Football may refer to one of a number of team sports which all involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball with

the foot to score a goal. The most popular of these sports worldwide is association football, more commonly known as just "football" or "soccer". Unqualified, the wordfootball applies to whichever form of football is the most popular in the regional context in which the word appears, including American football,Australian rules football, Canadian football, Gaelic football, rugby league, rugby union and other related games. These variations of football are known as football "codes".Common elements The various codes of football share the following common elements:

Two teams of usually between 11 and 18 players; some variations that have fewer players (five or more per team) are also popular.

     

A clearly defined area in which to play the game. Scoring goals or points, by moving the ball to an opposing team's end of the field and either into a goal area, or over a line. Goals or points resulting from players putting the ball between two goalposts. The goal or line being defended by the opposing team. Players being required to move the balldepending on the codeby kicking, carrying, or hand-passing the ball. Players using only their body to move the ball. In most codes, there are rules restricting the movement of players offside, and players scoring a goal must put the ball either under or over a crossbar between the goalposts. Other features common to several football codes include: points being mostly scored by players carrying the ball across the goal line; and players receiving a free kick after they take a markor make a fair catch. Peoples from around the world have played games which involved kicking or carrying a ball, since ancient times. However, most of the modern codes of football have their origins inEngland.[1] Etymology Main article: Football (word) While it is widely assumed that the word "football" (or "foot ball") references the action of the foot kicking a ball, there is a historical explanation, which is that football originally referred to a variety of games in medieval Europe, which were played on foot.[2] These games were usually played by peasants, as opposed to the horse-riding sports often played by aristocrats. There is no conclusive evidence for either explanation, and the word football has always implied a variety of games played on foot, not just those that involved kicking a ball. In some cases, the word football has even been applied to games which have specifically outlawed kicking the ball.[citation needed] Early history Ancient games

Ancient Greek football player balancing the ball. Depiction on an AtticLekythos. The Ancient Greeks and Romans are known to have played many ball games, some of which involved the use of the feet. The Roman game harpastum is believed to have been adapted from a Greek team game known as " " " (episkyros)[3][4] or

" (phaininda),[5] which is mentioned by a Greek playwright, Antiphanes (388311 BC) and later referred to by

the Christian theologian Clement of Alexandria (c.150-c.215 AD). These games appear to have resembled rugby

football.[6][7][8][9][10] The Roman politician Cicero (10643 BC) describes the case of a man who was killed whilst having a shave when a ball was kicked into a barber's shop. Roman ball games already knew the air-filled ball, the follis.[11][12] Documented evidence of an activity resembling football can be found in the Chinese military manual Zhan Guo Ce compiled between the 3rd century and 1st century BC.[13] It describes a practice known as cuju ( , literally "kick ball"), which

originally involved kicking a leather ball through a small hole in a piece of silk cloth which was fixed on bamboo canes and hung about 9 m above ground. During the Han Dynasty (206 BC220 AD), cuju games were standardized and rules were established. Variations of this game later spread to Japan and Korea, known as kemari and chuk-guk respectively. Later, another type of goal posts emerged, consisting of just one goal post in the middle of the field.

A revived version ofKemari being played at theTanzan Shrine. The Japanese version of cuju is kemari ( ), and was developed during the Asuka period. This is known to have been played

within the Japanese imperial court in Kyoto from about 600 AD. In kemari several people stand in a circle and kick a ball to each other, trying not to let the ball drop to the ground (much like keepie uppie). The game appears to have died out sometime before the mid-19th century. It was revived in 1903 and is now played at a number of festivals.

An illustration from the 1850s ofAustralian Aboriginal hunter gatherers. Children in the background are playing a football game, possiblyWoggabaliri.[14] There are a number of references to traditional, ancient, or prehistoric ball games, played by indigenous peoples in many different parts of the world. For example, in 1586, men from a ship commanded by an English explorer namedJohn Davis, went ashore to play a form of football with Inuit (Eskimo) people in Greenland.[15] There are later accounts of an Inuit game played on ice, called Aqsaqtuk. Each match began with two teams facing each other in parallel lines, before attempting to kick the ball through each other team's line and then at a goal. In 1610, William Strachey, a colonist at Jamestown, Virginia recorded a game played by Native Americans, called Pahsaheman. On the Australian continent several tribes of indigenous people played kicking and catching games with stuffed balls which have been generalised by historians asMarn Grook (Djab Wurrung for "game ball"). The earliest historical account is an anecdote from the 1878 book by Robert BroughSmyth, The Aborigines of Victoria, in which a man called Richard Thomas is quoted as saying, in about 1841 in Victoria, Australia, that he had witnessed Aboriginal people playing the game: "Mr Thomas describes how the foremost player will drop kick a ball made from the skin of a possum and how other players leap into the air in order to catch it." Some historians have theorised that Marn Grook was one of the origins of Australian rules football. The M ori in New Zealand played a game called Ki-o-rahi consisting of teams of seven players play on a circular field divided into zones, and score points by touching the 'pou' (boundary markers) and hitting a central 'tupu' or target. Games played in Mesoamerica with rubber balls by indigenous peoples are also well-documented as existing since before this time, but these had more similarities to basketball or volleyball, and since their influence on modern football games is minimal, most do not class them as football. Northeastern American Indians, especially the Iroquois Confederation, played a

game which made use of net racquets to throw and catch a small ball; however, although a ball-goal foot game, lacrosse (as its modern descendant is called) is likewise not usually classed as a form of "football." These games and others may well go far back into antiquity. However, the main sources of modern football codes appear to lie in western Europe, especially England. Medieval and early modern Europe Further information: Medieval football The Middle Ages saw a huge rise in popularity of annual Shrovetide football matches throughout Europe, particularly in England. The game played in England at this time may have arrived with the Roman occupation, but the only pre-Norman reference is to boys playing "ball games" in the 9th century Historia Brittonum. Reports of a game played in Brittany,Normandy, and Picardy, known as La Soule or Choule, suggest that some of these football games could have arrived in England as a result of the Norman Conquest.

An illustration of so-called "mob football". These forms of football, sometimes referred to as "mob football", would be played between neighbouring towns and villages, involving an unlimited number of players on opposing teams, who would clash in a heaving mass of people, struggling to move an item such as an inflated pig's bladder, to particular geographical points, such as their opponents' church. Shrovetide games have survived into the modern era in a number of English towns (see below). The first detailed description of what was almost certainly football in England was given by William FitzStephen in about 11741183. He described the activities of London youths during the annual festival of Shrove Tuesday: After lunch all the youth of the city go out into the fields to take part in a ball game. The students of each school have their own ball; the workers from each city craft are also carrying their balls. Older citizens, fathers, and wealthy citizens come on horseback to watch their juniors competing, and to relive their own youth vicariously: you can see their inner passions aroused as they watch the action and get caught up in the fun being had by the carefree adolescents.[16] Most of the very early references to the game speak simply of "ball play" or "playing at ball". This reinforces the idea that the games played at the time did not necessarily involve a ball being kicked. An early reference to a ball game that was probably football comes from 1280 at Ulgham, Northumberland, England: "Henry... while playing at ball.. ran against David".[17] Football was played in Ireland in 1308, with a documented reference to John McCrocan, a spectator at a "football game" at Newcastle, County Down being charged with accidentally stabbing a player named William Bernard.[18] Another reference to a football game comes in 1321 at Shouldham, Norfolk, England: "[d]uring the game at ball as he kicked the ball, a lay friend of his... ran against him and wounded himself".[17] In 1314, Nicholas de Farndone, Lord Mayor of the City of London issued a decree banning football in the French used by the English upper classes at the time. A translation reads: "[f]orasmuch as there is great noise in the city caused by hustling over large foot balls [rageries de grosses pelotes de pee] in the fields of the public from which many evils might arise which God forbid: we command and forbid on behalf of the king, on pain of imprisonment, such game to be used in the city in the future." This is the earliest reference to football.

In 1363, King Edward III of England issued a proclamation banning "...handball, football, or hockey; coursing and cockfighting, or other such idle games", showing that "football" whatever its exact form in this case was being differentiated from games involving other parts of the body, such as handball. King Henry IV of England also presented one of the earliest documented uses of the English word "football", in 1409, when he issued a proclamation forbidding the levying of money for "foteball".[17][19] There is also an account in Latin from the end of the 15th century of football being played at Cawston, Nottinghamshire. This is the first description of a "kicking game" and the first description of dribbling: "[t]he game at which they had met for common recreation is called by some the foot-ball game. It is one in which young men, in country sport, propel a huge ball not by throwing it into the air but by striking it and rolling it along the ground, and that not with their hands but with their feet... kicking in opposite directions" The chronicler gives the earliest reference to a football pitch, stating that: "[t]he boundaries have been marked and the game had started.[17] Other firsts in the medival and early modern eras:

"a football", in the sense of a ball rather than a game, was first mentioned in 1486.[19] This reference is in Dame Juliana Berners' Book of St Albans. It states: "a certain rounde instrument to play with ...it is an instrument for the foote and then it is calde in Latyn 'pila pedalis', a fotebal."[17]

 

a pair of football boots was ordered by King Henry VIII of England in 1526.[20] women playing a form of football was in 1580, when Sir Philip Sidney described it in one of his poems: "[a] tyme there is for all, my mother often sayes, When she, with skirts tuckt very hy, with girles at football playes."[21]

the first references to goals are in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. In 1584 and 1602 respectively, John Norden and Richard Carew referred to "goals" in Cornish hurling. Carew described how goals were made: "they pitch two bushes in the ground, some eight or ten foote asunder; and directly against them, ten or twelue [twelve] score off, other twayne in like distance, which they terme their Goales".[22] He is also the first to describe goalkeepers and passing of the ball between players.

the first direct reference to scoring a goal is in John Day's play The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green (performed circa 1600; published 1659): "I'll play a gole at camp-ball" (an extremely violent variety of football, which was popular in East Anglia). Similarly in a poem in 1613, Michael Drayton refers to "when the Ball to throw, And drive it to the Gole, in squadrons forth they goe". Calcio Fiorentino

An illustration of the Calcio Fiorentino field and starting positions, from a 1688 book by Pietro di Lorenzo Bini. Main article: Calcio Fiorentino In the 16th century, the city of Florence celebrated the period between Epiphany and Lent by playing a game which today is known as "calcio storico" ("historic kickball") in the Piazza Santa Croce. The young aristocrats of the city would dress up in fine silk costumes and embroil themselves in a violent form of football. For example, calcio players could punch, shoulder charge, and kick opponents. Blows below the belt were allowed. The game is said to have originated as a military training

exercise. In 1580, Count Giovanni de' Bardi di Vernio wrote Discorso sopra 'l giuoco del Calcio Fiorentino. This is sometimes said to be the earliest code of rules for any football game. The game was not played after January 1739 (until it was revived in May 1930). Official disapproval and attempts to ban football Main article: Attempts to ban football games Numerous attempts have been made to ban football games, particularly the most rowdy and disruptive forms. This was especially the case in England and in other parts of Europe, during the Middle Ages and early modern period. Between 1324 and 1667, football was banned in England alone by more than 30 royal and local laws. The need to repeatedly proclaim such laws demonstrated the difficulty in enforcing bans on popular games. King Edward II was so troubled by the unruliness of football in London that on April 13, 1314 he issued a proclamation banning it: "Forasmuch as there is great noise in the city caused by hustling over large balls from which many evils may arise which God forbid; we command and forbid, on behalf of the King, on pain of imprisonment, such game to be used in the city in the future." The reasons for the ban by Edward III, on June 12, 1349, were explicit: football and other recreations distracted the populace from practicing archery, which was necessary for war. In 1424, the Parliament of Scotland passed a Football Act that stated it is statut and the king forbiddis that na man play at the fut ball under the payne of iiij d in other words, playing football was made illegal, and punishable by a fine of four pence. By 1608, the local authorities in Manchester were complaining that: "With the ffotebale...[there] hath beene greate disorder in our towne of Manchester we are told, and glasse windowes broken yearlye and spoyled by a companie of lewd and disordered persons ..."[23] That same year, the word "football" was used disapprovingly by William Shakespeare. Shakespeare's play King Lear contains the line: "Nor tripped neither, you base football player" (Act I, Scene 4). Shakespeare also mentions the game in A Comedy of Errors (Act II, Scene 1): Am I so round with you as you with me, That like a football you do spurn me thus? You spurn me hence, and he will spurn me hither: If I last in this service, you must case me in leather. "Spurn" literally means to kick away, thus implying that the game involved kicking a ball between players. King James I of England's Book of Sports (1618) however, instructs Christians to play at football every Sunday afternoon after worship.[24] The book's aim appears to be an attempt to offset the strictness of the Puritans regarding the keeping of the Sabbath.[25] Establishment of modern codes English public schools Main article: English public school football games While football continued to be played in various forms throughout Britain, its "public" schools (known as private schools in other countries) are widely credited with four key achievements in the creation of modern football codes. First of all, the evidence suggests that they were important in taking football away from its "mob" form and turning it into an organised team sport. Second, many early descriptions of football and references to it were recorded by people who had studied at

these schools. Third, it was teachers, students and former students from these schools who first codified football games, to enable matches to be played between schools. Finally, it was at English public schools that the division between "kicking" and "running" (or "carrying") games first became clear. The earliest evidence that games resembling football were being played at English public schools mainly attended by boys from the upper, upper-middle and professional classes comes from the Vulgaria by William Herman in 1519. Herman had been headmaster at Eton and Winchester colleges and his Latin textbook includes a translation exercise with the phrase "We wyll playe with a ball full of wynde".[26] Richard Mulcaster, a student at Eton College in the early 16th century and later headmaster at other English schools, has been described as "the greatest sixteenth Century advocate of football".[27] Among his contributions are the earliest evidence of organised team football. Mulcaster's writings refer to teams ("sides" and "parties"), positions ("standings"), a referee ("judge over the parties") and a coach "(trayning maister)". Mulcaster's "footeball" had evolved from the disordered and violent forms of traditional football: [s]ome smaller number with such overlooking, sorted into sides and standings, not meeting with their bodies so boisterously to trie their strength: nor shouldring or shuffing one an other so barbarously ... may use footeball for as much good to the body, by the chiefe use of the legges.[28] In 1633, David Wedderburn, a teacher from Aberdeen, mentioned elements of modern football games in a short Latin textbook called Vocabula. Wedderburn refers to what has been translated into modern English as "keeping goal" and makes an allusion to passing the ball ("strike it here"). There is a reference to "get hold of the ball", suggesting that some handling was allowed. It is clear that the tackles allowed included the charging and holding of opposing players ("drive that man back").[citation needed] A more detailed description of football is given in Francis Willughby's Book of Games, written in about 1660.[29] Willughby, who had studied at Bishop Vesey's Grammar School, Sutton Coldfield, is the first to describe goals and a distinct playing field: "a close that has a gate at either end. The gates are called Goals." His book includes a diagram illustrating a football field. He also mentions tactics ("leaving some of their best players to guard the goal"); scoring ("they that can strike the ball through their opponents' goal first win") and the way teams were selected ("the players being equally divided according to their strength and nimbleness"). He is the first to describe a "law" of football: "they must not strike [an opponent's leg] higher than the ball".[citation needed] English public schools were the first to codify football games. In particular, they devised the first offside rules, during the late 18th century.[30] In the earliest manifestations of these rules, players were "off their side" if they simply stood between the ball and the goal which was their objective. Players were not allowed to pass the ball forward, either by foot or by hand. They could only dribble with their feet, or advance the ball in a scrum or similar formation. However, offside laws began to diverge and develop differently at the each school, as is shown by the rules of football from Winchester, Rugby, Harrow and Cheltenham, during between 1810 and 1850.[30] The first known codes in the sense of a set of rules were those of Eton in 1815 [31] and Aldenham in 1825.[31]) During the early 19th century, most working class people in Britain had to work six days a week, often for over twelve hours a day. They had neither the time nor the inclination to engage in sport for recreation and, at the time, many children were

part of the labour force. Feast day football played on the streets was in decline. Public school boys, who enjoyed some freedom from work, became the inventors of organised football games with formal codes of rules. Football was adopted by a number of public schools as a way of encouraging competitiveness and keeping youths fit. Each school drafted its own rules, which varied widely between different schools and were changed over time with each new intake of pupils. Two schools of thought developed regarding rules. Some schools favoured a game in which the ball could be carried (as at Rugby, Marlborough and Cheltenham), while others preferred a game where kicking and dribbling the ball was promoted (as at Eton, Harrow, Westminster andCharterhouse). The division into these two camps was partly the result of circumstances in which the games were played. For example, Charterhouse and Westminster at the time had restricted playing areas; the boys were confined to playing their ball game within the school cloisters, making it difficult for them to adopt rough and tumble running games.[citation needed]

Rugby School William Webb Ellis, a pupil at Rugby School, is said to have "with a fine disregard for the rules of football, as played in his time[emphasis added], first took the ball in his arms and ran with it, thus creating the distinctive feature of the rugby game." in 1823. This act is usually said to be the beginning of Rugby football, but there is little evidence that it occurred, and most sports historians believe the story to be apocryphal. The act of 'taking the ball in his arms' is often misinterpreted as 'picking the ball up' as it is widely believed that Webb Ellis' 'crime' was handling the ball, as in modern soccer, however handling the ball at the time was often permitted and in some cases compulsory,[32] the rule for which Webb Ellis showed disregard was running forward with it as the rules of his time only allowed a player to retreat backwards or kick forwards. The boom in rail transport in Britain during the 1840s meant that people were able to travel further and with less inconvenience than they ever had before. Inter-school sporting competitions became possible. However, it was difficult for schools to play each other at football, as each school played by its own rules. The solution to this problem was usually that the match be divided into two halves, one half played by the rules of the host "home" school, and the other half by the visiting "away" school. The modern rules of many football codes were formulated during the mid- or late- 19th century. This also applies to other sports such as lawn bowls, lawn tennis, etc. The major impetus for this was the patenting of the world's first lawnmower in 1830. This allowed for the preparation of modern ovals, playing fields, pitches, grass courts, etc.[33] Apart from Rugby football, the public school codes have barely been played beyond the confines of each school's playing fields. However, many of them are still played at the schools which created them (see Surviving UK school games below). Public schools' dominance of sports in the UK began to wane after the Factory Act of 1850, which significantly increased the recreation time available to working class children. Before 1850, many British children had to work six days a week, for more than twelve hours a day. From 1850, they could not work before 6 a.m. (7 a.m. in winter) or after 6 p.m. on weekdays (7 p.m. in winter); on Saturdays they had to cease work at 2 p.m. These changes mean that working class children had more time for games, including various forms of football. Firsts

Clubs Main article: Oldest football clubs Sports clubs dedicated to playing football began in the 18th century, for example London's Gymnastic Society which was founded in the mid-18th century and ceased playing matches in 1796.[34][35] The first documented club to bear the title "football club" is one in Edinburgh, Scotland, during the period 182441.[36][37] The club forbade tripping but allowed pushing and holding and the picking up of the ball.[37] Two clubs which claim to be the world's oldest existing football club, in the sense of a club which is not part of a school or university, are strongholds of rugby football: the Barnes Club, said to have been founded in 1839, and Guy's Hospital Football Club, in 1843. Neither date nor the variety of football played is well documented, but such claims nevertheless allude to the popularity of rugby before other modern codes emerged. In 1845, three boys at Rugby school were tasked with codifying the rules then being used at the school. These were the first set of written rules (or code) for any form of football.[38] This further assisted the spread of the Rugby game. For instance, Dublin University Football Clubfounded at Trinity College, Dublin in 1854 and later famous as a bastion of the Rugby School gameis the world's oldest documented football club in any code. Competitions Main article: Oldest football competitions One of the longest running football fixture is the Cordner-Eggleston Cup, contested between Melbourne Grammar School and Scotch College, Melbourne every year since 1858. It is believed by many to also be the first match of Australian rules football, although it was played under experimental rules in its first year. The first football trophy tournament was the Caledonian Challenge Cup, donated by the Royal Caledonian Society of Melbourne, played in 1861 under the Melbourne Rules.[39] The oldest football league is a rugby football competition, the United Hospitals Challenge Cup (1874), while the oldest rugby trophy is the Yorkshire Cup, contested since 1878. The South Australian Football Association (30 April 1877) is the oldest surviving Australian rules football competition. The oldest surviving soccer trophy is the Youdan Cup (1867) and the oldest national soccer competition is the English FA Cup (1871). The Football League (1888) is recognised as the longest running Association Football league. The first ever international football match took place between sides representing England and Scotland on March 5, 1870 at the Oval under the authority of the FA. The first Rugby international took place in 1871. Modern balls Main article: football (ball)

Richard Lindon (seen in 1880) is believed to have invented the first footballs with rubber bladders. In Europe, early footballs were made out of animal bladders, more specifically pig's bladders, which were inflated. Later leather coverings were introduced to allow the ball to keep their shape.[40] However, in 1851, Richard Lindon and William Gilbert, both shoemakers from the town of Rugby(near the school), exhibited both round and oval-shaped balls at the Great Exhibition in London. Richard Lindon's wife is said to have died of lung disease caused by blowing up pig's bladders.[41] Lindon also won medals for the invention of the "Rubber inflatable Bladder" and the "Brass Hand Pump".

In 1855, the U.S. inventor Charles Goodyear who had patented vulcanized rubber exhibited a spherical football, with an exterior of vulcanized rubber panels, at the Paris Exhibition Universelle. The ball was to prove popular in early forms of football in the U.S.A.[42] Modern ball passing tactics Main article: Passing (association football) "Scientific" football is first recorded in 1839 from Lancashire[43] and in the modern game in Rugby football from 1862[44] and from Sheffield FC as early as 1865.[45][46] The first side to play a passing combination game was the Royal Engineers AFC in 1869/70[47][48][49] By 1869 they were "work[ing] well together", "backing up" and benefiting from "cooperation".[50] By 1870 the Engineers were passing the ball: "Lieut. Creswell, who having brought the ball up the side then kicked it into the middle to another of his side, who kicked it through the posts the minute before time was called"[51] Passing was a regular feature of their style[52] By early 1872 the Engineers were the first football team renowned for "play[ing] beautifully together"[53] A double pass is first reported from Derby school against Nottingham Forest in March 1872, the first of which is irrefutably a shortpass: "Mr Absey dribbling the ball half the length of the field delivered it to Wallis, who kicking it cleverly in front of the goal, sent it to the captain who drove it at once between the Nottingham posts"[54] The first side to have perfected the modern formation was Cambridge University AFC[55][56][57] and introduced the 235 "pyramid" formation.[58][59] Cambridge rules Main article: Cambridge rules In 1848, at Cambridge University, Mr. H. de Winton and Mr. J.C. Thring, who were both formerly at Shrewsbury School, called a meeting at Trinity College, Cambridge with 12 other representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury. An eight-hour meeting produced what amounted to the first set of modern rules, known as the Cambridge rules. No copy of these rules now exists, but a revised version from circa 1856 is held in the library of Shrewsbury School.[60] The rules clearly favour the kicking game. Handling was only allowed when a player catches the ball directly from the foot entitling them to a free kick and there was a primitive offside rule, disallowing players from "loitering" around the opponents' goal. The Cambridge rules were not widely adopted outside English public schools and universities (but it was arguably the most significant influence on the Football Associationcommittee members responsible for formulating the rules of Association football). Sheffield rules Main article: Sheffield rules By the late 1850s, many football clubs had been formed throughout the English-speaking world, to play various codes of football. Sheffield Football Club, founded in 1857 in the English city of Sheffield by Nathaniel Creswick and William Prest, was later recognised as the world's oldest club playing association football.[61] However, the club initially played its own code of football: the Sheffield rules. The code was largely independent of the public school rules, the most significant difference being the lack of an offside rule. The code was responsible for many innovations that later spread to association football. These included free kicks[disambiguation
needed]

, corner kicks, handball, throw-ins and the crossbar.[62] By the 1870s they became the dominant code in the north and

midlands of England. At this time a series of rule changes by both the London and Sheffield FAs gradually eroded the differences between the two games until the adoption of a common code in 1877. Australian rules

An Australian rules football match at the Richmond Paddock, Melbourne, in 1866. (A wood engraving by Robert Bruce.) Main article: Australian rules football See also: Origins of Australian rules football Various forms of football were played in Australia during the Victorian gold rush, from which emerged a distinct and locally popular sport. While these origins are still the subject of much debate the popularisation of the code that is known today as Australian Rules Football is currently attributed to Tom Wills. Wills wrote a letter to Bell's Life in Victoria & Sporting Chronicle, on July 10, 1858, calling for a "foot-ball club" with a "code of laws" to keep cricketers fit during winter.[63] This is considered by historians to be a defining moment in the creation of the new sport. Through publicity and personal contacts Wills was able to co-ordinate football matches in Melbourne that experimented with various rules,[64] the first recorded of which occurred on July 31, 1858. On 7 August 1858, Wills umpired a relatively well documented schoolboys match between Melbourne Grammar School and Scotch College. Following these matches, organised football matches rapidly increased in popularity. Wills and others involved in these early matches formed the Melbourne Football Club (the oldest surviving Australian football club) on May 14, 1859. The first members included Wills, William Hammersley, J.B. Thompson and Thomas H. Smith. They met with the intention of forming a set of rules that would be widely adopted by other clubs. The backgrounds of the original rule makers makes for interesting speculation as to the influences on the rules. Wills, an Australian of convict heritage was educated in England. He was a rugby footballer, a cricketer and had strong links to indigenous Australians. At first he desired to introduce rugby school rules. Hammersley was a cricketer and journalist who emigrated from England. Thomas Smith was a school teacher who emigrated from Ireland. The committee members debated several rules including those of English public school games. Despite including aspects similar to other forms of football there is no conclusive evidence to point to any single influence. Instead the committee decided on a game that was more suited to Australian conditions and Wills is documented to have made the declaration "No, we shall have a game of our own".[65] The code was distinctive in the prevalence of themark, free kick, tackling, lack of an offside rule and that players were specifically penalised for throwing the ball. The Melbourne football rules were widely distributed and gradually adopted by the other Victorian clubs. They were redrafting several times during the 1860s to accommodate the rules of other influential Victorian football clubs. A significant re-write in 1866 by H C A Harrison's committee to accommodate rules from the Geelong Football Club made the game, which had become known as "Victorian Rules", increasingly distinct from other codes. It used cricket fields, a rugby ball, specialised goal and behind posts, bouncing with the ball while running and later spectacular high marking. The form of football spread quickly to other other Australian colonies. Outside of its heartland in southern Australia the code

experienced a significant period of decline following World War I but has since grown other parts of the world at an amateur level and the Australian Football League emerged as the dominant professional competition. Football Association

The first football international, Scotland versusEngland. Once kept by the Rugby Football Union as an early example of rugby football. Main article: The Football Association#History During the early 1860s, there were increasing attempts in England to unify and reconcile the various public school games. In 1862, J. C. Thring, who had been one of the driving forces behind the original Cambridge Rules, was a master at Uppingham School and he issued his own rules of what he called "The Simplest Game" (these are also known as the Uppingham Rules). In early October 1863 another new revised version of the Cambridge Rules was drawn up by a seven member committee representing former pupils from Harrow, Shrewsbury, Eton, Rugby, Marlborough and Westminster. At the Freemasons' Tavern, Great Queen Street, London on the evening of October 26, 1863, representatives of several football clubs in the London Metropolitan area met for the inaugural meeting of The Football Association (FA). The aim of the Association was to establish a single unifying code and regulate the playing of the game among its members. Following the first meeting, the public schools were invited to join the association. All of them declined, except Charterhouse and Uppingham. In total, six meetings of the FA were held between October and December 1863. After the third meeting, a draft set of rules were published. However, at the beginning of the fourth meeting, attention was drawn to the recently published Cambridge Rules of 1863. The Cambridge rules differed from the draft FA rules in two significant areas; namely running with (carrying) the ball and hacking (kicking opposing players in the shins). The two contentious FA rules were as follows: IX. A player shall be entitled to run with the ball towards his adversaries' goal if he makes a fair catch, or catches the ball on the first bound; but in case of a fair catch, if he makes his mark he shall not run. X. If any player shall run with the ball towards his adversaries' goal, any player on the opposite side shall be at liberty to charge, hold, trip or hack him, or to wrest the ball from him, but no player shall be held and hacked at the same time. [66][67] At the fifth meeting it was proposed that these two rules be removed. Most of the delegates supported this, but F. M. Campbell, the representative from Blackheath and the first FA treasurer, objected. He said: "hacking is the true football". However, the motion to ban running with the ball in hand and hacking was carried and Blackheath withdrew from the FA. After the final meeting on 8 December, the FA published the "Laws of Football", the first comprehensive set of rules for the game later known as Association Football. The term "soccer", in use since the the late 19th century, derives from an abbreviation of "Association".[68] The first FA rules still contained elements that are no longer part of association football, but which are still recognisable in other games (such as Australian football and rugby football): for instance, a player could make a fair catch and claim a mark, which entitled him to a free kick; and if a player touched the ball behind the opponents' goal line, his side was entitled to afree kick at goal, from 15 yards (13.5 metres) in front of the goal line.

Rugby football Main article: Rugby football

A rugby scrum in 1871. In Britain, by 1870, there were about 75 clubs playing variations of the Rugby school game. There were also "rugby" clubs in Ireland, Australia, Canada and New Zealand. However, there was no generally accepted set of rules for rugby until 1871, when 21 clubs from London came together to form the Rugby Football Union (RFU). The first official RFU rules were adopted in June 1871. These rules allowed passing the ball. They also included the try, where touching the ball over the line allowed an attempt at goal, though drop-goals from marks and general play, and penalty conversions were still the main form of contest. Rugby league Main article: History of Rugby league In 1895, disputes amongst members of the RFU led to a breakaway faction creating its own rules and competitions. Over time this has developed into a distinct code of football known asrugby league. North American football codes Main articles: History of American football and Canadian football#History As was the case in Britain, by the early 19th century, North American schools and universities played their own local games, between sides made up of students. Students at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire played a game called Old division football, a variant of the association football codes, as early as the 1820s.

The "Tigers" of Hamilton, Ontario, circa 1906. Founded 1869 as the Hamilton Foot Ball Club, they eventually merged with the Hamilton Flying Wildcats to form the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, a team still active in the Canadian Football League.[69] The first game of rugby in Canada is generally said to have taken place in Montreal, in 1865, when British Army officers played local civilians. The game gradually gained a following, and the Montreal Football Club was formed in 1868, the first recorded football club in Canada. In 1869, the first game played in the United States under rules based on the FA code occurred, between Princeton and Rutgers. This is also often considered to be the first U.S. game of college football, in the sense of a game between colleges (although the eventual form of American football would come from rugby, not association football). Modern American football grew out of a match between McGill University of Montreal, and Harvard University in 1874. At the time, Harvard students are reported to have played the Boston Game a running code rather than the FAbased kicking games favoured by U.S. universities. This made it easy for Harvard to adapt to the rugby-based game played by McGill and the two teams alternated between their respective sets of rules. Within a few years, however, Harvard had both adopted McGill's rugby rules and had persuaded other U.S. university teams to do the same. In 1876, at the Massasoit Convention, it was agreed by these universities to adopt most of the Rugby Football Union rules, with some variations.

Princeton, Rutgers and others continued to compete using soccer-based rules for a few years before switching to the rugbybased rules of Harvard and its competitors. U.S. colleges did not generally return to soccer until the early 20th century.

Rutgers College Football Team, 1882 In 1880, Yale coach Walter Camp, devised a number of major changes to the American game. Camp's two most important rule innovations in establishing American football as distinct from the rugby football games on which it is based are scrimmage and down-and-distance rules. Scrimmage refers to the practice of starting action by delivering the ball from the ground to another player's hand. Camp's original rule allowed this delivery to be done only with the feet; the rule was soon changed to allow the ball to be passed by hand. The rule also established a distinct line of scrimmage which separates the two teams from each other. When a player is tackled, he is ruled down and play stops, while the teams reset on either side of the line of scrimmage. Play then resumes with the delivery of the ball. Teams are given a limited number of downs to achieve a certain distance (always measured in yards). In American football, teams are given four downs to advance the ball ten yards, after which possession of the ball changes. In Canadian football, teams are allowed three downs to advance ten yards. These rules created a fundamental distinction between the North American codes and rugby codes. Rugby is still fundamentally a continuous-action game, while North American codes are organized around running discrete "plays", as defined as starting with the delivery from "scrimmage" and ending with the "down". American football, in its early years, was an excessively violent game, plagued with several deaths and life-changing injuries every year. The violence became so drastic that PresidentTheodore Roosevelt threatened to shut down the game in 1905, should rules not be changed to minimize this violence. Several rule changes were put into place that year, but the most enduring has been the introduction of the legal forward pass, which, like Camp's rule changes of the 1880s, fundamentally changed the nature of the sport. When it became legal to throw the ball forward, an entire new method of advancing the ball emerged. As a result, players became more specialized in their roles, as the different positions on the team required different skill sets. Thus, some players are primarily involved in running with the ball (the running back) while others specialize in throwing (the quarterback), catching (the wide receiver), or blocking (the offensive line). With the advent of free substitution rules in the 1940s and 1950s, teams could deploy separate offensive and defensive "platoons" which led to even greater specialization. Over the years, Canadian football absorbed some developments in American football, but also retained many unique characteristics. One of these was that Canadian football, for many years, did not officially distinguish itself from rugby. For example, the Canadian Rugby Football Union, founded in 1884 was the forerunner of the Canadian Football League, rather than a rugby union body. (The Canadian Rugby Union, today known as Rugby Canada, was not formed until 1965.) American football was also frequently described as "rugby" in the 1880s. Gaelic football

The All-Ireland Football Final in Croke Main article: History of Gaelic football In the mid-19th century, various collectively as caid, remained popular in observer, Father W. Ferris, described period: the "field game" in which the arch-like goals, formed from the

Park, 2004.

traditional football games, referred to Ireland, especially in County Kerry. One two main forms of caid during this object was to put the ball through boughs of two trees; and the epic

"cross-country game" which took up most of the daylight hours of a Sunday on which it was played, and was won by one team taking the ball across a parish boundary. "Wrestling", "holding" opposing players, and carrying the ball were all allowed. By the 1870s, Rugby and Association football had started to become popular in Ireland. Trinity College, Dublin was an early stronghold of Rugby (see the Developments in the 1850s section, above). The rules of the English FA were being distributed widely. Traditional forms of caid had begun to give way to a "rough-and-tumble game" which allowed tripping. There was no serious attempt to unify and codify Irish varieties of football, until the establishment of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) in 1884. The GAA sought to promote traditional Irish sports, such as hurling and to reject imported games like Rugby and Association football. The first Gaelic football rules were drawn up by Maurice Davin and published in the United Ireland magazine on February 7, 1887. Davin's rules showed the influence of games such as hurling and a desire to formalise a distinctly Irish code of football. The prime example of this differentiation was the lack of an offside rule (an attribute which, for many years, was shared only by other Irish games like hurling, and by Australian rules football). Split in Rugby football

An English cartoon from the 1890s lampooning the divide in rugby football which led to the formation of rugby league. The caricatures are of Rev. Frank Marshall, an arch-opponent of player payments, and James Miller, a long-time opponent of Marshall. The caption reads: Marshall: "Oh, fie, go away naughty boy, I don't play with boys who cant afford to take a holiday for football any day they like!" Miller: "Yes, that's just you to a T; youd make it so that no lad whose father wasnt a millionaire could play at all in a really good team. For my part I see no reason why the men who make the money shouldnt have a share in the spending of it." Further information: History of rugby league The International Rugby Football Board (IRFB) was founded in 1886, but rifts were beginning to emerge in the code. Professionalism was beginning to creep into the various codes of football. In England, by the 1890s, a long-standing Rugby Football Union ban on professional players was causing regional tensions within rugby football, as many players in northern England were working class and could not afford to take time off to train, travel, play and recover from injuries. This was not very different from what had occurred ten years earlier in soccer in Northern England but the authorities reacted very differently in the RFU, attempting to alienate the working class support in Northern England. In 1895, following a dispute about a player being paid broken time payments, which replaced wages lost as a result of playing rugby, representatives of the northern clubs met in Huddersfield to form the Northern Rugby Football

Union (NRFU). The new body initially permitted only various types of player wage replacements. However, within two years, NRFU players could be paid, but they were required to have a job outside sport. The demands of a professional league dictated that rugby had to become a better "spectator" sport. Within a few years the NRFU rules had started to diverge from the RFU, most notably with the abolition of the line-out. This was followed by the replacement of the ruck with the "play-the-ball ruck", which allowed a two-player ruck contest between the tackler at marker and the player tackled. Mauls were stopped once the ball carrier was held, being replaced by a play-the ball-ruck. The separate Lancashire and Yorkshire competitions of the NRFU merged in 1901, forming theNorthern Rugby League, the first time the name rugby league was used officially in England. Over time, the RFU form of rugby, played by clubs which remained members of national federations affiliated to the IRFB, became known as rugby union. Globalisation of association football Main article: History of FIFA The need for a single body to oversee association football had become apparent by the beginning of the 20th century, with the increasing popularity of international fixtures. The English Football Association had chaired many discussions on setting up an international body, but was perceived as making no progress. It fell to associations from seven other European countries: France, Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland, to form an international association. The Fdration Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) was founded in Paris on May 21, 1904. Its first president was Robert Gurin. The French name and acronym has remained, even outside French-speaking countries. Reform of American football Both forms of rugby and American football were noted at the time for serious injuries, as well as the deaths of a significant number of players. By the early 20th century in the U.S.A., this had resulted in national controversy and American football was banned by a number of colleges. Consequently, a series of meetings was held by 19 colleges in 190506. This occurred reputedly at the behest of President Theodore Roosevelt. He was considered a fancier of the game, but he threatened to ban it unless the rules were modified to reduce the numbers of deaths and disabilities. The meetings are now considered to be the origin of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. One proposed change was a widening of the playing field. However, Harvard University had just built a concrete stadium and therefore objected to widening, instead proposing legalisation of the forward pass. The report of the meetings introduced many restrictions on tackling and two more divergences from rugby: the forward pass and the banning of mass formation plays. The changes did not immediately have the desired effect, and 33 American football players were killed during 1908 alone. However, the number of deaths and injuries did gradually decline. Further divergence of the two rugby codes Rugby league rules diverged significantly from rugby union in 1906, with the reduction of the team from 15 to 13 players. In 1907, a New Zealand professional rugby team toured Australia and Britain, receiving an enthusiastic response, and professional rugby leagues were launched in Australia the following year. However, the rules of professional games varied from one country to another, and negotiations between various national bodies were required to fix the exact rules for each

international match. This situation endured until 1948, when at the instigation of the French league, the Rugby League International Federation (RLIF) was formed at a meeting in Bordeaux. During the second half of 20th century, the rules changed further. In 1966, rugby league officials borrowed the American football concept of downs: a team could retain possession of the ball for no more than four tackles. The maximum number of tackles was later increased to six (in 1971), and in rugby league this became known as the six tackle rule. With the advent of full-time professionals in the early 1990s, and the consequent speeding up of the game, the five metre off-side distance between the two teams became 10 metres, and the replacement rule was superseded by various interchange rules, among other changes. The laws of rugby union also changed significantly during the 20th century. In particular, goals from marks were abolished, kicks directly into touch from outside the 22 metre line were penalised, new laws were put in place to determine who had possession following an inconclusive ruck or maul, and the lifting of players in line-outs was legalised. In 1995, rugby union became an "open" game, that is one which allowed professional players. Although the original dispute between the two codes has now disappeared and despite the fact that officials from both forms of rugby football have sometimes mentioned the possibility of re-unification the rules of both codes and their culture have diverged to such an extent that such an event is unlikely in the foreseeable future.

A player takes a free kick, while the opposition form a "wall", inAssociation football Use of the word "football" The word "football", when used in reference to a specific game can mean any one of those described above. Because of this, much friendly controversy has occurred over the term football, primarily because it is used in different ways in different parts of the English-speaking world. Most often, the word "football" is used to refer to the code of football that is considered dominant within a particular region. So, effectively, what the word "football" means usually depends on where one says it.

Players assemble at the line of scrimmage in an American footballgame. Association football is known generally as soccer where other codes of football are dominant, including: the United States, Canada, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand. American football is always football in the United States. In francophone Quebec, where Canadian football is more popular, the Canadian code is known as football and association football is known as le soccer.[70] Of the 45 national FIFA affiliates in which English is an official or primary language, most currently use Football in their organizations' official names. The FIFA affiliates in Canada and theUnited States use Soccer in their names. A few FIFA affiliates have recently "normalized" to using "Football", including:

 

Australia's association football governing body changed its name in 2007 from using "soccer" to "football"[71] New Zealand also changed in 2007, saying "the international game is called football."[72]

Samoa changed from "Samoa Football (Soccer) Federation" to "Football Federation Samoa" in 2009.[73][74] Present day codes and families Association football and descendants Main article: Variants of association football

An indoor soccer game at an open air venue in Mexico. The referee has just awarded the red team a free kick.

      

Association football, also known as football, soccer, footy and footie Indoor/basketball court varieties of Football: Five-a-side football played throughout the world under various rules including: Futsal the FIFA-approved five-a-side indoor game Minivoetbal the five-a-side indoor game played in East and West Flanders where it is hugely popular Papi fut the five-a-side game played in outdoor basketball courts (built with goals) in Central America. Indoor soccer the six-a-side indoor game, known in Latin America, where it is often played in open air venues, as ftbol rpido ("fast football")

              

Masters Football six-a-side played in Europe by mature professionals (35 years and older) Paralympic football modified Football for athletes with a disability.[75] Includes: Football 5-a-side for visually impaired athletes Football 7-a-side for athletes with cerebral palsy Amputee football for athletes with amputations Deaf football for athletes with hearing impairments Electric wheelchair soccer Beach soccer football played on sand, also known as beach football and sand soccer Street football encompasses a number of informal varieties of football Rush goalie is a variation of football in which the role of the goalkeeper is more flexible than normal Headers and Volleys where the aim is to score goals against a goalkeeper using only headers and volleys Crab football players stand on their hands and feet and move around on their backs whilst playing football as normal Swamp soccer the game is played on a swamp or bog field Rugby school football and descendants Rugby football Rugby league often referred to simply as "league", and usually known simply as "football" or "footy" in the Australian states of New South Wales and Queensland.

 

Rugby league nines (or sevens) Touch football (rugby league) a non-contact version of rugby league. Often called simply "touch", in South Africa it is known as "six down"

Rugby union

 

Mini rugby a variety for children. Rugby sevens

Rugby sevens; Fiji v Cook Islands at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne

     

Rugby tens Beach rugby rugby played on sand Touch rugby generic name for forms of rugby football which do not feature tackles Tag Rugby a non-contact version of rugby, in which a velcro tag is removed to indicate a tackle Gridiron football American football called "football" in the United States and Canada, and "gridiron" in Australia and New Zealand. Sometimes called "tackle football" to distinguish it from the touch versions

 

Indoor football, arena football an indoor version of American football Nine-man football, eight-man football, six-man football versions of tackle football, played primarily by smaller high schools that lack enough players to field full 11-man teams

 

Touch football (American) non-tackle American football Flag football non-tackle American football, like touch football, in which a flag that is held by velcro on a belt tied around the waist is pulled by defenders to indicate a tackle

 

Street football (American) American football played in backyards without equipment and with simplified rules Canadian football called simply "football" in Canada; "football" in Canada can mean either Canadian or American football depending on context

 

Canadian flag football non-tackle Canadian football Nine-man football similar to nine-man American football, but using Canadian rules; played by smaller schools in Saskatchewan that lack enough players to field full 12-man teams See also: Comparison of American football and rugby league, Comparison of American football and rugby union, Comparison of Canadian and American football, and Comparison of rugby league and rugby union Irish and Australian varieties

International rules football test match from the 2005 International Rules Seriesbetween Australia and Ireland at Telstra Dome, Melbourne, Australia. These codes have in common the absence of an offside rule, the requirement to bounce or solo (toe-kick) the ball while running, handpassing by punching or tapping the ball rather than throwing it, and other traditions.

Australian rules football officially known as "Australian football", and informally as "football", "footy" or "Aussie rules". In some areas (erroneously) referred to as "AFL", which is the name of the main organising body and competition

Auskick a version of Australian rules designed by the AFL for young children

Metro footy (or Metro rules footy) a modified version invented by the USAFL, for use on gridiron fields in North American cities (which often lack grounds large enough for conventional Australian rules matches)

 

Kick-to-kick informal versions of the game 9-a-side footy a more open, running variety of Australian rules, requiring 18 players in total and a proportionally smaller playing area (includes contact and non-contact varieties)

Rec footy "Recreational Football", a modified non-contact touch variation of Australian rules, created by the AFL, which replaces tackles with tags

  

Touch Aussie Rules a non-contact variation of Australian Rules played only in the United Kingdom Samoa rules localised version adapted to Samoan conditions, such as the use of rugby football fields Masters Australian football (a.k.a. Superules) reduced contact version introduced for competitions limited to players over 30 years of age

Women's Australian rules football played with a smaller ball and (sometimes) reduced contact version introduced for women's competition

  

Gaelic football Played predominantly in Ireland. Sometimes referred to as "football" or "gah" Ladies Gaelic football

[76][77][78]

International rules football a compromise code used for games between Gaelic and Australian Rules players See also: Comparison of Australian rules football and Gaelic football Surviving medieval ball games

The ball is hit into the air at the 2006 Royal Shrovetide Football match. (Photographer: Gary Austin.) Inside the UK

            

The Haxey Hood, played on Epiphany in Haxey, Lincolnshire Shrove Tuesday games Scoring the Hales in Alnwick, Northumberland Royal Shrovetide Football in Ashbourne, Derbyshire The Shrovetide Ball Game in Atherstone, Warwickshire The Shrove Tuesday Football Ceremony of the Purbeck Marblers in Corfe Castle, Dorset Hurling the Silver Ball at St Columb Major in Cornwall The Ball Game in Sedgefield, County Durham In Scotland the Ba game ("Ball Game") is still popular around Christmas and Hogmanay at: Duns, Berwickshire Scone, Perthshire Kirkwall in the Orkney Islands Outside the UK Calcio Fiorentino a modern revival of Renaissance football from 16th century Florence. Surviving UK school games

Harrow football players after a game at Harrow School. Games still played at UK public (independent) schools:

    
Eton wall game Harrow football Winchester College football

Eton field game

Recent inventions and hybrid games Keepie uppie (keep up) is the art of juggling with a football using feet, knees, chest, shoulders, and head.

Footbag is a small bean bag or sand bag used as a ball in a number of keepie uppie variations, including hacky sack (which is a trade mark).

Freestyle football a modern take on keepie uppie where freestylers are graded for their entertainment value and expression of skill. Based on FA rules

    

Cubbies Three sided football Triskelion Based on rugby Force em backs a.k.a. forcing back, forcemanback Hybrid games Austus a compromise between Australian rules and American football, invented in Melbourne during World War II.

Bossaball mixes Association football and volleyball and gymnastics; played on inflatables and trampolines.

Footvolley mixes Association football and beach volleyball; played on sand Note: although similar with football and volleyball in some aspects, Sepak takraw has ancient origins and cannot be considered an hybrid game.

Football tennis mixes Association football and tennis

Kickball a hybrid of Association football and baseball, invented in the United States in about 1942.

Speedball (American)

a combination of American football, soccer, and basketball, devised in the United States in 1912.

Universal football a hybrid of Australian rules and rugby league, trialled in Sydney in 1933.[79]

Volata a game resembling Association football and European handball, devised by Italian fascist leader, Augusto Turati, in the 1920s.

Wheelchair rugby also known as Murderball, invented in Canada in 1977. Based on ice hockey and basketball rather than rugby. Tabletop games and other recreations Based on Football (soccer)

                 

Subbuteo Blow football Table football also known as foosball, table soccer, babyfoot, bar football or gettone) Fantasy football (soccer) Button football also known as Futebol de Mesa, Jogo de Botes Penny football FIFA Video Games Series Pro Evolution Soccer Based on rugby Penny rugby Based on American football Paper football Blood Bowl Fantasy football (American) Madden NFL Based on Australian football List of Australian rules football computer games AFL Premiership 2005 Based on Rugby League football Sidhe's Rugby League series Rugby League 3 Australian Rugby League

A bit of football and history

by JB Casares Spains victory in the recently concluded FIFA World Cup reminded me of one event in the history of the Philippines that is rarely discussed in our classrooms or even written in our history books the Battle of La Naval. Much like the Filipinos, the Dutch were once ruled by the Spaniards. This led them to begin a revolt in 1568 that lasted 80 years. In 1646, Spanish and Dutch forces fought in Philippine waters. The Dutch were trying to capture the Philippine Islands from the Spanish. With the help of a large Filipino contingent, two Spanish galleons engaged the Dutch armada consisting of eighteen ships. Though outnumbered, the Filipino-Spanish forces were not outfought. This caused the Dutch to abandon their attempt to invade the Philippines due to the heavy damages they sustained from the battle. It is a popular belief that the Blessed Virgin Mary had a hand in these series of unexpected victories against superior numbers. Dj vu The heavily favoured Dutch National Team (they reached the finals with an unblemished record) might have felt a distinct sense of dj vu when they lost in the finals of the World Cup against the underdog Spanish National Team. David Villa, who was recently acquired by Barcelona FC from Valencia FC for a fee of 40 million, led the entire team in goal scoring throughout the tournament, but it was Andres Iniesta, another Barcelona FC player, who scored the winning goal on the 116th minute of the 1-0 victory by the Spanish side. Filipino connection to Barcelona FC Eight players from the 2010 World Champions came from the Spanish Football Club, Barcelona FC. But did you know that one of Barcelona FCs early football stars was a Filipino? Yes, you read it right. Born in 1896 to a Spanish military officer and a Filipina mother in Iloilo, Philippines, Paulino Alcantara is widely regarded as the first Filipino and Asian player to play for a European club. Alcantara moved to Spain at the young age of 14 to play for FC Galeno. He was later discovered and recruited to play for Barcelona FC by the clubs founder Joan Gamper. On February 25, 1912, at the age of 15, he

Paulino Alcantara

scored the first three goals in his debut for Barcelona in the Catalan Football Championships. His performance in the 9-0 victory against Catala SC, made him the youngest player to play or score for the club. He went on to set an unprecedented record of 357 goals in 357 matches a feat that remains unparalleled in the clubs history. When Alcantara returned to the Philippines in 1916, Barcelona failed to win championships in his absence. In the Philippines, Alcantara played for the Bohemian Sporting Club and helped them win two Philippine Championships. He represented the Philippines in the 1917 Far Eastern Championship Games in Tokyo and helped the Philippine national football team defeat the host nation 15 to 2. During the 1920 Olympics, Alcantara was selected to represent Spain but he remained in the Philippines to finish his studies to become a medical doctor. He made his debut for Spains national team the following year, scoring both goals in a 2-0 victory against Belgium. He earned the nickname El Rompe Redes (the net breaker) when he ripped the net with a powerful kick 35 yards from the goal in a game against France. Between 1921 and 1923, Alcantara made five appearances and scored six goals for Spain. He hung up his jersey in 1927 at the age of 31.

State of Philippine Football Considered the oldest in Asia, the Philippines national football team was established in 1907. However, despite their long association with the beautiful game, they have not had much success in international play since the 1940s. During the period of the Commonwealth, basketball gained prominence at the expense of football. By 2006, the team was placed as low as 195th on the FIFA World Rankings. They are currently ranked 167th in the world and did not enter the qualifications for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Today most Filipinos prefer to play and watch basketball, even though it is a game that requires height, which is not a common trait among us. Instead, we should draw our inspiration from Paulino Alcantara and start playing football again. International Football stars like, Pele, Diego Maradona, Carlos Messi and David Villa have shown that you dont need a lot of height to play good football. Besides, playing football is just like playing sipa. Sources:

The Battle of La Naval

www.wikipedia.com

y y

www.barcelonafc.com www.inquirer.net

Soccer History Soccer is one of the most popular sports in Europe and the Americas. It has a vivid and interesting history in the world of sports. Early evidence of soccer being played as a sport finds occurrence in China during the 2nd and 3rd centuries BC. In China, it was during the Han dynasty that people dribbled leather balls by kicking it into a small net. Recorded facts also support the fact that Romans and Greeks used to play ball for fun and frolic. Some facts point to Kyoto in Japan where kicking of ball was a popular sport. It is said that early growth of the modern soccer started in England. Some amusing facts even mention that the first ball used was the head of some Danish brigand. It is said that during medieval times, the old form of soccer used to allow many ill practices like kicking, punching, biting and gouging. The main aim was to carry the ball to a target spot. People grew so fond of the game that they would throng the field all day long. Sometimes the competition grew fierce and masses got so wild that there were frequent incidents of violence during the game. It is also said that soldiers admired the game so much that they missed archery practice to watch it. King Edward III banned soccer in 1365 owing to the growing incidents of violence and military indulgence in the sport. In 1424 King James I of Scotland also proclaimed in the Parliament "Na man play at the Fute-ball" (No man shall play football) When and where exactly did soccer start is a question that has no precise answer to it. You can easily say that this popular game has been played for more than three thousand years. The nativity of modernday soccer must be credited to Britain. It was also known as the association football, with Scotland and England being the co-founders of the systematic game of soccer. Modern History of Soccer: 18th Century onwards In 1815, a major development took place that made soccer popular in Universities, Colleges and Schools. The popular English School and Eton College came forth with a set of rules, known as the Cambridge Rules. Football was segregated into two groups; some colleges and schools opted for Rugby rules that allowed tripping, shin kicking and also carrying the ball. These rules were exclusively prohibited as per the Cambridge rules. The history of modern-day soccer was established in 1863. In October 1863, eleven representatives from London clubs and schools met at the Freemason s Tavern to set up common fundamental rules to control the matches amongst themselves. The outcome of this meeting was the formation of the Football Association. In December 1863, the Rugby Football and Association football finally split as the supporters of the Rugby School rules walked out.

Firmly establishing the foundation of soccer in 1869, the Football Association strictly banned any kind of handling of the ball. Soccer s popularity spread rapidly during the 1800s as British sailors, traders and soldiers introduced the sport to different parts of the globe. Italians, Austrians and Germans drew to Europe, while Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil adopted the sport in South America. FIFA was established in the year 1904 and by early 1930s, different leagues were operating from various countries. FIFA is credited with organizing the first world cup in Uruguay. The history of soccer is rich with events, development and its growing craze all over the world. You will find yourself amazed as you learn about different times of this wonderful sport that has held our awe and admiration for over 3000 years.

Prior to the FAs foundation, each club adhered to their own regulations, and match rules were often only decided on the day. The meeting in 1863 saw the drawing up of a universal code which provided the foundations on which future amendments could be made. The current laws of the game are monitored by the domestic Football Associations and FIFA. The following is an interpreted list of those laws, minus much of the detail which is applicable only to prospective referees and to ensure a particular game conforms exactly to official FIFA standards. If you want to educate yourself on the minutiae, check the FIFA official website.

Fairplay in football
Alongside the laws of the game, FIFA advocates a Fair Play programme. Based around a number of rules, typically involving abstract ideas, they are intended to inform footballers and spectators on proper behaviour on and off the field:
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Play fair on the field. Play to win but accept defeat properly. Observe the Laws of the Game. Respect everyone involved in the game. Promote footballs interests. Honour those who defend footballs reputation. Reject any corruption, drugs, racism, violence and other harmful vices. Help others to do exactly the same. Denounce any who discredits the integrity of football. Use football to make a better world.

Basics of football
At its core, football is a game with two teams of eleven players, played over the course of 90 minutes. This period is split into two 45-minute halves. The objective of the game is to score more

goals than the opposition. The term goal refers to two areas either side of the pitch, each one defended by one of the teams. A goal is scored by depositing the ball into the opponents area.

The Laws of the Game

Field of play
Football can be played on a natural or artificial (e.g. Astroturf) surface. However, the shape of the field must be rectangular, with the dimensions of 90-120 metres long by 45-90 metres wide. Notably, the guidelines for international matches are stricter (100-110 metres x 64-75 metres).

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Goal Area: Starts 5.5 metres from each goalpost and extends 5.5 metres out, with the two lines joining vertically Penalty Area: Starts 16.5 metres from each goalpost and extends 16.5 metres out, with the two lines joining vertically. Flagpost: Placed at each corner, with a quarter-circle on the field (1 metre in radius). Goals: 7.32 metre area between the posts, and 2.44 metres high. The posts cannot exceed 5 inches in width.

The ball
Naturally spherical, with a circumference of 27-28 inches.

Number of players
One of the eleven is classified as the goalkeeper and permitted to handle the ball in his teams penalty area. The eleven players are supplemented by the option to bring on a maximum of three substitutes from a pre-decided list of three to seven players (the number of substitutes permitted is slightly higher for international friendly matches). In order to bring on a substitute, the referee must first be informed and then there has to be a break in the play (for example, a free-kick or a throw-in). The substitute then comes on as a replacement for one of the 11 current players.

Equipment
Basic equipment is the team jersey, shorts, shinguards with socks and studded boots or trainers depending on the surface. The goalkeeper is also permitted gloves and a different coloured jersey for identification purposes.

Referee
The referee adjudicates the match in collaboration with two linesmen (properly referred to as referees assistants) and a fourth official, situated on the touchline, if necessary. The referees tasks include acting as a timekeeper (although with advice on the amount of injury time to be added on to the 45 minutes each half to compensate for injuries and other stoppages), awarding free kicks and penalties and generally dealing with anything requiring a ruling. Can also choose to allow play to proceed in case of a foul, providing there is an advantage to be gained by the team against which the foul has been committed.

Assistant referees
Follow play from their respective touch lines and help to decide on throw-ins, corner kicks and goalkicks along with offside decisions (although naturally the referee has the final say). Can also draw the referees attention and advise on or alert him/her to any on-field activity, which can influence all manner of decisions. To signify their decision or grab the referees attention, they wave a brightly coloured small flag, which they keep at all times.

Duration of the match

The match officially lasts 90 minutes, split into two 45-minute halves with a half-time interval of no longer than 15 minutes. In the knock-out stages of competitions, extra-time is used if there is no winner after 90 minutes. This extra period is 30 minutes, split into two 15 minute halves. If extra-time does not find a winner, then a penalty shoot-out takes place, where five players from each team are selected and alternate shots on goal from the penalty spot against the opposition goalkeeper. In that instance, the team with the most successful penalties is declared the winner. If they are still tied then they will move on to sudden-death penalties, where each team will take one penalty until one of the two sides has scored move than the other after the side amount of spot kicks.

Start and restart of play

A coin toss takes place just before the game starts, the winner of which will get the choice of choosing which end to attack or whether to kick-off. Should they choose to kick-off then the other captain will be allowed elect which end to attack in the first half. Should the winner decide to choose which end to attack then the loser can choose whether to kick-off in the first or second half. The kick-off is also used after a goal has been scored, the task befalling the team who has conceded, and for both halves of extra-time. At the kick-off, players from each side must all be in their half of the field. The actual kick-off takes place on the centre spot in the centre circle. The player who kicks off cannot touch it again until another player has made contact.

Scoring
A team can only score if the whole ball crosses the goal line between the goalposts. The winner is the team who scores more goals, except in a competition where the away goals rule applies. The away goals rule means that, if a team scores a goal away from their home stadium, the goal counts extra (therefore, a 1-1 scoreline would mean the away team wins).

Offside
The perennial problem for newcomers to football is understanding the offside rule. This is made somewhat harder by the fact there are two elements to offsides in football; being in an offside position, and committing an offside offence. To be in an offside position is to be closer to the opponents goal than the last opposition outfield player (therefore excluding the goalkeeper) and the ball. However, to commit an offside offence is to have the ball played forward towards you while in that position. As such, you can be in an offside position and not commit an offside offence.

The rule is further complicated by the fact the referee or his assistant must adjudge you to be active in the play before giving an offside decision against you. This can be obvious, for example if you touch the ball in an offside position, but it can be extremely nebulous. The official rule states active as meaning interfering with play or an opponent or gaining an advantage by being in that position. However, as you will find as you watch more and more games, what one referee or linesman considers to be active can be very different to another individuals interpretation, and the offside rule is generally a major debating point. There are other factors to consider which can exempt you from the offside rule. You cannot be offside in your own-half of the pitch, for example, and you cannot be penalised for being in an offside position when a goal kick, throw-in, indirect free kick or corner kick is taken.

Fouls and misconduct

A foul can take place anywhere on the pitch, and a free kick is awarded where that foul takes place (excepting fouls in the penalty area, which result in a penalty kick). The referee can choose simply to award the foul, speak to the player about his conduct or take matters further.

Punishment for offences

If the single infraction is deemed serious enough or the culprit persistently offends during a match, the referee can choose to take extra action against a particular individual:
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Yellow Card - A caution given to a player. If two of these cards are shown to the same player, it means a Red Card - Showing a red card to a player means he/she is expelled from the match. A straight red card (no previous caution) can be shown for extreme offences such as serious foul play, violent conduct, spitting, deliberate hand-ball to prevent a goal, a professional foul (denying a goalscoring opportunity) and insulting language and/or gestures.

Free kicks

Whenever a free kick is taken, the opposition must be at least 10 yards away from the ball until it is delivered. If this rule is not adhered to, the kick is retaken. There are two types of free kick awarded, depending on the nature of the offence: Direct free kick - Allows the team to take a direct shot at the opponents goal. Awarded as a result of fouls with evidence intent to harm or reckless/excessive force (e.g. a sliding tackle which takes the player first, shirt-pulling and a deliberate hand-ball). y Indirect free kick - A direct strike on goal is not permitted, meaning any shot must come from the second player to touch the ball after the kick is taken. If a direct strike is successfully made on goal, a goal kick to the opposition is given. An indirect free kick is awarded for any foul which is dangerous or impedes an opponent. An indirect free kick can be awarded in the case of a passback offence, a fairly uncommon foul in the game. This is given if one teams player passes the ball to the keeper, who immediately picks it up rather than taking a touch with his feet. The free kick is subsequently taken wherever the goalkeeper picked the ball up.
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Penalty kick
A penalty kick is awarded for offences taking place in the penalty and goal area. A nominated member of the team awarded the penalty is allowed a strike at goal from the penalty spot (see the image in the field of play section), with only the goalkeeper to beat. The goalkeeper must remain on his line until the ball has been kicked, and all other players must be outside the area behind the penalty spot. After he has taken the kick, he cannot strike the ball again without another player touching the ball.

Throw-in
A throw-in is awarded when the whole ball crosses the touch line (conceded by the team who last touched the ball). It is delivered off the field of play with both hands and from behind and over the deliverers head. Otherwise it is deemed to be a foul throw and a throw-in is given to the opposition. It cannot go direct to the goalkeepers hands (if on the same team) and you cannot score directly from a throw-in.

Goal kick
Awarded once the whole ball crosses the goal line if it last touched an opposition player. The ball is kicked from anywhere in the goal area outfield, but must cross the penalty area line.

Corner kick
Awarded once the whole ball crosses the goal line of the opposition, after last touching one of their players. Taken from the corner of whichever side the ball exited the field, in the prescribed quartercircle space. Opponents must be 10 yards from the corner arc and the kicker cannot touch the ball a second time without contact from someone else beforehand (or the opponent receives an indirect free kick).

Further Reading
y Referees y Yellow Cards y Red Cards y Penalty Kicks y Penalty Shoot Outs y Silver Goal y Golden Goal

The Philippines national football team is the national football team of the Philippines and represents the country in international football. The team is controlled by the Philippine Football Federation (PFF), the governing body of football in the Philippines. Despite being one of the oldest national teams in Asia, the Philippines has never qualified for theAsian Cup or the World Cup. However, they enjoyed some success in its early years between 1913 and 1934 in the Far Eastern Championship Games.
Contents
[hide]

1 History 2 Team Image

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2.1 Kit 2.2 Names

3 Home stadium 4 Players

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4.1 Current squad 4.2 Recent call-ups 4.3 Previous squads

5 Coaches 6 Competition records

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6.1 World Cup 6.2 Asian Cup 6.3 Challenge Cup 6.4 Asian Games 6.5 ASEAN Championship 6.6 Southeast Asian Games 6.7 Far Eastern Games 6.8 Minor tournaments

7 See also 8 References 9 External links

[edit]History

In September 2006 the country fell to 195th on the FIFA World Rankings, its lowest ever.[1] By the end of the year, the Philippines moved back up to 171st overall, after a good run in the 2007 ASEAN Football Championship qualification.[2] They were able to win three games in a row which was a first for the Philippines and thus qualifying for the 2007 ASEAN Football Championship.[3] Coach at that time Aris Caslib, aimed to reach the semi-finals with two wins at the group stage.[4] The decision came despite Philippine Football Federation president Juan Miguel Romualdez stating that they would still be underdogs in the tournament and that they mustn't raise their expectations too high,[2] as the Philippines have only won their first ever win of the tournament during the 2004 edition.[5]

The Philippines eventually failed to reach their target, only getting a draw in three matches. Their poor performances led to Caslib's resignation,[6] as well as the refusal of the PFF to register and enter the qualification stages for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.[7] They would be one of four nations, all from Southeast Asia not to enter after a record number of entries.[8] However it was revealed that the decision not to enter the 2010 as well as the 2006 World Cup qualification was made during the PFF presidency of Rene Adad, whose term ended in 2003.[7] Instead, the PFF wanted to focus on domestic and regional competitions.[9] Since 2007, the Philippines have failed to qualify for a major competition. They came close in 2008 after missing out on the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup only on goal difference,[10] and the 2008 AFF Suzuki Cup with an inferior goals scored record.[11] In 2010, they qualified for the 2010 AFF Suzuki Cup, where they stayed undefeated in the group stage and also went on to beat defending champions Vietnam, becoming one of the biggest upsets in the history of the tournament.[12] The team reached the knockout stage for the first time, eventually losing to Indonesia in the semifinals. In 2011, the Philippines qualified for the AFC Challenge Cup for the first time since qualifiers were introduced in the tournament. On July 3, 2011, the Philippines recorded their first ever victory in FIFA World Cup Qualifiers, beating Sri Lanka 40 in the second leg of the first preliminary round. They advanced 51 on aggregate, drawing 11 in the first leg before winning at the Rizal Memorial Stadium.[13]
[edit]Team [edit]Kit

Image

In March 2008, the Philippine Football Federation signed a threeyear, 9-million contract with Mizuno to become the official outfitter and equipment supplier of the national team, as well as becoming a major partner in its grassroots development programs.[14][15] The previous outfitter was Adidas. The traditional home kit is similar to the France national team; blue jersey, white shorts, and red

socks.[16] However, in recent times, the home and away kit has either been all-blue, all-red or all-white. Currently the home kit is allwhite, while the away kit is all-blue.
[edit]Names

Under the official FIFA Trigramme the team's name is abbreviated as PHI; this acronym is used by FIFA, the AFC and the AFF to identify the team in official competitions.[17] The team is also identified under the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) country code for the Philippines as PHL.[18] However the team was more commonly known as the RP, the acronym for the country's official name, Republika ng Pilipinas,[17] which the local press used when they referred to the team as the "RP Booters"[19] or the "RP XI".[20] This was until late October 2010 when the Department of Foreign Affairs decided to change the official abbreviation of the country from "RP" to "PH" or "PHL", to be in line with ISO standards.[21] The local press have since referred to the team as either "PH/PHL Booters"[22][23] or "PH/PHL XI".[24][25] Among these names, they are also referred to as the "Azkals".[26] The name, derived from askal, a Filipino term for "street dog," became a trending topic on Twitter during the semi-finals of the 2010 AFF Suzuki Cup.[27] They are also known as the "Tri Stars" which is derived from the three stars on the Philippine flag, although this nickname is not frequently used.[28]
[edit]Home

stadium

Main article: Rizal Memorial Stadium During the early years of the Philippine national team, they played their home matches at the Manila Carnival Grounds. By 1934 it became the site of the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex.[29] One of the facilities within the complex is the 30,000 capacity national stadium, known as the Rizal Memorial Track and Football Stadium or simply the Rizal Memorial Stadium. Since its opening, it has been the home venue of the Philippine national team.

However, it has also become a hub for athletics. The continued use for athletics along with poor maintenance has deteriorated the stadium and the 1991 Southeast Asian Games was the last time it was used for international football matches. In early 2009, the Philippine Sports Commission planned to transform it to a modern football stadium which would make it usable by the national team for international matches.[30] Other stadiums used:
   

Barotac Nuevo Plaza Field Iloilo Sports Complex Panaad Stadium PhilSports Stadium

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