-t^
.."

-^
.

march stage by
will

The regiment
spected

be inGeneral.

? >I^

/>"*

^/

>'

-'

J ^
*^ 3

J^-

by

the

fS^^j^-

-3'^ -^y

M-

190

PUSHTU MANUAL.
^t^..

Everything must be ready

^.^
>^

^,;;J..;

jo

(^^>o?^'^

by 6 a.m.
^

gives us a lot oi trouble at

IP
is

The Adjutant
1

^^

r* t^^*^ > >

v'

1-^ c^ V

''^^^

lJ''^
-'

these parades.

Nevermind.
very fond

^'.v,-;^^r^U^.;;^:=-L^/i-^'.^'J

The General
of musketry,

and ^pur men

-^^^j;'^

h
LI

'^Sr'^ d

S.i

are good shots.

We

shall

^^^^U
f

J^i^r^ .u^J
v;i
;

C/b
,

^:^*
.

do well.

(13)

There have been few

'

jj

i^_

jj

J\^^
.'
,

(ir)
,
,

pilgrims

this

year

from
.

Bokhara.

They go now by
Trais

^>
.

" ^^"^

^^J u^^-^
,Aj

the Eussian railway.

veiling

^(^^J.j
"
.
.

^^^.
.

in Afghanistan

t)
^

^j^iA
7:
.

very troublesome.

^^

j-

>

w-

v-'

(14)

How

do you go to

^i

j^^IiLaI^jJ
^_,
'

((f)

Dir? The road leads through Mardan over the Malakand Pass into Swat. The people The there are very simple.
mullas mislead the people,

^7;^ ^

^^^, Jj
.

J^
^^,
"

u/'^ iAi j _

^^^^
,

^'

^jj^

^U)U
b"^^

^,3

jl^^^

though some are very good.

H kJ^

j'^

^St
&.^ ,1^

They

advise

them

to

speak

^^

j-^.^j^

_ ^-J

^r ^i

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
tlie .truth,

191

be kind to the

UjL,,

a:r^

poor,

aud commit no murder.

(15)

Has

the

revenue

^^^
>

aJ^j

^!U J^ j*^
,

(I'j)

been collected

this

year?

The Tahsildars have been

very busy.

"^ >

The wealthy

^
,1

^^l^loJa^^rsr 'o)

^j

^'^^ U

Arbabs and Zamindars are

the last to pay in their instalments.

"^

u
^

1,

^^

>^

^^^
>"'

:!^:h^

y^

H cJ^'^t;

LESSON
H'.

VI.

S.

Pushtu.

October, 1888.

(1)

Who

is

the

Khan
he

of

^.L
^

Jj^
c
'-

this

village ?
.(^

Is

^ ^^'^ 7
^

(') c
'

wealthy
of

man Has he lots land? What revenue

^

^
Jbj^
;

>j>

^
(

d^

j a^,^ <Scb^^^
^
'

does

he

pay

to

Govern-

ment?

"r^^^

Ji

xA' '^
-

192
(2)

PUSHTU MANUAL.
The Khan's name
is
,'j^

^1
^^^

.J
'

'.i.

(k)
'

Akbar Khan.

He

lias

an
-^'"'^
^'-''^

ii/
"'

income of Es. 2000 a year.

This enables him to keep

'^

'

^"'

&i^
^

^d
,.

<t.;

^1

^j) ^i Jc'^
' ,.

up a guest-house.
Es.

He
as

pays
re-

...|

50

half-yearly

^
'^

^,

<^
l*^

)
c:^-^^ a.

venue.

^i'nj 'U^y^

(3)

His village

is

situated

^^^
^
,
.

t/^^
, ^
i

t)

^_j5

^K

(r)

on the other bank of the

Lunda

river.

This side

is
'^^

very steep.

Even
small

if

a flood

comes down his place never

suffers.

hi ^|; |^ ^-'^:^'^ j '^^ ^- ^(^ !j j ^ ^^ y

^'^

p;arden

supplies
grapes,

him with

apples,

l5^ l/^^

*? ^ *T^

*^ - ^i.'^J

and quinces.

^^; ^^1

_^^l

^^^
(f

(4)

His irrigated lands

^^) ^^^xJ

^j

4_^^

'

<<j

provide

him

with

wheat,
- ijy.j^ ''^

barley, mustard, rice, sugar-

^;^ - Lj'^j;

'.

f^

cane, and cotton.

He

is

**** - 1-^^;:^*

^l
^1

j' -

^^

good landlord, and liked by

his tenants.

^^UJlx^j
^

^^3 ci^jJ "

(5)

Did

you

see

any

s.]

t_f/?^ ^
,

c;j
"^

r:*.

''^

('^)

game as you rode from Mathra yesterday? No, I

did not.
I

ty

i/

-O -^
^ c5
\

r
i-'i

v-x

ls >'^^
*j <o
S

heard the quails

'H^'^

- 6J)

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
are in.
I

193

saw several

call-

<)cj

_ ^_JJ
t t

ij^\ ^Jr'
m

>^*^
/

birds out in the fields.

(6)

The
snipe

shikari tells

me
and

^
jj.i

^}i
-

^'^j

^j^'i'

("*)

that

and duck

^
^\

,|

^Ua

'ii=-

geese are in.

in the

He saw
on
the

snipe

Shahi jheel, and duck

Cabul

'^ J^^ H J lj-^^ "

j^,

^."^

and geese
river.

jj^

^\

J^^J^

^
>r-

(7)

But shooting here

is

3 i>_xo^
^
i

ju
"
i

<tjilj

i^
i/

(v)

very poor and hard

work,

with a large garrison here.

'^-*

>

^ / v

(,>

Numbers

of soldiers are out

^jV.'^rr'.'^ fj!^ ^ r*
,

^/.yi.^-J
*
!

f-

every day.

The

birds

in

kf

time get very wild, and you

are very lucky if get six in as

^
.

-^-^
<>^.

-'^-'

^?^
'^j-^J^-!

^
J
r
T^*^

you can
hours.

^_y^
i

*>
..

;'

many

<i:j

^j,
r-'

^
(8)

Wliich road do you

?,

ij

^-^^^j^

c^ Hj^^

^^^

generally take

I ride

down
and
you

the
cross
for

artillery

parade,

by the

ford.

Look out
if

^J!^.jH2^
li j J

the quicksanfl

<f^

Hy ^
-

^
*
8,

j:

;j

^^^
'J

jo

follow this line.

1^

194
(9)

PUSHTU MANUAL.

On

the
is

river

by
:

y
^

4\i'o

Sxj^ Ax:^ ^j^t}

m

(1}
"
\

Daodzai there

a bridge
is

lower down there

a boat
either

-^

-^

which

is

pulled to
rope.

* so jui

&'_

bank by a
(10)

'

What
,

crime

is

there
in-

*J

^'^

^ ^^
^

fj

(')

in

this district

on the

crease
(11)

^^j^^

^kj
ij

p^.

In a blood-feud how
?

^^

^-Sj {xx^k^)
r,

(n)
1

are matters managed

(12)

Akbar Khan's stacks

;

^^^^

were burnt

he had Mowaz

Jj^'^^! "
j

(ir)
^
,^

Khan's

cattle poisoned.

Mo-

/t; ^ J-*

J^ J^y^
[j^

'-'

^^ ^
^J^.

waz then had Akbar Khan's

trees destroyed.

J^T^]

JU*

(13)

Last night there was

It

^ ^i
../

JK

fj

IS^j^j

(ii^)

an alarm in our village.

.^\."..\.
^
^^;>.

was

in the eastern quarter.

J
fj .l^^'-"
\

^
-^^>

-"

A man
mates.

had broken

into a
in-

^^ ^^^
,

^^^

house and alarmed the

(\
*

<:

'^j

i->^'*'

u^.3

(14)
pistol

The owner
at

fired his

j
,

aii;

j:.>

Jo^li,

.v$'
.

("^)
.

the

thief.

The

thief escaped into the court-

S?^

'

''

'^

v'"
*v

yard,

up the

steps to the top

"^^^j

^ /^J)^

~ yjyi

^-^^

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
of 'the

195
aJ

house,

and

then
lane.

_ J^ti j
...
,

^^
..

^^^ J"
..

jJ'-jj
i

.)

lumped up into the

.,

He

then

went

into

the

>

>

>> * c:^^il.>.iL

masjid and lay down.

(15 J

The

regiment will
for the

^-^,.,^0^ j^ f^

^J^'^'
"^

('")

march on Saturday
Agror campaign.

It will be

^f^'^.^^ ^>'
^^^
,

C
<Xj

J^f

"'

inspected by the General on

<ic,.

a;*.o-

^^^-'.^

Friday. See that everything

is

..

ready and complete.

>'

"

^
._

^
> ^^
'
^''^

(16)

It will

march stage
Darband.
Is
?

^1 ^ ^^.
,

!^j,->.

^^ 0.^^"^ ('"'^
.

by stage to
the

carriage all

provided

>

^>
s^.l;

J- J

"^^^
S
a::

^^
sj
.

How many
ponies,
told off to us

camels, mules,

^J
/>

j J^o
.|
I

<io

and carts have been

?

i^
:>

ji

r^=^ v^-

y v^^

j i -^^

(17)

The bunnias must

all

^j, ^a/o
.

<)J

J'/UJu (iv)
,

have

supplies

ready

they will be wanted at every

-^'^'"

^/J"

"

'-'^

camping ground. They must

have milk.

_ t_^jJ>i^
.

(^^"-^^

''^

^!/J
^

.{''.'

(18)

From Darband
is

the
;

rfji^s^,^^^ ^* jJo^j

(ia)
^

road
leads

very

difficult
left

it

up the

bank

of

-'^'^^ ^J^ ^'2^^^

;^

-'

- **^

196
the Indus to
tlie

PUSHTD MANUAL.
Kot Kai.
^s'iS^]

^6^j^
^

-^L ^ ^^^
,

Ravines and precipices have

to

be faced.
(19)

^^
'

^
.

^^
(n)
f
f
,

Our cause
shall

is

just,

J^^ ^
'^
^1

^_ ssl^

xjj^

and

we

win.

The
'^

as ah'eady sunered

J
^^..
,

much, and the fanatics are

going away.

^\

ij^r^'^i
"

J-^
,

r^.'^

^.

(20) Five boats

collected.

have been
the
boat-

^J ^^
,

^^xi As^i
..

(r.)

Tell
collect

,,^.,

men

to

more

and

"^^
j'

-^

''

-y

remain ready.

i?jS!^

s^j^ l^'^

i?

tj;^

LESSON
H.
S.

VII.

Pushtu.

April, 1889.

(1)

Call that

man
name

here.

_ jJo
^

jl,

ij^d

^j*

<iia

0)
*
'

Ask

him
is

his

and

ta
"

(
"

from what village he comes.

'^~

\^

-*

'

Where

his house

)'

*^\;^ ^J^Ji^-^^-. cs^ f"^

'^

rOM.OQUIAn SENTENCES.
If2)

197
.

My name
is iiist

is

Akbar.

<)c..

^^ ^]
^
'j:

.J

(r)

I live at

Sofaid Dlieri, and

my

house

behind the

I't^'^
*

C^' ^-^ ^^'

a:.,

mosqne.

^j
^^
^j

ei^c '.at^ j ci^s^tt"

(3)

What
They

hands have you

are " abi," and

^Icj l^J^
^

k
]

(r)

got

^^
'

^^

^V ^
'^^
'

the water-supply comes from

the

/'

^
,

^,^ J
-^-^
'j

Bara

river.

The dam

-( .i^

/-.
-

Jt..J

j
,1/

I,)

is all

right this year.

(4)

Tlie

usual crops are

rice,

^^aJ:
1

j
.

a:.wL^
,.

.iil

(t^)

wheat, barley, mustard,

sugar-cane, and cotton.

.^

,.

,.

In

>>>>>
f^*-<

>

>>

the

autumn we have Indian

j'-^ ^^^

^^ -

ij>.

^-:

corn.

o:^'

^5)

'heavy.
poiA-.

The revenue is not The people are very They r.pend all their
in civil and criminal

di^ _ s5

ai s.j.j

^JU
^

(0)

^^^ ^"-^
,

'

^"^ J '^ >"^

j;.'
,

money
suits.

cJjowi J

yLjJ

L..

(6)

Is there a guest-house
?

^.^^

in
it

that village

Yes, and

0^ J^
!^
,

^'^
.,

^^.

('^

belongs to Sikandar Khan.

is

U^J
5
.1

-^
<);u

"^
s

He

a good landlord and

all.

^_$3

uLC'J

^Aa
.

j
.

liked

by

198
(7)

PUSHTU MANUAL,
(8^^'J

The people are very ignorant. They are quarrelsome

vail
also.

y Jjfc'o^^^.^ jii-

(v)
,

Bitter feuds prethis

amongst them, and

^liO &XS^

f^ ^^

^>.

- kjjl^

leads to murder.
<

(8) I

went

to

Daodzai.

The

river

had

to be crossed

twice.

At one place there

at the other a

was a bridge,

boat which was pulled from

bank
(9)

to

bank by a
police

rope.

The

have hard
house-

work here.

Theft,

breaking and murder are the

chief oifences.
is full

The prison

of prisoners.

(10)

All was quiet in the

kandi.

An alarm was
to inquire.

sud-

denly raised.
dars

The chauki-

came

(11)

The house

of Jumma

^ ^^
,

J^
...

a^A^^^
^

(ii)
..

Khan

had been entered. The

..

^,.

thief ascended the wall by a

ladder.

'^>'

"

"-'''

S^.-^
j "^ J'^.*^

He then jumped into

^l.c

^^-'^j

1 '^="

the courtyard.

^ V;^ ^

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
(^2)

199
Ij (ir)

What
it

bird

is

that?

^j
t
\

i^j^ ^^i
\

People call
they in

a quail.

Are

now ?

^'

^
^

"^

^ ^^/^

'^^'

^
\

k ^j
(ir)
^
jJ-

(13)

Yes, they are.

Send

^Jl^i _ ^_^j

^1^
"'

y&
>

out call-birds.
get twenty to

You may
thirty every
'^>'-^^

^J-

>*"

>^

^
i^j

morning.

* ^^J^i;

(14) Snipe

and duck are

but
lots

^_jji'^
i

^^^^
^
i'
.

^^

lj^*^
.

"')

very

scarce,

of

^
*k^
Vs^

bustards have come in this

winter.

^'^^

<^J /"

'

* ^j^
I

{^h
(
t

"-r^^-"^

(15)

am

fond of shikar,

^,S

ijj ^

j6'

^1^
'^

o)

but can spare no time to get

out.
r

.".

{^
>

..

^
^^i,

>^

>^

Have any orders come Yes, we for *tlie regiment ?

(16)

(^ J^
^

^^A^.

^5

'

i)

"
'^"

march on Saturday.
that everything
is

See

J'^
^^^<^

^ -;^

^^ ^c^

u<^'

ready.

^y ^^; y^.^ ^

^^^

(17)

The camels and mules

for.
1

j )jd

^j:^
\

jl
-^

^jW^l
*

(iv)

should be sent
11

Theteuts

are all repaired.

;^^

..

yy

l5^ i-s-^;"^
^tr?'

2<")0

PUSHTU MANUAL.

(18)

How many
?

huimias

J-^'-J^J^^

^r*^^
.

*-^
^

^''^
^
-

are

there

company,
all

One to each iney must have

^"^
i^^j

S?

">^
^^>i

supplies ready.

JJ

<^=;-

i^jo - ^<.
t^J jj^i J

(19)

regiment.

The General saw the The firing has

^^^l.;

^-'v^-U
,

J-xj,^..
.,
,

(m)
. .

been good.

The men
strong.

are

young and

* ^^J
i-J^
s.lj J
1

i^^-^^-c ^'

^>^y o^-^

(20) Is this place called

^Xi
W J

*i

^'.^
LJ t)

(_cJ

(r.)

for thieves.

Warn the night

^^>^
t)

^
^i
J

Ai-

It)
I

^ .

ft^ j^ <Xi

sentries to load with buck-

(_^<^

t_f'^ j^^.'^-o
,'X'kMJ

shot cartridges.

d ^

<XJ^J ij (Is- ^.i" a.J ,.|l^

J)

>v ly -J

LESSON
H.
(1)

VIII.
October, 1889.
^jxS jJuuj

S.

Pushtu.

Is there much water in

j:-

J..!^

ii;

(i)
i

the Cabul river?

No, the
Little

c
'^

stream

is

very low.

-j

^j-

snow

fell

on the Sofaid

Koh

^J
i

jJ<i fj
i

-t

i^^^ii

^^^^ ^^..'^
.

durine; the last winter.

'.

COLLOQUIAL SENTKNCES.
(S)

201

Is

the

water-supply
I

due entirely to rains and

snow? Are

tliere

no springs

on the river-bank?
Is

What

the depth of water in the

river between

Warsak and

Michni

(3)

How

do you cross be'f

..

^,^^

,)

tween Dakka and Lalpura

J^

.^

(r)

by

ford,

bridge,

boat,

or

raft ?
is

Chiefly by boat, which moved by a rope tied to

^ xV

either bank.

^.
(4) I see that

;UJ

you have
on

rafts

and

inflated skins

this
T]se

river.

The boatmen

lan

oar in place of a

regular rudder.

The

cusis

tom,

though universal,

not perfect.

(5)

raft

of

wood was
It

Skx^ 3

^^s>.

!S^_

^ij

(o)

being sent down stream.

first

struck on a sandbank,

which turned out to be a

quicksand.

Later on

it

came

202
into a whirlpool,

PUSHTU MANUATi.
and
all

the

^^^
,

^^^^ ^y. H
,
,

^'^
,

'"^l/*^

, .

occupants were drowned.

(6)

It is proposed to

make

*J

^^^^V
''
i

C^j*

i)

(">)

a canal from near Warsak.

The lands
water.

at

the'

head of
can

^-^^

"'''^

^^

Wi^
^
x

Jv'

c^.^.

the cut will get the most

-^^y*
,

^^;' ,^;i<^
.
.

^ {^^J
/i

'T'J)

The country

produce wheat, barley, gram,

millet,

Indian corn, sugar-

v ^ i^ -jj^ - '-^4'^^ - tJi^

i

cane, cotton, and mustard.

..

.,/

(7)

How
on
?

is

the revenue
village

^^^^
c
'"

^U
"

^_^K t_j4) fj
^\
\

(v)

fixed

this

and

*a

calculated

One-third on

land

irrigated

from

the

{^'*^H3^^^J^ ^J'^r^J'^^i^
^ ^-^ ^/^^^ |j
^^^
i

canal and one-tenth on unirrigated land.

It is light.

(8)

Whose house is that ?

It is built

^^j^^
-:
'

V ^ ^'^
-r

^.^^

Ibrahim Khan's.
of lime and

H^
'

,-t
"

pakka

bricks.
'^

"

There

is

an under-room for

v'^'^

-J^

o_^Xwiv

_jisr.

the hot weather.

(9)

To reach

this house

a. 5^
^
"

Ju^-.^

-d^ ^^ (0 ^
vj,^ *

you

first

enter the village.

^
*^

The gate has one tower over

^J}

' ^J} y^

J^'

COt.T,0Q,UIAL

SENTENCES.

208

it,

with stone steps to the

top of the roof.

(10) jid

Then comes the masits

with

pretty tank, its

garden

filled

with mulberry

almond, and peach trees. The

muUas

eat all the fruit.

(11)

Has the khan aguest-

^.XJJi,

)ijsr^

JJ^ 5

(l l)

house

He has two. He

is

famous for his hospitality.

This has brought him into
debt.

(12)

That

fat

khan's enemy.
all

man is the He has bribed

and
Tahsil
cases

^'s5-

3 t_^^

c^

Ai

'

r)

the police

officials,

who make up

against the khan.

(13)

Last

night,

about

<0

^>Jj

t\

'^

(ir)

10 p.m., I was goi.ng along

the alley.
still.

Everything was

Suddenly I heard a

204

PUSHTU MANUAL.
aG'

shot in the southern quarter.

I stood
still

.Sij^l _ s>

J^ j^
^^Ij^

<xJ

^-aU

to listen.

(H) The chaukidar came

running
that
along.

. ^J^\

^3

&

}s^S^L
^:.

(it^)

,He

said

a burglary

had been
owner's

\ ^ ^^ J 9
(y
'^'iyi>-

y.,,

^J^k
j^
.^

'^
_

J>)

attemptedonacertain house,

t\jS jC^'iS

He did
name.
(15)

not

know the

The

thief stole into

(j^^j
.

^^>'

!^
"
^

jc.

Jx
.

(ic)

the courtyard.

In making

^
^

,t
-^

the hole he roused the hus-

^-^

^
''^'*'

^
''

^'

band, whose wife shrieked.

^ l5^^
.

-?

L/^-*
,

'^

-I.

The man then

bolted.

^.

#,

T ^

(16)

He

rushed up

the

,^

^ j.;
,^.
. -'

j;.;

<)G

c;^.^ (n)
.

staircase to the roof,

lumped
fled to
-

...

into the street,

and

the masjid.
that he
after
is

People suspect

i^j^t.?'^*

*^^ ^ ^^ ^ <::^z.\*^ ^i

-'

probably a seeker

,_Ji^^i^^^ "^.^ ^l^^.il^5

knowledge.

(17) I

went to shoot

in

g.^
i..

^^^
i

j>-.-

so (iv)

the Tartarra
ago.

Eange a week
oi
^r^

i/
-^

~- >

We

saw a couple
urial.

/
%j
,)

-'

-'J

^J

markhar and one

v< ^u^j

S-L,h !$.J

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
{]8)

205
^..

In going up
fell

hill I

J
-^"

'Xi>.

jsJ:

i:>.

a)

stumbled and
stone rolled

down.

A
"

..

down and went

This fright-

r^vv-J ^>
^..

f*

-^

into the river.

^^xJ ^xj.^,
.

^1 s>J:.,

j ^^ rJ^
"

ehed the animals, who ran

away.
'

,.

^'-^-'

^^^^

^'^

"^^^

(19)

What sport have you

There are
duck,
bustard,

j:^

d^ ^^^ Lc
,

(_j j

jc.<

n
i/

in this district ?
snipe,

'

wild

'^^

"S^
^'

'"^
-

'^>>'

geese,

swan and quails

Now

^Jj^

lJJ'J'
I

is^ tVV^^
i/
\/

and then you see a hare or

(20)
.

The regiment

will

^^s.;
,

.^^
r

^ ^
.

^-^^ (r.)
'
jJ

march at 6 a.m. Have every aLoa.m. nave everything ready.

..

..

The bunnias

-^

"

"

'-^^

^-r^>>
y'^':^^

must have

supplies.

<c>-

,_^<^

iSiio.'o

'^}

^W.

^J

LESSON
H.
(1)

IX.
April, 1890.

S.

Pushtu.

Whoisthatman? He

^^;5
"

^S^

^cj-

is

a zamindar in the village

^ -
()

of

Tangl

He

is

the owner

"

of two thousand jaribs of

unirrigated land.

^^J^V ^. ^^ ^\ j^^j d^ r^-j s.O

'^

^
;

^
'^

xa]]

206
(2)

PUSHTU MANUAL.

How

are his irrigated

jl>j!

,!(^L^i

^Lej

,_$^\

{*)

lands watered?

By
river.

a cut
_

"^

."r

from the Swat

The
Yes,

^^ ^ J3

^H

^'

s^

lands at the head of the cut

get the most water.
this is true.

^j^^.M-A}jd6^Xxj^^:iJyo

(3)

His revenue

is

thus

^j-^^'^

^^

^jJ'v<,

(r)

lixed.

The

irrigated lands

pay half the produce. His revenue

The
a;i>v ^'>'^

rest are assessed at one-tenth.

is light.

^j^

*.:

_ ^^J^\sj^j
^

^^^

^^

^.,^

^,^^

^3

(4)

He

has two

guest-

.j

_ ^- j ^J ,_j^s^
^"^ ^2^ ^y^

s^ J

()

houses.

mosque.

He has built a He is noted for his

The searchers
to his

LS"
Uli^^ALj..*
-r
1

hospitality.
after

.^z_/i^
,
,

s^.lj

j
.

ii

knowledge resort

mosque.

They

'

are a very

....
* SJ

tn

bad

lot.

^^

^/'-'

^j-:.^

^yt

^^ ijy^y

(5)

The

lands

produce

_
"

Ji ^^i X^; ^^'A;

."
. ,.
.

6j
^
.

wlieat, barley, clover,

tard,

mus-

cotton,

sugar-cane,

f'T"
.1

'

^'T"
.1^=^

l3
-

Ji
^i_
,

Indian corn, and millet. The

value of a iarib of sugar-cane
is

1.1^4,^

^'i
,1
,/

^^
-j

.^-^

sometimes as much as 60
*

..-j

rupees.

^^; ^>^

^i.

y^^j

.JUUui; Xa>J _j-S^J

COLLOQDIAT. SENTENCES.

207

(6.)

What
way

sport have you

?

t t iiL <i:i i^^jJ L:

^J

<Xj

(i)

in this district in the

Not much
uST^.'^

of deer, but there

^y^ -^
^j

^_s^y<J^'i'

are lots of birds.

^uail,

There are
chikor,

i^^ ji'^
L^Vy'

^j<

y>-

'<->^^'

partridges,

snipe,

duck,

bustard,

and

L5^^
*

'^yJ^ - ^h"

geese.

^>-0^-JVV"^-l5^
jJ

(7)

I went to shoot in the

jheel.

,1^

i?-*^

s-^'"^
.

^j

''"'^

Shahi

I got six brace

birds

..."
V-

.,

of snipe.

The
and

were
been

^
,
,
i

j,j-

f^
~

very wild,
frightened
cattle.
(8)

had
the

^_^'jo^j.

ji^

u'V*
i

(^"^'j

by

village

*^;JjJ7^.>-J- J^'^y^*;
^
I

v \

saw some geese

also,

^'^i^^i

(^^ '^

'^'^)

but they would not

let

me
,

...,.,
^

:^

come near them.

was cloudy, with
and no sun at
t

The day
slight rain

>

"V--

v
>

>

J^j-^.^jy ^3rj) x^ji

^^'

^^ H
\

all.

"i

-J

-I

(9)

Do you
No,

ever see deer

all

'^^

\^..i^^y^'>Jj^
,
.-.

^*>^
^
-

(0
i

here?

they have

,w

been driven away.

Some-

^*

times urial and markhar are

to be

u^
,

y^;j^

H ^J^ y
^^j

'^y^-. '"^

found in the

hills.

^^j^-:^^

(10)

Take

care

how you
Is there a
for

cross that river.

^
jrT

^^ j^^^
i^
(^i
:

^jc,

3iJ

i.)

ford?

Look out

the

^'^^ -

^^

^^Jyi-jyi

208
quicksands.
is

PUSHTU MANUAL.
Possibly there
sjSjt

_ i} J^
,...

^
.

Ar 5
.

JciS,

a ferry, or a bridge, or a

^
..^

A
,\

boat pulled from

bank

to

^^

--^

vt-'jr..

..*-/^

bank by a
(11)

rope.

Last

year a

flood
river.

fj

Jj^ 5
_

J'l^

u^3j'.

("
jJ^Ji'.

came down
away.
sections

tlie

C^bul

Two water-mills were carried

Three quarters or
of

;_jii

^\j

I-Jitx^

^jxS

^J

J - {JUiy^. {J uJ-H/^
i

the village

XT T, Nowshera

were

A under water.

of

^^
-

-^t

-^

i/

-^

^y >

^'^'^ ^>"^ LS^ i^ ../ - >

^j--

boat with ten boatmen

y^
^^^

<^

^j^ ^J:^^

sank in the whirlpool.

^ ^,^y
...
,,

~i3 ^/jf
^.
,^

,^

(12)

What

is

the condi-

^yof^ ^

u^ji^iH
'

('

""^

tion of crime in

Peshawar?

Very bad indeed. Two constables were wounded one

night outside the
city,

>'
joyi, 8^>

^
>

^'^
t__5l

"ji^
.

J
,

_ ^_^j

.s^^^j
'

and

their arms were taken away.

^y

v^

>.

>/

(13)

Who
yet.
.

were

the
is

of-

^^j
-"

cJ^

fenders?

This matter

not
~

J.<j^^ ^ t

((r)
n
i

Some say it was done by Mohmands;

others say that
act 01 outlaws
it

known

"^

(*->"*

U^3
Jc^s-

^
T

O'^

<-

.^

lti^jJu^
i

JJ^ '--^^
'
- >*

was the

^
j

amongst the
report

s? '

Kuki Khels,

A third

\^^yH

<-^'^v

f J'if"^ "f^

C0I-L()(^UIAI,

SENTENCES.
J
.as^ *j ,0 _ ^wj^'
..

209

lays the

blame on the
Laffhnifin.

Ud

Khels of

.,

^^ ^-ti^ ~
.

TT

(14)

The
It

village

was perto

^K
"

y
.

*j^^
''

aj'

,^ ij
^
^
-'^

JCr>-

f;
,

fectly still as I

went

my

.,..

-.,..

house.

was the hour oi

^
^
J->

"

~
^)

-^

^^^

midnight.
to

As

got close

f^-^}
"-^

'^

'^*^

J<^*^ \^t

Ibrahim Khan's house I

^
'^y

heard a shot fired in the

southern
village-

^
u-rH^

quarter

of

the

y>.

i^

* s>j^]^

(15)

The chaukidars came

fast to

.45 jo

J).
...

,Uj>>/ji> (10)
^
..
,

running

me,

asked

,,..

what had happened.

been broken

They
had
the

^
j

'.

f ^
(_jO

t>^7
''^^

said that Khuaja's house

into.

j;=^

^j Ai

J^

He was
still

rpuFgd and ran, but

^y^ j^i
if

^_/i>

iJ

')'.>

'^'^^
t_5'-^

thieves fired a shot at him.

ij

^'^ 3'

''^'^

L^.O ^'^

(16)

How
?

did the thieves

^l^
>

^l^
(:

They ran into the court-yard, got up by the

escape
stairs to the top of the house,

X
,

^
-J'.

^L ^

(n)
9
^

L/^
<)6'

l5^^'vv
j^
.

'x
'-^

'ju Ja~^^
.
..

j*-^
..

Jjv!
^.,

''^v

then down by the .vine into

the lane,

/ ^
^

and hid in the

^^ ^^ ^
J,,

^
.

'

V^
1
I

210
(17)

PUSHTU MANUAL.
The regiment
will be

^
'^'^

L^^-vs^l^

J--^'t*.

(iv)

inspected

by the General.
muscom-

llie parade will be at 6 a.m.

^^
<^.'.
,

^
'^
"

^'
-

^ " "^^^^
lJ^ v^:*.
^
t

^'
\

'

Be

careful about your

y^'^l*
,,

4^

r:!

^
'

ketry.

Our

march

mences on baturdqy next.

Sr^

'

v'

>

"

(18)

Are

the

tents

all

^j^
i

^Jy^
,

^_s"^^^
;

("")

ready?

What number

of

/
../

mules and camels will be

required?

w >>>-.
^^/^
^"^

>

Three hundred
lour

^j*^
.
\

^'^/j-J^i^-

mules
camels.
(19) will be

and

hundred

\^

Supplies of

all

sorts

(jjo,y&
.

iXJlj

j'^^^Jt
,

jcj

(m)

wanted

at

each stase,
'

especially bhoosa and gram.

"^

'

w
^

>

>

Tell the bunnias to go on and

^<

^>}i)

^'^^-^. - ^^jjlj^i

make
time.

all

arrangements in

..^^^.^^.i, J^j^l

^ J p^
"'
'
'

(20)

Taru is a bad place for

Nowshera, Akora,
are equally so.

i,

y^

thieves.

Jii
-.

..'o
^

(r.)
,

-,/|

and Khyrabad

The chaukidars
on them.

are thieves,

^^^ _ ^d
,

^r^r
i^^lii

"

i_5 ^ "'-r^'^

J
^'
.

-i'

'^'^' r:^-=^

and no trust can be placed

j:}

',.,.

it

^^
Jl
jo ^^J-ji*

^J^^
.loci

J
AJ'j

<.'>&.

COLT,OQaiAI, SENTENCES.

211

LESSON
H.
S.

X.

Pdshtu.

October,

1890.

(1)
is

Who are you? What

What is your

^^ ^ ^J
,

"i

^,

^,L
^
'^

(i)
o
'

your name?

occupation? Are you a landowner, cultivator, or trader?

<fS

^^
j^dj.^

^^

lio^-i-

{^^V

What
year ?

is

your income every

,^3

^ ^_^^^ 3

^^1^^
aj ^r)
.

(2)

am

a cultivator, and
I cultivate

^jL^yj x>^] ^jKj,>~

^

live in Yusufzai.

ten jaribs of land, and give

'

"^
^
_

^-^
1

^'^^*'^

my

landlord one-third of the

j^y'^i ^

"-^.'^^

(Jti^^;' (*j^

produce.

Heisagreattyrant

^^^
all his

^^

and ruins

tenants.

"

^^
*

^^
^

^^
^

^/
i*")

To

(3)

Why

don't you com-

x>
.

.^^ j^
\.

<x.;

aA
/

'^^_5^^
/i
1

plain to

Government against
'"

.1

him?
use?

'What would be the

-^

^/
J
^

"

'^
^ _^-^

He

hah bribed the

ol^^l

yl^lcSAi"^ AAa

chaukidars,

headmen, cha-

^
^
"^

U^^"
J^
'^^

J'o^l^
"
'

^1

prasis, Tahsildar,

and
'

all

are

in his pay.

j'

l/*^

<^Jji ^'^

P J

212
(4)

PT7SHTU MANUAL.

My

lands
I

lie close

to

^i^'ji
^

^
\

^J^ a ^sj
"
i'
\

(*)

the canal.

get the

first

'

supply, but even then

my

>

'^^

>'*

^^^^
^""^
.

^^

crops have failed this year,

x!

J^ J^ /^

f^

k >^
'

^
'

Everyone hates this landlord,

whofattensonhiscu&tivators.

^
'

\^jir^

cJ'

j;j

j^'iijy^j

(5)

Our spring crops

are

^
^'^
_

yo
-^i

u-^^j
\

^^^
"

*.

wheat and barley.

In the
Indian
cotton.
"rf.

autumn

we

have

corn, sugar-cane^

and

H
*

" '^yi

^^

'^^

This land also produces millet,

_ ^^^^^^

mustard, gram, radishes,

^J'^^^ 3^ y^^~' -

^
i^

"^-^v

^^^.

turnips, and carrots.

J^ - ^J^
(")

(6)

The

village lands are

^'

t^^'
\

^;
J
,
"

^_^

both irrigated and unirrigated.

,\t

On

the former we

"

'"'^

pay two rupees a jarib and

a water-tax of four.
latter

^"r^j-^
_

'^

i^. 3j ^3*^/3^^!^^

On

the

^j^^

^;'_^ J
,"
-'

^^^ ^jj^^^
"

we hand over one-tenth

^ Wc!
_
is

of the produce to the owner.

'r^ lt^.
-

v^'^j;
^

The revenue and we ought

not heavy,

/j/^ ^

^Jj^ ^^

^^

to

be rich.

V.

-u-

<)C=-

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
(7)

213

I started last night for

^^ J\^.
\i-i

jj

l|V*
"
"

^^.^^ ^

")
^

Michni.
a lot of

On

the road I met

Mohmands, coming
_
,

^
(Jii'l,

^
<)6"

^^
^.^.'i

J[

-l

with convoys to Peshawar,

j^^i_ ^y^
"

^
'O

There was no ford or bridge

on the Cabul
river.

People

were taken from

bank

to

<^

<^Ji^

^v^.

^i

^"^

- 2j

bank in a boat pulled across

by a rope.
(8)

Whose house

is

that?

j
...

^ j_f J
,
^

,*i'

'vr*-

^xAa

''a)

It is
his

Khuaia's house, where

lie

.,

gj

4V

14^^ <'s>-

(_f

iXi>-'i^

lather led guests,

would never give a piece of

bread to
anyone.
All the

^1^ - *

^^

^'^3'^ <iiy^Jj.
1
1

^
'

,;^

people dislike him very much.

"

-v.

He

is

stout and a miser.

t^'

ji.^

^-o^

^y

<-^

L^yj^

(9)

The

the river.
it?

flood came down At what hour was

^-'^'^

^ ^'^
t>

^^

(0

The people were

just
c:*^'.>^jfii-^i..::^^i-^^iib|Jb

then going to the mosque.

Mahabat Khan's mosque

famous in
all

is

}^ c:^U^

JJJ aJ

Peshawar.

(10)

Can you
?

direct

me

^5^^
'^^ij'^

^^,^_yj

j^^- 3

(,.)

to

Takal

Yes, go straight
road, and take the
("^ J^

down that

l5^

'H

3^

^-

o*

214
first

PUSHTU MANUAL.
turn to the
left.

One

^^

%j^^

<xi'

cJ-^XjS
'

Jjl ^
y

kos farther on you will see

a Avhite building.
to
It belongs
''-'*

^3^^
* ^^I)

^"

^
'j

t''

^^

Fateh Khan.

Ji^ ^Is

^
o
,

^^i-'^

(11) I

took a boat and

^^
.

<xS

^:^jJ
.,
.

j*

o>!^

^^.

(n)

went down the river.

We
^^

had four boatmen and two A flood came down oars.

and broke the rudder.

>
(_^^
^

>.

^^^
i,^-.

^^'^
t

y
^1
.

U^;**"*
.ili

Two

men were drowned.

(12)

What

is

the

name

of

*y ^^
^\
^_
'

^^^

^_5*i
i

(if)
c^

that

iheel?

It belongs to
.

...

'

-.

Shahi

(village)

There are

'^z

snipe, bustard, ducks, geese

^ ^^^

" '^'^

"^^^

'^
,

and swans to be shot

Quail come in
later,

at.

{ji^-j^[,\^)^^.^^^^^j[i^\

and are

"

very scarce now.

Li>r^.^

U^}

'

'

l^V i-^J3 ^J2^

(13) I

had two

shots,

and

^^

^/^
...

^^;*i ;'>
^^
\

('^)
'

missed both birds.

ray fate.

Such is The powder was

are very

n\
'"

^>--

vis

damp.
^^^-

The caps

-j j ^'^^
*

^^''^

u^*^

S-^'f^

^/

^^^1;^ ^j^.^

^^^

COLLOQUIAL SENTiiN'OES.
(14) It

215
^'^
,

was a moonlight
was
still

jos^

s^
...

night.

All

in the
~

^
'

lI*'^ ^"
.
.

village as I
alley.

went along the

is

^il
L*

(^

t
I

Look out! what

?

iXi>-

^j
,

J:

aL

J
,

s.cS*
,

\hat cry
fired.

heard a shot

'.^^AC ^^
The
cry

^-

"

'

(15)

was

in the

<)cj;'.i-

^"
.

K d
"^

'

-z

(lo)

eastern quarter of the village.

^
^
<x.

The chaukidar came running along, and I asked what was

the matter.

^
^1
,

iS^ '^^i.
.

f
-

'^v)

^^^j
^

He

was ereatl
^

alarmed.

(16)

He
The

said

that

.^'sS
,

._.

^
,

^
$.

^i>

(if)

burglary
mitted.

had

been
thieves

comgot

^^
^l5 .o
oj'^

^.-^
_
8

^r^

Srr^
.1

into the courtyard

and dug

J-i

^^

below the foundations.

The

noise alarmed the owner.

v/

'^

ov/ y

^'-u^'

(17)

He

^.

fired a pistol at
It hit

^'Ij

^di

^j

<ri5

(iv)

the thief.
right hand.

him

in the

The

thief ran

U^^

^ H -J}
j^j't

j'^
"
,

o'^'^
"-^
>.

up the

staircase,

ascended

^^^^)
..
.-.

^
.

'^^v
"T

the roof, and jumped into

the lane,
raasjid.

v-

and hid

in

the

t^ ci^Ur^

^o

^d '^^>
*
<io*i

216
(18)

PUSHTU MANUAL.
They asked
the mulla.
AAA4.J &>
.,

JU
.

^^
^
''

(*5
.

He

said that the thief

was a

searcher after

wisdom. They

^"
<^^i^Ji j^-j

-*^
~ ^j

are always giving trouhle.

(*''^*

^i"^

(19)

The deputy Inspector

J^

^1

^b^j j\d%^^3 (m)

came and wanted a bribe of

a

hundred rupees.

Why
To

J ^ ' ^"^^
<)U<3JLo

...

^
^'^'
'^

<^ ^'^^

did he want so

much?

^^Xi>^ s^^ii ^j
# 8

nush up the

case.

Uj

(20)

The

regiment

will

-u^/^/ii^.^
_ ^
i

'^

'^

('')

march to-morrow.
ply ready
at

Get sup-

j^ ^^
*

^-i^
^|^^

every stage.

^^

Warn

the bunnias.

^J

^'i

J^^^-

LESSON
H.
(1)

XI.

S.

Pushtu.
has

Aiml, 1891.
i.L

You

say

there

d^

JiJ^
1

n^ ^\^
->

iS {\)

been no rain.

It has been
SP

'
-

raining and snowing lor the

last three

>

->

months.

How

are

<itjj^ _ t^^j>j

^j^^ ^

\Jj^.

the crops?

s^-0.^^

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.

217

(2)

The chances
mustard,

of wheat,
dal,

^'xc
...

{&s^ ^_jd sj^\) (r)

.

barley,

and

,.

,.

,.

,.

clover, are very good.

Later

^^
-f^
ii

\J
"
.

"-P^^
<S"^
l,..

on there will be Indian corn,

millet,

^'^ ^ LJ^-

^
.

^^ ^

and

cotton.

Of

this

>..>...

we know nothing

at present.

(3)

Who

is

that fat

man ?

((.;j^
,

He is the khan of Hoti.

is

He

"";;

^) *^iy^ ^^ ^
-

^^
,^.
^_yJ

(")

owner of ten

thousand

^
^1

^^

'^'*

jaribs of irrigated

and

fifteen

'

L-^%j^ jj

^j^^

thousand of unirrigated land.

^,

^ ^^^ ^
^,

l^^

(4)

What revenue does he

For lands at the head
five

pay ?

of stream

rupees an acre.

For the other two annas a

jarib.

the word

^\

which

is

equal to

two
(5)

" jarib."

His village
left

is

situated

^J^ ^j,^

^,

on the

bank of the .stream.

J^

(e)

He

has two water-mills, two

218
(6)

PUSHTU MANUATi.
Is there

any sport to
earn e is to

<kj

S .xli,
i

Xw
i/

<!^L
^..

<K"jila

(i)"
^

be

had?
found

What
in

^..

~i

be

Peshawar
;

Snipe, duck, geese

later on

"i_5^
^^i

^5^*
i

' '-5'^*^

'St^jT^
^
v

the quail come

raaira,

in.

In the

^c

bustard

and sand-

"^

grouse are to be found.

^ib^ r ^J'^ u^

b^-"

(7)

What

is

the

name
is

of

^_c5^y

n^L

this village ?

Who
known

the

^ ^d
"^
"
.

:i

(v)
^ ls"*

khan?

Is he
?

for his

o^P

'^^^

'^^^

^^^

^^^

hospitality

^ a:i aii*

i_^/;^

(8) I

want
is

to

go to Taru.

^Jji
.

JU
^.
.

<k1

.^'o
-.

sj
,

(a)

Which
can
I

the road?

How
the

s>

get there?

By

^^^

^'^ ^
C^l)

river, or

by

rail ?

H
aJ

'^-S^'^

''^^.

(*'^

(9)

Why

do you wish to

ii^
"

i
^

^i.

jcliii

(0

go there ?
offences
there.

Because a

lot of

^^.^ ^^.y<jL
^ * ^^'^

j.^ji

jcaU JCr^

have been committed

It is a

bad

village.

J^ J^"^
l5^"
'...

f-."^

'

^.^

(10)

Two nights ago there

It

^
-^

aj>^

Sr^jr^^

^^"^

'^
'

*^
...

was a burglary.
cold
still

was a

^.,..

^.

^
"

^,

^
'

.-.c

night.

A shot was
in that

^
y^i y.
'>^"

heard in the eastern quarter,

k-^'^ JiU-^^^j _
'j^^

The chaukidar ran

direction.

^^^

^s>,
^

J^^j^^.j^ "

,^^\^
.

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
(11)

219
{n)
,
.-.

The khan's house had

;

.^ i^.^^ ^^.^j^=^ S
.>
i

been broken into

hole
wall.

'
"

made

in

the

south

^Jj^'^i,

^
^,y J
^,

T^

The

noise

had roused the

at the thief.

_ 5 j ^Jyi;-

^JT"

master,

who fired

(12)

Who
been

was the thief?

\d tj .
,

^ sj

u/j^ Ji
,

(ir)
i

I can't well say.

He must
alter

.
-^

have

seeker

-^
i

>
^

-'

knowledge.

* ij*

L_^i'Je

(13)

The

man went up
jumped
fled

<jJ

..^

.^
,

iJ^^^j
^

<xj

Jcis ((t~)

the stairs, reached the top

of the

\x-

house,

into

^
*

SP ^
'^

the

lane,

and

to

the

^^y

^_$y>-< ^_J

'-^^'^^ y

mosque.
(14)

The deputy inspector

ci^'.JijJisr
.

^Ijjs^JU

(ii)

came

to

make

the inquiries.

.^mi
''

-i

^
i

He

fs

a very

long-headed
re-

"

yp

-^

fellow.

He

immediately

^J^-^^s^*^

^_ct)

^^-^

(y

ported that the thief came

from across the border.

J-

j^ 3 (Jx

A=^

'^>^j^^

^-^'j

* Sj

^XJ'iU

(15)
this ?

But why did he do

Because
the

once

you

f'^^'^ J <^- jJ^

^

J
r^

'"'

St'^'
<K:>-

^"''^

.x^

^ -m

J^,

bring in

trans-border

220
people,
f erred

PUSHTU MANUAL.
the
case
is

transfile.

J^a:;;o j ^<jJL<i Ijo

,

y
..

^^J^\
/

to the political

^,

(16) In crossing that river

^Jj^^
"

xiob

J^i

J^:>^

(n)

look out for the bridge.

If

there is no bridge'/ examine

*^
Ij

~ -^^
J',s-

'^'^

-^ ^JJi-JJi

the ford or go to the boat,

8.^
.

^^
,.,
"

J J

4_^j
,

aJ

which
to

is

pulled from bank

rope.

bank by a
(17) I rode

^^
<jo

>^

"*

my horse down
I found it

^i'o ^^j-.lc
...

,4,

(iv)

the right bank.

full of quicksand

"'
.

and quag-

'

(*^

***

-^^ ^-^
J ^^U
^
I

mires.
ous.

It

was very danger-

8^ ^s)

^^^ ^
^

^^
ao

'T/i.

(18)

The General

will in-

L^^^r^UJjJ^

Uc

(ia)

spect the regiment to-morrow.

See that everything

all

is

ready,

(^
J

j.a

ajs-

s^y - t^/^r c;*^v

;'

the tents repaired, and

,^_5^-=^
-i^i

i^y
-^
\

- l5^ y;^

i?

the bunnias' accounts settled.

^/^

<^ Jl=
J;s^ fj (m)

(19) for the

The regiment

starts

jo ^=r^

Black Mountainf at

^af "
'

Supplies must be got at every station. Warn the bunnias of this.

6 a.m.

s^-

^^JJ^\^J x3
"^

j^^\ ^^j

cj'*^'^ "

S:!^

>'

"^ '^^J - iJk^J^

%

t The " Black Mountain "is the name given to a transfrontier tract near the Hazara It is di^trict of Peshawar. called "Agror" by the tribeHmen.

(
.>v

<^

rs

xx

COt/LOQUIATi SENTENCES.

221

(20)

A boat full of pilgrims

river.

y'oii-'o^

3
v.

^^
/
^

^
^

(r.)
y

went down the

It

came

to

a whirlpool.

The

''

>

oars and rudders were broken,

"All

^j^

<xlcl^

j_^
f

L-j^^iJ
>

^^
\

the

men were drowned.

..

\^'

LESSON
H.
(1)

XII.

S.

Pushtu.

October, 1891.

Take the

recruits to

^^s: <ks^

xj

^.Ij.^J.
\

(i)
\

the range at 5 o'clock and

have everything ready there.

^ ^-^ T' ^
Jo

j.

Jj-

^J'
\/

Take down with you ten

founds for each man.

i^^^
\~

j3i

^
\

^S
\

.'uo'

ajibb

"

"

(2)

Subadar, I have sent

J;he

id
,

Lj^s^'wc
^.
-^

.'joas

(p)

for

you about
riflys.

theft of

these

suspect that
enlisted last

TT^o u?
s^

^p

man who was

week.

^^

<xii

^ib ^ /~
'
\

^_^
4

222
(3)

PUSHTU MANUAT,.
I

have made inquiries

.1

8iS

and have found out that his

uncle,

well-known

bad

character,

was
;

in the city

yesterday

but I do not be-

lieve the rifles hav/j crossed

the border yet.

COLLOQUlAIi SENTENCES.
I

22H
'>^ (''^

(7)

have

heard that

^ji

-'-^.n'
i

there are plenty of chikoor

i^^|..'

..,

and Wack partridge

-markhor come

there,

^^^ ^'^/'

^^'^

''"^^

^\f^^
<0 *~
i

and that occasionally some

'^^y^

^^

^
<ti

^K
'

^'

the

hills.

down from The truth is you

to come.

'

^''*^>'

CI

"^
Aj

^V-^'-^' >'
jj"

-^-'^
l^i

don't

want me

^^^^

jc>.

jsj

js^
ifJ
<)Cr-

i^Mj

iJ

S wj

it)

(8)

am

willing myself
all

^
^

gj j^,^^^
^'

^a^ t^

(^)

to take yon

over the
T^^^^*

country and be responsible

for

^^
.Lu j
!

''^^
w>

/i

'^^^ '^

your safety.
Malik, this
is

^
a bad
If

*i<L J

(9)

^j

Ij

cXi.< (0
i

business about this raid.

^
i

you can

keep your people

'^^

in order.

Government

will
"

jj

^'i
^

j^j

j^^
.

,jj^
,

aV
..i

have
.to

to take other

measures

^
-^

atop their raiding.

Ee-

^-^
--

^''^

lt^"^

member, until

this is satis-

^S J
'
--

{^s--

factorily settled, the tribal

allowances as well as your

&L Jo ^^'^ ... ^ " ^

,
,

own

are stopped.

i_5-^^ ij^

H ^f^

s/*^

(10)

Sahib,

what can

a_5.

\,\

\^^^\.^
/
i

(i.)
.^
r (

do?

They won't obey me

.-.

224
The
best

PUSHTU MANUAT,.
way
is

to

make
in

^li
.

Ij

J^
^

d^,

^
"

J^

reprisals

on them when they

v
>

bring their families

the winter.

down

^-^

- ^

c_5:j

J;-^|;

(_^^

l5^

l-^

(11) Raiders

may

try and

sjj
'

d..xJ:^
..

^
.

cU.?
ti

(ii)
t
'
i

drive off the cattle to-night.

Try and arrange an ambush

for them.

^^
)

>^^"

^
'^.^

S?/

>

*
(

J-^^

^ J3 j'^

ij^:^^

(12)

This year the locusts

to

^^
\^'
'

3
\-

^s^ J^
<
^
i-

('O
.

did

much damage

the

fruit trees, especially to the

^
^1

orange, peach, and pear trees,

(.4^^ J

yo

J^i oKii>i

and

also to the wild grapes,

The wheat and barley

escaped.

j^^
crop

^^
1-

^
^1

-Tf^' J

^
<>^
.

y^ ^^^^)
^
:^

J - ^jL, j

(13)

This

is

the

third

5 ^JxJ ^^K
.

fj
^

(ir)

murder in that
to

village due

this

blood-feud.

This

^^
^j^

(^^'^
'j>j

'^r^H''^^^'
'^^

one was committed in broad

daylight.
for a
It is a clear case
fine

^^

1^

^j
_

^
,.
'^r:

^_J^^

heavy

on the whole

^i^' ,^^
'^^

^-^
^

village.

^1}

i^ Jy

jl

COLLOQ,[TIAL SENTENCES.

225
JcAa
.

(14)

Was

no clue

dis-

jtUU*
''?-

^^
^

<o

(ii*)
'-

covered in

tliat last

case ?

/ ^

(15) Well,
tvas

Sahib,
;

there

j_^jjji'vi
"^

U^ Id-^^-U
^

(lo)
.

no evidence

but one of
r

the villagers absconded the

"^-^ -S^
'V-^^^ j
\
I

-^

-^
''y**'

-'

same night, so no doubt he

is guilty.

J
/

''^r*"
.

^^
-7

'^

LESSON
H.
(1)

XIII.
April, 1892.

S.

Pushtu.

Who
is

is

that

man?
Where

?^^ '^ oi^

(^
'
i

*^^
<;>

^'^ ^
^

What
is

he doing ?

/-

does he come from ?

his occupation ?

What

'^^

C^^
.

>^
^_5J

^cO ^^

(.--^*>*^

(2)

His name
is

is

Ahmad.

^^

i\a--i

^
/, '

(r)

By He

trade he

a fisherman.

^><...

^^

-i

<

lives at Tangi,

and is the
,

^
*

>-'

owner of one boat.

^^J ij;^

^^-^

y KS^y
'^

^
^'^j"

(3)

He catches fish

in the

^"^^

'^ H ^l^^
,.'^. 5^.1

(^'

Swat river. These he brings

^;

226

PUSHTU MANUAL.
_

to sell in the city of Pesha-

LSxi\
^
i

^jV:*^

A^y*"
^

'^

^^
,
ly

war.

His trade

is flourisli-

mg.
^(_> ;

T^

iiUj)

(4)
is

Where is Ab-xzai?

It

^5

^
'^
-?^-

^p\
J*^
'^

(^)

about 30 miles from Peshacity.

war

The Swat canal

lot of coolies

^^
^i^
aJ
''^-

LT/^-^
^.

>'^^::
,

commences in that quarter,

In 1876 a
were

ci.?!..^

3 _ 3

killed there.

"

^.^

V^ ^

^^'^

(5)

What

occurred then

,is.j

Sy:
c
\

A^
~\

'jo

(c)

The Sarkar
punish the

sent troops to
\
\

T"^

"

Utman Khels
(^;Aj

The Guides seized Sapri. Sap The Utman Khels had to

pay a
fine of

5000 rupees

'^^^ - J^^'j ^^^:^

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
(7j

227
u-l^
..
,

I had
snipe,

my gun,
six

and got

sj jtir^!^
.

^^.^
.

("')
"9
.

five

ducks, and
^

three geese.

The cattle were

inthejheel, and they fright'

^ S?^ -^ ~ '^ ^ ^j JU - ^jUU;j ^Jaj ^.J J ^

'

ened the birds.

l

..,

,.

(8)

What

season of the

^o>^ r^5^ (y U^^'

,

(*^

year
it

is it ?

In two months

..

^ >

will be spring.

will

then be

in.

The quail Have your

v^-"

^^J
"

^.

i^jj^ ^"^

call birds ready.

^
^^

^^^. ^^^
c^
.

(9)

What

grows

here?

t^jJ^
'J^^

^
.

^
(1)
, .

j;1L!j

Barley,

wheat,

mustard.

The bustard
of mustard.

are very fond

- -^

~ ^j*^
<*:-;

^
.j-

..

- \,^.ji

In the autumn

^c
"

^^^^ ji^
^

f^j^

we

have sugar-cane.

^
7

j^

^
1

(10)

What land have you

of irrigated,

^ ^:
! ..
>
''

c.^',

a^
''

(1.)

got?

Ten jaribs

andfifty of unirrigated land.

^"^^

-^

^/

'

-^^"^

The

irrigated land I plough

.i"

<Kljksr,

>;

^
.

'

^^ ^^
.

myself, but the other I give

to cultivators.

.1

T-^^-'

-^^
j^j'*'

"

^^

(11) I

pay 'Government

[^H*; sj^ ^
^^^
"'

^'''
t)

ten rupees a year for

irrigated
lands.

my

^,

/
^

^,T_^
^''

^
^

This as

J^

'

revenue; and two rupees a

year revenue for the rest.

^^"^

^y

iji^

Jo J
^t

\^,ij
(

Q 3

228
(12)

PUSHTU MANUAL.

Has

there been any

little,

S^j
-'s-,.

^^.i,

^^l.'j

^i
t

(tp)

rain?

Yes, but very

lie

'

My

^
lands
close to
tlie
'^

/
*>'

^r ^
^
.^

" / ^"^

^^

^*

canal.

On

this

account I

^^

^i

i_^(J

u/'^"^'
-

manage very

well.

(13) This is a bad village.

It is famous for thieves.

^^S

^K

J^li
j"

o J
I

(ir)

Last
'
-f

-.O

year a hundred cases were

^'^

-^

committed here.
were proved.

Only ten

aj^'ij^lj
t

^-Sj^t
.
.

^
,

j^-

u^irt
.

ii

(-

(14)

How was this? The

They have
the
border.
iriends

S (<x^i^
..,
!-.

'^i

y
^j^
^

J^
J
*^

''i
i/\

('t^)

lumbardars keep a number of

thieves.

^.

^"
j^iJi^

Ss^'

across

These

x>

^d S J
.
. i

come and commit

offences.

-^

15)

What

follows then

JU
diXA*

^^_^

,J^->'

^
'.

'J^

;i v

'

o)

The property is taken to Akhor and kept there. Other men are charged, who escape. The police all take bribes.

.1

^*i.

'J

^
^

...

^il=m

..o
i

A.;

.
i

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
(46) Last night,

229
xs>-

when

all

Sj

^j

a:..i,

'.^ (n)

was

still,

a burglary

was

committed in Ahmad's house.

He

complained against his

In truth the
'^^

enemy Akbar.
thief

was a searcher

after

'^V

r'-

;^

knowledge.

(17)

The

thief got

into

the

court-yard.

He

broke

The noise roused The man then the owner. fled to the mosque which
the door.
lies in

the eastern quarter

of the village.

(18)

Have
Yes,

any

orders
j:>

been received for the regi,me:at ?

it

'jut

_ ^
t)
* 3'

? aJ Jc^ t_c J ^_^lil^

will

be

inspected

to-morrow,

and

X*^Ki>-

i^*- J
'^"

march on Friday

for Cherat.
'

^J i ^/

^!r^

^-

VJ

'^v

(19) -Ask

the

quartertents

master to ha^e the

repaired,

and warn

tjie

bunja>

nias to have supplies ready

at every

x>

c<s^

-ij

t^i

J^'i-^

^^

stage.

The milk
o-ood.

must be fresh and

^}

J-^'^

^J
i^iii

^ ^''

5lfJ

230
(20)

PUSHTU MANUAti.

On

arrival at

Taru
have

J
~
^l..;

15^;^
"

^
^

}j^

^
^
jSiX;!^
,

(")'
.
.

warn the
men.

police

and head-

They

must

^ -^
,

L/"^^
i6

chaukidars round the camp,

Sentries should be watchful

<J^ t_cO ^
,

^ia
,

and on the

alert.

"

uy

>

^>V

J1J.J

LESSON XIV.
H.
S.

Pushtu.

Octoher, 1892.

(1)

I want to see Toru.

Ij

_
-

The

village lies close to the

^^^ Ju>>J ....

-

^^y
^
.,

(1)

Kalpani

ravine.

Do you

^
r*^**

^^

-^

^
^'^'
I.

know the place?

(2)
is

^ i_?'

^ j'^ ^'^
1^

Yes, I do.

The khan

_ ^^S ^^.^

Ai'

_ y&

(r)

named Mahabat khan. He

is

,li^.>

has a brother and two sons.

He

famous

for his hospi-

^-^^j

^J ^A y jiji yj

^..

(3)

He

has

two

guest

places,
all

and a mosque, where

^i

^j^ J
"

^^^^

ir)

the people come to say

^^JT

O^i^ ^^,

^^- <j:^^a^

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
prayers

231
Xj

on
a

Friday.
friend

His
of

jj

^Ks-''^

.^

<l*.-o^

mulla

is

the

1.

Manki mulla.

J/^

(4)

What

lands has

the

khan got?

Two thousand
and one
c^'l.^.c

jaribs of unirrigated

thousand of irrigated lands,

- -

i-?'^
Z

^_c^'

^J

y^.

The Swat

river canal flows

,^..

"

\\\

232
(8)

PUSHTU MANUAL.

What

are those hills?

^j*
^.
*

jj,^ ^^^
. ,

<tOi
..

(^'^

People call them the Pajja

mountains.

Beyond this lies

~ '^^

^^^

^ "^
&j
aC

J^

the Bimer country.

Ali

Hashim

iJS^k jjS^ j li
Xujfc

o.J

Khan

is there.

^^

*^ Jt

y^.;

3I

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
(J2)

233

Does

he
Yes,

like
lie

imsays

^j
....

u*'j^ tj
,,"

"^
^

("*)
f/i-.

prisonment ?

the supermtendent is very

kind,
*

^
,^->
,

-'

and he obtains
free.

his

,j-^.j^< j-.'^

'^'^^j^.

*-'"^

medicine and food

jailor

The

has a tender regard

'^i^j

V ^I'i^

;'

^/''^

for thieves.

^J^^.Ji^ y-^

^'^ij'^ - (^*^*

(13)

Sometimes a

thief

^
[**"

<xi.,'j

Jx
''

.3^^

^
i

(ir)

tellsthe jailor/' I willbe free

to-morrow and return in ten

days; keep

^
,

J
aj
..

^1

my corner

ready

Jl I.Uj
,

^
,,.

yJ^

ur:?. j'
,^

forme."

^x

(14) It
villaoe.

was

all still in

the

.&

jlis.^J!L
i,

All the people and

L/^l5''^ ^
,

^
''^v

'

^^
,

dogs were sleeping.

shot
*
j:/i

'^

'

>c'-

^
(^

was

fired

in

the southern

ai j j,)

,^>^ J-:M^

quarter of the village.

(15),

The chaukidar came

along.,the alley.

d Xj
,

a^S

au
,

Jiss^^
^j,
j-

(
i

o)
-r.

running

He

saw a man standing near the

mosque.

y
'^
.

w
/"

>

Hearing steps this

towards the river.

:Ojl;j'^
.

''^ - '^Jj^j

'"^^^
f

man

fled

234
(16)

PUSHTU MANUAL.
Being a moonliglit

^
'',

^1

sf
t

t-<j^ (n)/
\J>

night, tlie

man jumped

into

a boat, seized the oar, and

in this

v"

>'>^

^"
*

way reached
^

the

'^^yljyi

cJ^

<-;^'^

y^.")

other bank.
(

17)

The

regiment, will be

l^^s-'.a5
^

J.jJ^
-^^

a;j

'ju?

v)

inspected to-morrow by the

general. See that everything
is

^
>
'

'^

H^^ ^
t^^

<<

"
i

ready.

^ -rP
(u)

-^

(18)

The regiment goes

^4,^ _j^o
.
..

j:j

<icj

i^j;;).^

by Taru, Nowshera, Akora,

Tt
'

T
>-^^

7i'

toKhyrabad. Supplies must

be ready at every stage.

*^

^"
i? '^'^

* <^^

j-^ "^j

yjij^
^'""^

Have all tents quickly repaired. The bunnias must Ten lav in food of all sorts.
(19)

H
H
^

jj
^,

^^^ ^^
^,^^^
"
'

^j ^^^^ 1^
"
'

"

seers of milk are

wanted

at

- i^j^

^^

\jf^
^ji^

^y'

each stage.

j^^ ^^^

^
.,

jli^V

(20)

The force has crossed

It has taken seven

^^^^^
,

tXLj^

^ xf
^^
"^^

^'"'^

the river.

^1

\''

day's cooked food.

is great,

The heat
is little
-

^^ ^
^^

^-

^.

and there

i^j^

^^
^|

U"*"

'^

i^

water in the country.

^ ^^^ ^

,; ^^-^

^^ j
^*^

iJ^

^J

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.

235

LESSON XV.
H.

S.

Pushtu.
is

April, 1893.

(1)

The new settlement

Peshawar.

j^^-^. '^^^-v^^'^Jo
,

^yi
...

(i)
^

to begin in

Yes,
first

I hear so.

What is
?

the

'

^^

'

"^^

V^""
(V-J
'

^^
ls

thing to be done

^^?^ ^^ ^ ur ~

(2)

All the village lands

f^

^J^J
^

^!^J ^J^
*i "
' i

3
c

(r)

must be carefully surveyed.

Every

field,

ravine, hillock,

>

^
.-.

"

'

and boundary noted.

The

y
'"

o"-^-^ ~
t
. ,

J^
"'

" l5*v ^. j^
'^,!
\

village accountant should be

>!

a good man.

(3)

How

is

the revenue
fixed ?

calculated and

At
and

^JJ<i^.,^ ""
.

dXL
^

j;JU
,
"

(r)

^
><"

one, rate on irrigated

^"

'

>^
'*:'.

another on unirrigated lands.

t_^^ - J^

^'*^
'"^.J

^'

T-y
i^j3

Those

fields at

the head of

the cut are charged most

<Uj ij

<<-; ^-'

J yy

^-^

^..

^j^^
(^)

(4)

How

is

the boundary

^^ ^,^ ^
^
^'J'

^l. ^j^

fixed towards the Indepen-

dent border? There has been

y^^

^
^^

W/^^J-^*

no regular arrangement. All

this

^.1^. ^^\^

,,^;^

has led
for

to

incessant

quarrels

over

twenty

s>i^

j*''^"

^"^

lj-'!;

236
years.

PUSHTU MANUAL.
Something must be

done now.

(5)

Yesterday I went out

I got to the river,
find

shooting.

but

could

no

ford.

Luckily there was a boat,

with one oar and a broken
rudder.
I

got in and floated

down

stream.

1*^'*'

J^

^J^

(6)

duck rose up on
bank,

80

S^

^J^

^^^
84^

J
<)i"

(l)

the right
shot.

which

I _ Aa^^o . ^
i)C5.

.i

()uu

I missed

two snipe on

the

left

bank.
too

flock of

geese

were
to

far

away.

Owing

bad luck I secured

merely four birds.

(7)

Why

is

sport so bad

this year ?
little,

The
all

rain

was

and now

the jheels
birds are

are dry, and the

leaving for Kussian territory.

They have a long journey

before them.

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
(^)

237
^e^J ^j~j'
"
.

The

fields are

now full
:

^1
,

wio.^l
.

aJ

('^)

of barley and

wheat
all

the

^
^

sugar-cane has

been cut.
in.

-'

Sr-

-^
k-^*^
,,

The
'

quail

are

coming

\^jx^ (_

<J,y^
,,

Sr^X^^/v
.

Send out the

call birds.

You
r-

^t

should get sixty birds in the

fields.

>'J^\'-r>J

^. >

In the autumn they

^'^^ t^^

y^.i

i^jyi

y^^
Jo^

are found in cotton.

(9)

There was a hue and

All was

jjy:

^i^
,

cry in the village.

still.

..

^ ,.."'
K
^.:;

(0

It

came

from

the

'^
Ai.^>

^
a.>

^^^^

-T
&; <xi

-^
<jcj'

western quarter.

The chau-

j'-^ji"^ _
]

kidar ran along the lane and

said a burglary had been
'

^
;

^
:^

^^
j'^'^

(
~

"

committed in

Hoti.

The
fired

^^j-^

l/^^
sj

u^ ^^y^ H
,^. jj^

khan was roused and

,his .pistol at

them.

^^

(10)

Has

the

regiment

^c,UJol;^^ <xl^
<.
.

^A;;3.j (i .)

finishedits annual musketry?

^
"

,..,,/'

No, two days remain, when

the general will inspect them.
Tell
tiie

lads to shodt well

the credit of the corps de-

pends on them.
lads, the

Well done,

regiment will head

238
the
list.

PUSHTO MANUAL.

You

shall

have

j;.,

^'JL.
^
,

,^UCl;
''\
. ,

j^A^Jl.-

your two months' furlough

after the parade.

LESSON XVI.
H.
(1)

S.

Pushtu.

Odobn-, 1893. _

am going
to

out shootTell

iug

to-morrow.
be

the
at

^
^.^

jJ
;

,1^

^
'

'ju?
.

(i)
..

Shikari

present

^''^
''

-'

^>'
5;:;^'^

Nisatta, with

six coolies, at

i^ji

iy^

v-'';^'^*

'^

7 o'clock in the morning.

Is
?

-i

there a ford there, or ferry

^ij^^ ^;^6'
^"^

What
At

sport

may

I expect?

^.
.

j^-^
c

j'^^
^.
'

^
<;
'

lS^^"_ff
i,.

this

season

duck and
in

t
"

>

geese are
river,

plentiful

the
^'-''-^

and snipe are

to be

^'^
,

H ^5^
^^i

')

J^:^^

had

in the jheel close by.

^^ ^<j^
"

You may

find

some bustard
fields.

too in the mustard

Li^l'

^
^>

^^ ^^^
'^

H i^^ U^
_?*-:

JO J

t/j-^ '^

^>'-;*

^p-*^*

^'

(**

J^-

240

PUSHTU MANUAL.

dently enmity at the bottom

of this,

and the

village

must

be fined.
(4)

The

regiment

will

march next month for EawalPindi.

How many men are on leave ? How long has Jan

absent withit is fifth

Mohamad been
out leave?
day.

To-day

It is said that

he

is

suspected of murder in his

village

and therefore cannot

return.

(5)

There has been a great

of cholera this
year.

deal

The men should be warned

to drink river water,

which
j-J
J

is clearer than that in the

wells.

Be

careful too that

Lp

the supplies at each stage

are quite fresh.

At Akora

the

men must
rifles,

be careful of

their

as several thefts

have occurred there.

cor.roQUiAi, sentences.

241
o-^ ^
(l)

(^)

What

is

the revenue
Is the land
?

<^^

.0.1'.,:

J^

of this village ?
irrigated or not

Much

of

the land
'the

is rice

land.

Since

Swat canal was opened

'
>

both rice and sugar-cane have

been cultivated
extent, but

to a great
is

the country

much more unhealthy than

it

was formerly.

(7). Are

there no hospitals?

j;jl-io

xiSSx^jJn

c<L

(v)

Yes, there are two, and the

L_^.%2-'.Ar
,:ji''s)

J jcJ S.J

.JD

doctor sahib

is

very kind to

the

patients,

who

receive

food and clothing free from

Government.

(8)

What

fresh

news
?

is

;'J

..

.1

there to-day from Swat

is

It
1,

o
cJ

i.

said that, owing to faction

feeling

and

figliting

among
is

themselves, the country

being ruined.
not go that

Travellers do
all

U">

>t)'0_^

-.'

way now,

the

roads being unsafe.

242
(9) I

PUSHTU MANUA1-.
hear a great deal of
jj
,

J,.*^ ^J
.

<xr^-

>^I

s;
..

(i)

salt

o'oes

from

Cabul

to

T^T
''
*

iTT"
'

'

Peshbolak in the Jalalabad

district.

^
(Jj^
,^y

^
,
<?
.

'

'
(<

Are there no
carried?

saltis

f;'.

- ^^^^
c

<xxj-s)

s^^J ^JjJ

mines in Cabul?
the
salt

How

,.

Chiefly

by Powindahs on camels, but

donkeys and mules are also
used in great number

^J^'^H J^^
x^
'

Sr^ij
v;'>

''^^**'

,^C~:^

;'

by
'^'^

Khattak

carriers.

ij"^

j'

-?/"

'^

((>^^^)

(10) Select

two sharp men

visit

{^^^ *
~

k-^j^ ^jf^ ^3^

,

(' '^

from your regiment to

the

Kagan

valley.

They
tlie

j^ ^ ^^ ^,
'

^ ^j^.
'

must report carefully on

state of the road,
cia^ly

'^
.

u>,^

^s

^ Jo'o

^ia>

^^ J ^
3

and espeof

jj^
^

on

the

number

^
^^

^
.\

J^
.K
"'
''^

villages

and

the

supplies

s/'^'^

Ic.^^
y

^^^j.

'^'
c jJ>
'^

ylhich can be obtained from

tl/em.

d^
.

How

far is Chillas

from Balakot?
fighting

How many

<d^ J

^
^

>

'^^

men can the neigh^

^l:^ ^

^^i^^^^-^.
..

bouring tribes turn out?

JLo

^^

ixi.<;'j'

(^^t^^^^ o)

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.

24'^

LESSON
H.
S.

XVII.
April, 1894.

Pushtu.

(1)
is

What day of the month

It is the sixteenth.
well,

Jokj*^

^jLi'^^ i ^'
^

(i)
^

it?

Very

I shall go out
*

"

'*

shooting on the twentieth.

Tell
at

^
'

j^y
-t

^^ ^
"'

j^

<o

Jvi,
,

my

bearer to wake
if

seven exactly,
asleep then
;

me am
tell

'-

'
,^

'^^

still

and

c:^i>^
3b

^iay
jl

^j

<)C3

^_^^ ^^>^
.vj^t

the Shikari I shall want two

fowls, twelve eggs, half a seer

^jK^

|^_

^^^,
f'.l'j

of ghee, some butter, and ten

b'^
jj^nj

^ ^J) ^ jj;^'v
^.

^j

and a half seers of atta on

ray arrival at Baboozai.

(*^

U^j'

^
J^
.

''^ '^^ -

t_>J^'

^h'^
4-

^-

^^y j-^

^) Last time

I shot at

a;]

;o'j
-v

.^;

J^
^
.

;:^j
.,

(i*)

Baboozai, I shot a markhar,

three black partridges, a hare,
four chikoors, and would per-

/
>
;

^^

'

^^

^.

[*J

^^^jji^^^
i

^.y^ ^^. -

ij%j^

haps have shgt some duck,

but

%
'

my

cartridges were be-

'

"(*

'

't?^

^
^^
\

^"^^^C
i_5^.-j

ginning to get wet and would

not go
off.

i6^-^yaj<^
f>
\ \

^
i''

.:

244
(3)

PUSHTU MANUAL.
Are yon keeping the
All true

^ ^yi
^^^
t>

^.xi

x^ ^^^ nj^
''^'
,

(r),

last or not ?

Mu"'

.,.,(
^
(V'^^i;

hammadans should keep the

fast

"

and pray five times daily.

if

ls^3 ^
.

t3>*
....

*'^=^- ^^
.

Come with me
Last
before

you can.
the

,.

Is the border quite quiet?

^^ '^
l^^l

&^
,

>>

' '^'^

O"^'
%jm

year

and

year

,^yJi ^li s^j>^ a^ .

ifJL\j

several
in
111

raids

took

place
nlflp.fi

thfi the

ant.nmn and autumn

J^

^'
j'

S^^.:^

winter.

^^

u>**^

^j

^^ H
i^
,

tJ

(4)

When

going to Mar-

jy ^^

jJ

Jidj^
.

(h=)

dan you cross the Kalpanni

stream.

~^~v
..

Be careful you cross

;

->^v>v
-

v_?>
i.^

>*

by the ford
the water
is

in other places

j^y f^
c

^^j^_Jyi^
.
(

^
c

-iS
i

is

very deep.

I^
"

,\

cloudy and cold to-day,

will probably fall

-T-

tt"

and snow

'^^

^Jf^..

'^^

^-j}

e.'-*

s^'^

in the hills.

The

steep cliff
is

^ ^^^l (^ ^^
"

^^1)'
'

north of the village

in
so

independent

territory}

do not go there without an

escort from the village.

j;,

S^^ ^^ ^ (-^iaj'
"

'^^

^f/;; ^ t^''^yj>
^K 3

^ ,^

^^ J

ixl

^-Ji ^jjJ iih. -yc

(5)

My uncle's

house was

^^^^^S
''

ySl^
'^^
-?

(e)

broken into

last night,

and

some cash and jewels were

'^^^'J

t-^'^^'*'

^^

^T^

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
stolen.

245
_ Jji iU
'i

A thief was arrested

your

a.;

^i>
^^

Ji;

y>
'^,.

<Kj

Jl^
"!

onthespot. Bring himbefore

.,

i.

me.

I do not believe

^r

'

"

"

<Jy^' '^'^
a:.>'^uj <jd.l.

evidence.

The complainant
Sahib, he
lalsely,

-^O^xj
-

.^lj^^j,-jjb'Ji
^
|..

has blamed you.

accuses

me

owing

to
''^-;

'^^

>^

an old enmity.

^^^^

i_?

jj ^^^j

J L_.o-

.c

* S:^/

^-'^'v 4'>'^'^

Av^
''

-^

r"

(6)

The
at

regiment
nine

will

^.
""
"

^>

H lt^
.''

^ u^
<f

('')

march
There

to-nieht.

^
"'

will be a night attack

on Sapri.

Take some spare

e;y
^__,j

" \J^)

^ *^ l5^ '^ ^^

mules for the ammunition,

as the road is very difficult.

j
=^-^

^^J
.

J-^^
..

^y^.

There

is

no smoke, nor are

'^

-^1/

-^f..^

^^
<?^
^^'
'"^

the dogs barking, so I expect the village has been aban-

^! ^j^
'^ ^
'^^
,

<tj

^Uli ^^J
T^*^

doned by the tribesmen.

if

sT
-

'

^^' '^
-

..

(7)

There

is

a great deal
year,

'uJj^lj
,

ssy^j

Jl^ y^
"

(v)
1

of sickness this

and
'

-'z

'

cholera

will

most

likely

>

^
\

'

spread to
careful

Peshawar.
are

Be
kept

^y'x^) X:^^yi

^i.^i.^ ^.y}

the lines

/
1

/| v

quite clean, and give order

"*^
y.

-^

thatno unripe peaches, water

i^-'?'^^*-'^

i.j^^^a^

J^ *^

246
melons or other
allowed to
sepoys.
(8)

PUSHTU
fruits

iMANUAr,.

are

yljjt'a^

jc.-

t)

i^^-*
.

i_5'
.

y
.,

be sold to the
^'

"

^
('^
.

chestnut mare was

jjo
.

s^
,

<3^i^ ^
.,
,,
.

^
t
'

stolen

last night

from the

>.

'

cantonments.
thieves
are

Kuki Khel
suspected.

S:^^

If

^^ ..
I

^L
'

\j

^^
i^

'^^.
-

"j^

^^
j,.
-^^

trace of the stolen property

can be found, the tribe will

be heavily fined.

^ ^ ^ ^ ^
-^

S5^
*

j^

J ^J"^

^J

"

LESSON
H.
S.

XVIII.
October, 1894.

Pushtu.

(1)

Have you

ever
?

filed

a suit against anyone

How
the

do you act?
petition

I go to

^fr ^^' j^ j ^^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^3 ^y ^

^jiJ'o
'>^

^i

<^

-^

'

-^

"

writer;

he brings

V
^i^,

V/
_

-^^
(J

M-)^"

^'^0
-^^
'
'^

out some stamped paper and

writes

^
Uj

jj

/jJ
t

my name
pay
him,

on

it

I
-J

then

and

give

^^jj.

"'V\
3 J
^
:

f*^'^

the petition into the Court

^^
,

j 15^!;
\
^

tJ

^y

which has power to hear

\^

my

case.

fJ >^

/^

S:?y>

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
(^)

247
j
(r)

The reader of tlie court

'v.^ .ljAlLi.j ^^ ,s/

.,
'5-

examines

my
the
is

paper

then

,,

^
Sr^yj

pay
day

for

process -fees.
sent for on a
^_^y.

V
*-:

^^ -

Defendant
fixed.

^li'dX*
.,

^^.

We

both appear
the

.
\

with

our

witnesses;

/'' V.^^^''"

'"'^ t>"S:>V>'^*
-ij^^

case is heard

and decided,
suits last

y'^i^-^ yo^^-ai- j

!$j^j

Sometimes these
for years.

(3)

in

What troops are there this station ? Two resri-

^ ^ o^^ V o
^
.

^ '^i
.

('^)

I'

\
-J

ments of European cavalry and two companies of sappers

' l5'"^>'

"^^

^.-^

(*>-

_ 'JLyc,iu j

dA-Ki"
>_3

!$.t) .1

^>'-^^

and miners.

There will be
* i^jS

a grand parade to-morrow.

The General
'

will

inspect

<Xj

thein.
^""^

(4) so

Why
?

is

the General

"'

^'^

'-r-^^''-^^>
J'T^^
V*^*^
. ..

particular

about

these

?
,

y^S
^
"'-...

J.cJc'.3

parades
frontier

We

are near the

^

and must always be

fight.

^"

''

"

^
i!^ ^^li

^
(..^

^^

ready for a

The men The

(-L^is-

Jd^
-

^Xa

are daily at musketry.

men
they
fired

are repeatedly told that

,^^

j^^^
'

_^^,

j^
^-

must
at.

hit

the
the

thing

^l^y L}^ji'^

^ ^*^ ^, ^^^

\J)
^.j

^r^
*

If

soldiers

^^

^ ^J

248

PUSHTU MANUAL.
J-J^^^
.

cannot shoot well, they are

^^) ^^^ ^^^J^

no good.

,^

^diJ
(5)

Who

is

th^t
?

man

aI.j J
j"'
.

<x

.'

As^

j_^^ acia
^
'

(o
.

coming along running

is

He
the

the

chaukidar

of

village.

AVhat

is

he coming
affair

^
^,
-

^^
^j

^.^i^jii^

^ i^d -^^
<ki^y> X)
iiJjJ

here for ?

Some

must
j^-yjj ^^aJ..< JCxil

have taken place in his

lage,

vil-

and he has come to

This
is

^J^\;

ij\0
.,..

i^;^^j
,

jl

4_^.

reportit.
station.

the police-

_^3
^^

^ ,^_
'

he says.
fhair
is

Come and hear what The man on that

^^
"

the deputy-inspector,

^)^ ^^^s^

-xAa <t>.

^j^^

s^
jJct

^^^^

jo.

^ ^^
k^)
^

(6)

Well,

Ahmad Khan,
Last night at

A^

'

Q^
'

J^>^'
;,

(i)'

^vllat is it?

11

p.m.

was going

my

^^^^^
'"'

^^^
-

,^

^;, ^^^
\
^j

rounds. It was dark, as clouds

^f^
^|
i^

^
^^

<::^^

!^,

J*^
sT

were overhead and rain was

falling.

^
^

^
.

A^
*"

I heard a cry in the

east quarter of the village.

^
A^i
'

'=^j^
i!^]^
.

^
\\

\/

"

^ *

j^

I ran there, and learnt this

account.

^>j^\^

ji.

^
\

t^AXi*
\-

Jamal Khan was

and was
in

sitting on his cot,

J^

^ ^C

t ^^

gtabbed

by

dagger

ic>"-''^'l;^^ Jrp-'^.- (j'^

J-'^

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
the^

249

stomach.

Please come

quickly.

(7)

What

are those
are

men

doing?

They

looking

at the lands of the village

of Jamal Garhi.
object ?

With what
settle-

^j/l^J ^Ji^'-'^'^^'y*^ X^ A^ J <J^

>.i\AJ
^'

Because the

J AjJ',
J-.

ment

is

about to commence.
it

j^ L5^"^^ t^r"
*
JSJ JoOUw 8

The revenue on
light.
(8)

is

very

y.^

what

Can you tell me in way this is done ?

settlement officer
first

^^

^^

^^^j
^J>.:

(-)

The

of all finds everything re-

garding the village lands

these

may
;

consist of hills

and lands that can never be

cultivated

some
;

depend

entirely on rain

and a few

ar* irrigated
a
separate

fields.

He fixes
on
each.

rate

Therevenueis collected halfyearly by the headmen, and

cOJU -\^y^ ^ji

iJ-i-J

J^ i^y>.

paid into the Tahsil.

(9)

Is there
?

much

sport

in this country

Yes, there

are chikoor, seesi, duck and

250
cool an.

PUSHTU MANUAL.
In the forest there
foxes,
Jio.a. Xj _ ^_^^ i_>^^
.
1

;^

^^'^
^

are

found

jackals,
Last are
'

hares, deer.

These
;

^-^

"

^^

-^

'^

J ^^^ ^'
^^^^^

very hard to find

shikaris

a^u.^.=

^J^J

J ^i-

^^H^
^J^->v

have driven them away.

^,^^^^

_^^

^Jl/^^^r^.^

^.'^

LS-lr"^
(')
\

(10)

How

do you arrange
I ask a certain

U)

^^
^
,

i^is. ojjj-o
\

for quails ?

\:.

khan

to assist

me.

He sends

..--*>
Jc;

>
^j^
^

men with
call,

call-birds to the

^Ai)-*ji^i OiXo
'
.

i^^ <w

cotton and wheat fields: these

.'

\
>
''^

\\

and the quails come

I

to-

ward them.

go there with

(_5*j

lJj^

k-^^:^' '^

}*:.

r*^

my gun

before the sun is up,

and in this way can shoot

forty or fifty birds.

^^^^ ^
^'^^

^)-^\
"

^^i

^)x<'^}
^'

"-^ii^

<^&

^ ""r J*^

LESSON XIX.
H.
(])

S.

Pushtu.
I

April, 1805.

Who are

you?

am

i-o

ij

^_^j

"-^^^ ()

the son of a
village?

headman
fatlier's

of a
Sy*^-l

My name is Ahmad
Fatih

^ >

"^i*-

i*^.

lJ^^

'-ISx^

Khan, and my

->-L^V f^^t^J^i ^^'

^' J^

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
Jang.
of

251

We live in the village

Garlii.

^^^
. ;
,
'

^^ i^)
t

l>/
-y

J'^^*^
..

Jamal

^Ve hold

;.

fifty jaribs

of irrigated and of

^
^<j
^
>*'

^^
Ujl
"

eighty-five
*

land which
its

fj
p
.

_^^i
^

^oJi
i

^.^;J^^
><

depends upon rain for

crops.

Does
to live

this give

you

enough
(2)

upon

?
irri-

No, because the

^^^

'^

'^=r

'^
^

- *^ ^'^
.,
.^

gated lands produce about

five

^ j
^-

-^

^^
^,

^
-sj

.C<:

hundred rupees a year,

and unirrigated some two

J^
\

- Jh^j)

r ^J^
',

_j>^

hundred rupees.
large lamily,

Ours

is

\
"

.-:

^j

-^^^

^X
^f^
'
.

and we require
have therefore

about a hundred rupees every

'^)j--- >

j^-j^^

'^

month.

We

^ Jj Cl^\^ (_jjJ|g^j_jiyj
"

to take to service.

(3)

My

father has a pen-

^ ^i'^j
,.

i^^-.-

j>
>.

jh

(")

sion of five rupees a month.

...

My

eldest

brother

is

"
L/**>

jam^dar in a cavalry

regi-

;1'^*^S^

^^^j

(JJJJ
.

ment;
is

my

second

brother

^'^',

a havildar in the IstP.I.

^ jj.^^ jo "
^
-

^^j'j

^S

"^[^

the

third

is

naik in

the

H
_

f^J"^

i^-J^'^i^ U^^ U=^.

Border

Militia. I

am deputy-

^/y

^<^ ^^^.; i^A*---.

^

inspector in
Police.

the Peshawar
in charge of
It is

am

f^J'^'^J^L^U^r.jy^-'V
aJ

RustamThana.

twenty

Ij _

*.>

^viJ' xJ'J
-',
,

Ju,. j
:r.
,

,^

miles froln ^lardan.

252
(4)

PUS"HTU MANUAL.

How

is

the

village

watchman appointed ?
is

He
S5->
5

selected by the headmen.

is

^.

<-// ^>^ o-^

He

then sent to the police

.Lp

for approval.

His pay comes

JThe pay

from the
is

village.

very

small.

The

vil-

lagers look

upon him as a
him.

spy of the police, and put

no

trust

upon

On

this account his reports are

usually false.

(5)

Why

is is

that

man
is

C5^J
b'

J^ ^'X
\j^
^--'

^kS)

[c]

running ?

He

coming to

report some case.

What

the matter,

Akram ?
I

Last

J^
''":

'r/
L5^'
i-/*"^

night I was going my rounds

at 10 o'clock.

c:^^'^

had got

to

^
1

the south of Mahabat Khan's

masjid,

^^

.>-

o>-

:'^.c

J
Ai

when an alarm was

ii. (ij'ls-

.y

/'^:6

raised in the eastern quarter.

(6)

went and

learnt

airs-

^yli jXs- ^I

A^y^

^J

("1 )

that

the

Khan had been

^j

stabbed.

Who

did this?

It is difficult to say.
is

There

Joj^^lj ^^.'^ V.
J^-4,ti

-l^b
*j

great enmity in the place.

^yJ^

(^> ^-vi

(_jt)

COLLOQ,UTAr SENTENCES.
Thi^ settlement has caused
bitter feuds in the families.
{^y*j ''^r!
k-^*^

253

One cousin
other
'

is hostile to

the

1$^'^ Ut^

cousin.

Land and
all

wealth are the cause of

murders.

L.j'i

(^

''^.)

'^

yy-'^

(7)

What

orders

have

J^
7=^

"^

A^ X^lO ^^y^J J
^yf. ^^^^

(v)

been received regarding the

regiment?
at

It for

will

march

^'^'^

L5^|;

a.m.

Chamkani,
hour on
Bara.

halt for half an

this

bank
cross

of

the

They

by

fords

and

L;^)

<*:.

^ki

JC<t> kXjo sJ>c

boats to the other bank.

(8)

Attack

the

village.

The men should take cooked

bread and water with them.
It
is
a,

long march there

and back.

How many carts,

:>

camels, mules will be wanted

for the

^^ j^ ^y

jii-1^ j)

regiment ?

Ask

for

them

to

be here to-morrow.
carts carefully.

Examine the

The road

is

bad, and

has

254

PtISHTtI

MANUAL.
j;!

not been repaired for years,

J xj
,

s.K'J
-

,'i

s .i^.
.

^Jj^

Order wheat,

barley,

rice,
"

.^
-^

Indian corn and grain to be

collected at every stage.

""

'^^

*^*

-'-^

The

^JLiJ^

^ Jxz x.

iJ\.

X>

bunnias are very trouble

some.

(9)

What game is there

in

^^i ^^^
.

this district?

Quail come in

^^
c

^^^
t/
*

<)^

(0
f

^
i

during spring and autumn.

S^-^
_

""^ >

Deer have

all

disappeared.
see

i^'
'^

^jx"^

L^

l^'^

Now
hare.

and then you

I

a
u/-/"^

have only seen

^i',

L^ji Jy^ J'^r^

twenty in twenty-five years,

- ^_5^

j^

^i.

^l^

^^
j^Ja'

^^
(10)

report has

come
did

j
''^

j:^..

^j

.Ul. ^^i-

(i)

in that the

Mehtar of Chitral

has been killed.

this

How
his

"

u^'V;-^ Jj'^V^
[i]

^W
u. ^ "*

happen ?r He was out

,K^
'
.

s^^

X^
"'

'^^i-^

^.Jij&'^JJL

hunting,

when

step-

brother murdered him.

Is

^^'^
^

^,j

j^
^
..

_(,,

< '^
^^"^
l^:
-^

there any reason for this?

^^ S^ Ma c
i.
"
^ .

~>l"t{"'
s

Yes,

the last claimed the

v
^,

throne.

The affairs in Chitral

are in a disturbed state.

* uJ' '^^^

O'^ Jir^

"^

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.

255

LESSON XX.
H.
S. PiTSHTLT.

Octoher, 1895.

(1)

Who
are

are those

men?
is

^<^

CS^

^_sj^ i^ii

(i)

They

members
office.

of the

settlement

What
?

^jr

their business here

They

are measuring the lands of

the village of Landi.

The
been

new
afraid

settlement

has

started,

will be greatly increased.

t^ ^

-i.j

256
(3)

PUSHTU MANUAL.

do now

What are you going to I am going to the ?

I will pur-

i^y

'i.i;.

JO i

U".,1

ir\

petition writer.

chase some stamped paper

from him.
write out

He

will

then
ei^t).

my

claim* against

^dSr^
<XJ

'Ji
r>*i

Saadat Khan.
produce
it

I will then

before the Civil

fix

e
>.\i

OuIl)

i) -

J-J^

&>

Judge, and ask him to

a
'Ji
'

day

for the

hearing of

my

^ ^^ d J l>^

^^J
(f)

claim.

(4)

Settle

the claim by

'o)

y'va.^Lc

fj

J^^^J

arbitration.

Friends of both

parties can do this easily.

If you go into the court the

matter will never end.

You

will be ruined by the pleaders.

Eemember what
jab,

a Sikh said

about the courts in the Pun-

"Do

not go near them."

JCr^^ 8

2Sti'o

J ^^.^

j^^oJ"

^->'j

(5)

What
It is

building

is

that?
of

the police post

miles

Khazana; three
on
is

further

the Daudzai

JtH^

j);.*^

-^

(>^ ^< ^ Ji

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
Talisil,

257
^J'jd
\

A
by

large crowd

is

'^>i

'^>J
,

^y^_

^i^^
i

.f_^S

collected

the

gateway.
is

Let us go and see what

the matter.

That man with

is

^,j'/j_jl j^.^ Jcsw^^*' [^^ *te-^^\ *^ ^^yj ^i

.

the grey beard

inspector.

the deputy
a capital
>
.

'

"^
\

He
let

is

'-^

>

^-^

hand at taking bribes. Keep

[/

'^
r

;jy=^

;^

-^i

(-^^^''^V'^

silent,

and

me

do the

talkino-.

(6)
1

Peace be on you, Khan!

fresh.

hope you are well and

this

What is
bard ar

crowd collected

here for? Fatteh

is

Khan lamof seventy

man
of

years of age.
a pretty
girl

He

married
fourteen.
to
.<.;

Her, parents forced her

jh

^K

J-2-

- XiJ

do

so.

She

is in

love wath

Ahmad Khan. Last night, as the old man slept, the young man entered in the
courtyai'd.

--

CI/

The chaukidar
'fired

(;$, jcj

.'j

iA>>i^'

of the
killed

house

at

and

Ahmad

Khan..

258
(7)

PUSHTU MANUAL.
The regiment
will

jcMi
^
'

a;j

^j*
.
..

x^
-

<!UtA,s^ j>

(v)

parade at 5 a.m. on Friday.

Why
issued

has this order been

?

^^^ "^

^^^

^^ ^ J^"^ '^
^-

&'

Because the

regi-

^^^
^,.
-

^ i_^^

^y^
m
1

^1^

Ss^ j
1

ment has been ordered on

service.

/
i

'

Three brigades are

SP

to

assemble at Dargai on
1st April.

^' ^
^^

-^ iSlyi*

the

They

will

ascend the Malakand Pass and descend into Swat. The

obiect of this advance
is to

^ J^

\^2i H
^^,
''^
_

lJ'
".,
-

^
:;'
\

'

'^

^j^ ^,
.

^^^^

^^

^-'i
.K~

r >.
'

> ,",. .1

punish

Umra Khan, who has

""
"

\,
^'^

>^

invaded Chitral contrary to

orders.

"V

l^>>

u^/ ^h- ^^
1^^

->

^ ^^^^

J- 1^

(8)

Have you arranged

carriage ?

v::r'^'J^o:;''^;^^-'^ ^
j)
J^'

(^)

for

the

Five
fifteen

^
^
\

^ ^S
.d
^
^

^^^^

^3

thousand camels and

thousand donkeys have been

collected.

b^ JJ
^jd
\

\J^^^-^

u'*^;'

Three parts

at

^a=>"

^JL
"^

Nowshera and the fourth What part at Mardan.

have you done about supplies?

'^

.S
"^

'
"^

^j9^i^ ^i
-

u^ ji^^ H
,
.

J^Loj^.. j. ^_^ .Ij^aj

<,

At each
has
of

stage

a
"

^^
'

bazar

been

formed.

'^''
'

Food

every

description

4^/

j^ ^IjU y

oJ'-* ^\^j

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
fo?:

2'59

men aud

cattle

has been

s.Ljt)

JU^I^
\

w^
,i

- (_^J ^c,. AW

stored up.

-s

- x

\9)

I want to have a day's

Jij
>,

^.,1^
..

-.

..

a^j
^.

(0

shootina;.
it,

How am
r

I to get

and where
a.m.
.

Gret

up

at

^
i

^^

to-morrow.

Walk
It has

^^^^
.
.%

,^^
\t

''^s:^

<:j

U^

down

to the river.

.1

.t

no ford, but you can get

across in a boat.
lies
.,

"'
^s^'i^^
''^

"^
'*^'*^j'vj^

'^

The
,

j heel

^
.-.

^
^

about half a mile from

.

the ferry.

V can get snipe, You

Will this
?

'^
^

..^

o*" LT^OJ^^;! ^ -/
_

-^

w L^

duck, and geese.

^-

^j)
<i,

^Xi-^ ^:^' ^.

^ j^ ^
_

be sufficient for you

^:ajb

^L.

^)

jlj^jj,

^"i^.

'(10)

Here is another plan.

^J b J^
^^i -

Jo o

(i.^

Send

for call birds to the

cotton fislds near Regi.

You

^ yn
ao

^^y ^
_s^ly: j

^j^-:.j

might, get
morning.
the
.

fifty

quail in a

^lU^a:^ j
i^JJ-"

^X
'^

Tbpu walk over

- ^J}

maira for hare, sand-

^jai

r^;^^!

grouse, and bustard.

skirt

At the

y 32;^
y}^jz
J

" 3^T^

t-f/T^*

of hills you will see

..<^^i ;ija.;

partridge, chikoor, and seesi.

^^^iy
^-^
"^i

.The deer,

urial,

andmarkhor

;'

i^jj i^jj'^

^ u*^
s 2

260

PUSHTU 5IANUAL.
jj^yti

have alldisappeared from the

country.
success.
I

^'^^ - Ljhi j

iJ'^'^:!^
.

wish you every

"^
^^

.\/,

'^

LESSON XXI.
H.
S.

Pushtu.

Ainll, 1896.

(1) I desire to bring in a

civil suit.

^'^'.<^ ^^.

How can

this be

/
-^V

^
.

f^^f- *J
\

(')

^.

managed?
paper.

Gro to the petition

P*
&J:^

'

writer, buy a piece of stamped

^.

_^

ih

Kj^l^^^r

Write your petition

it

on

it,

and then hand

to the

court.
it

The Judge

will read do.

^ u^ ^ff ^ y
,

_^,

j;^ ^^
'

^^

',^
^'

^'i

j j^

i?

and see what he can

;,

(2)

The Judge had the

.

j^^/

^ L_^^lc

(r

petition read to

him.

He
of
'^'r^
*

wished to
fendants
April.

summon
for

the de-

the

5th

f^"^-

H
v

'^'^*

The

plaintiff

said

..x'r-^x^>

i-

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
this

261

day

was

the

Id-i-

^^,^

^^Uj

^i.! ^''^^ j

Ramzan, and another day

should
be
said, "
fixed.

The

^/i^-r-^'^^"^ -iS^
,u^ j (J^'olO,

'^j/-''

Judge
is

Your opinion

J^^

^rJ<^

'-'^^

quite correct."

(3)

A new
carried

settlement
out.

is

^_fJ:^^
, ^

(*::^^.'.l>Jo

^_cy
-

(-)

beinsr

What
in

<

sort

of lands have you

"

"^
lS^'^

",^

this village?

Are the lands

Lp

"^^

f"^'

lA*^

l5^

irrigated from wells, or from

^.^^; ^^)
"
'

the

rivers?
?

What

^.^j ^ ^^^
_
"

is

the

water-tax

Who
I

fixes it ?

^;-

And

to

whom

does

the
will

appeal go?
be rejected.

hope

it

(1)

There

is

no hope for

sxj
.

i.L
^

^^
-

^jj.j} .o

(i^)

an
IS

appeal.

a bad

lot.

The Tahsildar The Qanungo

his duties,
is

^
> ,^ J.>i- Xi
.

..

..

<^
.

^'> >
tO
.

does not

know

,a5,.j
.
,

JiUSi
,

and the Patwari

bad.

equally
the

'-'i/i

^
r

Our hope

lies in

>

y>

262

fUSHTtJ MANtJAt.

What is Khan ? What

(5)

your name,
village

^-t^J^y a*.

Iju.

'^j^ W)
1/

do

T77
^ -^
J
'*''

"

'"'

you

belong

to?

came

y
Aj

^
'

^
r-'
'^

^-

^
i-*

from Khazana.

It lies be-

oO

a;Aa jj ^j^ J
,

[*^.

yond Daudzai.

You must
bi*idge of
-'- ^ Sr-^

come over by a
boats.

"
1

>>*

There
you.
all

is

no ford to
a

-'

^J^^'

Jo

a^ J

_ ^a^^

help

What
this is
!

mis-

fortune

(6)

The produce
come out
there
of

of this
bar-

j\^^^_

^^K

^^d 3 d)

village is this.
ley, millet

Wheat,

in the
is fruit

y
^-^ j^ ^
.

<j'^;3^
'J>:'

(^

- t/-'

spring.

Then

^j^i ^j^' ^
^^j..

and

vegetables

sorts.

Later on we have melons,

grapes,
&c.

^ '^ ^^ ^L J

^f,

"

Last

of

all

'^v'^
^1^^^

jU^'^'
^-

l5^ U^: A^
^
.

indian-corn and sugar-cane.

^.^.^^. xi^jj^L^^^A^
""
.

Cotton also erows well.

[1)

Last night there was

dUit
,

^L
..

^^ ^K
'''.^
,

^j I^j^j (v)
.

a disturbance in the village.

,.

--A
y

The

noise

was in the eastern

a shot was
fired.

Jj Jj

quarter:

^
'

i^^< XjysXS^-L.tHjL^j^^
".
'
\

The chaukidar ran to see what was the matter. A man jumped down into the
street,

t
"

af

"

'

"
''^

(-^^'^

J 7

l/^ '^^^
Jcj

^^JT
Jtl^l

from thence he ran

^^^^^^ Ji

J-I5. JcAa

COLLOQUIAri SENTENCES.

268
J^ ^'^
'^

into the

mosque and
after

said be

L^'^ V

l^

) i'

was a seeker
ledge.

knowr-

(8)

The
the

Thanadar

re-

^j^ . L^^^lj,^;
,

(.)

ceived the news.

sidered

He
a

conwell.
/

matter

J 3 J^ ^ J u^
^.^.^^j
i.

'^^*'-*-*

He

said, "

This is

made up
it

x^jjj^

Ij
\

jc=^

^5j

case.

If I say in

any more
ruin.

-9^
i'
\\
''

may end

my

God
is in

^- j'
dci

f-^

^>y
_

"*

" , ''^--'^

help the poor

man who

j j

^Ij^

sj

this calamity."

"

(9)

The Regiment
for

will

^
J
.
.

"^3;^*^ iji^i 'O

y cX^, j^ a^s\
"

uc

(i)
i

march to-morrow
rud.
aro

Jam-

^
!^
)

o^ -

jca.'U

See that
ready.

all

supplies

^"

-^

The
every

bunnias
thing

C.*^'^J:^^/^i?cJ^:^V-^^^;':^j'

must

have

.^ ..b,.^^;^''.
"

collected.

Their
be

carriage
at

>

must

also

hand.

'^

^y'^j'-J''-

H*^

" s/>'

l''^'
^
l

What
require
i

carriage

do

vou

(10)
to

Carts

from

here

d^^^^
^
'

sj,

^la. ^>J J
c

(i."*

Jamrud.
200.

How many?
Then

About

how

'^^

''^^

^-

-'--^^'^^)^.
^u'*^'>*'

if<

nany camels?

About 500.

^))i ^)^

^^^

'^5^

264

PUSHTU MANUAL.
weight
can
five

What
carry?
for
this

they

i>

^ ^^/i,

^_c;j ^_c.ii)^,'j^,,:^.^
.

About
be

maunds
I
trust
*

..

^
"
"
''

...,

each

camel.

'

^
''^

may

all correct.

^:

i^::^-^^ i^

J;j

^:

<*^

LESSON
H.
S. Pltshtu.

XXII.

October, 180G.

(1)

Who is that? Which

mean
?

^y
'*
'''

S^
.

<lS.L
,

csA:&
''

'i)

do vou

I see

many
r

people going along the road.

-^

^
"-^i^^

>
''^
^
^

>
'

That
ekka,

fat

man

seated in the

i^j^.j
i

c-"^^

ls^^'^'^

with

long
is

grey

beard.

His name
is

Zaman

Khan, and he

held in

great respect by the people.

He

has

been

J^ J^V ^^' _ ^j ^j. ^^^

^-^
-

^'^

"^

-J'^

twice

to

j
^>"^

j^^ y

Mecca.

^^

^ l3^

J^ ^j^ '^
^^*
'-^-^

*(l^^'

^^/^
c:,^^'

^
J.>
j

(2)

Has he any
?

other
first

<<..

<xi
^
..

(.-)

good qualities
lie is

Yes,

/"
^ ^

very rich, he

is hbei-al

j-

c/^

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
to

205

the

priests,

to

seekers

after

knowledge, and beg-

gars.

He
is

is

famous

for

his hospitality.

His guest
full.

house

always

May
^' 'j^
<L1j.aA
.<i3)

the Almighty protect him

always

So be

it

J
*

(c-'*J

Ij^

C.'tS*' - ^5^-^-5

(3)

Akbar, where are you

?

^^^

Ji^sw ii j^^\ (r)

going

I have a

civil suit

against Ibrahim.

He
I

owes
to

Lp J-

J-

>

>

me 165
see

rupees.

want

the

petition
is

writer.

When
1 will

the petition

ready,

and process fees purchased,

go to the Judge.
is

If

Ibrahim's property
attached,

not

L5*" L5

JUw.~>-U JJ ~Ui3

-J'^J'^

he

will

escape

iS

-^Ls^

'across the border.

Li,

>

(-5

>

(4)

What is

a settlement,
it

...o.jJio

and w^hat does

mean

The measurement

of land,

^.

^<-5^'*^O^V-^^

the fixing of rates and the

very utmost revenue.

The
great

land-owners
affliction.

are

in

This

calamitv

266
comes
years.
after

PUSHTU MANUAL.
every twenty
,^j-vj

^^
...
]

^Li, ^ j&
v

L
>

Il>

(^,^-^

There are separate

on maira,
well,

]
'"

rates

and

^'
* l^^

-^

^"
JT^r

--'

irrigated lands.

j^f

l)^ ;^J

-$^

(5)

That

is

the 'village
is

.^^^)^>^ ^'^ti^
,,
\

(e)
-i-

chaukidar.

He
?

going to

%
"

>^

the police
hfis

station.

What
was
and

"

"'
f-j

"

occurred

He
p.m.,
still.

^^^^-^

(J-jy=-

^^
^

^^
^

going his rounds last night,

It

y
-xi'

^^

was about 10
was

j^ ^^^ ^ ^ _^j^|^^,

everything

As
a
the

c^',.k^
^-

^
^

^5

^^;)li'^)Ii'

he reached
disturbance

the masjid,
arose

,^
--5.

^jji;

j6'o- ,J

J ja^.:

"'.,
>r-/

eastern quarter.
see

He

ran to

S:?7^^

what had occurred. The headman, Ashraf, had

been shot in the court-vard.

^.^TIl
* ^j

,j^ ,^j^^ J^

uST" l^-^^-J L^^ l1'^

(6)

The

police

inspector

<)j

c^'jLxJisc
.
..

;''^V''^
.

^^^<
.-'

went

to inquire.

He

asked

Ashraf who had wounded

^^
'>-

^^^
*j;1

^^

'^^

r~;T
"

^-^'

him

Whom
I

do you sus-

^_5J

pect?
cot, a

was asleep on my
into

man jumped
and
I

my
up.

^ J^
"

^^,,j^^X

^^
^

^
'"'

.. !'

^3 ^l^J
-

court-yard,

the
stood

noise

u*'^

^J3^^^^J'^y-^^^'^y
*.
'

roused

me.

The

thief fired

his pistol

>^]^jj^

tj ^\

L^<id*^^j
.

at me.

Mv

cousin QAdir

'^ -

^^:^^'v!

'-^^^ih''

(^r-

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
Klian
is

267
'^ '"*

He
die,

is

my sole enemy. also my heir. If I

1

15^'^?.
-

-^ij^ lt^'^
^
j

rr.

everything

goes

to

^' ^

L-r*^'^ '-'

^'___i,

LiJ"*" J'^-'

"'r*

^'^

him.

Arrest him quickly.

o" VvtJ^'^ii^''^>"^'"*'*^us^''"^

(7)

Wliat

is

the number
?

j-^"*^

^^ ^^'^k

-'

"^

^''^

of your regiment
is

What
name
?
it.

t^
^;^

^ l^^^^'.^ Jjo^ j

^j
[y

your

colonel's

Tell

me something about
station

u^ ^'-i ij^ H
^j.\^ JyA^
^^

L^-'

Our

was Jhelum.
in

JUs^

-<x.}}^^

^u
.,-

Orders
proceed

came
to
rail

April

to

J jT^^^ jZi
^

Chitral.
to

We
'^U
'^

^^

came by
mules,

Nowshera.
Tents,

^ J^^ " Ls'^l' (^^^v'^/

^UL ^>
f ^
.

We got down there.

camels,

,^j^s- ./^j^iiJbi
i,
.

carts

had
were

,^
^

been
rcctdy.

prepared

and

"^

>

w
y

>

We

encamped

by

l^!^

'^

- 3^ J'-^

^j

S:^;'^

the Cabul river.

* ..^ of
rice,

,^

1^^

^j^^
(a)

(8) ..Supplies

.^_j^).^j^ .^y^^ j
^
t t

wheat, barley,,

dliall, (clari-

fied) butter, grass^

chopped
ready.

'^J

'T"^ "^^
jliJjI^
,

'i^r^ ">
.'ooj^^..
m
"
^-'^^*^

straw,

wood were
river

all

jJu^
*^'
.jJj

j _sj
\-j

J^

The Cabul
The

was in flood.
gone.
in

The bridge of boats was

regiment

'

^^
|^L<
_

^
s^j

crossed

<ij

^^j

^_5>

J-^

268
boats.
It

PUSHTU MANUAL.
was
difficult

work,

and took six hours.

Mar-

dan was reached at sunset.

We

halted there two days.

(9)

What
Quail

sport

is

there
in.
?

c-^

lOwui

&^

(0

now

are just

Shall you want call birds

Yes, send
cotton

me two
quails

to

the

fields.

So-and-so
yesterday.

got

fifty

Go

very very early.

After
far.

sunrise they fly

away

Shoot
miss.

straight,

and don't
-

^J^^3

^} ^} ^^

^'^y^i

(10) Snipe can be found

,

in the jheel

duck, geese,

coolan,

by the

banks

of

the river; partridge, black

partridge, hare, deer in the

jungle and high grass

chikor,
in
urial

sesi,

stony

ravines

whilst

and markhor

can only be discovered with

great trouble on the difficult
cliffs.

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
>

269

LESSON
H.
S.

xxiir.
April, 1897.
*

Pushtu.

(1)
to,

Where are you going Aslam? To the kaclieri.

IS

^-,:J
^
,

?^d6\>.^ui
''''

(i)
.

,/
'

What
there?

your

business

^
^'^' "^

I wish to see

the

^^^ Jjol
^
-^

SJ-^.J

\,j^l^^j~

petition writer.

Akbar owes

~^^
'^

me 300
has
years,

rupees.

My
over

claim
three
to

^-'^ ) ^" ^J^,[*>r^

extended

j%j\

d ji^ ^^^j
V.

^^

^j<^

^d

and he has not up

date paid

me

a single pice.

7- ^o ^ji J" J

*xAa

^ ^j

Sr^J^V^'^V
What
^^jJ^^^c
;,

(2)

can the petition

?

s^'-.;;-?

Vi.

(r)

writer do for you

I will

^ 3^^
"

j^^,
^

_
../

buy stamp paper from him.

j^j ^
-

^^ XiL

HS

will

then write out

my

':^^

^.

'i^ ,^.

^S
-^

l^-

Hf

claim, I will give

him the
papers
the

process
will

fees.

My

^^ ^

_ J^J^^^^^
"'

^^^ '^
'^'"^
'^

then

go
will

before

'^
.

^.

'^'.

-jfj:

judge.

He

read

my
the

complaint, and

summon

^^ J "'
l^v-J

J l_,^'.^^ ^
^

.o^.i^^

defendant to appear before

'

^sff'

'^*^

him by a

certain date.

j,;'j

.oj_^.tf'i-^*;

jjJOJylc'x J^

270
(3)

PUSHTU MANUAL.

What is a
?

settlement ?

What
rights

benefit does it confer

It fixes all

on the people

{^y^j

'^-^'^
I*

i Xi iui

and

the

share

of

^1.1)
LS^ ^5'^:^V^ ^jlS^.

revenue paid to Government.

Is this

always the same

Not

so.
* <o

i^^

(4)

There
lands
;

is

one rate on

well

another
flooded
;

on
a

lands that

are

separate one on maira crops.

Then
Cotton

sugar-cane

gives

larger profit than mustard.

is

also

taxed

less.

yi Jb

<Xj

^J)

iXjJU

8 J

<LU.^ Xj

separate charge falls

on
*{j! T'f
l-^:* l-^:^^
'^-'"^
;'^'^t^.-!

each produce.

(5)

Who

are you,

Khan?
^J

-^5^.

^^

-ci^

(*)

am

the lieadman of

Kha's-

zana.

What
now?
police

is

your busigoing to

ness

am

the

station.

My
last

house was broken into

night.

The
2,000

thieves
rupees.

took

away
thing
?

Do

you expect

to recover any-

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.

271
j^'ji^^o
(i)

(6)

The Thauadar
is

is

not

{j^y=^

^i^
,

loved by the people.

They

^
'

j^ 3
^

,,_
^^
>
^r'

^,

say he

a friend of thieves characters.

^ ^

and

bad

He
a

^ou ^ia j^i

^
.

j_^j

'^1
^..

J'Jl'^i^
,-

shuts his eyes to their bad

deeds.

\/

They

give

him

"^

-^-

lt^

>^>V

share of the plunder.

It is

- L^yji tr=^.
(Xjis.>
JS

u*^ J'<

It ^

i&^

no wonder then that crime

increases
district.

^ ij^

^!-XJ^

^o
k

daily

in

this

t'^ ^"^

xj^

xj^

^j^

What game is procurable now ? Do you want

(7)

^j jCj^,
. ,

i^L
...

&L ^^^1
^.
.

(v)
...j

partridge or chikoor?

Snipe
are

^-^'^^^^-^'^- ^^'^
"<,.
"
.

'sTc^^';^^
,

have come
abundant
river.

in.

Duck
the

^J^j lj^'^
/
.

i^^jj
.

^
"'

on

Oabul

1/ '
'

Geese can be found

"

near Pabbi.

Fish either at

-^^
TT

-^::

^J^
i

i^^'^
,

f-^j-'A

Abazai or Nausatta.

^1
*

-.f

1***^ iXAwjJ

JCj

l,>

,-'f >

(8)

Tell

the

Shikari

to

^j:j^^'^f^.l' '^'l^^'^ (^)

take you to Mathra.

will find quail there.
j

^'ou

Hare
Sandwater,

^.^^ ^ ^iU _ ^j^^ j "' "

^

jj

in

the open plain.

-L/^V^'^L^^.r^^'-i^r*'^
v^
ri

grouse

near

the

^^^Z -^c^^^J ^^J^

272

PUSHTU MANUAL.

Bustard close to the

hills.

r
jijJ

Markhor just below Lakka

Sar.

Shoot straight,

and

'

do not miss.

(9)

Your
to

regiment

is

^L^ ^
.

i^
n
.

^j^iy^Kx^ (0
Sr'
^

ordered
will

Malakand,
on

It

^
r

march

Saturday.
it

^^

''

"^

The General
Friday.
that

inspects

on

^-^^-^

(J:^-^ ~ ^^j^

^^
,^

'^

Be

very
is

careful

.^lU
^
i?

.^^ ^,

^.^
"

;,
"

everything
transport

ready.

What
carts,

do

you

o'*'^^

^^
- S:^^'^

fii '^'

l^/

require?
five

One

hundred

hundred mules,

^ ^J:>^^J^,
-'
"s.

^j.<.L .

^^^^U

six

hundred camels.

r
^jU

'^'

J-

^^j^i

(10) Tell

your bunuias to

<)G'

y'-^Uio

J-^i-

(i.)

have

all

supplies ready at

Taru, Nowshera, and other

stages.
It
is

yJl

the

winter
will

season, so lots of

wood

be wanted.

COLLOQUIAL SKNTENCES.

273

LESSON XXIV.
H.
(1)
is

S.

Pushtu.

October, 1897.

Who are you? What

name
of your villap-e
?

J^
''

j
'

^
,

CSyL
r
'

i^

0)
'^.

the

How

far is it

from here

^ ^
^^^
..

C^

(2)

You
is

say that your

*
,

J^^^>)^^'^

('')

villaoe

lOi kos from here

-'

to the north.

Which

road

^^j r-

^
;

i*
^

goes to

it,

the right or the

t^

J \S^JiJ
^

^i

"Sr^*^

left-hand one ?

j^ ^ ^j
a;i-KJ
.,/

(3)

The road

is

straight.

jG ^^uili^l

sj
,

yi
-

(r)
....

It climbs the

ridge; there
trees.
-

..^
"''

are

stones

and big

"

You

will find

an ambush of
the

(^
v.

j^

^
i-

^Jt
^,
,

^-

- ^^"^ ji
,
...

Mohmands, 394 men;

night will be dark.

(4)

,How can we escape

^Jcls- ^i^^XL^i
/ ^ ^

Jcc
^
-?*-

J
-

(i*)

them?
steep

Can we go through
?

the fields

No, there

is

^
/-

i-

^^
<^'^j<^
.

?^
^ *>

cliff

in front of you.
will

(w^^^:'.
-j*

\j^
(
>\

^^
^

2| kos in front you

find ravines.

\ 1c

^
* ja,^
jcj

j^

J .i- Aids.) 1/4*^

274
(5)

PDSHTU
Praise Grod
'

-MANIJAT,.

we have

<<-

^'jo- j
.

^^
^
-'-'
.

.Lt
m

(e)
.

escaped.

Only seven men

"'^
'
.

,,

were wounded, and no one

-^

was
good

killed.

They

are

not

^^

^
J^<
i/.

V'-^*

Cils:!^^! Jju.^J j

shots, but fine swords-

,,*/.

men.

-'

(6)

The

heaamen

will

^^;^5 cUi^,
,

^ e;'^
i

^^^

have

to give hostages,

and
"

i-"
'

the tribal allowance will be

stopped.
all

*
,

"

Tell

him

to

cut

j5;'^t"
;

"^

'^
v
v..

''^.Ij;

''^^ - ^_5*" '^^.

..

the maize crops.

Place

.:

...

1-:

sentries over the threshingfloors.

Break the ploughs,

kJ^^^ -^^ij'^'^vh.j^^
# ^

'^^'^.

and shoot the bullocks.

\^^ j ^^

(7)

brought

my
leet

pistol,

^
-

^j?!;
..

^^-'-^^is

Ai^
-T
^i

"-*

(0
.l

and wore a grey sheet over

^
-

xl*

my

body.
I left

My
my

were

bare;

sandals at

- \^y^..;i

jyj^
,

^^^
^

-pj

(J>^'

home.
if

was

so near that,

^^ ^;^
kJ
"

he had

fired at

me, he
^-

/
^ ^i
^
"'

^^^^^ ^\^^
'

J^

would have hit me; but he

fired

^J J^

t^^'-^l;

at

the

guide

and

j^'^^^j^u,^.^^.;y-

.. ^^.lioj
-

missed.

rOLLOQUIAT, SENTENOES.

275
{^)

,(8)

The

village has

two

j^j ^sJS n^d ^J^ J

/
"
.
i

quarters, the upper

and the
grand-

-r../

<
SrP

lower

ones.

My
senior

SP

father is the

head-

i-?^j

ij-^ y

i^"^

uLxLo
^

j^
-^

man.

He

is

a grey-beard.

(9)

He came

at

noon one
spriiia;

ij;^
^"

day

last

year in the

...
'^

^^.

J'^
-

'^^J^-

^^^ ^

from across the border.

is

He
is

^^

^^
,^;

coming again this year in

His betrothed

j^ fj -tJJ J'^**' - ^^'j ^ i^^^

^sS
dciU.

autumn.
there.

J^AJ^..

,^1.

(10)

There was a raid on

Shei-pur.

They hid

^J^ ^^ jy'jrt^

^^.

(')

arms
^^
, * v-s ^

m the crops.
aHrm.
went
seized.

An

old

woman
the
cry

>>
<);5..

>

saw them and raised

^_J^ _
i t

,_5^

^^^ JJl^
'rry

The hue and

out.
1

was wrongly

"^

^'rr>
<sj'

lj-v
5

^1

^jl^

^i^

sp

Ai^

.1

t2

276

PUSHTU MANUAL.

LESSON XXV.
H.
S.

Pushtu.

April,

1898.

May you What village not be tired. May you not beis this?
(l)OPathan!
come poor
(2)
!

^^j^
^

'

ii;;^^!

(lS^ J
(
.

()

v ^^ -^^^^^^M ^^
* ^_^d r>^(^^juu.
1

It is

Spinkamr.
?

_ ^^'^<

Whose
you
sons

son are you

^^

AVho was your grandfather ?

Are married?

i^ \ ^^ ^^^^
-j,"

(,)

How
?

^L^-V/i^
y^^ 3

*^l'
^ L^'i

-^j^S^i?
^
t^-^J;

many

have you
of the

am

the

son

head

^^-

j^

lambardar.

Zabta

Khan,
was
was
I

U"^ '^^^

"

r'

^^^^^^
,

who was

killed in the fight

^^S^jj^^^CJixs^i^JrJ^^^iji^s^
,
.

with the Buners,

grandfather.
celebrated

my
a
^^'

/
"

He
man.

^"
j,^!^
.

have

^^^d ^_^j^
, ^
t

u^} -s^
i.

^^^
\

married two wives, and have

three
sons.
old,

-r

...

The

eldest is

^
^/-^J^^^

"^

^"C"'

7^ years
is in

the youngest

L>^>i..>

^^t> Jb^>>^j

arms.

(3)

Are your lands good

a

^
-

S ^_^J ^_^4;
.^^
,.

t)

^""^

Lf^'V'.

Have you
this year ?

good harvest

ii/

Our he Ids
done

are

>

mostly
locusts

unirrigated.

The

^^^
,
.

i^^"*^

,^-^ ^
/^
(

^_c*J
i

j"^
,

have

much

harm.

They

constantly
corn.

come and eat the

y^J^ '^ i^

ci^l; ''^'^^M^

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
.(4)

277
(Jij^yi
I

To whom do these
belong
graze
?

^^J

J
I

(i*)

nills

Do
there?

your

I"

cattle

The

'^^Z

S:?>'*'-^

>Aam

hills are

within the borders

country,
us.

of the

Alam Khel

and do not belong to

The Alam Khels make us

pay one young goat yearly.

They oppress us much.

(5)

Where
?

is

the road to
see that

Michni

Do you
hills
?

gap in the
white
stone

and that
road

The
it

passes to the left of

under

the black

cliif.

Horse and
it.

foot can go along

(6)

Stand!

Post

the

sentries on all the hillocks

round

the

camp.

Make

walls to the north and west.

The

tents are white, and can

be seen from afar on a clear

night.

Put

grey

sheets

over them.
will

To-night there

be a moon,
will shoot.

and

the

enemy

278
(7)

PUSHTU MANUAL.

How many

hostages
of
If

will

YOU give us

sons

^%}^^J

^
-^Jss

cUi/i y^
-'^-V

i")

old

men

of influence?

^^
,

you do

not, the tribal allow-

L_-^r^U

y>

^J dJ j ^
*

ance will be stopped.

^^^ jJo

jo

(8)

The

river cross
it is

is
it.

strong,

^_jo

j^j^j
\

^^
\

(^)
,

but we must
is

There
^>>v^j' -?

,
-

a ford, but

dangerous,
lost
in"

>

^
,

/>
'"

and many men may be

if

iyj^^^

'''i;^
ii

o* J^
,M
,

flood

comes.
;

Get
tie

>C

flated

skins

them
and

"^^

>
-

>

SP

>

together

with

ropes,

^'y^^

^j^

^-'^s)

^^

^^_

place them under the bank.

^^, ^j^^

j ^^^

^^^

j g,^j^

(9)

How many

horses,

a .i-

^^'.4,^^
,

.<xj^l^ (0
^

camels, donkeys and sheep

^,

arecollected?

Chaff, gram,

l^^^^^^^^^J
''^.^j

^^

^^^^

^^
j
.

and every kind of fodder

will be

lLX)^.

^1

tj/^
1/

wT^^-

wanted

for

them.

(10) This is

my betrothed.

"^

'^'^

'^^
'

^^^

''^

(
'

'^

She was given me by her The wedding feast uncle.

did not take place
at

^j _

^^

^y]^

^1^

'^-

Jj^
'

^
i

the

d.'^
bi^^^

S-^^-^*
,1.'

v Sr^'^J'*

*<)6 j

proper

time,

as

she

was

J-a^^ <x-<x^

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
enticed

279
- {<^^
,.

away by her
eive
for
rise

lover.

<o
'^

^j^-Si

i^^i)
,

o)
\

This will
blood-feud,

to

yy

am

^
*

^-'

^ ^
^>)

"

^^
^")

ashamed.
(11)
ing.

(/^J

s^^-cj^

^i

^!^<^.^

The dogs
if

are barkis

i^fr '^j4-x^i^
-i/y

^5^
,-

See
not,

there

a thief.
at
"^^

v(

.
"
<

\-

If

throw a stone

"'
i?

them.

Look

you missed
any more

J>

'ia*-

^^

'

s^y
^

j
,'<$

l5^
\

the dog and hit the hen.

^1
"

y\--

>

She

will not lay

eggs, for her leg is broken.

^^-^

kJ H"^

^ d^ ^^ ^
*
i

I'

8 ^>M

(12)

It is raining heavily,

y;^/-:

^^'^ J^j^. jij^j

"*'

Yesterday there was astrong

wind.
It
is

J^^\i)
'

_ ^^
^

.)^^ ^:i^
..

probable that

^
(*^^
s^-'

snow

will fall

on the high

^.

^-'V

y;/

'j^ *:

LESSON XXVI.
H.
(1)

S.

Pushtu.
live ?

October, 1898.

Where' do you
from here?
at

S^^^l
^
'
r,

Is

it far

Yes,

live

Nurpm-,

15 kos

J^i*/ ^ '^/^ ^'^ u ^ ^^ - ^

^
t

*
.

from here.

u^-*- 1_^^^

^^L^^/^J^

'"^

')

280
(2)

PUSHTU MANUAL.

Ou

what

business

\^^^^ J^
.
,

^'a-

M
-

i^

^
<J

('')

have you come ?

Have you

got any companion?

is

What
suspect
thief,

^J^^b-J^"-^ 'f^'^J
l^U.
S

tT

your tribe

^) JJ *^^ j

Jcli,

that you are a

rifle

j.
^

.^
'

^
..

_,

you look

like

an Afridi.

j^

'

(3)

No

am
come

a poor
to

^1
,

^ j_^
..

^^:>^^
,

^'
.

''^

W
^^
l5
.

man.
city to

I have

the

'i

buy bullocks.
white

My
I

-^

7-

own

bullocks have died.

j^ (U'^'.V^

l)^
.

i*-?.

>
*

shall buy that

one

and this black one.

are fat.

They

^'"'

"

'

"

* i/^

'^o'

'^'^ "

T^"^ '^J^
fj
^^,

(4)

Is there

any shooting
Yes, there

<r^
.

^^
.

d^Xv, ^li

(h=)

in this country ?

..

,.

j^

are lots of duck

and snipe.

-'

'^

^^"

^
-

If you go to

the jheel on
side

^"(>i^
.

^^
*.

^" <o
i--,

^d
"

^^>^
.-.<

the left-hand

of

the

/-

^
"^

road to
find

Mooltan, you will

^^

"

^
^'^4'

game.

^
the top of that

^'^

'^^

i_>'^>J

(5)

On

Aib^

<>L)

j^^ii:

^Aa J
^
....

(e)

hillock there is a large fort.

...
'^
~
-

On
is

the further side

a
village.

there
jm\A.

"-'

^' ^y*-

It

has four

^c^

;__5i^

y.

'*^

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
q'larters.

281

Sarfaraz
of the

is

tlie

headman
quarter.

southern
a
young-

He
is old.

is

man.

He

will be a tyrant

when he

(6)

Why
The

are

the

men
have

^b "^.^y^

J; ji^

(l)

running?
a raid.

There has been

Afridis

driven off 225 head of cattle.

J'.

(^L

y.

^^L

They wounded five men with One man may die. swords. The watchman has put him on a bed and has taten him His arm is to the hospital.
cut
off,

and his shoulder

is

wounded.

* 5J

^y
(v)

(7)

The road has many

It is a

AJ'o .s^^.jl^J-L;^^

trees on each side.

straight one.
it

Where
cresses

does

go to?

^It

the

river at

Sherpur by a boat-

bridge.

On
is

the

further

bank there

a sandy plain.
slowly there.
*L5'^ S^^'
;;.*

You can only go

>V^ '^'^i Sr/"

282
(8)

PUSHTU MANUAL.
Very
after
well,

lead

my

Juu.!
,

i^S)
.

JC4.

)M^
>

i^)

mare
Tell

me.
syce

I will walk.
to
it

^
-

the

put the
will rain.

^'
'

^^^
^}^

-'>'

^5

-;
<^,

blanket on, fur

^
JJ-i

^"

t^j^^^ ^ *^

Wind your turban round ray

gun.
It will get wet.

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
if

283
^^.

>

any guns or property

is

^
\

^;^j
^

S-''^*''
f

^^-.^'i

^^

stolen.

LESSON XXVII.
H.
(1)

S.

PosHTa.

April, 1899.

What

is

your
live ?

name?
I live

&i.:>.

\^\i d^ d ^^ j)

Where do you
in

Bazar.
I

tribe ?

What is your am a Khusrogi.

are

C^
i

"'

T^
o^
^
-

<^ JJ^- '^^

s^ ^ ^^>
i

y7

*j.

.awj>-

iJ^^
.

Your
robbers.

people Sahib,

great

,.

i-.

we

have

"

" ^

^r'^-^

^
^J ^^j
/ J ^.J
\

neither lands nor cattle, and

if

i--^s-wo _
\

{^i
\

<f'lz

we do not

rob,

we must

,)

starve.

^^
.-.

.c

.^

,'

J -<
\

..

->

(2)

How

far is

it

to the

V*-?^ ^y*"

c5**''^

""'

^""^

top of the Pass?

It is

two

^^j
'

_
..

-^^^
^
'

-^
^

^^^j

and a half kos.

steep?
Yes,

Is the road

but

laden
it.

j}

^f^
"

^.J

J^-

^
"-'

"^ ^^^ i^
^^ijJ^i

mules

can -pass

over
the
?

When
's

you get

to

top
it

J^ ^ - ^ ~

can you see Tangi

hidden.

No,

^^ Sr>;;^
t"^
&:i.>

^
\

^ ^/)

. i^

(^^ ^ s^

284
(3)

PUSHTU MANUAL.

What
is

village is that

\j^j
. ,

^i_?5
.

J^ ^^i" JcAa
,
i

(r)
-

That
crops

Booria.

What
by
the

^
(

,/ S:^

are

grown

^
j^

^^

^
^.5

villagers? Sugarcane,

wheat
the

-j^^-z^

[^^-^ -

^J^
l5-

^Srlr^

and
!and

Indian
all

corn.

Is

^. 1^_^
^
^tj;/
^
^^^

irrigated?

No,
rain,
rice ?

J ^^ ^: v
y

some land depends on

{J)

[^^'^ - ^'^^'*^

Why

do you not grow

(^^^

y ^-i^^

^i^J
^^^^^^^

The water-tax
(4)

is excessive.

Is there

any shikar
Yes,
will

(^il^'o^
-^

lil^ ^^^?.
c

.
I

(^)

in the neiahbourhood?
in those rice-fields
find

i/

<lS.^M)

you

^^ l/^

some snipe and duck.

houbara and sand-

^^'^'^
^
.

^^^ u^^^.^
-^
i ,

^^.y^
j

y^
i

In the desert you will come

across

"

^
'*'

"*
'

"^

grouse.

H ^Tj^

J'

usr^ ^

'^

(5)

Who

is

that

man?
he do-

^^"^ cJyL

^j^
,

&ia

(o)

Thatisthe Deputy-Inspector
of Police.

What

is

S^-^ i^ -^^
')i\j^'^
<^

iji^d

inghere?

Sahib, there was

^
'

^c3 ^

Jii i

^h

'^^

I^w^^^-c

a murder in the village last

night.

2S.

Was
was

there a
dark.

No,

it

moon ? Where
?

^ <S^ ^^-^
'-?.

',<

' i^A*^ _i^

'

J ^/-T <Ji^
- ;
x

|/>\
,

u^^
l^ 'n
..

lt>

^J^ ^
-

was the crime committed

the village.

.
^

<?

In the southern quarter of

Why

have the

J>>

'^*^

U^>^

"

^^

'^
S:>;

OOLLOCiUlAI) SENTENCES.

285

pjolice

arrested all those old

It is useful to

S^j
,

ljJ
'^

J.
'

^_jj,
/

.^juu.

men

annoy

>,

rich people.
9

(6)

The regiment marches

Is

^'^ ^y U^
.^

jj /

(_^;A.-;

("i)

at

daybreak to-morrow.

TT

^
../>

there a bridge at Abazai, or

;:

(v^

have we to cross in a boat ?

t^^
i.^
"

^^. - ij^lj^l. ^.
:

3],-^.

H
>

There

is

a boat which

is

v"*

i;-

worked on a rope.

Tell the

'^^
'^

rear-guard they must have

food for the day with them.

lA-J

^ ^}i
y,

^
,

^'^J'^Aj

_ ^1^]^.

The

J^
..

^ ^^ji^
ei^^

colonel's horse

stumbled

this morning,

but the sahib

"_
'

^-^'^ J:^^/ '^ j^-'

jii^

was not hurt.

y^^'..^

C/i3JU

'

(7)

It is reported that a
is

'^^^

"'

^ c/';^
Sjlj
,

(^^

raiding party

hidden in

- t3 ^*.;

s^.*

^^
.

,j^ Ji
;

the hills close by.

They

are are

^ ^

about 50 strong.
they armed"'?
martinis

How

few have

S:^/ '*^^^^.
. .

^-^

^>
''^^^
<^
\ .

^
"*^^^J
f
<^

^'^

and sniders, but

. ^

the rest have only muzzleloaders

Tell the

"

and

matchlocks,

^^^i.

y j"^ <^J^ ^l
^

{J

-^ '^'^

Subadar that the

^ j^_^

^^ ^_^^

j^^

286
sentries

POSHTU MANUAr-.
must
be

doubled
a

.
-

J x\j^
*

'^jo

J ^^
,
^

to- ^J.
^
,

to-night.

Make

hedge

.v.
^

of thorns near the guard.

After dark no fires

may

be

J^ ^

^_;f

^j;^

^j-i

;J^'

LESSON xxvin.
H.
S.

Pushtu.

October, 1899.

(1)

How
two

far is it to the
It
is

^^t>
"

i_$)
,

!5..^^

^l^j

(i)
.

camping -ground?
about
Is

^\

.^
^

hours

march.

^^"
^^^^
^

there plenty of water?

is

^. \^^-.
v
.

^ ^'^j^ ^
>'
"^

-u^i?
'
v';

There

a good spring about

east,

200 paces to the

the water-mills.

above

i^

>

* ^^

"^^
(r)
.

(2)

What
?

supplies

are

t^^^^
..

^^J^-.'.

>^^j

^
^^

obtainable

There

is

...,
'

Ghilzai camp about ^ kos

to

'^^

1*^ ^

the

north,

and

the

Ay'^
_

3^

^'^

^y^.'^

y'tf^
.

Ghilzais can supply wood,

grass, sheep, milk, fowls

^^^
"^

.^^.%],
"
"^

^/l
-

and

eggs.

Lr*

'^ ^' <_5^^^^

u%^

COLLOQUJAL SENTENCES.
(3)
rlie

287
aj

The

patrol will go

up

t.d &i
.

,-,'..;

c:^'i*^ (r)

valley as far as the top

,.

^,

of the Pass.

Do

not cross
is

the water-shed,

as that

-^^ ^' ^J^ljyi

-^ '.
"
,
t

^-^

^j^..f.
.

'

'*'**

our boundary, and beyond

it

"t

s,-^

is

independent

territory.

^
''^'^

'

'ii'

-<

Tell the Daffadar to be

back

^^

j>^

L^

'^

'^-:

(4)

What

is

that firing

^ ^_sd

c[s.

J ^^j
t

.^

a.^

(t^)

It is only the youns- nien of

1/ ^

the village firing at marks.

"

" "^

^ se
-

v'

Some
shots.

of

them

are very good

l/**^

ls-^ l5^^
j^
!

t^j l5^'
t

>

Li

(5)

Sahib,

want

u^^'r.

'^

^J
*
-^
v\

week's leave

without pay.
'

:^'"

My

grandfather died yester-

d^ay evening,

and I

am

his

^^ x^
'J.

j*i.^

^>V'>[*
.

'*^-'

heir.

If I do not go home,

^ j

x^ _

my

cousins will

seize,

the

inheritance.

^^J^^C

^-

^'^^'^-^

^\ r
-''

|;

^^^^

(6)

Why
?

is

this land not

^,^
JO
,

J^ ^1^ ^^^ Ij
J
"

^i)

cultivated

Sahib, the land

^is^
is

above the water-channel

barren, because

'^

""
b.'w^

'

we cannot

Jyc

Xs^

L ^j

a^Lcj

sj

28S

PUSHTU MANUAL.
it,

get water on to
to

and owing
the

J
^

.1

_ ^}h>^j

y^

^
\

^.y

^'ji ^

the

drouo'ht

land

u/

below the channel has not

'

'

been cultivated this year, as

there

^y

^^i

&i

sLkj

^iiku,

t<j

^1^

has

been
river.

so

little

water in the

(7V It is thundering, and I the sky is very cloudy.

think we shall have a storm
to-night.
It is

^
'

^ ^.J-jx
"

u'"'*^

'

^"^
^.3

^^ ^;, ^^^ .^^ _

- ^yi c5^'^
J,
i^ iJJ-i ^^

,^^^

snowing now
hills.

^ ^ ''^
&
I

on the tops of the

^j

(8)We always send cattleescorts when we send our The people cattle to graze.
of

J>i^

"

L^

jc^

^
^

,&

a)

^r
.^^

)^ i"

^^
s.i:
\

'^^'-O^

^'^^-

the

hills

are

great

di^
t

j _^^1^I a^jj
^\\

thieves ; besides, the leopards

and wolves are very bold, and carry

off

^^
j^jj'j^.'^

^''
1^

^^
j'

our goats.

uW

U'^'ji

(9)

Why

are you throw?

^
.

^!j J,^
"
.

^J^
t

j;^

j:Aa

(1)

ing stones at him

Sahib,
-^

^/
'

^
.

he abused and struck me.

!*"

"^
^_^5

He

is

my

brother-in-law,

^i2i

^^^

'^^

^'^^ |J>Aj

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
ard we
quarrel whenever
I did not strike

289

6 meet.
Aim.

(10)

One man and one

killed
-i.a
.1

old

woman have been

two
little

and

children

^/i>

t^;-

^y,

-J^s***

seriously

wounded.
village

The
will

people

of the

have to pay the blood-money

and wound-money and a

of Rs.

fine

1000.

The maliks

will be held responsible for

the payment of the whole

amount within one month.

(11)

raid

took

place

o)

i^j

fj

ci^ljj 3

(i i)

op.Thursday.

Two buffaloes
who
are

and forty cows were carried

otf.

The

raiders,

said to be the

Gumatti out-

laws, went off in the direction

of

the Waziri border.

pursuit party from

Kanda

village went after the raiders,

but were unable to recover

the cattle, being only armed

^}

S/J'"

Li^: u>u'^

^^'

L^

with flint-lock guns, while

200
the
raiders

PUSHTU MAN A L.
[I

had martiuis

^'

jj
,

^^^-^^ i^-**^^
-P
\

_^''*"

and sniders,

/<

t.

(12)

Did not the

the

villagers

^je-^

^^

^"

^K

3 (ir)

warn
Post?

Border

Police

They beat a drum,

S:^/j^^

but did not send a

the post, and the

man to men there

did nos hear the noise of the

drum because of the wind. The cavalry patrol saw the

raiders from a distance, but

J ^^ 5 ^

. s^j. aj

j\/\ J^.^

could not
the

attack them, as

^'^:^j
^^^^

^^

^J
"

^ h^'^
i^)

e:^^

paths were

very bad

^^^
''

and their horses could go

only very slowly.
t/J^'"'

j (^^ ^ ^^
^} ^ J^
'rr'jf

'^J^-'^

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
the camels with

291

the

tents

on with

tlie

advance guard,
ride

and we
first

will

out the
>''j: Lf-!^""-?^;

march, starting about

I
will

^.p-'a^

^JT^^Jt^'"

mid-day.

ride

the

_
OJ

tMJ

,.lU

fC

grey mare, and you can take

the bay.

We will

take the
as

greyhounds with

us,

we

may

possibly see a hare or

plain.

two on the

(2)

Had you

told

me

earlier I

would have come

I could not help

yesterday.
iu.

I sent

man

to

you

^hree days ago, but he lost

his way.

He

says that he
raiders,
all

met a party of
hid in a cave

and
Sj.<
<xi

night to

v^c

<t=^

,-Jl

JcAa

escape them, but this

be merely an excuse.

may

V
(.v^

J..

...

...

>/ V

u'-^y^

- [*r^

C^-'r!

U^

"02'

292
(3)

PUSHTU MANUAL.
Wliile the regiment
at Pabbi, on
Jt..

l^}jii

|^!i^lj^ ^_J^ J (r)

were encamped

the night of Thursday 2nd

instant,

some

rifle

thieves

cut a hole in the guard tent

and
rifles

stole

two Lee-Me^ford
a
bolt.

and

The

sentries
fired
at,

outside

the

camp

the thieves as they

it

were running away, and,

is

believed, hit one, as blood-

stains

were
this

found

in

the

nullah

morning.

On

the same night two boxes of

ammunition, one of blank

and

one

of

empty

cases,

ilA;, "^ Aji^clt) 3^ ^y^'"" y-ix O

L/^^y

were stolen from the railway

station at Novvshera.
It is

said

that

the

rifles

and

ammunition were smuggled

'

across

the

frontier

hidden

in cofiins.
(X.. <)L

i-Jlc

J^

^1}^Ju>

il

^J

^^^

(jj^o'j

Jy.tjji.^

yj^.
(4)

raiding

party

of
'^"^

about
raided

seventy
the

Aka Khels
of

t5 n!^
8jl

^J^

M
io_j)

mills

the

J,-^ .3

J^ivl^lyb'

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
village of Landai a fortnight
(^;J

293
,^)

ago.

They carried

j ^^^
"

^^,^_,
^^

off

about

^"^

j^ ^
tj-i-

twenty loads of flour and

wheat,

V"^
^j^
''

ij

^
*

i^

^Ji^

J^

which they loaded

There
were

on

donkeys.

^- Jjj ^^ "

^.^'

J/j'^
l^'^

^
^If.

tracks of flour all the

to the border.

way

^} J^ H
1-

^j^i

^i O-^vJJ
jo
jT.;;!.^.

(5)

The
lor

regiment

will

^'o-^'j,^
J5,ot^

(c)

11/. break
sance

parade

to-morrow at day

reconnais-

Jo
^

ci^'i^

<Kj

<)i"

'

,t\ajk*i
.

towards

Shabkadar.

^.^j^
" ^

,'o <!c.i^:;lj

j
^

_^^i'jcliji

Supplies for two days will

."

.,

be

taken

on

regimental
tents will be

^^*
jo ^_cj^
<

^
j:j

^^^
..
'

transport.

No

(.ySf^

^''^*')

- ic*^

taken. port

No

wheeled trans-

,,

^a
ir

can be taken, as the

^^"
e;];

^(.5^-?

^^

unmetalled roads are very

heavy, owing to the recent

<^v

''^

^'^^

ram.
(6)

,;;i^ ^r'V-'^ ^; S5^ ^-^^ (...ou.

i,.

How

do you

divide

L_ .A5v.^^'i J^vi- j^U

(i)

your tribal subsidy?

are

There
in

eleven

elders

my
is

^^^^ ^^ ^.
>
'

"

^^^

section,

and the subsidy

s^*^

i-Sj^..j)

[j-i^ U*^)-^^j,*^y>./>

U^
3j'
"^'^

divided anpong
portion to
fighting

them

in pro-

^^^ ^_,^^
'^'^

the

number of
91 rupees

men

of each family.
is

My own
a year.

share

"l^ J^.3 ^-^'-^ ^^^^^^llj 3^i_ &=^ji

,

I divide this

among

$"

..^

294

PUSHTU MANUAL.
relations, giving $
^1
.,

my own
to

^^}^
.

^^
.
,

^l/lj^
.

^^
,

*.'.

be divided among those

of

my

cousins and nephews

^
j;

^'
'

^
;

with

whom

am on good

^j'i'^

u^!.;
j,^,^,

u^

y'3J^J!
l^

terms.

^j

J ^^ ^ ^^,
^j (v)
,

(7)

The usual
small
is to refer

way

of
in

^^S^j^^J^

j^^^sl^'

settling

disputes

Tirah

the case to
is

some mulla, who

supposed

, ^^ ^3 ,^ ^^ > r J < ^V W*^ji f-"^

^^
"

^^
Jl

^^

"^

to give his decision accord-

ing to

Muhammadan

^ c:^^^ S ^ j ^
,.^.
-^

y.

^^^
^*

{^^
.,

law,

but in most cases the mulla

is

^^-^ ^/fJ^ f
*

J
*

bribed.

'^Jj^ J u^'^

(8)

Owing

to the famine
rates

-xJ

las^

J "-r^^^i ^

(0

in

the

Punjab,

are

^^^y

very high in the Peshawar

district

^
f^^'>

JT7^

^^

^;^^

wheat
the

is

8|

seers,

J"^ Tv
^1

f^ '^^/j-'^
^^.l.O

barleyl3^seers, Indian corn

^J^

12 seers to the rupee.

crops in
district

The
have
y*

been

good

and plentiful
do

^ ^^Lsj ^^
,^
I
.

^ ^d
-v
.i

&>_

but the

poorer people

jciyili-^^ly^y^^O ^-^.^^^ "

^M J
^^
6 i^J

not benefit by thiSj as surplus

grain, instead of being sold

aj

O,^,

1^ d J

here, is sent

down country

'^i.

^'^^j^
Ch.j

^^'^

^y

^'^^i-

\J' -J

^ y A*

^^ J-^

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.

295

(9)

The new

settlement

will

begin next spring, and

will last through the

summer
the

and possibly through

autumn.
increase in

A
as

considerable
is

the revenue

expected,

much waste
cultivation

^
^

<i(LL.

^li ^-c^

.JuJ'-j

j>^

and barren land has been

brought
by
the

under

opening

of

the

y*! JJii-Ji

&~>>-<j

^i'*"

y
'^

'^

1^^"

new

canal.

Some Peshabecome

^A_^

jyX-ii.

)y^l
t>

'^*^

war bankers have

wealthy by buying up at a

jUj-=-I jcj

jLcI Jet

^jiysXiyi

low rate lands which were

formerly valueless and are

now very
ever,

rich.

The

relaij--^

tions of the

vendors, howrights of pre-

^t)

(.^^A.^J

r"

V.)

^^
1^

claim

emption, and the cases will

^.'j^/s>~ J
'^f t>
lkxki*i

i- _ iCii

be heard by the Settlement

Officer.

ti

u^y u

(10)

Owing

to the
is

heavy

rainfall the river

in flood,
is

and considerable damage

done to villages along the

banks.

In one village three

J ^7

^'^

L3' ^J

vc

j:.

Jts^ s-JO_jl^

296

PUSHTU MANUAL.

houses were washed away

Last night,

v\
-''

and some of the

were drowned.

\ *--"
^
\

inhabitants

Uy" ^"^ ^3jr ^J'^

JLo
joi,
(

L/**^

The
of

loss

of cattle too has

di-

\^

been great, and the bodies

cows

and

sheep^ have

-?'

^'^
-

been washed down in large

^i^ cj'^-^ J^.^ ^ ^yi ^ii lJ^ i^ '^^ <-^;^'^

.^

numbers.
revenue
remitted.

Some
will

part of the
to

"

.,

nave

be

^^"

^"

LESSON XXX.
SPECIAL
H.
S.

PAPER.
Ap-il, 1900.
Officers.)

Pushtu.

(For Revenue

(1)

Occupancy
in

tenants

'j)

^jlc.J^
^
i

ij}jy*
"
i

^'^
\

>

are

rare

the Peshawar

v
^
'^

.-v

District, except in

Mardan,

*-

""-^^

and mortgages are not heavy

except in the Peshawar and

^^^y

'^J^

} J^-'^ U V*
j'
'

t-^

Hashtnagar Tahsils, which

contain
the

j^^ J^ j^ P C5^
'

most valuable

'^

h"^
,

^
1

U^
^j

^H^^
i

lands in the district, and as

usual show the largest proportion ofalienation by sale,

^
jjj

^Jf^f^

^-

^)
s^'>S'

&c.

The

average

unin-

^^.^ J,L Jj

(^^J^^

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
c'lmbered area per holding

297
^)
lS^)
.

J - i^j
,

viz.

10

acres

^J
i

i_sf..'^

is

there-

7
v-p,

fore

sufficient,

especially

v^ >

when the

usually high prois

^^* J^*^

^
-

^j^

Ci^a,^*^

portion of irrigated area

borne in mind.

^^, (^,^ y ^V-?^. "

^

""i

SS ^_^0 J^'^

;ljJl

(2)

One

of the principal

^J

...
.

duties of Tahsildars in the

^
;
'>'

^^
..

<^

J^

t_^y ^. <^'y^;^

Punjab
supply

is to

arrange for the

rations

^_^

^
^
-5^

^j^i.y
.
i

^^
"

of

and

carriage to

troops

passing
limits.

through their Tahsil

JPj^J-^
^,

'^J

-'

^
v

"'

This task has been rendered

J^
,^

lt>

t/y

c:-v.wj^JJo

somewhat

difficult

by the

^
^

\
-

A ^-^ Joj 5
^^
c

j^

issue of orders

by Governforced

.^

ment

forbidding

^/'^-?y C^^LS^
^=-

labour; but the "Zaildari"

- u?^

^.J'^

J/ ;^
(_^)^^y

system introduced into the

district

^
^^ ^

.^^Lud

during the recent

^^
~

settlement has lightened the

^
'r^r'

ci^^^jJu J^^\

burden of Tahsildars in this

respect,

^-

"r^J^

'^

2l^

and

most

of

the

^'^J

<LXj^ j\i\d ^\^>i^^^^

uli^;^
Jil J
_

Khattak carriers are always

'J'j^^^

^S

298

PUSHTU MANUAL.
oUj^b J
^oii-

ready to help their " zail-

Jc^^^
,

.Ui*bj!,

dars" in procuring

carria2;e.

...

(3)

The general grounds

in

^i^i) iks^ ci^'^Jtys-j

-i---

2^
"

(r)
''
\

on which revision of assess-

\--

ment

the

direction

of

"-^

^^" "*"

"

-^
't'"^
'

enhancement of revenue can

be iustified
are, that prices

ij^f- ^t
t

^^^:.'j

^ U^:^^

J*^
i/
'

have risen during the past

few years, that cultivation
has increased owing to the

^
..

^-^"

"

"

-'

^j^ ^^y^ ^^f

k'

^^f
> ^
!

u*^ y^

v.

opening of new canals, that

the border has been
pletely
pacified

^
'^J'*'
-

'

comthe

J-^

r
^,
^
Sj^

^^
^^1^
"

^'^'^j

since

j^^
'
^

l:^w^^.jjo

last settlement,

and

life

and

property on the whole are

cJ^^J

c;""

tJ*'

i^^
.i

more

secure,

and that comp

^^-> (JU
i \

^j^'o) ^-ju.)

munications have been im-

"
t

5'

proved by the opening

oi

5''r-'; "^

'^ 5

lJ*^ u4*^ ../

^
*_^

\'
''^'

L'J"*'
.

railways and the construetion

d^ ^'^Ij.y'^ ^ ^^^3^-^. y ij^

"^
i

of

roads

and

boat-

\\-\

bridges.

-^

(4)

The

great

difficulty

in the

Bara group

^
.

}^

of private
^-^^

us"^-?' "
''

^^.

^
-r^,

^^^

canals has always been the

equitable distribution of the

'^

^"

,^

^},\

^l^

'j^.^

L/<*^

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
water-supply, which during
the
.

299

^^^
\

^^S ^^1
~\\

^
.

^J,
."
.

^-jui

hot

weather
It
is

is

very
to
i^';

scanty.

possible

^^^S^^ ^j'^

^ i>3i^
J^
"'

take out flood channels from

ravines, but they cannot be
solely

t^J^j

^^j^

A),
"
.

depended on

for irri-

~^ ^
J^
^'^

,.."'/
"

l))

'^^

.'*^<^
^ica Xj

g.ition purposes.

The

pro-

^j^'Jc\ ij^j ^j] j

t-5y
^y>.

ject of a

new canal has been

^ -

sanctioned by the

Govern-

(vjr^rf-^

^
'Jj

ment of India, and the construction

will

<J^J ^^^1*

J^j**>
^

^^l^
*

shortly

be
"-^^-

taken in hand and finished

before long.

^
*
i

\(

/-

^^

^^

L5^ j>?" ^jJ 3 c5^

(5)

The canal has been

boon to the

/
"

an enormous
land-owners,
cases

who

in

many

^
(f

^
(->^

c:^v^^
:!

i_5y
I

^
.{,

^.-O
.v

have

accumulated

w;

corsiderable fortunes out of

the profit?
irrigation.

arising from the

<Jx
]:

V^
C^

^r'*'

J\

(_?^'
'

The waste and

lands

.\^*

deserted

have been

completely
irrigated,

cultivated

and
a

U^3^

'^

S:>;^

^-T- ^3^

j'

JJ
w
\

and now

raise

c^Uj ^ ^f^ Jj^ ^ i^j

.

large surplus produce.

The
distri-

arrangement for the

bution of water
not
is,

"

^-^

"

^
/

^J^
^\

"^

however,

^^'^^
^
^

^
/

fA^*^^-^'**^.^'^^.
^

lA-.j
\

very satisfactory,

and
the

people

complain

of

<p

>

>

300
irregularities

PUSHTU MANUAIj,
practised

by

the subordinate officials of

the Irrigation Department.

(6)

You have no certificate

representative of the

Sz^

^_5'^l<^

*s-

to

show that you* are the

and you
the

legal

deceased,

cannot

therefore apply for an order

to
set

aside
If

orders
"

passed.
desire

you,

however,

"

that proceedings be
till

postponed

you

have

produced the required certificate,

I will do so

but

if

on the day fixed

for the
<Lt

hearing of the case you do

not appear before the court,

J^< J
I

..

''

t)

AiJb

.J

j^^

JO (_$ 1^

I
)

you
have

will

be

supposed

to

Li'

jJLc

^li

k>

o)

^ji

jj_^

failed in obtaining the

certificate,

and
also
will

the

suit,

which

is

barred

by
8.'..0

limitation,

be

given

,Jo J^^J'

^ AJi.^

Jis-

against you.

COLLDQUlAJi SENTENCES.
9

301

(7)

Kemember

that

when
and

the attachment has remained

in force for one
year,

you have not

decree,

obeyed the

and the decree-holder

to

has

applied

have the
sold,

attached
shall

property

I
so,

be bound to

do

and

to dispose of the sale

proceeds
best.
for

as

may

think

It is therefore better
settle

you to
the

your case

with

decree-holder
^CU)

privately,

and not to allow

its

JO

<xl

O C^JUu

the law to take

I give
this,

course.
for

you two months

j_^cXa< ,_5^^

after

which you must

attend the court.

(8)

In

all

cases in which

U)
,

^^
^'
^"

j.<,AJl
,

Jj
,

Xj

(a)

the police are accused of ex-

..

tortmg coniessions or maltreating

^
.^
;

^<)i*-

>

persons

arrested^

i.^

^-^J

^^

d^v<y

302

rusnTu manual.
J yj
^
x.>

the District Superintendent

sliould immediately proceed

b ^-. ^_^S
c
wr

Jj'JJ
*

ds\

\
'

to the spot

and thoroughly

^-^
&-

'^^

SP

-'-^
j

k
'

investigate the matter, and

^jd
^

2S^'j
m
(

^j'"^
.

U'^^^'''

1
'

report

the
to

result

of
'

his
-

'

inquiry

the

District

Magistrate and the Deputy

Inspector-General of Police.

^ cuUiAiisr ^_^^U.< j J

^^^-^

^
^jU
^j
'"^

Ju,

-^
^'

^'ju^^"

The accused persons need

J,

j^ j ^ /j
"

not be present on the spot,

^^' ^ (^.^s^^jXLaS
,

^j^

but they should be given

every opportunity
01

^\^ \il^
'^i

-,

J.j

pro-

ducing their witnesses.

cross-examination
is

No

^r

i?

u^A*
^.
.

^Jji ^
^i'^
4\;U

neces-

^jAii ^^jJ
>>

jo

.....

^..

"

""
i

(9)

After the

expiration

of the term of security, a

^^
^^^

i>L <t>x
,

^O
,1

<xl

^^^j^ii^ji^'

second security cannot

be

..

'*

demanded, except on some

v^^

new proof of bad livelihood, Where the charge upon

cii-o'v*^
1 .

Jj
^z-

^^^
...

jJ
^-

^oV^
<[.

COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
wkich a person
is

'j03

tried is

c^*'^

:.

^ i^i
.

^^
-^

f^
,

^
'

^^.
.,

one of iniiiry to the person,

;i

',

Magistrate cannot require

^^
./
^

^^'

^
u^y^

security for good behaviour

^j^jX^j^*

j_^.
.
,

on

tlie

ground
is

that

the

accused

a person of violent

J
'

"

or dangerous character.

The
in-

^^5^=-

Here fact of a previous conviction

^
^j^

,^
"^

^^ e:..^j.A^ ,.^*^"

1^

of

an

offence
is

"

^^
H

^ ^^^
ls

^j^ ^^
'

volving
sufficient

dishonesty
to

not
the
a

i^"^

'^''
l^^

^JT

justify

^ ^;]^j
^

^^
"

^
1^

taking of security from

person.

S;^> ^;'>

r/^

-^

^^j-

'>:>.

^:

'Mr

^^cS

JlxK-o

X) XiCa 3' u?-J <_?:

{j^

(10)'

This

is

the fourth
^_c/
,
''

^^'

^'
'^^j

day since I 'iegan to learn

Pushto.

^y^ Oy
-J
,

y-H
*
'^

The

thieves were
of a

\
^

\\;.

standing on the top

^
^^^^ ^

mound and we
them.

fired

upon

*i_f jT j '-^J'^ji/y^

-?

-jJ -i

!/^
\
\j

I do not understand

^^

^^

^__^

304
prophecy.
eloped

PUSHTU MANUAL.
>
-J.

His
a

daughter
slave

tjj^-;^^

8^ yjf
i

^1^..

J^
j

^^'^
i

\
\
\

with

and

disgraced the whole family.

(*

^
^\.<

Jr

^!r

T
i.i

How many
have yon

fighting

men

S ^_^t3

^L j

^jJ,

in your

village?

^
"-'

j^

Small-pox has appeared in

the
city.

^
^^y.
_

^
,^-^

^.

^,

Yoke,
threshing
-

oxen,
floor,

V.)

- ^'^f- - Ct^ *

y^

plough,
camel;

\^

^^]

^^^^ (^

wolf,
locust.

parrot,

cow,

dung,

^U-<xi^a.i-V..>>

APPENDICES.

APPENDICES.
APPENDIX
A

I.

Comparative Table of Intransitive Verba.

(See sbeet.)

APPENDIX
A

II.

Comparative Table of Transitive Verbs.

(See sheet.)

APPENDIX
Regulations
for

III.

Examination in Pushtu

by the

Higher and Lower Standards.

{d.

P.

I.,

vol.

ii.,

see. xxiv.,

part

v., paras.

65 to

77.)

308

PUSHTU MANUAL.

Higher Standard.
Examinations in Pushtu by
are held twice a year
(in April
tlie

Higher Standard
at the

and October),

following centres

At Peshawur, by the Central Committee At Dera Ismail Khan, by a Local Committee. At Meean Meer, ,, At Quetta, At Gilgit, At Chitral,
The Examinations and Tests are
(a)
:

A
in

written translation of a passage

narrative
or historic
style

MAKK8.

from
100

English into Pushtu.

{b)

Reading and construing portions of

the text-books, viz.
i.
:

ii.

The Ganj-i-Pukhto. The Tarikh-i-Mahmud-i-Ghaznavi.

viva
voce,

100

Ic)

Translation

and
of

with

readiness, of a paper of conversational

sentences

read

cut by one

Examiners.
(d)

....
Total

the

100

Conversation with a native of the

v;ouutry,with fluency, and such correct-

ness of grammar, idiom, and pronunoiia:ion

as to be at once intelligible.

100

400

APPENDICES.

309

These papers are set by the Central Committee.

Local Committees examine only in subjects
id),

reporting

to

the Central

(b) and Committee the marks

they award.

The written translations

(a),
(c),

and the
character
to

renderings of the colloquial sentences

which are
the

taken down by the Committee in the

at

Roman

the

candidate's

dictation,

are

forwarded

Central Committee,

who award marks.

and 50/o of the total. a candidate must obtain at
To
least

To pass, a candidate must obtain at least SO"/ in

subjects
(c)

and

{d),

pass " with

credit,"

657o

in each of the four subjects,

and at least 75/o

of the total.

LowEE Standard.
Exauiinations in

Pushtu by the Lower Standard

first

are held quarterly, on the

April,

Wednesday
all

in January,

July,

and

October,

in

military stations

where there are candidates, and where the services of

qualified officers are available to form a board.

The Examination Committee consists of 3 officers, whom must have passed in Pushto by the Higher Standard, and the remainder by the Lower
one of
Standard.

The Examinations and Tests are

(a)

Reading

and translating with

ac-

^^^^^*

curacy not less than half a page of

the Ganj-i-Pukhto.
.
.

100

310
{b)

PUSHTU MANUATi.
Conversing with the Examiner, or
with a native, on subjects likely to
occur in the

performance

of

regi-

mental or professional
transaction^ of ordinary

duty, in the
business, or
life.
.

in the course of every-day

100

To

2)ass,

a candidate must obtain at least 50/o in

each ^subject.

<6

PHnted

in Great BHta,n by VmVlN BROTHERS. LIMITED

Lo.vno.v

Asn wokixg

go.

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