Á Á Á Á - Á ®á Šá Á Á Šá °á "Á ®á Šá Á Á Á "Á Á Á ™á Á "Á Á Á - Á Á Á ®

qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.
U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf 1
2 qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf
qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf 3
urBm@ypPn;f rJrh sm; aoG;pnf;=u !
pmtkyx
f w
k af 0a&;rSww
f rf;
pmtkyftrnf
qdAk ,
D uf,el ,
D H uGejf rLepfygwD ( abmf&ADS pf) C.P.S.U (B) ordik ;f tusO;f csKyf
bmomjyefoltrnf
a':,Of,OfvS
xkwfa0onfh &ufpGJ
2010/ =o*kwf/ 8 &uf
ykEH ydS jf cif;
yxrt}udrf
tkyfa&
500
wefz;kd
rsufESmzkH; ESifh twGif;'DZdkif;
oD[armifarmif
tDvufx&pfaumfyD
udn
k n
D /D udak tmifxeG ;f ESihf tzG@J / *suEf iS hf tz@JG
xkwfa0a&;qdkif&mt}uHay;
OD;odef;0if;
xkwfa0/ jzef@csd
tvif;vd_if; uGef&uf
qufoG,f&ef vdyfpm
Alynn Hline <lightwave108@gmail.com>
r m wd u m
tcef; (1)
k&Sm;qkd&S,f'Drkdu&uf tvkyform;ygwD wnfaqmufa&; twGuf wkdufyGJ (1883-1901
(1883-1901)
pmrsufESm - 21
1? k&mS ;Y aus;u|epf epf zsuo
f rd ;f r_EiS hf pufrt
_ &if;&Sipf epf jzpfay:wk;d wufvmr_? acwfopf
pufr_vufr_ ypPnf;rJhrsm;ay:aygufvmjcif;? tvkyform; vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_. yxr
ajcvSrf;?
2? k&Sm;&Sd ema&mepf0g' (ay: jyLvm0g'ESifh rmufhpf0g'? yvufuaemhAfESifh if;. vkyftm;
vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J ? ema&mepf0g'tm; qef@usiw
f u
dk cf u
dk o
f nfh yvufuaemhAf wku
d yf ?JG
k&Sm;Y rmhufpf0g'jyef@yGm;vmjcif;?
3? vDeif. awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ pwifvmjcif;? pdef@yDwmpbwftzGJ@csKyf. tvkyform;
vlwef;pm; vGwfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJ?
4? ema&mepf0g'tm; qef@usifwkdufckdufonfh vDeif. wkdufyGJESifh w&m;0ifrmhufpf0g'?
vDeif. tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;ESihf r[mrdwzf @JG a&; tawG;tac:? k&mS ; qk&d ,
S 'f rD u
dk &uf
tvkyform;ygwD. yxrt}udrfuGef*&uf?
5? pD;yGm;a&;0g'tm;qef@usifwkdufckdufonfh vDeif.wkdufyGJ? vDeif.owif;pm tpP
u&m ay: aygufvmjcif;?
tusOf;csKyf?
tcef; (2)
k&Sm;qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD vkyfom;ygwDwnfaxmifjcif;? ygwDwGif; abmf&SDApfESifh
rif&SDApftkyfpkrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;? (1901-1904)
pmrsufESm - 49
1? k&Sm;Y 1901-1904 wGifay:aygufcJhaom awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ 'Da&jrifh?
2? rmhufpf0g' ygwDw&yfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf vDeif.pDrHudef;? pD;yGm;a&;0g'D rsm;.
tacsmif0g'? vDeif. pDru
H ed ;f twGuf tpPu&m.wdu
k yf ?JG vDeif. u|eaf wmfw@kd bm
vky=f urnfenf;pmtky?f rmhupf 0f g' ygww
D &yftwGuf tawG;tac:a&; tajccHtw
k jf rpf
rsm;?
3? k&Sm;qdkS,f'Drdkua&pD vkyfom;ygwD. 'kwd,uGef*&uf? vrf;pOfESifh pnf;urf;twnfjyK

csufrsm;ESifh wckwnf;aomygwDwnfaxmifjcif;? uGef*&ufwGif oabmuGJvGJr_ESifh ygwD
wGif; vrf;ESpfoG,f ay:aygufvmjcif;? abmf&SDApfESifh rif&SDApfrsm;?
4? 'kwd,uGef*&uft+yD; rif&SDApfacgif;aqmifrsm;. *dk%f;cGJa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh ygwDwGif;
wdkufyGJ jyif;xefonf;oefvmjcif;? rif&SDApfrsm;. tacsmif0g'? vDeif. a&S@wvSrf;wdk;/
aemufESpfvSrf;qkwfpmtkyf? rmhufpf0g'ygwD. pnf;Hk;a&;qdkif&mrlrsm;?
tusOf;csKyf?
tcef; (3)
k&Sm;-*syefppfyGJumvtwGif;u rif&SDApfESifh abmf&SDApfrsm;ESifh
yxr k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;}uD; (1904-1907)
pmrsufESm - 79
1? k&mS ;-*syefppfy/JG k&mS ;jynfwiG ;f xyfrjH rifw
h ufvmaom awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_? pde@f yw
D m
pbwfoydwrf sm;? 1905 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&D 9 &ufae@ aqmif;&moD eef;awmfaS@ tvkyo
f rm;
qENjyr_? qENjyr_udk aoewfjzifh ypfcwf+zddKcGJjcif;? awmfvSefa&;jzpfay:vmjcif;?
2? tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. Edik if aH &;oydwrf sm;ESihf qENjyr_rsm;? v,form;rsm;t=um; awmfveS f
a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ aygufyGm;}uD;xGm;vmjcif;? ppfoabFm ydkwJrfuifay:rS ykefuefr_?
3? abmf&SDApfESifh rif&SDApf t=um;enf;y&d,m,f uGmjcm;csufrsm;? wwd,t}udrf ygwDuGef
*&uf? vDeif. 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;twGif; qdkS,f'Drdkua&pD. enf;y&d,m,f
ESpfoG,f rmhufpf0g'ygwDw&yftwGuf enf;y&d,m,fqdkif&m tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm;?
4? awmfveS af &;qufvufjrifw
h ufvmjcif;? 1905 ck atmufwb
kd m/ k&mS ;wjynfv;kH Edik if aH &;
oydw?f Zmbk&ifpepfaemufqw
k jf cif;? Zmbk&if.a=unmpmwrf;? tvkyo
f rm; uk,
d pf m;
vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufrsm;ay:xGufjcif;?
5? 'DZifbm vufeufudkiftHkuGr_? tHkuGr__H;edrfhjcif;? awmfvSefa&; aemufqkwfjcif;? yxr
EdkifiHawmf 'l;rm;? pwkw (nD!Gwfa&;) ygwDuGef*&uf?
6? yxrEdik if aH wmf 'l;rm; zsuo
f rd ;f jcif;? 'kw,
d Edik if aH wmf 'l;rm; ac:,lusi;f yjcif;? yOPrt}udrf
ygwDuGef*&uf? 'kwd,EdkifiHawmf 'l;rm;zsufodrf;jcif;? yxr k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;}uD; _H;edrfh
&jcif;. ta=umif;&if;rsm;?
tusOf;csKyf?
tcef; (4)
pwdkvDyifazmufjyefa&;umvtwGif;u rif&SDApfESifh abmf&SDApfrsm;?
abmf&SDApfrsm; oD;jcm; rmhufpf0g'ygwD xlaxmifjcif;?
pmrsufESm - 125
1? pwdv
k yD ifazmufjyefa&;? twdu
k t
f cH ynmwwfrsm;t=um; +yKd uGo
J mG ;jcif;? ysujf ym; qkwf
,kwjf cif;? ynmwwftpdwt
f ydik ;f tcsK@d ygwu
D dk pGe@f cmG +y;D rmhupf 0f g'. &eforl sm;xH a&muf&dS
oGm;jcif;ESihf rmhupf 0f g'oabmw&m;udk jyefvnfjyifqif&ef }uKd;yrf;r_rsm;? vDeif. jyefvnf
jyifqifa&;0g'Dtay: ol. kyf0g'ESifh tawG@t}uHKa0zefa&; pmtkyfrS jyefvnf acsy
csuEf iS hf rmhupf 0f g'ygw.
D oabmw&m;a&;&m tajccHtw
k jf rpfrsm;tay: ol. umuG,f
csuf?
2? tEkydavmrESifh ordkif;a&;&m kyf0g'?
3? pwdkvDyif azmufjyefa&;umvtwGif;u abmf&SDApfESifh rif&SDApfrsm;? zsufodrf;olrsm;
(Liquidators) ESifh atmhqkdApf (Otzovists) rsm;tm; qef@usifonfhabmf&SDApfrsm;.
wdkufyGJrsm;?
4? xa&mhpuD0g'tm; wdu
k cf u
kd &f onfh abmf&ADS pfw@kd . wdu
k yf rJG sm;? ygwq
D ef@usio
f nfh =o*kwf
vtkyfpk?
5? ya&*hfygwDuGefz&ifh 1912? abmf&SDApfrsm; oD;jcm;rmhufpfygwD xlaxmifjcif;?
tusOf;csKyf
tcef; (5)
yxre,fcsJ@ppfrwdkifrD tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yfSm;r_
'Da&jrifhopftwGif;u abmf&SDApfygwD
(1912-1914)
pmrsufESm - 181
1? 1912-1914 ckESpftwGif; awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_'Da&jrifh?
2? abmf&SDApf owif;pmy&mA'g? pwkw EdkifiHawmf'l;rm;twGif;rS abmf&SDApf tkyfpk?
3? w&m;0ifwnf&Sdaeaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif;rS abmf&SDApfrsm;.atmifyGJ? e,fcsJ@ppfyGJ
t}uKd awmfvSefa&;v_yfSm;r_ qufvufjrifhwufvmjcif;?
tusOf;csKyf
tcef;(6)
e,fcsJ@ppfyGJumvtwGif;rS abmf&SDApfygwD?
k&Sm;. 'kwd, awmfvSefa&;umv? (1914-1917? rwfv)
pmrsufESm - 199
1? e,fcsJ@ppfyGJay:aygufvmjcif;ESifh ta=umif;&if;rsm;?
2? 'kw,
d tifwmae&Sief ,frS ygwrD sm;/ if;wd@k . e,fcs@J tpd;k &rsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f oGm;jcif;? oD;jcm;
qdk&S,fa&SmfAifygwDrsm;tjzpfodk@ 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f ysufjyKef;oGm;jcif;?
3? ppf/ +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh awmfvSefa&;jy\emrsm;tay: abmf&SDApfygwD. oabmw&m;ESifh
enf;y&d,m,frsm;?
4? Zmbk&ifhwyfrawmf ppf_H;jcif;? pD;yGm;a&;ysufpD;,kd,Gif;jcif;/ Zmbk&ifpepf. tusyf
twnf;?
5? azaz:0g&aD wmfveS af &;? Zmbk&ifpepfjyKwfusjcif;? tvkyo
f rm;ESihf ppfom; ud,
k pf m;vS,f
rsm;. qdkAD,ufrsm;wnfaxmifjcif;? ,m,Dtpdk;&wnfaxmifjcif;? tm%mESpfck?
tusOf;csKyf?
tcef; (7)
atmufwdkbm qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; jyifqifcsdefESifh
taumiftxnfazmfonfh umvtwGif;u abmf&SDApfygwD ? ({+yD / 1917 -1918)
pmrsufESm - 223
1? azazmf0g&aD wmfveS af &;t+yD; jynfwiG ;f tajctae? ygwaD jratmufrS xGuv
f m+yD; ajAmif
EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk qufvufvkyfaqmifjcif;? vDeif yDxkd*&ufodk@ qdkufa&mufvm
jcif;? vDeif. {+yDppfwrf;? ygwD. qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; ul;ajymif;a&;ay:vpD?
2? ,m,Dtpdk;&. tusyftwnf;rsm; pwifvmjcif;/ abmf&SDApfygwD. {+yD uGefz&ifh?
3? +rdK@awmfwGif; abmf&SDApfygwD. atmifyGJrsm;/ ,m,Dtpkd;&wyfrsm;. t&mra&mufaom
xdk;ppfrsm;? tvkyform;/ ppfom;rsm;. ZlvdkifqENjyyGJudk zdESdyfjcif;?
4? abmf&ADS pfygwu
D vufeufuikd yf ek u
f efru
_ kd jyifqef&efvrf;pOfukd vufcjH cif;/ qrt}udrf
ygwu
D eG *f &uf?
5? awmfveS af &;udq
k ef@usi&f ef Adv
k cf sKyfaumfeaD vmhA.
f t}uHtpnf/ xdt
k }uHtpnfukd zdEydS f
ESrd Ef iS ;f jcif;? yDxd*k &ufEiS hf armfpudq
k Akd ,
D ufrsm; abmf&ADS pfrsm;bufo@kd ul;ajymif;oGm;jcif;?
6? yDxk*d &ufY atmufwb

kd mxuGrE_ iS hf ,m,Dtpd;k &tm;zrf;qD;jcif;? qdAk ,
D ufrsm;. 'kwd
,uGe*f &ufEiS hf qdAk ,
D uftpd;k &xlaxmifjcif;? qdAk ,
D ufrsm;. 'kw,
d uGe*f &uf. +idr;f csr;f
a&;ESihf ajr,mtay: trde@f a=unmcsurf sm;/ qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;. atmify/JG qd&k ,
S f
vpfawmfvSefa&; atmifjrif&jcif;. ta=umif;t&if;rsm;?
7? qdkAD,uftm%m cdkif+rJwnfwef@a&;twGuf abmf&SDApfygwD.wdkufyGJ? b&ufpf - vpf
awmhAfcf +idrf;csrf;a&; owWrygwDuGef*&uf?
8? qd&k ,
S v
f pfwnfaqmufa&; yxrajcvSr;f rsm;twGuf vDeif. pDru
H ed ;f / qif;&Jom; v,f
orm;rsm;. aumfrwDrsm;ESihf ul;vwfrsm;udx
k ed ;f csKyfjcif;? vuf0J qd&k ,
S v
f pf awmfveS f
a&;orm;rsm;. ykefuefr_ESifh if;udkESdrfESif;r_/ qdkAD,ufrsm;. yOPruGef*&ufESifh &k&Sm; qdkAD
,uf zuf'&,fqdk&S,fvpforRwEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHudktwnfjyKjcif;?
tusOf;csKyf
tcef; (8)
EdkifiHjcm;rS ppfa&;t& pGufzufr_ESifh
jynfwGif;ppfumvtwGif;rS abmf&SDApfygwD? (1918 - 1920)
pmrsufESm - 271
1? EdkifiHjcm;rS ppfa&;t& pGufzufr_ pwifvmjcif;? jynfwGif;ppf yxrumv?
2? *smr%Dppf;H_ jcif;? *smreDrS awmfveS af &;/ wwd, tifwmae&Sief ,fwnfaxmifjcif;? tr
t}udrf ygwDuGef*&uf?
3? 0ifa&mufpu
G zf ufr_ wd;k chsv
J mjcif;? qdAk ,
D ufEikd if t
H m; ydwq
f @kd jcif;? aumhcsuf ppfqif a&;ESihf
_;H edrrhf ?_ 'ifeu
D if ppfqifa&;ESihf _;H edrrhf ?_ ok;H vppfem;csed ?f e0rt}urd af jrmuf ygwD uGe*f &uf?
4? ydv
k eftxufvm$ rS qdAk ,
D ufEikd if t
H m;wdu
k cf u
kd v
f mjcif;? Adv
k cf sKyf &Jief *f v
J .
f ppfqifa&;?
ydv
k eft}uHtpnf _;H edro
hf mG ;jcif;? &Jief *f v
J f ;H_ edrjhf cif;? 0ifa&mufpu
G zf ufr_ tqk;H owfomG ;
jcif;
5? qdAk ,
D uforRwEdik if u
H +Adwo
d #/ jyifopf/ *syef/ ydv
k efw@kd rS 0ifa&mufpu
G zf ufonfh tiftm;
rsm;ESifh k&Sm;zufrS wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm; - "e&Sif - ajr&SifESifh wyfjzLwkd@ pkaygif;
tiftm;rsm;udk tb,fenf;jzifh tb,fa=umifh atmifjrifcJhykH?
tusOf;csKyf
tcef; (9)
+idrf;csrf;pGm pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;odk@
ul;ajymif;a&;umvtwGif;rS aAmf&DSApfygwD (1921- 25)
pmrsufESm - 297
1? pGuzf ufusL;ausmrf _ _;H edr+hf y;D aemufEiS hf jynfwiG ;f ppf+y;D aemuf qdAk ,
D uforRwEdik if ?H jyefvnf
xlaxmifa&;umvtwGif;rS tcuftcJrsm;?
2? tvkyform;or*~rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom ygwDaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;? (10) }udrfajrmuf ygwD
uGe*f &uf? twku
d t
f cHrsm;. _;H edrrhf /_ pD;yGm;a&; ay:vpDopf (NEC) udk vufct
H wnfjyK
jcif;?
3? pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopf. yxrtusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;? (11) }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf? jynf
axmifpk qdkAD,ufqdk&S,fvpforRwEdkifiH xlaxmifjcif;? vDeif emrusef;jzpfr_? vDeif.
or0g,rpDrHudef;? (12) }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf?
4? pD;yGm;a&; jyefvnfxlaxmifwnfaqmufa&;twGif; tcuftcJrsm;udk wdkufyGJqifjcif;?
xa&mhpuD0g'rD sm;u if;wd@k . v_y&f mS ;r_uw
kd ;kd jrifv
h mjcif;? vDeif emruse;f jzpfrt
_ m; tcGihf
aumif;,lI ygwDaqG;aEG;yGJopfrsm;? xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm; _H;edrfhjcif;? vDeif uG,fvGefjcif;?
vDeif txdrf;trSwfygwD0if av#mufv$mwifjcif;? 13 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf?
5? jyefvnfxal xmifa&;umvt+yD;od@k a&muf&v
Sd maom qdAk ,
D ufjynfaxmifp?k u|eaf wmf
wdk@wkdif;jynf. qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&;ESifh qdk&S,fvpfatmifyGJjy\em? ZDEdkApf/ uJrD
eufAfwdk@. twdkuftcHopf? 14 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf? wkdif;jynf. qdk&S,fvpf
pufr_wyfqifa&;ay:vpD?
tusOf;csKyf?
tceff; (10)
wdkif;jynftm;qdk&S,fvpfpufr_vufr_wyfqifa&;wdkufyGJtwGif;rS
abmf&SDApfygwD (1926-1929)
pmrsufESm - 335
1? qk&d ,
S v
f pf pufrv
_ ufr_ wyfqifa&;umvtwGi;f rS tcuftcJrsm;ESihf if;wk@d udk ausmef if;
Ekid &f ef twGuw
f u
dk yf rJG sm;/ xa&mhpuD0g'rD sm;ESihf ZDEAdk pf0g'rD sm; ygwq
D efusiahf &; tkypf zk @JG jcif;/
xdktkyfpk. qkdAD,ufqef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ tkyfpk_H;edrfhoGm;jcif;//
2? qk&d ,
S v
f pfpufrw
_ yfqifa&;wk;d wufvmjcif;/ v,f,mpku
d yf sKd ;a&;vkyif ef; aemufusaejcif;/
15 }udraf jrmuf ygwu
D eG *f &uf/ v,f,mpku
d yf sKd ;a&;Y pkaygi;f ykid q
f idk rf _ ay:vpD/ xa&mhpuD
0g'DESifh ZDEkdApf0g'D tkyfpkukdESdrfeif;jcif;/ EkdifiHa&; v#mESpfcGvkyfr_//
3? ul;vwfrsm;tm; xd;k ppfqifjcif;/ blcg&if/ kid af umhAf ygwq
D ef@usiaf &;tkypf /k yxr ig;ESpf
pDru
H ed ;f ukd vufct
H wnfjyKjcif;/ qd&k ,
S v
f pf+ydKifqidk rf /_ pkaygi;f v,fajrv_yf mS ;r_}uD; pwif
jcif;//
tusOf;csKyf?
tcef; (11)
v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;wGif pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief;wdkufyGJwGif;rS
abmf&SDApfygwD (1930 - 1934)
pmrsufESm -359
1? 1930 - 34 twGi;f u Edik if w
H umhtajctae? t&if;&SiEf ikd if rH sm;twGi;f pD;yGm;a&; tusyf
twnf;/ refcsL;&D;,m;udk *syefw@dk w;kd chso
J rd ;f ydu
k jf cif;/ *smreDY zufqpfrsm; tm%m &&Sv
d m
=ujcif;/ ppfyGJae&m - ESpfae&m?
2? ul;vwftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk uef@owfxdef;csKyfa&;ay:vpDrS ul;vwfrsm;udk vlwef;pm;
w&yftjzpf acsre_ ;f ypfa&;ay:vpDo@kd / pkaygi;f v,f,mv_y&f mS ;r_tay: ygw.
D ay:vpDtm;
ykzH surf r_ sm;udk qef@usiw
f u
kd yf q
JG ifjcif;/ vrf;pOfw&yfv;Hk wGif t&if;&Sit
f pdwf tydik ;f rsm;udk
xdk;ppfqifjcif;/ 16 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf?
3? trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;XmecGJrsm;tm;vkH;udk jyefwnfaqmufa&;ay:vpD enf;ynmwdk@.
ta&;ygr_/ pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_ qufvufysHESHvmjcif;/ puf,E W&m;ESifh v,fxGef
puftvkyf rHk sm;. Edik if aH &;Xmersm;/ ig;ESppf rD u
H ed ;f udak v;ESpEf iS hf +y;D ajrmufomG ;jcif;. tusK;d
rsm;/ ppfrsufESmwckvkH;Y qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmifyGJcHjcif;/ 17 }udrf uGef*&uf?
4? blcg&if0g'rD sm; Edik if aH &; ESpzf ufrsuEf mS orm;rsm;tjzpf ysupf ;D ,d,
k iG ;f oGm;jcif;/ xa&mhpuD
0g'D ESpfzufrsufESmorm;rsm;/ wyfjzLvlowform;ESifh olv#Kd*dk%f;tjzpf ysufpD; ,kd,Gif;
oGm;jcif;/ uDa&mhAf,kwfrmpGm vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&jcif;/ aAmf&SDApfEdk;=um;r_udk jrifhwif&ef
ygw.
D vky[
f efrsm;?
tusOf;csKyf?
tcef; (12)
qdk&S,fvpfvltzGJ@tpnf; wnfaqmufa&;
atmifjrif+yD;ajrmufa&;wdkufyGJtwGif;rS abmf&SDApfygwD?
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHpnf;rsOf;opfudk vufcHusifhokH;jcif; (1935 - 37)
pmrsufESm - 393
1? 1935 - 37 ckESpfu EdkifiHwumhtajctae? pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf; ,m,D avsmhus
oGm;jcif;? pD;yGm;a&; uyfab;topfpwifvmjcif;? tDwvDu t,fvfbD;qD;eD;,m;udk
odrf;ydkufvdkufjcif;? pydefudk *smreDESifh tDwvDwkd@u 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;? tv,fydkif;
wkwfjynfudk *syefrsm; usL;ausmf0ifa&mufjcif;? 'kwd,e,fcsJ@ppfyGJpwifvmjcif;?
2? qdAk ,
D uf,el ,
D .
H pufrv
_ yk if ef;ESihf v,f,mpdu
k yf sKkd ;a&; qufvufw;kd wufvmjcif;/ 'kw,
d
(5) ESppf rD u
H ed ;f tcsed af pmI+y;D pDjcif;/ v,f,mpdu
k yf sKd ;a&; jyefvnfwnfaqmufrE_ iS hf pkaygi;f
ydkifjyKvkyfonfh vkyfief;t+yD;owfr_/ au'grsm; ta&;}uD;ykH/ pwufcaemhAf v_yf&Sm;r_/
vlaer_tqift
h wef; wufvmjcif;/ ,Ofaus;r_tqift
h wef; wufvmjcif;/ qdAk ,
D ufawmf
vSefa&;. tiftm;?
3? qdAk ,
D ufrsm;. 8 }udraf jrmuf uGe*f &uf/ qdAk ,
D uf,el ,
D .
H zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHpnf;
rsOf;opfudkvufcHtwnfyjcif;?
4? olv#Kd rsm;/ tzsuo
f rm;rsm;ESihf wdik ;f jynfopPmazmuf blcg&if - xa&mhpuD *d%
k ;f tuGi;f
tusefrsm;udkacsr_ef;zsufqD;jcif;? qdkAD,uf,leD,H. tjrifhqkH; qdkAD,ufa&G;aumufyGJ
twGuf jyifqifrr_ sm;? ygw.
D c&D;pOfvrf;a=umif;tjzpf us,jf yef@onfh ygww
D iG ;f 'Dru
kd a&pD
. qdkAD,uf,leD,H. tjrifhqkH; qdkAD,ufa&G;aumufyGJ?
ed*kH;
pmrsufESm - 417
xkwaf 0ol.trSmpum;
(1)
vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif;20 ausmfumvu &Spfav;vkH; 'Drdkua&pDa&;wdkufyGJonf tjynfh
t0atmifyrJG cHvu
kd &f ? ta&;edru
hf m aemufqw
k v
f u
kd &f onf? 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;wufuGol trsm;
tjym;onf vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;odk@ rv$Jra&Smifom ul;ajymif;cJh=u&onf? 'Drdkua&pD
a&;wdu
k yf o
JG nf tqifw
h qifo
h @kd vSr;f wufvu
kd o
f nfo
h abmjzpfonf? vufeufuikd af wmfveS f
a&;. vGwfajrmufa'otoD;oD;wGif cdkv_HtajccscJh=u&onf? odk@aomf cdkv_HtajccscJh&onfh
tajccHa'orsm;um; wOD;ESifhwOD;/ wzGJ@ESifhwzGJ@ rwlnD/ uGJjym;jcm;em;=uygonf? ta=umif;
trsdK;rsdK;a=umifh jzpfcJh=uygvdrfhrnf?
xdpk Ofu vGwaf jrmufa'orsm;wGif od@k r[kwf ajymufusm;a'orsm;wGif Edik if aH &;qdik &f m
oabmw&m;pmapmif/ pmwrf;rsm;pGmudk avhvmcGifh&cJhygonf? avhvma&;pmapmif/ pmwrf;
rsm;xJwGif q&mra':,Of,OfvS bmomjyefqdkay;cJhaom qdkAD,uf,leD,HuGefjrLepfygwD
(abmf&ADS pf) C.P.S.U (B) ordik ;f tusO;f csKyf pmtkyu
f v
kd nf; zwfa_ vhvmcGi&hf cJo
h nf? Edik if aH &;
todopfrsm;ESihf awmfveS af om tawG;tac:opfrsm;udk &&Sv
d u
kd o
f nf? xdpk mtkyo
f nf awmfveS f
a&;tajctaeESihf udu
k n
f pD mG yJ ykEH ydS pf mtkyt
f jzpf &du
k Ef ydS rf xm;? tedrq
hf ;Hk vufEydS pf ufjzifah wmif
&du
k Ef ydS &f ef tcGit
hf a&;r&&Scd ahJ y? q&mr. bmomjyefpmrlrsm;udk wcef;+y;D wcef; vufa&;aumfyD
rsm;jzifo
h mul;yGm;=uum tirf;r& avhvmcJ=h u&onf? xdak emuf tcsed u
f mv=umjrifph mG wydik ;f
wppD odrf;qnf;xm;cJh=uonf?
xdk tESp2f 0 rS ,ae@umvtxd ESprf sm;pGmtwGi;f u Edik if aH &;tjzpftysurf sm;udk jyefvnf

jrif=unfhrdonf? urBmEdkifiHa&; ESifh jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; tajctaewdk@onf olrwlpGm/ vsifjrefpGm
jzpfay:ajymif;vJcJhonf? jzpfay:ajymif;vJaeqJvnf;jzpfonf? odk@aomf awmfvSefa&;rsm; um;
qufvufwnf&adS eqJjzpfonf? ke;f uefae&qJjzpfonf? atmifyEJG iS ahf 0;aeqJtajctaevnf;
jzpfonf? awmfveS af &;rsm;onf ykrH eS t
f aetxm;jyefa&muf&ef/ jyefvnfevefxEl ikd &f ef usm;ukyf
usm;cJjzifh vkH;yef;tm;xkwfae=u&csdefvnf;jzpfonf?
TumvrsKd ;wGif wcguavhvmcJb
h ;l aom C.P.S.U (B) ordik ;f tusO;f csKyfukd jyefvnf
owd&vmonf? jyefvnfavhvmcsio
f nfph w
d f rsm; jyif;jyvmcJo
h nf? tjcm;b0wl &Jabmfrsm;/
rdwaf qGrsm;udv
k nf; r#a0+yD; zwfapcsio
f nfph w
d f jzpfay:cJo
h nf? ae&mtE@rHS mS jyef@usaJ e aom/
a[mif;EGr;f rGausaeaom xdpk mrlrsm;udk jyefvnfppk nf;&onf? vufa&;rljzifh jyefvnfa&;ul;&
onf? uGejf yLwm vufvrS ;f rSaD om ae&m a&mufonft
h cgrS xdpk mrlrsm;udk tDvufx&pfaumfyD
(Eletric Copy) tjzpf jyefvnful;ajymif;um rSwfwrf;wifxm;rdonf? (xdkodk@ ul;ajymif;
rSwfwrf;wifxm;&mwGif tultnDay;cJh=uaom udknDnD/ udkatmifxGef;ESifhtzGJ@/ *suf ESifh
tzGJ@wdk@tm; tvif;vd_if; uGef&ufrS txl;aus;Zl;wifaerdonf?)
ae@pOf jzpfay:ajymif;vJaeaom jrefrmjynf Edik if aH &;tajctaeonf 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;awmif;
qd/k wdu
k yf 0JG ifaeolrsm;twGuf a=ueyftm;&p&m tajctaersKd ;r[kwyf g? wpkw
H &maomvdt
k yf
csuf &SdaeovdkcHpm;ae&onf? temESifhaq; rwnfhao;wmrsdK;jzpfaeonf? xdkvdktyfcsufudk
tjynft
h 0 rjznfq
h nf;Edik af o;aomfvnf; vpf[maeonfh ae&mtcsKd @tm; jznfph u
G af y;Edik pf rG ;f &Sd
vdrrhf nf[k ,k=H unfro
d nf? xd,
k =Hk unfcsujf zifyhf if q&mra':,Of,OfvS bmomjyefqx
kd m;aom
C.P.S.U (B) ordkif;tusOf;csKyfudk xkwfa0jzef@csd&eftwGuf tm;pdkuf vkH;yef;vdkufygonf?
(2)
Tumv wGif tvif;vdi_ ;f uGe&f ufrS C.P.S.U (B) ordik ;f tusO;f csKyfukd bma=umifh
xkwaf 0jzef@cs&d ygovJ?
xdkar;cGef;twGuf &nfG,fcsufwckwnf;om&Sda=umif; ajz=um;&ayrnf? if;rSm ppf
u|eb
f 0rS vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf tjyif;txef&ek ;f uefae=u&aom/ awmfveS af omjynforl sm;
tm; EdkifiHwumrS tzdESdyfcHjynfolrsm;. awmfvSefa&;b0jzwfoef;r_ta=umif;ESifh rnfuJodk@
atmify&JG ,lEikd cf =hJ uonf qdak om tawG@t}uKHaumif;rsm; udk avhvmEdik &f ef rdwq
f ufay;jcif;r#
omjzpfygonf?
wdkif;jynftoD;oD;rS awmfvSefa&;wdkif;onf rdrdwdk@. awmfvSefa&;tawG@t}uKHrsm;udk
xyfcgxyfcg oif=um;avhvmae=u&onf? xdt
k jyif tjcm;wdik ;f jynfrsm;. awmfveS af &;tawG@
t}uKHrsm;udv
k nf; rkcsoif=um;avhvm=u&rnf? w+ydKifeufwnf;rSm avhvmwwf&rnf? tcsKd @
wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif xdktawG@t}uKHrsm;ESifh rdrdwdk@wdkif;jynf. wu,fhtajctae (awmfvSefa&;

vufawG@) wd@k ukd rSeu
f efpmG aygi;f pyfay; Edik cf =hJ uojzifh atmifycJG EH ikd cf =hJ uonf? awmfveS af &;enf;
jzifh atmifyGJcHcJhonfh wdkif;jynfwdkif;onf TjzpfpOftwdkif; jzwfoef;cJh=uonf?
xdktawG@t}uKHrsm;udk avhvm&kH/ od&kHr#jzifh vkHavmuf+yD[k r,lqEdkfif? avhvma&;wGif
owdjyKoifo
h nfh tcsut
f csKd @&ydS gonf? tjcm; wdik ;f jynfwckc.
k awmfveS af &;ed*;Hk csKyfcsurf sm;udk
avhvm+yD; rdrdwdk@awmfvSefa&;rsm;wGif aumfyDul;cs+yD; tokH;rcsrd&efjzpfygonf? tb,f
a=umifhqdkaomf xdked*kH;cskKyfcsufrsm;onf tjcm;wdkif;jynfwck. awmfvSefa&;vufawG@rS &&Sd
csufrsm;udkom pkpnf;azmfjyxm;aoma=umifh jzpfonf?
xdt
k awG@t}uKHrsm;udk avhvm&mwGif cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm+y;D a0zefo;Hk oyfjf cif;rsm; jyKvkyw
f wf&ef
vnf; vdt
k yfayvdrrhf nf? od@k ro
S m tawG;t ac:trSt
D cdu
k if;a&;twGuf taxmuftul&ap
rnf? tawG;tac:vGwfajrmufr_&SdrSvnf; rSefuefonfh EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk csrSwf/
taumiftxnfazmfEdkifrSmjzpfonf? tawG;&Sif;rS tvkyf&Sif;onf qdkonfhoabmjzpfonf?
wu,fawmh awmfveS af &;qdo
k nfrmS tawG@t}uKHrsm;udk oif,al vhvm&if;/ pl;prf;&if;/
prf;oyf&if;jzifh a&S@odk@csDwufaeonfh jzpfpOf wckyif r[kwfygvm;?
(3)
C.P.S.U (B) ordik ;f tusO;f csKyf pmtkyw
f iG yf g&o
dS nfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;. ordik ;f wefz;kd
&Sdr_udk tvif;vd_if; taejzifh oD;jcm;rdwf qufay;&ef tcGifhta&;r&Sdyg? tb,fa=umifh
qdkaomf xdkpmtkyfudk,fwdkifuyif rdwfqufay;&ef vkH;0rvdktyfonfh ordkif;wefzdk;jrifhfrm;ae
aoma=umifhjzpfygonf?
odk@aomf w&kwfjynfolawG.b0udk vGwfajrmufapcJhonfh w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;.
acgif;aqmif &JabmfarmfpDwkef;u C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyfpmtkyf ESifh ywfoufI
b,fvdk wefzdk;xm;&SdcJhovJqdkwmudkawmh tvif;vd_if; rS rdwfqufay;vdkygonf?
w&kwfjynf rvGwfajrmufcif awmfvSefa&;umv (1940 ckESpf) twGif;rSm OuUXarmf
onf usaemfwdk@. avhvmrludkjyKjyifa&; qdk onfh aqmif;yg;wapmif a&;om;cJhonf?
wygwv
D ;Hk rmufph v
f eD if0g' tawG;tac:rlt& vky[
f efjyKjyifajymif;vJa&; v_y&f mS ;r_vyk &f ef T
aqmif;yg;jzifh aqmf=ocJhbl;onf? xdkaqmif;yg;. wae&mY tvkyfvkyfaeaomau'grsm;udk
ynmay;&mYjzpfap/ au'goifwef;ausmif; rsm;wGif ynmay;&mYjzpfap (u) wkwfjynf
awmfveS af &; vufawG@jy\emawG pl;prf;avhvma&;udk tcsut
f csmtjzpfxm;&ef/ (c) rmhupf f
vDeif0g' tajccHrlrsm;udk vrf;n$eftjzpfxm;&ef qdkonfh tcsuf 2 csufudk ay:vpDtjzpf
xm;&Sd&ef aqmf=ocJhonf?
qufvuf+yD; rmhupf v
f eD if0g' udk avhvm&mwGiv
f nf; C.P.S.U (B) ordik ;f tusO;f csKyf
pmtkyfudk t"duavhvm&efpmtkyf tjzpfxm;oifhonf[k nGefjyay;cJhonf? C.P.S.U (B)
ordik ;f tusO;f csKyfpmtkyEf iS hf ywfouf+yD; wefz;kd jzwf&mwGiv

f nf; tcsuf 2 csuu
f kd axmufjy+yD;
pmtkyf. wefzdk;t&nftcsif;udk azmfjycJhygonf? if;tcsufrsm;rSm 1? Tpmtkyo
f nf vGecf o
hJ nfEh pS w
f &mtwGi;f (1940 ckEpS rf wdik rf )D / wurBmvk;H rSm&So
d nfh uGejf rL
epfv_yf&Sm;r_udk t&nft csif;jrifhjrifh tvkH;pkH+cKH+yD; aygif;kH;okH;oyfxm;onfh pmtkyfjzpfonf?
2? Tpmtkyo
f nf oabmw&m;ESihf vufawG@aygi;f pyfxm;onfh pHerlemvnf;jzpfonf? jynfph Hk
onfh pHerlemqdv
k @kd wurBmvk;H wGif Tpmtkyw
f tkyw
f nf;om&Sad o;onf [k jrifjh rifrh m;rm;
wefzdk;xm;um !efjycJhayonff?
Tpmtkyfonf 19 &mpk aESmif;ydkif;ESifh 20 &mpk tpydkif;umvu k&Sm;EdkifiHrS tzdESdyfcH
jynfolrsm;. atmifyGJcHawmffvSefa&;ordkif;jzpfonf?
k&Sm;jynfolrsm;. awmfvSefa&;tawG@t}uKHrsm;u urBmw0ef;vkH;&Sd tzdESdyfcHjynfol
rsm;. vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ/ vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ rsm;tay: }uD;rm;pGm =oZmoufa&mufcJh
onf? rdrdwdk@wdkif;jynfonfvnf; xdkawmfvSefa&;. tusdK;aus;Zl; txift&Sm;&SdcJhbl;onf?
tcsKd @wikd ;f jynfrsm;onf xdak wmfveS af &; tawG@t}uKHrsm;udk avhvm+yD; rdrw
d @kd . awmfveS af &;
vufawG@rsm;ESifh aygif;pyfum jynfolvlxk udk vGwfajrmufapcJhonf? tcsdK@wdkif;jynfrsm;um;
ke;f uefae&qJjzpfonf?
rnfodk@qdkapumrl Tpmtkyfonf 'Drdkua&pDa&;awmif;qkd/ wdkufyGJ0ifaeonfh awmfvSef
a&;rsm;twGuf wpkw
H &m tusKd ;jzpfxeG ;f apvdrhf rnf[k ,k=H unfryd gonf? od@k aomfTpmtkyyf g
ta=umif;t&mrsm;onf avhvmol. &yfwnfcsuf/ qENtmoDotay: rlwnf+yD; wefzdk;
tajymif;tvJ jzpfoGm;apEdkifygonf? =unfhwwfol, jrif./ ,lwwfol, &. qdkaom
pum;twdkif; vdktyfcsuf&Sdoavmufawmh jynfh 0Edkif=uvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhrdygawmhonf?
(4)
Tpmtkyfudk bmomomjyef&mwGif q&mr a':,Of,OfvSonf awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;
wm0efwcktjzpfoabmxm;+y;D bmomjyefay;cJo
h nf? q&mr. bmomjyefay;r_a=umifh &Jabmf
trsm;tjym;onf EdkifiHa&;tod ydkrdkwdk;jrifhvmcJh=uonf? Tpmtkyfonf awmfvSefa&;wGif
vdt
k yfaeaom Edik if aH &;tawG;tac: wnfaqmufa&;vkyif ef;/ Edik if w
H umh awmfveS af &; tawG@
t}uKHrsm;tm; avhvma&;ESihf okawoejyKa&;vkyif ef;}u;D rsm;twGuf wefz;kd rjzwfEikd af om jznfh
qnf;csuw
f ckvnf;jzpfcyhJ gonf? q&mr. TtusKd ;jyKaqmif&u
G cf surf sm;tay: tvif;vdi_ ;f
uGef&ufrS av;pm;r_jzifh aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif;ajym=um;vdkygonf?
Tpmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf pdwftm;/ vltm; tultnDay;cJh=uaom tpfudk}uD;
udkodef;0if;ESifh tzGJ@tm;vnf;aumif;/ udkoD[armifarmif (*&yfzpf'DZdkif;) tm; vnf;aumif;
tvif;vd_if;uGef&ufrS aus;Zl;wifa=umif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf?
pmtkyw
f iG f tm;enf;csurf sm;awG@&ydS gu rdrw
d @kd wiG o
f m wm0ef&ydS gonf? bmomjyefoEl iS hf
roufqikd yf g?
tvif;vd_if; uGef&uf
2010 =o*kwf ( 8) &uf
ed'gef;
qdkAD,uf,leD,HuGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&SDApf) onf tvGef&Snfvsm;}uD;jrwfonfh vrf;
udkjzwfoef;cJh&+yD; vGefcJhonfh &mpkESpf/ 80 pkESpfrsm;twGif;u k&Sm;wGifay:aygufcJhonf?
rmhufpf0g'tpk t0ef;t0dkif;ti,fav;rsm;rS pwifcJh&+yD;/ ,ckwGifurBmay:&Sd yxrqHk;aom
tvkyform;/ v,form;EdkifiHawmf}uD;udk OD;aqmifaeayonf?
qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&SDApf) onf awmfvSef;a&;rwdkifrD k&Sm;u tvkyf
orm;vlwef;pm; v_y&f mS ;r_EiS hf qufpyfr+d yD;/ tvkyo
f rm;v_y&f mS ;r_ tajccHay:wGif }uD;xGm;cJ+h yD;/
if;tay: qd&k ,
S v
f pf todpw
d "f mwf o,faqmifay;cJo
h nfh rmhupf 0f g' tpki,frsm;rS ay:xGuf
cJhonf? ygwDudk rmhufpf0g' awmfvSefa&;0g' oif=um;csufrsm;u xm0pOf a&S@aqmifcJhygonf?
e,fcsJ@acwf/ e,fcsJ@ppfyGJrsm;ESifh ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;rsm;/ ta=umif;tcsuftopfrsm; atmuf
wGif if;.acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf rmhupf Ef iS t
hf ed *f ,fw@dk . oif=um;csurf sm;udk qufvuf jzpfay:
wdk;yGm;apum tqifhopfwckodk@ jrifhay;cJhygonf?
ygwDonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd "eSifaygufpygwDrsm;jzpfonfh
qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; (if;wdk@. a&S@vlrsm;jzpfonfh ema&m'fepfrsm;) rif&SDApfrsm;/
rif;rJrh sm;ESihf ta&miftaoG;pko
H nfh "e&Sit
f rsK;d om;a&;0g'rD sm;ESiv
hf nf;aumif;/ rdryd gwt
D wGi;f
&Sd rif&SDApfrsm;/ tacsmiform; wdrf;apmif;r_rsm;jzpfonfh xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;/ blcg&if0g'Drsm;/
trsK;d om;a&;0g'rD sm;ESihf wjcm;vDeif qef@usiaf &;tpkrsm;ESiv
hf nf;aumif; tajccHr0l g'rsm; tay:
qef@usifwdkufyGJ0if&if; }uD;xGm;vmum tiftm;awmifhwif;vmygonf?
ygwDonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh vkyfom;jynfoltm;vHk;wdk@. &efol tm;vHk;
jzpfonfh ajr&Sif/ t&if;&Sif/ ul;vwf/ "m;jy/ olckd;rsm;/ olv#Kdrsm;udkvnf; aumif;/ ywf0ef;usif
t&if;&SiEf idk if rH sm;rS iSm;&rf;xm;olrsm;udv

k nf;aumif;/ qef@usiu
f m awmfveS af &;qifEjJ$ cif;jzifh
tiftm;rsm; awmifhwif;vmum oHcJwifvmcJhyg onf?
qdkAD,uf,leD,HuGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&SDApf) .ordkif;onf 1905 ckESpf "e&Sif'Drdkua&pD
awmfvSefa&;/ 1917 ckESpf azazmf0g&D "e&Sif'Drdkua&pDawmfvSef;a&;ESifh 1917 ckESpf atmuf
wdkbm qdkS,fvpfawmfvSefa&;qdkonfh awmfvSefa&; 3 ck. ordkif;jzpfonf//
qdAk ,
D uf,el ,
D u
H eG jf rLygwD (abmf&ADS pf) .ordik ;f onf Zmbk&ifpepfjzKwfcsjcif;/ ajr&SiEf iS hf
t&if;&Sifwdk@. tm%mudkjzKwfcsjcif; ordkif;jzpfonf? jynfwGif;ppftwGif; EkdifiHjcm;vufeuf
udkifwyfrsm; 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_ usqHk;jcif;orkdif;jzpfonf? u|efawmfwdk@ wdkif;jynfwGif qdkAD
,uf EdkifiHawmfESifh qdkAD,ufvl@tzGJ@tpnf; wnfaqmufonfhordkif;jzpfonf?
qkdAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&SDApf) . orkdif;ukd avhvmygu u|efawmfwkdonf
u|efawmfwkd wkdif;jynfrS tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm; qifEGJcJh=uonfh qkd&S,fvpfpepfwkdufyGJ
tawGt}uHKrsm;ukd &Ekdifonf?
ygwD.ordkif;/ u|efawmfwdk@ygwD. rmhufpf0g'/ vDeif0g'&efol/ tvkyform;rsm;. &efol
tm;vH;k ay:qifEcJG o
hJ nfh wdu
k yf o
JG rdik ;f rsm;udk avhvmygu u|eaf wmfw@kd onf abmf&ADS pf0g' tay:
ydkrdkodem;vnfEkdif+yD;/ EdkifiHa&;Ekd;=um;r_vnf; ydkrdkxufoefvmapygonf?
abmf&SDApfygwD. &JpGrf;owWd ajymifajrmufvSonhf ordkif;udk avhvmjcif;jzifh/ u|efawmf
wdk@onf vlr_jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ESifh EkdifiHa&;wdkufyGJ. w&m;Oya'oqdkif&m tawG@t}uKHESifh
awmfvSefa&;.wGef;tm; tawG@}uKHA[kokwrsm;udk &&SdEdkifygonf?
ygwD.ordkif;udk avhvmjcif;jzifh vDeif-pwmvifygwD. }uD;jrwfonfhta&;awmfyHk.
aemufq;kH ydwaf tmify/GJ urBmw0ef;f vH;k uGejf rLepfpepfatmifyt
GJ ay: u|eaf wmfw@kd taotcsm
,kH=unfr_udk &&SdEkdifygonf?
Tpmtkyfonf qdkAD,uf,leD,HuGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&SDApf) . ordkif;tusOf; csKyfjzpfyg
onf? ?
tcef; (1)
k&mS ;Y qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd &uftvkyo
f rm;ygwD wnfaxmifa&;twGuw
f u
kd yf GJ
(1883=1901)
1? k&Sm;Y aus;u|efpepf zsufodrf;r_ESifh pufr_vufr_t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wdk;wuf vmr_?
acwfopfpufr_vufr_ypPnf;rJhrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;? tvkyform;vlwef; pm; v_yf&Sm;r_.
yxrajcvSrf;rsm;?
wjcm;EdkifiHrsm;xuf Zmbk&ifk&Sm;onf t&if;&Sifjzpfay:wdk;wufr_vrf;a=umif; ay:odk@
aemufuspGm wufvSrf;cJhayonf? vGefcJhonfh &mpkESpfajcmufq,fpkESpfrsm; twGif; k&Sm;wGif
pufkHESifh tvkyfkHrsm; tvGefenf;yg;pGm wnf&dScJhygonf? aus;u|efpepftay: tajccHonfh
ajru|efpepfonf tESH@tjym;jzpfaeonfh pD;yGm;a&;omefjzpfaeayonf? aus;u|efpepf
atmufwGif pufr_vufr_ tppftrSef wdk;wufvma&;rSm rjzpfEkdifyg? v,f,mvkyfief;wGif
aus;u|efrsm;. apwemrygaom vkyftm;a=umifh xkwfvkyfr_rSm tvGefedrfhygonf? pD;yGm;a&;
jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ jzpfpOfwckvHk;u aus;u|efpepf zsufodrf;a&;udk rv$Jra&Smifom jzpfapcJhyg
onf? 1861 ckESpf/ ukdif;rD;,m;ppf&_H;edrfhr_a=umifh tiftm;csnfheJ@oGm;+yD;/ ajr&Sifrsm;udk
qef@usifonf@/ v,form;ykefuefr_rsm;udk a=umufvef@aeonfh Zmbk&iftpdk;&onf aus;
u|efpepfudk rv$Jra&Smifom zsufodrf;ay;vkduf&onf?
odk@aomf aus;u|efpepfzsuf+yD;onfhwdkif ajr&Sifrsm;onf v,form;rsm;udk qufvuf
zdEydS cf yhJ gonf? vGwaf jrmufa&; jzpfpOftwGi;f if;wd@k onf ,cifu v,form;rsm;oH;k cJo
h nfh
ajrwpdwfwydkif;udk +cHcwfjcif;/ zJh,ljcif;wdk@jzifh v,form;wdk@xHrS vk,uf,liif=uonf? T
tjzwfcH&onfh ajrtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk v,form;rsm;u tdkx&ufpuD (jzwfprsm; cuts)

[kac:onf? v,form;rsm;u if;wdk@ vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf jyefqyfaiGtjzpf ajr&Sifrsm;udk
lb,foef; 2000 twif;tusyfay;cdkif;ojzifh ay;qyf&ygonf?
aus;u|efpepf zsufodrf;+yD;aemuf v,form;rsm;onf ajr&SifxHrS ajrrsm;udk tvGef}uD;
av;onfhtcGeftaumufrsm;jzifh tiSm;cs&ygonf? aiGjzifh acs;iSm;cay;&onfhtjyif v,f
orm;rsm;onf ajr&SifxHwGif tca=u;aiGr&bJ/ rdrdudk,fydkifud&d,mrsm;/ jrif;rsm;jzifh ajr&Sif.
ajrwpdww
f ydik ;f udk xGe,
f ufay;&ygonf? Tt&mudk tdw
k &mAdv
k u
f D (vkyt
f m;c) [k ac:ygonf?
tajctaetrsm;pkwGif v,form;rsm;onf ajr&Sifrsm;udk if;wdk@xGuf&Sdonfh txGuf. xuf
0ufudk ajriSm;ctjzpf ay;qyf&ygonf? if;udk tpfydkvl (w0uf-w0uf pepf) [k ac:ygonf?
xd@k a=umifh tajctaeonf aus;u|epf epf vufatmufrmS uJo
h @kd yif xl;rjcm; em;&Sad e+yD;/
wckwnf;aomjcm;em;csufuawmh v,form;rsm;onf yk*~dKvfa&;t& vGwfvyf+yD; ypPnf;
wckuJhodk@ 0,f,ljcif;ESifh a&mif;csjcif; r&Sdjcif;omjzpfonf?
ajr&Sifrsm;onf rwdk;wufbJ acwfaemufusonfh v,form;rsm;udk aiGnpfenf; trsKd;
rsK;d (acs;iSm;c/ '%faiG) wd@k jzifh jzLcgjymcgusatmif aoG;pky=f uygonf? ajr&Siw
f @kd . zdEydS rf a_ =umifh
v,form;xk}uD;rSm if;wdk@. ajr,mrsm; wdk;wufatmif rjyKvkyfEdkifyg? xdk@a=umifh awmf
vSefa&;rwdkifrD k&Sm;Y pdkufysKd;a&;onf tvGeftrif;acwfaemufuscJh+yD;/ r=umc% xGufE_ef;
usqif;jcif;ESifh uyfab;rsm; qdkufa&mufapcJhygonf/?
aus;u|efpepf oufqdk;&Snfusefaejcif;/ tcGeftwkwfzdpD;jcif;ESifh ajr&Sifrsm;tay:t
auG;qyf&jcif;wdk@u v,form;wtdrfaxmif 0ifaiGxuf r=umc% ausmfvGefoGm;onfh t
wGuf v,form;rsm;onf rGJjymusum/ a&=unf&mrsufEk&m &Sm&eftwGuf rdrdwdk@ aus;&Gm
rsm;rS xGufcGmcJh=u&ygonf// if;wkdonf pufHkrsm;ESifh tvkyfHkrsm;wGif oGm;a&muf tvkyf
vkyfukdif=uygonf? if;onf pufr_vufr_ vkyfcif;ydkif&Sifrsm;twGuf aps;aygonfh vkyftm;
a&aomufjrpfjzpfygonf?
tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;. acgif;ay:wGif Zmbk&if/ t&if;&SifESifhajr&Sifwdk@udk yifyef;
qif;&JpGm tvkyfvkyfudkif&onfh aoG;pkyfcHvlxkrsm;xHrS umuG,fay;xm;onfh ckHorm"d
vl}uD;rsm;/ vufaxmuf orm"dvl}uD;rsm;/ vufeufudkif&Jom;rsm;/ ykvdyfrsm;/ aus;vuf
ykvdyfrsm;pwJh wyf}uD;w&yf wnf&Sdaeygonf? 1903 ckESpftxd udk,fcERmudk tjypf'%fay;
jcif;rsKd; &SdcJhygonf? aus;u|efpepf zsufodrf;+yD;qdkaomfvnf; v,form;rsm;onf tao;i,f
qkH;aomtjypfrsm;a=umifhjzpfap/ tcGefray;r_a=umifhjzpfap }udrf'%fcH&ygonf? tvkyform;
rsm;onf ykvyd rf sm;ESihf aumhqufrsm;. tEdik x
f uf EdyS pf ufjcif;rsm;udck &H +yD;/ txl;ojzifh tvkyf
&Sifrsm;a=umifh/ if;wdk@. aexdkifa&;b0 rcHr&yfEdkifjzpfvmonfhtcg oydwfarSmufvm=u+yD;/
xdktcsdefrsm;rSm ydkrdk tESdyfpufcH&onf// Zmbk&if. vufatmufwGif tvkyform;ESifh v,f
orm;rsm;tzdk@ rnfonfhEkdifiHa&; tcGifhta&;r#r&SdcJhyg? Zmbk&if. oufOD;qHydkif tkyfcsKyfr_onf

jynfolrsm;twGuf tqdk;0g;qHk;&efol jzpfygonf?
Zmbk&ifpepfatmufrS k&Sm;onf vlrsKd;rsm;. tusOf;axmifjzpfygonf? k&Sm; r[kwf
onfh vlrsKd;trsm;tjym;onf tcGifhta&; [lor# vkH;0qkH;_H;ae+yD;/ apmfum;ESdyfpufjcif; trsKd;
rsK;d wk@d udk tqufrjywf cHpm;ae=u&onf? Zmbk&iftpk;d &u k&mS ;vlrsK;d wk@d udk vlrsK;d pka'o rsm;rS
vlrsKd;pkrsm;tay: tqifhedrfhvlrsKd;rsm;tjzpf txifao;tjrifao;jzpfap+yD;/ w&m;0if
tm;jzifhvnf; if;wkd@ukd tifEkda&mh'fpD (vlrsKd;jcm;) vkd@ac:a0:apum if;wkd@tay: pufqkyf
&GH&Smrkef;wD;atmif tm;ay;cJhygonf? Zmbk&iftpkd;&onf vlrsKd;a&;ydyuQrsm;ukd }uD;xGm;
atmifv_H@aqmfay;+yD;/ vlrsKd;wrsKd;ESifhwrsKd;t=um; qGay;um *sL;vlrsKd; tpkvkduft+yKHvkduf
owfjzwfyrJG sm; jzpfay:ap+yD;/ x&efaumhau;&Sm;rSmvnf; wmwmESihf tmar;eD;,m;wk@d wOD;ESihf
wOD; owfjzwf&ef v_H@aqmfcJhygonf?
tukefr[kwfonfhwdkif tukefeD;yg;r#aom trsKd;om;a'orsm;&Sd tpdk;&&mxl;rsm;wGif
k&mS ;t&m&Srd sm;om jzpfygonf? tpd;k &Xme toD;oD;&Sd vkyif ef;rsm;tm;vH;k ESihf w&m;k;H rsm;wGif
k&Sm;bmomom toHk;jyKygonf/? k&Sm;r[kwfonfh vlrsKd;pkrsm;.pmESifh owif;pmrsm;/ pm
tkyfrsm; xkwfa0cGifhESifh ausmif;rsm;wGif if;wdk@ bmomoif=um;cGifhudkvnf; wm;jrpfxm;yg
onf? Zmbk&iftpdk;&onf vlrsKd;pkrsm;. ,Ofaus;r_udk +idrf;owf&efud;pm;+yD;/ k&Sm;r[kwf
onfhvlrsKd;pkrsm;ukd-&k&Sm;jyKvkyfa&;-ay:vpDukd twif;tusyfusifhoHk;cJh =uygonf? Zmbk
&ifpepfonf &k&Sm;r[kwfonfh vlrsKd;rsm;twGuf vufrGH@tm%mom;rsm;/ nOf;yef;
ESdyfpufolrsm;om jzpf=uygonf?
aus;u|epf epfy,fzsu+f yD;aemuf k&mS ;&Sd pufrv
_ ufrt
_ &if;&Sipf epf jzpfay:wd;k wufr_ onf
aus;u|efpepf qufvuf&Sifoefaer_a=umifh taESmifht,Suf twm;tqD; cHae& vsufESifhyif
toift
h wifh vsijf refaom ajcvSr;f ESihf qufvufjzpfay:aeygonf? 1865 ckEpS rf S 1890 ckEpS t
f xd
ES p f q ,f h i g;ES p f t wG i f ; puf k H t vk y f k H } uD ; rsm;ES i f h rD ; &xm;vk y f i ef ; rsm;wG i f
tvkyfvkyfudkifvsuf&Sdaom tvkyform;OD;a&rSm ckESpfodef;ajcmufaxmifrS wpfoef;av;odef;
oHk;aomif;oHk;axmif odk@r[kwf 2 qcef@r# wdk;wuf rsm;jym;vmcJhygonf?
k&Sm;Y t}uD;pm; t&if;&Sif pufr_vufr_vkyfief;onf udk;q,fpkESpfrsm;twGif; ydkrdkvsif
jrefpGm pwifjzpfay:wkd;wufcJhygonf// xdkq,fpkESpftqHk;umvY pufkHtvkyfkH}uD;rsm;/ owK
wl; azmfa&;vkyif ef;rsm;ESihf rD;&xm;vkyif ef;wGif tvkyv
f yk u
f ikd v
f suf adS om tvkyo
f rm;OD;a&rSm
k&Sm;Oa&myjynfe,f ig;q,ftwGif;wGif 2207000 &Sd+yD;/ k&Sm;wjynfvkH;wGif 2792000
&Syd gonf?
,if;onf acwfopfpufr_vufr_ypPnf;rJhrsm;jzpf+yD;/ aus;u|efacwfumvwGif;u
pufkHrsm;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;ESifh vnf;aumif;/ tao;pm;vufr_ynmESifh wjcm;pufr_ vkyfief;
rsm;rS tvkyform;rsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; vHk;0uGJjym;jcm;em;ygonf? tb,fa=umifh qkdaomf
t&if;}uD; vkyfief;}uD;rsm;twGif;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;t=um; ay:aygufvsuf&Sdaom aoG;pnf;

nD!Gwfa&;pdwf"mwfESifh if;wdk@. xufjrufaom awmfvSefa&; t&nftcsif;ESpfck wdk@a=umifh
jzpfygonf?
ud;k q,fpEk pS rf sm;twGi;f pufrv
_ yk if ef; t}u;D tus,jf zpfxeG ;f vmjcif;onf t"du tm;jzifh
rD;&xm;vrf;rsm; trsm;tjym;wnfaqmuf&aoma=umifhjzpfygonf? 1890-1900 q,fESpf
umvtwGi;f rD;&xm;vrf;opf 21000 Amh'pf f* ausmaf zmufvyk cf yhJ gonf? rD;&xm;vkyif ef;u
owWKrsm; (oHvrf;/ rD;&xm;pufacgif;ESifh udk,fxnfwGJrsm;twGuf) trsm; tjym;ESifh
ausmufrD;aoG;ESifh a&eHponfh avmifpmtrsm;tjym;udkvnf; vdktyfvmapygonf? if;u
owKESifh avmifpm pufr_vkyfief;wdk@udk jzpfay:wdk;wufapcJhonf?
awmfvSefa&;rwdkifrD k&Sm;Y wjcm;t&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm;enf;wl pufr_vufr_ t}uD;
tus,f zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufonfu
h mvESihf pufrv
_ ufrt
_ usyt
f wnf;/ pD;yGm;a&;usqif;tDvnfae
jcif;wdk@ wvSnf@pDjzpfay:aeum Tonfu tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk tjyif;txef xd
cdu
k af p+y;D / axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmaom tvkyo
f rm;rsm;udk tvkyv
f ufrjhJ zpfapjcif;ESihf qif;&J wGi;f od@k
ydk@ay;vdkufygonf?
k&Sm;Y aus;u|efpepfzsufodrf;+yD;aemuf t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wdk;wufr_onf toifh
twifh vsijf refaomt&Sed Ef iS hf wd;k wufvsu&f adS omfvnf;/ k&mS ;&Sd pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:wd;k wuf r_onf
wjcm;t&if;&SiEf idk if rH sm;xuf odomxifmS ;pGm aemufususe&f pfygonf? vlO;D a& trsm; wumh
trsm;pk}uD;rSm v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief;wGifrSmom &SSd+rJ&Sdvsuf&Sdygonf? if;. ausmf
=um;vSonfh pmtkyf k&Sm;Y t&if;&Sifpepfjzpfay:wdk;wufr_ wGif vDeifu 1897 ckESpf
oef;acgifpm&if;rS xif;&Sm;onfh udef;*%ef;rsm;udk azmfjy+yD;/ vlOD;a&pkpkaygif;. ajcmufyHk ig;ykH
cef@onf v,f,mvkyfief;wGif yg0ifae+yD;/ ajcmufykHwykHomv#if t}uD;tao; pufr_vkyfief;/
ukefoG,fa&;/ rD;&xm;vrf;ESifh a&vrf;vkyfief;rsm;/ wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;/ opfckwfvkyf
ief;rsm; tp&Sdonfwdk@wGif yg0ifaea=umif; jyqdkxm;onf//
Ttjcif;t&mu k&mS ;Ekid if o
H nf t&if;&Sipf epf jzpfay:wk;d wufaeaomfvnf;/ pD;yGm;a&;
t& acwfaemufusaom v,f,mpdkufysKd;aomEdkifiH/ "e&SifaygufpEkdifiH jzpf+rJjzpfvsuf&Sdao;
a=umif;jyovdkufayonf? qdkvdkonfrSm tao;pm;ydkifqdkifr_tay: tajccHonfh xGufE_ef;edrfh
usonfh woD;yk*v
~ u
d xGe,
f ufpu
kd yf sK;d r_ qufvufxif&mS ;pGm&Sad eonhf Edik if H jzpf+rJjzpfvsuf dS
onf//
t&if;&Sifpepfonf +rdK@rsm;wGifom jzpfay:wdk;wufaejcif; r[kwfyJ aus;vufa'orsm;
rSmvnf; jzpfay:wdk;wufaeygonf? awmfvSefa&;rwdkifrD k&Sm;EdkifiH&Sd vlOD;a&trsm;qHk; vl
wef;pm;jzpfonfh v,form;xkonf wjznf;jznf; +yKduGJtufuGJvmaeygonf? ykdrkdacsmifvnf
onfh v,form;rsm;=um;rS aus;vuf"e&Sif/ ul;vwftxufv$mrsm; ay:xGufvmae+yD;/
* k&Sm;YtokH;jyKaom tvsm; twdkif;txGm? ( 1 Amh'fpf ] 3200 ay) (bmomjyefol)
wzufwGifvnf; v,form;trsm;tjym;onf qkwf,kwfysufpD;um qif;&Jv,form;/ aus;

vufypPnf;rJhrsm;ESifh ypPnf;rJhwydkif;rsm;onf ta&twGuft& wdk;rsm;vmygonf? tv,f
tvwf v,form;rsm;tzdk@ wESpfxufwESpf ta&twGuf avsmhusvmygonf?
1903 ckESpf k&Sm;Y v,form; tdrfaxmifpkaygif; q,foef;cef@ &Sdygonf? aus;
vufqif;&J om;rsm;od@k [k acgi;f pOfwyfxm;onfh if;.pmapmifwiG f vDeifu xdpk pk ak ygi;f OD;a&
rS tdrfaxmifpk oHk;oef;cGJxufrenf;onf jrif;ykdifqkdifr_r&Sdonfh v,form;rsm;[k wGufcsufjy
cJhonf? if;wdk@onf tqif;&JqHk; v,form;rsm;jzpf+yD;/ t+rJwrf;vdkvdk if;wdk@ajr. tpdwf
tydik ;f i,fwckrmS om xGe,
f ufpu
kd yf sK;d Ekid +f yD;/ useaf jrrsm;udk ul;vwfrsm;od@k tiSm;csum if;wd@k
udk,fwdkifrSmawmh wjcm;toufarG;0rf;a=umif;vrf;udk &SmazG&ygonf? Tv,form; rsm;.
tqifo
h nf ypPn;f rJrh sm;. tqifeh ;D yg;txd a&muf&v
dS mygonf? if;wd@k ukd vDeifu aus;vuf
ypPnf;rJhrsm; odk@r[kwf ypPnf;rJhwydkif; [kac:onf?
tjcm;wzufwGif csrf;omaom ul;vwftdrfaxmifpk woef;cGJ (v,form; tdrfaxmif
pkpk aygi;f q,foef;teufr)S . vufxw
J iG f v,form;rsm; pkpak ygi;f pdu
k yf sK;d ajr. xuf0ufukd
pkpnf; csKyfudkifxm;ygonf// Tv,form;"e&Sifrsm;onf qif;&JESifh tv,ftvwf v,f
orm;rsm;udk zdESdyfjcif;jzifh wjznf;jznf; uG,f0vmum v,f,mvkyfom;rsm;. aoG;ac|;
vkyftm;rsm;rS tjrwfxkwf+yD;/ aus;vuft&if;&Sifrsm;tjzpfodk@ wdk;wufjzpfay:vmonf?
k&Sm;jynf&Sd tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf ckESpfq,fpkESpfrsm;twGif;ESifh txl;ojzifh &Spf
q,fpEk pS rf sm; twGi;f rSmyif pwifE;dk =um;vmcJ+h yD;jzpfum t&if;&Sirf sm;udk pwifwu
kd yf 0JG ifvm=u
ygonf? Zmbk&ifpepf k&Sm;wGif tvkyform;trsm;tjym;onf tvGeftrif; cufcJ
usyw
f nf;vsu&f ydS gonf? &Spq
f ,fpEk pS rf sm;twGi;f u puft
Hk vkyf rkH sm;. tvkycf sed rf mS 12 em&DcJG
xufravsmhbJ/ txnftvdyf pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif 14 rS 15 em &Dxd a&mufygonf?
trsK;d orD;rsm;ESihf uav; vkyt
f m;aoG;pkyrf r_ sm;vnf; tES@H tjym;&Sad eygonf? uav;rsm; onf
vl}uD;rsm;ESifh tvkyfcsdefwlvkyf&aomfvnf; trsKd;orD;rsm;uJhodk@yif vkyfcaiG avsmh&=u onf?
vkyftm;crsm;onf tqrwefedrfhusvSonf? tvkyform;trsm;pkonf wvwGif vkyfc ckESpf
od@k r[kwf &Spf b
l ,fom&&S=d uonf? owWKvkyif ef;ESihf t&nf}udKpufrkH sm;rS vc tjrifq
h ;kH &onfh
tvkyform;rsm;onf wv lb,fvf oHk;q,hfig;xuf rydkay? tvkyform; rsm; umuG,fa&;
pnf;urf;Oya'rsm; bmr#r&SdbJ tvkyform; trsm;tjym;onf udk,f t*F gcsKd@,Gif;&jcif;/
aoqH;k &jcif;rsm; &Syd gonf? tvkyo
f rm;rsm;twGuf tmrcHrr_ &Syd J aq;0g; ukor_tm;vH;k udv
k nf;
tcay;&ygonf? tdrf&mtqifhtwef;uawmh a=umufcref; vdvd jzpfygonf? pufHkydkif
wef;vsm;rsm;wGif tvkyform;rsm;onf tcef;i,fav;rsm;xJwGif q,fa,mufrS
q,fESpfa,muf txd yGwfodyfaecJh&ygonf? pufHkydkif&Sifrsm;u tvkyf orm;rsm;.
vcrsm;tay: r=umc% vdrfvnfnpfywf=u+yD;/ pufHkydkif qdkifrS ukefypPnf;rsm; udk
rwefwqaps;ESifh twif;tusyf 0,f,lckdif;+yD; '%faiGtrsKd;rsKd; wyf=uygonf?
tvkyform;rsm;onf wlnDonfh&yfwnfr_ pwifudkifpGJvm+yD;/ if;wdk@. rcHr&yfEdkifzG,f

tajctaersm;rS wkd;wufr_&a&;twGuf pufHkydkif&Sifrsm;xHodk@ yl;wGJawmif;qdkcsufrsm; wifjy
vmygonf? if;wd@k onf tvkyrf vkyb
f J oydwaf rSmufvm=uonf? ckEpS q
f ,fEiS hf &Spq
f ,fpEk pS rf sm;
twGif; ay:aygufcJhonfh tapmydkif; oydwfrsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;. vkyfcrsm;tay: tq
rwef'%fwyfr_rsm;/ vdrfvnfr_rsm;/ aiGnpfr_rsm;ESifh vkyfcrsm;udk av#m@csr_rsm;u v_H@aqmfay;
vkdufjcif; jzpfygonf?
tapmydkif;oydwfrsm;wGif ar#mfvifhcsufuif;a0;um pdwfysufaeaom tvkyform;rsm;
onf puf,E &W m;rsm;udk zsuq
f ;D ypf+yD;/ pufjkH ywif;aygurf sm;udk u
dk cf u
JG m pufykH ikd af ps;qkid rf sm;/
pufHkHk;rsm;udk zsufqD;ypf=uygonf?
ydrk akd S@wef;a&mufonfh tvkyo
f rm;rsm;u if;wd@k t&if;&Sirf sm;udk qef@usiw
f u
kd yf 0JG if&m
wGif atmifyGJ&&eftwGuf tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfudk vdktyfa=umif; pwifem;vnfod&Sdvmygonf?
tvkyform;or*~rsm; pwifay:aygufvmygonf? 1875 wGif tdk'ufqmY k&Sm;awmifydkif;
tvkyform;or*~udk wnfaxmifcJhygonf? TyxrqHk;aom tvkyform;tzGJ@tpnf;onf
&Spfv-udk;vcef@ cHcJh+yD;aemuf Zmbk&iftpdk;&. acsr_ef;jcif;udk cHvkduf&ygonf?
1878 ckESpfwGif pdefyDwmpbwfY k&Sm;ajrmufydkif; tvkyform;or*~udk wnfaxmif+yD;/
vuform; umvf=uL;&if;(Khalturin) ESifh pufud&d,mwyfqifol atmhAfaemhpuD;
(Obnorsky) wdk@u acgif;aqmifygonf? or*~. vkyfief;pOfwGif if;wdk@. &nf&G,fcsufESifh
OD;wnfcsufrsm;rSm taemufEdkifiHrsm;rS qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD tvkyform;ygwDrsm;. &nf&G,fcsuf
rsm;ESifh twlwljzpfa=umif; a=unmcJhygonf? or*~. aemufqHk;&nfrSef;csufrSm qdkS,fvpf
awmfvSefa&; wnf&SdaeqJEdkifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk tvGeftrif;w&m;r#wr_ r&Sdonfh
pepftjzpf wGef;vSef+zdKzsuf&ef udko,faqmifvm&ef jzpfygonf? or*~udk wnfaxmif
olwOD;jzpfol atmhAfaemhpuD; onf EdkifiHjcm;Y umvtcsKd@aecJh+yD;/ xdkumvtwGif; rmhufpf
0g'D qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwDrsm;ESifh rmhufpfudk,fwdkif !ef=um;OD;aqmifcJhonfh yxr tifwm
ae&Sife,f. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;u|rf;0ifcJhygonf? Ttjzpftysufu k&Sm; ajrmufydkif;
tvkyform;or*~. vkyfief;pOftay: vuQ%mpGJxifapygonf? or*~. vwfwavm &nf
&G,cf suu
f vlxt
k wGuf Edik if aH &;vGwv
f yfciG Ehf iS hf tcGit
hf a&;rsm;&&S&d ef jzpfygonf? (vGwf vyfpmG
ajymqdkcGifh/ a&;om;cGifh/ pkHk;cGifh pojzifh) vwfwavmawmif;qdkcsufrsm;xJwGif tvkyfcsdef
av#mhcsa&;vnf; yg0ifonf?
or*~0if200 xda&muf&Sdvm+yD;/ pmemaxmufcHolvnf; trsm;tjym;&Sdvmygonf?
tvkyform;oydwfrsm;wGifyg0if+yD; pwifacgif;aqmifvmygonf? Zmbk&iftpdk;&onf T
tvkyform;or*~udkvnf; acsr_ef;vdkufygonf?
odk@aomf tvkyform; vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_onf qufvuf}uD;xGm;vm+yD; we,frS
we,fodk@ ysHES@Hvsuf&Sdygonf? &Spfq,fpkESpfrsm;onf oydwfarSmufyGJrsm; trsm;tjym;ESihf jynfh
ESufaeygonf? ig;ESpfumv 1881-86 twGif; tvkyform; 80000 yg0ifonfh oydwf 48 ck

ay:xGucf yhJ gonf?
awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ordkif;twGif; xl;jcm;onfhjzpf&yf wckuawmh 1885 ck tdk&DcdkAdk
Zk&DAdk&SDrdkdkaZmhAfpufHkrSm ay:aygufcJhonfh oydwf}uD; jzpfygonf?
TpufHkwGif vkyfom; 8000 cef@ &Sdygonf? tvkyfvkyfudkif&onfh tajctaerSm wae@
xufwae@ ydrk q
kd ;kd 0g;vm+yD;/ 1882 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1884 ck ESpt
f =um; vcjzwfawmufr_ ig;}udrjf zpfay:
um aemufqHk;ESpfwGif wcsDwnf;ESifh vkyfc 25 &mcdkifE_ef; jzwfcsvdkufygonf? xkd@tjyif pufHk
ykid &f iS f rkd adk ZmhAu
f tvkyo
f rm;rsm;ukd aiG'%fcsrw
S jf cif;jzifh xyfrEH ydS pf ufvu
dk yf gonf? oydwyf JG
t+yD; pkHpr;fppfaq;r_wGif tvkyform;rsm;&&Sdonfh 1 lb,fwkdif;rSm 30-35 ukdAwftxd pufHk
ydkif&Sif. tdwfxJodk@ '%faiGtrsKd;rsKd;ykHpHjzifh jyefvnfa&muf&SdoGm;a=umif; od&onf? T"m;jy
wkdufr_udk tvkyform;rsm;onf qufvufonf;nnf;rcHawmhbJ/ 1885 Zefe0g&DwGif oydwf
wkdufyGJrsm; qifE$Jvm=uonf? oydwfwkdufyGJudk }udKwifpnf;kH;xm;ygonf? if;ukd EkdifiHa&;t&
a&S@wef;a&mufonfh tvkyform;wOD;vnf;jzpf/ k&Sm;ajrmufykdif; tvkyform; or*~0ifwOD;
vnf;jzpfol +yKd wfrKdG ufp&D ifudk (PyotrMoiseyenko) acgi;f aqmifc+hJ y;D / awmfveS af &;tawG@ t}uKH
wpk H w &mvnf ; &&S d c J h + yD ; jzpf o nf ? oyd w f r arS m uf r D t}ud K ae@u rG d K uf p D & if u d k E S i f h
tjcm;vlwef;pm;tod ydkrkd&Sdol &ufuef; tvkyform;rsm; pufHkykdif&Siftm; wifjy&ef awmif;
qdck sut
f csK@d ukd a&;qG=J uonf? if;wk@d udk tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. v#Kd 0u
S t
f pnf;ta0;u axmufcH
twnfjyKay;cJhonf? t"duawmif;qkdcsufrSm tqrwef}uD;rm; rsm;jym;vSonfh '%faiG kduf
jcif;rsm;ukd zsufodrf;&efjzpfonf?
oydwfwkdufyGJukd vufeuftif;tm;rsm;jzifh acsr_ef;vkdufonf? tvkyform; ajcmuf&m
ausmf tzrf;cH&+yD;/ if;wkd@xJrS trsm;tjym; tr_pD&ifqkH;jzwfjcif; cH&onf?
tvm;wloydwfwkdufyGJrsm; 1885 wGif tkdAifEkdAkdaAmh'fppfef pufHkrsm;Y ay:aygufvmcJh
onf?
aemufwESpfwGif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_ }uD;xGm;vmjcif;ukd a=umufGH@ vm
onfh Zmbk&iftpkd;&onf rv$Jra&Smifom '%faiGrsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh Oya'w&yfukd
a=unm+yD;/ '%faiGrsm;rS &&SdonfhaiGrsm;ukd pufkHykdif&Sifrsm;vufxJokd@ ra&mufapbJ/ tvkyf
orm;rsm;twGuf vkdtyfr_rsm;wGif tokH;jyK&ef owfrSwfay;vkdufonf?
rkdkdaZmhAfESifh wjcm;oydwfwkdufyGJrsm;u pepfwus pnf;kH;wkdufyGJ0ifygu tusdK;tjrwf
trsm;tjym; &&S d E k d i f a =umif ; / tvk y f o rm;rsm;tm; oif = um;ay;vk d u f o nf ?
tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_u tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk }uHhcdkifpGm um
uG,fckcHay;onfh t&nftcsif;jynfh0aom acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh pnf;Hk;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;udk pwif
arG;zGm;ay;vdkufygonf?
wcsdefwnf;rSmyif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yfSm;r_ }uD;xGm;vmjcif;tay: tajccH+yD;/

taemufOa&my&J@ tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_ =oZm*,ufatmufwGif k&Sm;Y yxrqHk;aom
rmhufpftzGJtpnf;rsm; pwifay:aygufvmawmhonf?
2? k&Sm;&Sd ema&m'fepf0g' (ay: jyLvm0g' populism) ESifh rmhufpf0g'?yvufuaemhAfESifh if;.
vkyftm;vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@? ema&m'fepf0g'tm; qef@usifwdkufcdkufonfh yvufuaemhAf
wdkufyGJ? k&Sm;Y rmhufpf0g'jyef@yGm;jcif;
rmhufpf0g' tpkrsm; ray:aygufrD k&Sm;Y awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk rmhufpf0g'ESifh qef@
usifzuf ema&m'fepfrsm;u vkyfaqmifaecJh=uygonf?
yxrqHk;aom k&Sm; rmhufpf0g'tpkonf 1883 ckESpfwGif ay:aygufvmygonf? if;rSm
EdkifiHjcm; *sDeDAma&muf *sDADGyvufuaemhAf (G.V.Plekhanov) u zG@J pnf;vdu
k o
f nfh vkyt
f m;
vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@ jzpfygonf? *sDeDAmwGif yvufuaemhAfonf if;. awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;
r_rsm;a=umifh Zmbk&iftpdk;&. zrf;qD;ESdyfpufr_ab;rS xGufajy;cdkv_Hae&ygonf?
,cifu yvufuaemhAf udk,fwdkifyifv#if ema&m'fepfwOD; jzpfcJhygonf? odk@aomf
Edik if jH cm;YaepOf rmhupf 0f g'udk avhvm+yD;aemuf ema&m'fepf0g'ESihf tqufjzwf+yD; xifmS ;onfh
rmhufpf0g' jzef@csdolwOD; jzpfvmygonf?
vkyftm;vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@onf k&Sm;Y rmhufpf0g'udk jzef@jzL;&mwGif }uD;rm;pGm
aumif;r_jyKvkycf yhJ gonf? if;wd@k onf rmhupf -f tde*f ,fw@kd . usr;f rsm;jzpfaom uGejf rLepfygwaD =u
nmpmwrf;/ vkyfc/ vkyftm;ESifht&if;/ qdkS,fvpfpepf - pdwful;,OfESifh ody`Henf;us tpSd
onfwdk@udk k&Sm;bmomodk@ jyefqdk=u+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;wGif yHkESdyfum k&Sm;jynfwGif;wGif v#Kd@0SufpGm
jzef@csdcJhonf? yvufuaemhAf/ Zmplvpfcsf (Zasulich)/ tmZmva&mh'f (Axelrod) ESifh wjcm;
tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf rmhufpfESifh tdef*,fwdk@. oif=um;csufrsm;jzpfaom ody`Henf;usqdkS,fvpf
0g' tawG;tac:rsm;udk&Sif;jyonfh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf?
ypPnf;rJhrsm;. }uD;jrwfaom q&m}uD;rsm;jzpfonfh rmhufpfESifh tdef*,fwdk@onf pdwful;
,Of qdk&S,fvpf0g'Drsm;ESifh qef@usifpGm/ qdk&S,fvpfpepfqdkonfrSm pdwful;,Oform;rsm;.
wDxGifcsufr[kwfbJ/ acwfopf"e&SiftzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_. ra&Smifrv$Jom xGuf
ay:vmcsufjzpfa=umif;udk yxrqHk; &Sif;vif;ajym=um;olrsm;jzpfygonf? olwdk@u t&if;&Sif
pepfonf aus;u|efpepf usqHk;oGm;cJh&onfhenf;wl usqHk;oGm;&rSmjzpfa=umif;ESifh t&if;&Sif
pepfonf ypPnf;rJhrsm;udk if;wdk@ocFsKdif;wl;rnfholrsm;tjzpf zefwD;ay;vdkufa=umif; &Sif; vif;jy
onf? ypPnf;rJhrsm;. vlwef;pm;wdkufyJGuomv#if ypPnf;rJhrsm;. "e&Sifrsm;tay: atmifyJG
cHr_rsm;uomv#if vlom;rsm;udk t&if;&Sif0g'ESifh aoG;pkyfr_wdk@rS vGwfajrmufapvdrfhrnf[k
&Sif;vif;cJhonf?
rmhupf Ef iS hf tde*f ,fw@dk u ypPn;f rJrh sm;udk if;wd@k . uk,

d yf ikd t
f iftm;udk tod&&dS ef/ if;wd@k .
vlwef;pm;tusKKd;pD;yGm;udk tod&Sd&efESifh "e&Sifrsm;tm; wdkufcdkuf&mwGif cdkifrmonfh
wdkufyGJrsm;twGuf pnf;vHk;nD!Gwf&ef oif=um;cJhygonf? rmhufpfESifh tdef*,fu t&if;&Sif
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ w&m;Oya'oudk &SmazGawG@&Sd azmfxkwfcJh+yD;/ t&if;&Sif
tzGJ@tpnf;. jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ESifh if;twGif;&Sd jzpfyGm;aeaom vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJu
t&if;&Sifpepf. usqHk;jcif;udk rv$JraoGjzpfay:ap+yD; ypPnf;rJhrsm;u atmifyGJcHum ypPnf;rJh
tm%m&SifpepfqDodk@ jzpfay:oGm;apvdrfhrnfjzpfa=umif; ody`Henf;uspGm oufaojycJhygonf?
rmhupf Ef iS hf tde*f ,fu t&if;.tm%mudk z,f&mS ;&efEiS hf t&if;&Siyf ikd q
f ikd rf r_ sm;udk trsm;
ydkifypPnf;rsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJ&efrSm +idrf;csrf;onf@enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh rjzpfEdkifbJ/ tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;taeESifh T&nfrSef;csuf&&Sd&efrSm "e&Sifrsm;tay: awmfvSefa&;t=urf;zufr_jzifh/
ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;jzifh/ rdrdudk,fydkif EdkifiHa&;tkyfpdk;r_ - ypPnf;rJhtm%mSifpepf xlaxmif
jcif;jzifhom &&SdEkdifrSmjzpfa=umif; oif=um;cJhygonf? ypPnf;rJhtm%m&SifpepfrSm aoG;pkyfolrsm;
.ckcHr_udk acsr_ef;&efESifh opfvGifaom vlwef;pm;rJh/ uGefjrLepfvltzGJ@tpnf;udk xlaxmif&ef
jzpfonf?
rmufph Ef iS hf tde*f ,fu pufrv
_ ufr_ ypPn;f rhrJ sm;onf awmfveS af &;tusq;kH ESihf xk@d a=umifh
t&if;&Sifvl@tzJG@tpnf;wGif if;wkd@onf a&S@wef;ta&mufqkH;aom vlwef;pm;jzpf+yD;/ ypPnf;rJh
vlwef;pm;uJhodk@aom vlwef;pm;w&yfuomv#if t&if;&Sifpepftay: rausreyfjzpfaeonfh
tiftm;pkrsm;tm;vk;H ukd if;.ywfvnfwiG f 0kid ;f &Hap+yD;/ t&if;&Sipf epfudk xk;d ppfqif&mwGif a&S@
aqmifEikd rf nfjzpfa=umif; oif=um;ay;cJyh gonf? od@k aomf urBma[mif;ukd zsuo
f rd ;f +y;D / vlwef;pm;
rJhtzJG@tpnf;w&yfukd wnfaxmif&mwGif ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf if;wdk@udk,fydkif tvkyf orm;
vlwef;pm;ygww
D &yf&&dS rnf? if;udk rmufph Ef iS t
hf ed *f ,fw@kd u uGejf rLepfygw[
D k ac:a0:cJh ayonf?
k&Sm;. yxrqHk;aom rmhufpf0g'tpkjzpfonfh yvufuaemhAf. vkyftm;vGwfajrmuf
a&;tzJG@onf rmhufpfESifh tdef*,fwdk@. tjrifrsm;ukd jzef@jzL;a&;vkyfief;udk tm;oGefcGefpdkuf
vkyfaqmifcJhygonf?
vkyftm;vGwfajrmufa&;tzJG@onf k&Sm;Y qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; rwkdifcif
tcsdefup+yD; EdkifiHjcm;&Sd pme,fZif;rsm;wGif rmhufpf0g'tvHudk v$ifhcJhygonf? TuJhodk@aom
v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf yxrwGif oabmxm;a&;&m/ tawG;tac:a&;&m jyifqifr_rsm; vdktyfyg
onf? rmhufpf0g'ESifh qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_ysHESHa&;twGuf t"du tawG;tac:a&;&m
twm;tqD;}uD;rSm ema&m'fepftjrifrsm; jzpfygonf// xdktcsdefu wdk;wufonfh tvkyform;
ESihf awmfveS af &;tod&=dS uonfh ynmwwfrsm;t=um;wGif ema&m'fepftawG;tac:rsm; ysEH HS aeyg
onf?
k&Sm;Y t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wdk;wufvmonfESifhtr# tvkyform;vlwefpm;onf
pnf;kH;jyifqifr_&Sdaom awmfvSefa&;wdkufyJGrsm;udk qifE$JvmEdkifonfh tiftm;awmifhwif;+yD;
a&S@wef;a&mufaom tiftm;pkw&yfjzpfvmygonf// odk@aomfvnf; ema&m'fepfrsm;onf

tvkyo
f rm; vlwef;pm;acgi;f aqmifrt
_ cef;udk em;rvnfEikd cf yhJ g? k&mS ;ema&m'fepfrsm;u t"du
awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrSm tvkyform;vlwef;pm;r[kwfbJ/ v,form;xkom jzpfa=umif;
rSm;,Gi;f pGm udik pf x
GJ m;+y;D / Zmbk&ifEiS hf ajr&Siw
f @kd .tkypf ;kd r_ukd v,form;wd@k . ykeu
f efrw
_ ckwnf;eJ@
jzKwfcsEdkifa=umif; cH,lxm;ygonf? ema&m'fepfrsm;onf tvkyform; vlwef;pm;ta=umif;
rodb/J v,form;rsm;onf tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;ESihf ryl;aygi;f bJ/ if;wd@k . vrf;!erf r_ ygbEJ iS hf
rdrw
d @kd wOD;wnf;ESihf Zmbk&ifpepfEiS hf ajr&Sipf epfw@kd ukd zsuq
f ;D jcif; rjyKEdik af =umif; em;rvnfacs?
ema&m'fepfrsm;u tvkyform;vlwef;pm;rsm;onf vl@tzJG@tpnf;wGif awmfvSefa&;
tqefqHk;ESifh a&S@wef;ta&mufqHk;aom vlwef;pm;jzpfa=umif;udk em;r vnfcJhacs?
ema&m'fepfrsm;onf v,form;rsm;udk Zmbk&iftpdk;&tm; qef@usifwdkufyJG0ifvm&ef
yxrqH;k v_@H aqmf}uKd;yrf;cJo
h nf// T&nf&,
G cf suEf iS hf vli,fawmfveS o
f nfh ynmwwfrsm;onf
v,form; t0wftpm;rsm; 0wfqif+yD; aus;vufa'orsm;odk@ pk+yHK oGm;cJh=uygonf// if;udk
jynfolrsm;xHodk@ [kac:qdkavh&SdcJhygonf? xdk@a=umifh ema&m'f jynfolrsm;qdkonfhpum;rS
ema&m'fepfjzpfvmygonf? odk@aomfvnf; if;wdk@taeESifh v,form;xkt=um;rS bmrS
axmufcH r_r&cJhyg? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf if;wdk@onf oifhawmfonfh A[kokw tawG@
t}uHKr&Sd/ v,form;rsm;udkvnf; em;vnfjcif; r&SdcJhyg? trsm;pkrSm ykvdyfrsm;. zrf;qD;jcif;
udkcH&ygonf? xdktcsdefrSpI ema&m'fepfrsm;onf Zmbk&iftkyfpdk;r_udk jzKwfcs&ef vlxkrygbJ
wOD;wnf; qufvufqifE$J&ef qHk;jzwfcJh+yD;/ Tonfu ydkrdk}uD;av;onfh trSm;rsm;udk jzpfay:
aponf?
ea&m'fem&maAmfv&m (jynfol@qEN) vdk@ vlodrsm;wJh v#Kd@0Sufema&m'fepf tzJG@t
pnf; wcku Zmbk&ifukd vky}f uo
H wfjzwf&ef pwif}upH nfvmygonf? 1881 ck/ rwfv 1 &ufwiG f
ema&m'fem&maAmfv&mtzJG@0ifrsm;u Zmbk&if 'kwd,tvufZENm;udk AHk;jzifh vkyf}uH
owfjzwfEdkifvdkufygonf? odk@aomfvnf; TudpPrSm jynfoltwGuf bmtusKd;aus;Zl;rS r&
vdkufyg? vlyk*~dKvfwOD;wa,mufudk vkyf}uHowfjzwfvdkufjcif;jzifh Zmbk&if oufOD;qHydkif tkyf
csKyfr_udkjzpfap odk@r[kwf ajr&Sifvlwef;pm;udkjzpfap wGef;vSef+zdKzsufjcif; rjyKEkdifyg? vkyf}uH
owfjzwfcH&aom Zmbk&ifae&mwGif wwd,tvufZENm;udk tpm;xdk;vdkuf+yD;/ if;vuf
atmufwGif tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;. tajctaerSm ydkrdkIyifqdk;0g;vmygonf?
ema&m'fepfrsm;u Zmbk&ifudk wdkufcdkuf&ef a&G;,lcJhonfh enf;vrf;jzpfonfh wOD;csif;
t=urf;zuf0g'jzifh vlyk*~dKvfwOD;wa,mufudk vkyf}uHowfjzwfjcif;onf rSm;,Gif;+yD;/
awmfvSefa&;udk xdcdkufepfemapygonf? wOD;csif; t=urf;zuf0g'ay:vpDonf ema&m'fepf
wdk@. rSm;,Gif;aom/ wufuGaomol&Jaumif;rsm; ESifh if;wdk@. ol&owWdvkyf&yfrsm;udk
apmifhqdkif;aeonfh rwufuGaom vltkyf(mob) qdkonfh oabmw&m;tay: tajccH
ayonf? Ttwkta,mif oabmw&m;u xl;c|efonfh vlwOD;wa,mufuom ordkif;udk
zef;wD;+yD;/ vlxk/ jynfol/ vlwef;pm;ESifh ema&m'fepf pma&;q&mrsm;u raxrJhjrif ac:a0:

avh&Sdonfh vltkyfonf tod&Sdonfh pnf;kH;/ pkpnf;r_&Sdonfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk vkyfaqmif
EdkifpGrf;r&SdbJ ol&Jaumif;rsm;aemufrSom rsufuef;vdkufygavh&Sdonf[k ,lqonf? xdk
ta=umif;a=umifh ema&m'fepfrsm;onf v,form;xkEiS hf tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;t=um; vlxk
awmfvSef;a&;vkyfief;udk pGef@v$wf+yD;/ wOD;csif; t=urf;zuf0g'zufodk@ ajymif;vJoGm;jcif;jzpfyg
onf? olwdk@txJrS 'Dacwftcgu tausmf=um;qHk; awmfvSefa&;orm;wpfa,muf pwufzif
umvfw&l if (StepanKhalturin) qkdolay:xGufvm+yD;/ olonf awmfvSefonfh tvkyform;
or*~ pnf;kH;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk pGef@ypfum t=urf;zuf0g'udk tjynfht0 tm;oGefcGefpdkuf
vkyfaqmifcJhygonf?
aoG;pkyfolvlwef;pm;xJrS udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;csif;udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfjcif;/ awmfvSefa&;
twGuf rnfonfhtusKd;aus;Zl;rS r&&Sdonfh vkyf}uHowfjzwfjcif;jzifh ema&m'fepfrsm;onf
tvkyform;rsm;. vlwef;pm;w&yfvHk;udk qef@usifwdkufyGJ0ifaeonfh tmkHpdkufr_udk vrf;v$J
ay;vdkufonf? awmfvSefa&;OD;aqmifr_ESifh tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;v_yf&Sm;r_ jzpfay:wdk;
wufa&;wdk@udk aESmifhaES;aponf?
ema&mh'fepfrsm;onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;u awmfvSefa&;twGif; if;wdk@. acgif;
aqmifr_tcef;udk em;vnfEkdifa&;udk wm;qD;ydwfyifvdkuf+yD;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. vGwf
vyfonfh ygwDw&yf wnfaxmifa&;udk aESmifhaES;apcJhygonf?
ema&m'fepfrsm;. v#Kd@0SuftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk Zmbk&iftpdk;&u acsr_ef;vdkufaomfvnf;/
ema&m'fepf tawG;tac:rsm;rSm awmfveS af &;pdw"f mwf&o
dS nfh ynmwwfrsm;t=um; =umSnf
=umrsm; qufvufwnf&Sdaeygonf? usef&Sdaeao;onffh ema&m'fepfrsm;uvnf; k&Sm;wGif
rmhupf 0f g' jyef@E@HS a&;udk acgi;f rmpGmckccH +hJ yD;/ tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;. tzG@J tpnf;udk aESmif,
h u
S f
cJhygonf?
xd@k a=umifh k&mS ;Y rmhupf 0f g'rSm ema&m'fepf0g'udk wdu
k zf su+f zdKvSrJ o
S mv#if }uD;xGm; Ekid +f yD;/
tiftm;awmifhwif;vmEkdifygonf?
vkyftm;vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@onf ema&m'fepfrsm;. rSm;,Gif;onfh tawG;tac:
rsm;udk wdkufyGJqif+yD;/ if;wdk@. tjrifrsm;ESifh wdkufyGJenf;rsm;onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf
&Sm;r_udk rnfr#avmufjyif;xefpGm xdcdkufapcJha=umif;udk jyovdkufonf?
ema&m'fepfrsm;udk wdkufkdufwdkufcdkufonfh if;. aqmif;yg;wGif yvufuaemhAfu if;
wdk@onf rdrdwdk@udk,frdrd qdk&S,fvpfrsm;[kac:a0:aomfvnf; if;wdk@.tjrifrSm ody`Henf;us
qdk&S,fvpf0g'ESifh bmrSrqdkifa=umif; azmfjyxm;ygonf?
yvufuaemhAfonf ema&m'fepfrsm;. rSm;,Gif;wJhtjriftay: rmhufpf0g'tjrifrS
a0zefcsuf yxrqH;k ay;oljzpfonf? ema&m'fepftjrifrsm;udk &nf,
G cf su&f &dS dS xd;k ESu&f if;/ wcsed f
wnf;wGif yvufuaemhAfonf rmhufpf0g'tjrifrsm;udk xufjrufpGm ckcHumuG,fcJhonf?
yvufuaemhAu
f ysupf ;D oGm;onftxd tpOfwpdu
k w
f u
kd cf u
kd cf &hJ onfh ema&m'fepf rsm;
. t"dutrSm;rsm;rSm bmawGenf;?
yxr
yxr-ema&m'fepfrsm;u k&Sm;Y t&if;&Sifpepfonf rawmfwq jzpfay:vmr_w&yf
omjzpfa=umif;/ if;onf jzpfay:wdk;wufrSm r[kwfa=umif;/ xdk@a=umifh ypPnf;rJhonfvnf;
}uD;xGm;wdk;wufvmrSmr[kwf[k tcdkiftrm ,Hk=unfajymqdk=uygonf?
'kwd,--ema&m'fepfrsm;u tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk awmfvSefa&;. a&S@wef; t
a&mufq;kH vlwef;pm;tjzpf rowfrw
S af cs? olw@kd u ypPn;f rJrh sm;rygbJ qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepf &&Sad &;udk
pdwful;,OfcJh=uonf? if;wdk@onf awmfvSefa&;. t"dutiftm;pkudk ynmwwfrsm; OD;
aqmifonfh v,form;xkESifh v,form;bHktzGJ@rsm;[k,lqonf? if;wdk@u Tt&mrsm;udk
qdk&S,fvpfpepf. oaE<om;ESifh tajccHtkwfjrpftjzpf owfrSwf=uonf?
wwd,--vlom;ordkif; wckvHk;tay: ema&m'fepfrsm;. tjrifonf rSm;,Gif;+yD; tE W
&m,f}uD;vSonf? if;wdk@onf vltzGJ@tpnf;. pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ w&m;
Oya'udk od&Sdem;vnfjcif;r&Sdacs? TrSmzufwGif if;wdk@onf tawmftwef aemufusvsuf&Sd
onf? if;wdk@tqdkt& ordkif;udk vlwef;pm;rsm;u odk@r[kwf vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJrsm;u zefwD;
jcif;r[kwfbJ xif&Sm;onfhvlyk*~dKvf ol&Jaumif;rsm; uomzefwD;jcif;jzpfonf? vlxkrsm;
vltkyfrsm;/ jynfolrsm;/ vlwef;pm;rsm;u/ if;ol&Jaumif;rsm;aemufrS rsufuef;ozG,f
vdu
k yf gvmonf?
ema&m'fepfrsm;udk wdkufcdkufzGifhcs&ef yvufuaemhAfonf rmhufpf0g' aqmif;yg;tcsKd@udk
a&;om;cJh+yD;/ if;wdk@onf k&Sm;Y rmhufpf0g'Drsm; arG;jrLa&;ESifh ynmay;a&;wdk@wGif taxmuf
tul jyKcJhygonf? qkd&S,fvpfESifh EkdifiHa&;wdkufyGJ/ u|Ekfyfwdk@.jcm;em;r_rsm;/ ordkif;tay:
w,loef (monistic) tjrif. jzpfay:wdk;wufvmyHkpwJh if;. aqmif;yg;rsm;onf k&Sm;Y
rmhufpf0g' atmifyGJtwGuf vrf;&Sif;ay;vdkufonf?
if;.aqmif;yg;rsm;wGif yvufuaemhAfonf rmhufpf0g'. tajccHrlrsm;udk tao;pdwf
&Si;f vif;jyyg onf? txl;ta&;}uD;onfh aqmif;yg;rSm 1895 rSmyHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0onfh ordik ;f tay:
w,loeftjrif. jzpfay:wdk;wufvmyHk jzpfygonf? vDeifu Tpmtkyfonf k&Sm; rmhufpf
0g'D rsKd;qufwckvHk;udk arG;jrL ay;vdkufonf[k qdkcJhonf? (vDeif-usrf;aygif;pHk/ twGJ 14/ESm- 347)
ema&m'fepfrsm;tm; qef@usif&ef&nf&G,fonfh if;.a&;om;csufrsm;wGif yvuf
uaemhAfu ema&m'fepfrsm; wifjyonfh jy\emjzpfonfh k&Sm;Y t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:oifh/
roifq
h w
dk m[m t"dym` ,fr&Sad =umif; jyovku
d yf gonf? wu,fawmh k&mS ;onf t&if;&Sipf epf
jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ vrf;a=umif;ay:odk@ 0ifa&mufvm+yD; jzpfygonf? yvufuaemhAfu if;udk
xdkvrf;a=umif;rS v$Jz,foGm;&ef rnfonfhtiftm;urS vkyfaqmifEkdifrnf r[kwfa=umif;
tcsuftvuf tcdkiftrmrsm;ESifh ajymqdkjyocJhygonf?
awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;. wm0efrSm k&Sm;Y t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wdk;wufvmr_udk

wm;qD;&ef r[kwfyg? rnfonfhenf;ESifhr#vnf; wm;qD;Ekdifrnfr[kwfyg? if;wdk@. wm0efrSm
t&if;&Sipf epf jzpfay:wd;k wufra_ =umifh ay:ayguv
f monfh tiftm;awmifw
h if;aom awmfveS f
a&;tiftm;pk jzpfonfh tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;wd@k tay: axmufccH suu
f kd tmrcH&ef/ if;wd@k .
vlwef;pm; todEkd;=um;r_udk jzpfay:wdk;wufap&ef/ if;wdk@udk pnf;Hk;&efESifh if;wdk@ udk,fydkif
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ygwD xlaxmifa&;udk ulnD&efjzpfygonf?
ema&m'fepfrsm;. 'kw,
d t"dutrSm;jzpfonfh awmfveS af &;wdu
k yf t
JG wGi;f ypPn;f rJrh sm;.
wyfO;D tcef;tay: jiif;qdrk u
_ v
kd nf; yvufuaemhAu
f acsre_ ;f ypfvu
kd yf gonf? ema&m'f epfrsm;u
k&Sm;Y ypPnf;rJhrsm; ay:xGufvmjcif;onf obm0twGif; ordkif;qdkif&muH=urRmqdk; wck[k
&_jrif+yD;/ ypPnf;rJh&jcif;. temtqmrsm; pwmawGudk ajymqdk =uygonf? rmufhpf
0g'oif=um;csufrsm;udk ckcHumuG,f&if; yvufuaemhAfu if;wdk@onf k&Sm;wGif tjynfht0
tokH;csEkdifa=umif;/ ta&twGuft& v,form;xku rsm;jym;+yD;/ ypPnf;rJhu E_dif;,SOfcsuft&
enf;aomfvnf; awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;tzdk@ if;wdk@. t"duar#mfvifhcsufrsm;udk ypPnf;rJhrsm;
ESifh if;wdk@. }uD;xGm;r_tay: tajccHoifha=umif; jyocJhygonf?
tb,fa=umifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;tay: tajccH&rnfenf;?
tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf ta&twGuft& enf;yg;vsufSdaeao;aomf
vnf; a&S@wef;ta&mufqHk;aom pD;yGm;a&;omefjzpfonfh t}uD;pm;xkwfvkyfa&;ESifh
qufpyfaeonfh vkyftm;xkwf&onfh vlwef;pm;w&yfjzpf+yD;/ xdkta=umif;a=umifh if;wdk@wGif
}uD;jrwfonfh tem*wf&SdaeonfhtwGuf jzpfygonf?
tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf wESpf+yD;wESpf }uD;xGm;
vm+yD;/ EdkifiHa&;t&vnf; jzpfay:wdk;wufvmum t}uD;pm;xkwfvkyfa&;twGif;&Sd tvkyf
ta=umif;tcsufrsm;a=umifh/ if;wdk@onf pnf;Hk;zGJ@pnf;r_udk tvG,fwul emcHum awmfvSef
a&;twGi;f aESmif}udK;rSwyg; qH;k _;H p&mr&Sad om ypPn;f rJt
h aetxm;a=umifh awmfveS af &; tus
qHk; vlwef;pm;w&yfjzpfaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
v,form;xkrSmrl jcm;em; csufrsm;&Sdygonf?
v,form;xk1onf ta&twGuft& tiftm;Sdaomfvnf;/ acwfaemuftusqHk;
pD;yGm;a&;omefjzpfonfh tao;pm;xkwfvkyfa&;ESifh qufpyfaeonfh vkyftm;xkwf&onfh
vlwef;pm;jzpf+yD;/ xdk@twGufa=umifhyJ if;wGif }uD;jrwfonfh tem*wf&Sdraeyg?
vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf }uD;xGm;zkdrqdkxm;ESifh v,form;xkrSm "e&Sif (ul;vwfrsm;)ESifh
qif;&Jv,form; (ypPnf;rJhESifh ypPnf;rJhwydkif;) rsm;tjzpf ydkIydkI uGJjym;vmonf? if;tjyif
jyef@uspJ mG aexdik =f uonft
h wGuf ypPn;f rJrh sm;uJo
h @kd pnf;k;H zG@J pnf;r_ukd tvG,w
f ul emcHEidk jf cif;
1? qdkvdkonfrSm rdrdwdk@wOD;csif;twGuf tvkyfvkyfonfh wOD;csif; v,form;rsm;udkqdkvdkonf?
r&SdbJ tao;pm;ydkifqdkifolav;rsm; yg0ifaeonfhtwGuf ypPnf;rJhrsm;uJhodk@ awmfvSefa&; v_yf

&Sm;r_twGif; tvG,fwulyg0ifEkdifjcif;r&Sdacs?
ema&m'fepfrsm;u k&Sm;jynfwGif qdkS,fvpfpepfudk ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepfu azmf
aqmifay;rSm r[kwb
f /J if;wd@k u qdk ,
S v
f pfpepf. oaE<om;ESihf tajccH[k owfrw
S x
f m;onfh
v,form;bHt
k zG@J rsm;u o,faqmifay;rSmjzpfa=umif; tcdik t
f rmajymqdak e=uygonf? od@k aomf
bH k t zG J @ rsm;onf qd k & S , f v pf p epf . oaE< o m; od k @ r[k w f tajccH v nf ; r[k w f b J /
jzpfvnf;rjzpfEkdifyg? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf bHktzGJ@rsm;wGif v$rf;rdk;aeolrsm;rSm/ qif;&Jom;
v,form;rsm;/ v,f,mvkyfom;rsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;t&csKd@wJhonfh tv,ftvwf v,form;
rsm;tay: aoG;pkyfaeonfh ul;vwfrsm; jzpfaejcif;a=umifhjzpfonf? ajr,mbHktzGJ@ydkifqdkifr_
w&m;0ifwnf&Sdr_ESifh v,form;tdrfaxmifpk wpkpD. vlOD;a&ESifhtnD umvtvdkuf ajr,m
rsm;udk jyefvnfcjJG crf;ay;r_w@kd onf tajctaersm;udk rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf # ajymif;vJEikd jf cif;r&Syd g?
bHktzGJ@0ifrsm;xJrSm 0efwifEGm;/ v,fvkyfud&d,mESifh rsKd;&Sdolrsm;/ if;wdk@rSm csrf;omtvwf
wef;pm; v,form;ESifh ul;vwfrsm;u v,fvkyf=uygonf? jrif;r&SSdonfhv,form;rsm;/
qif;&Jv,form;ESifh a,bk,s v,form;uav;rsm;rSm if;wdk@.ajrudk ul;vwfrsm;xH tyf
ay;&+yD;/ if;wdk@udk,fif;wdk@ v,f,mvkyfom;tjzpf ol&if;iSm; vkyf=u&onf? wu,fawmh
v,form;bHktzGJ@rSm ul;vwfrsm;. vGrf;rdk;r_udk rsufESmzHk;pGyfay;onfh tqifajy enf;vrf;
w&yfjzpf+yD;/ pkaygi;f wm0ef,rl t
_ ay: tajccHonfh v,form;tay: tcGeaf umuf cH&eftwGuf
Zmbk&iftpd;k &vufwiG ;f &Sd tuket
f usenf;yg;vSonfh ud&,
d mwckom jzpfayonf? xd@k a=umifh
Zmbk&ifpepfu v,form;bHktzGJ@udk wnf&SdcGifhjyKjcif; jzpfygonf? TuJhodk@aom vuQ%m
&So
d nfh bHt
k zG@J ukd qdk ,
S v
f pfpepf.oaE<om; od@k r[kwf tajccH[o
k wfrw
S o
f nfrmS t"d y`m,f
uif;rJhvSacsonf?
ema&m'fepfrsm;. wwd,t"dutrSm;jzpfonfh xif&Sm;onfhvlyk*~dKvf ol&Jaumif;
rsm;ESihf if;wd@k . tawG;tac:rsm;u tzG@J tpnf;jzpfay:wd;k wufrw
_ iG f t"dutcef;u yg0if+yD;/
vl x k / vl t k y f / jynf o l @ vl w ef ; pm;rsm;. tcef ; u ta&;r}uD ; qd k o nf u d k v nf ;
yvufuaemhAfu acsr_ef;ypfvdkufygonf? yvufuaemhAfu ema&m'fepfrsm;udk pdwf0g'
orm;rsm;[k pGyfpGJvkduf+yD; trSefw&m;onf pdwf0g'rSmr&SdbJ rmhufpf-tdef*,f wdk@. &kyf0g'
wGifom&Sda=umif; jyovdkufonf?
yvufuaemhAu
f rmhupf &f yk 0f g'udk tao;pdw&f iS ;f vif;+yD; tckid t
f rm oufaoxljyonf?
rmhupf f yk 0f g'ESiu
hf u
kd n
f pD mG olu vl@tzG@J tpnf;. jzpfay:wd;k wufru
_ kd a&&Snw
f iG f xif&mS ;onfh
vly*k Kd~ vfwOD;csi;f . pdwq
f ENtawG;tac:rsm;u qH;k jzwfjcif;r[kwb
f J vl@ tzG@t
J pnf;wnf&rdS .
_
kyf0wWKta=umif;tcsufrsm; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_/ vltzG@Jtpnf;wnf&Sdr_twGuf vdktyfaom
ky0f wWKypPn;f rsm;. xkwv
f yk af &;enf;em tajymif;tvJrsm;/ ky0f wWKypPn;f rsm;xkwv
f yk af &;wGif
vlwef;pm;rsm;. tjyeftvSef qufqHa&;rsm;twGif;u tajymif;tvJrsm;/ xkwfvkyfa&;ESifh
kyf0wWKypPnf;jzef@a0r_ twGif;ae&mESifh tqifhtwef;twGuf vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJrsm;uom
qH;k jzwfa=umif;jyqdv
k u
kd yf gonf? tawG;tac:rsm;u vlom;rsm;. vlra_ &;ESihf pD;yGm;a&; tqifh
twef;udk qH;k jzwfay;jcif;r[kwb
f J vlom;rsm;. vlra_ &;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;tqift
h wef;u if;wd@k .
tod/ tawG;tac:rsm; jymef;jcif;jzpfayonf? xif&Sm;onfhvlyk*~Kdvfrsm;. tawG;tac:ESifh
pdwq
f ENrsm;onf vl@tzG@J tpnf;. pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:wd;k wufrE_ iS hf aS@wef;ta&mufq;Hk vlwef;pm;
rsm;.vkt
d yfcsurf sm;ESihf zDvmqefusijf zpfvmygu if;wd@k onf tnw&rsm;jzpfomG ;&+y;D / ajymif;
jyefyif if;wd@k . pdwq
f ENEiS hf tawG; tac:rsm;onf vltzG@J tpnf;. pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:wd;k wufr.
_
vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh a&S@wef;ta&mufqHk; vlwef;pm;rsm;. vdktyfcsufrsm;udk rSefuefpGm azmfjy
Ekdifygu if;wdk@onf wu,fyJ xif&Sm;onfhyk*~Kdvfrsm; jzpfvmayrnf?
vlxq
k w
kd m vltyk w
f tkyo
f mjzpfonf? ol&aJ umif;rsm;u ordik ;f udzk ef;wD;+yD;/ vltyk u
f kd
vlxw
k &yf jzpfatmif ajymif;vJay;onf qdo
k nfh ema&m'fepfw@kd . ,lqcsuu
f kd acsy&eftvd@k imS
rmufhpf0g'Drsm;u ordkif;udkzefwD;ol[m ol&Jaumif;rsm;r[kwfbJ/ ordkif;uom ol&Jaumif;
rsm;udk zefw;D wmjzpfa=umif;/ tusK;d quftm;jzifh vlxu
k zkd efw;D ol[m ol&aJ umif;rsm; r[kwf
bJ/ vlxkuom ol&Jaumif;rsm;udkzefwD;+yD;/ ordkif;udk a&S@odk@wGef;wifay;a=umif; twnfjyK
ajym=um;vdkufygonf? ol&Jaumif;rsm;/ xif&Sm;onfh vlyk*~dKvfrsm;onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;jzpf
ay:wd;k wufr_ ta=umif;tcsurf sm;udk rSeu
f efpmG em;vnfo&d +dS yD;/ ydrk akd umif;rGeo
f nfh tajymif;
tvJ enf;vrf;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifEdkifrSomv#if vltzGJ@tpnf;b0Y ta&;}uD;aom tcef;rSm
yg0ifEdkifrnfjzpfygonf? ol&Jaumif;rsm;/ xif&Sm;onfhyk*~dKvfrsm;onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpf
ay:wdk;wufr_ ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udk rSefuefpGmem;rvnfbJ/ rdrdwdk@udk,frdrdwdk@ ordkif;
zefwD;olrsm;tjzpf b0ifjrifhrme}uD;+yD;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. ordkif;vdktyfcsufrsm;udk zDvm
qef@usijf cif;jyKygu toH;k rusonfh vlysurf sm; jzpfomG ;ayvdrrhf nf/? TuJo
h @kd aom uHacvGe;f
onfh ol&Jaumif;trsKd;tpm;rSm ema&m'fepfrsm; jzpfygonf?
ema&m'fepfrsmtm; qef@usifonfh yvufuaemhAf. a&;om;csufrsm;ESifh wdkufyJGonf
awmfvSefonfh ynmwwfrsm;t=um;&Sd if;wdk@. =oZm*,ufv$rf;rdk;r_udk taotcsm +zKd
zsufay;vdkufygonf? odk@aomfvnf; ema&m'fepf0g'. tawG;tac:a&;&m zsufqD;a&;rSmrl
ukefpifjynfh0&ef tawmfyifvdkao;vsuf&Sdygonf? rmhufpf0g'. &efoltjzpf ema&m'fepf0g'udk
tqHk;owfxdk;ESuf&efrSm vDeif. wm0eftjzpfusef&Sdaeygonf?
ema&m'fem&maAmfv&mygwu
D kd zdEydS v
f u
kd +f yD;wmESihf ema&m'fepftrsm;pkonf Zm bk&if
tpdk;&udk qef@usifonfh awmfvSefa&;wdkufyJGrsm;udk pGef@v$wfvdkuf+yD;/ if;wdk@ESifh aphpyf oabm
wlnDr_&,lonfhay:vpDudk pwifa[majymvmygawmhonf? &Spfq,fpkESpfESifh udk;q,fpkESpfrsm;
wGif ema&m'fepfrsm;onf ul;vwfwdk@. tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk pwifazmfjyvmygawmhonf?
vkyftm;vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@onf k&Sm;qkdS,f'Drdku&ufrsm;twGuf vrf;pOfrl=urf;
ESpf}udrf a&;qGJcJhygonf? (1884-ckESpfwGif w}udrf/ 1887 ckESpfwGifwpf}udrf) TonfrSm k&Sm;Y
rmhufpf0g' qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwD wnfaxmifa&;twGuf ta&;}uD;onfh jyifqifa&;ajc
vSrf;w&yf jzpfcJhygonf?
odk@aomf wcsdefwnf;rSmyif vkyftm;vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@onf }uD;av;onfhtrSm;

tcsKd@udk usL;vGefcJhygonf? yxrvrf;pOfrl=urf;Y ema&m'fepftjrifrsm;/ tptersm; quf
vufusef&Sdaeao;+yD;/ wOD;csif; t=urf;zuf0g'enf;emrsm;udk axmufcHxm;ygonf? xdk@tjyif
yvufuaemhAfonf awmfvSefa&;vrf;a=umif;wGif ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf v,form;rsm;udkvnf;
acgi;f vnf;aqmifEikd o
f nf? acgi;f vnf;aqmif&rnf qdo
k nft
h csuEf iS hf v,form;rsm;ESihf r[m
rdwzf @JG jcif;omv#if ypPn;f rJrh sm;onf Zmpepftay: atmifycJG EH idk rf nfqo
kd nfh tcsuw
f @kd ukd xnfh
oGi;f pOf;pm;&ef ysuu
f u
G cf o
hJ nf? yvufuaemhAu
f vpfb&,f"e&Sirf sm;onf awmfveS af &;ukd
tm;ay;axmufcHEkdifonfh tiftm;w&yfjzpfa=umif;/ odk@aomf if;.axmufcHr_rwnf+idrf
a=umif; qufvufajym=um;cJhaomfvnf; v,form;xkudkrl if;. wcsKd@aqmif;yg;rsm;wGif
vHk;0av#mhwGufcJhonf? Oyrmu|efawmfwdk@EdkifiHwGif "e&SifESifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;rSty/ twdkuftcH okd@r[kwf awmfvSefa&;
aygif;pnf;r_rsm;u axmufcHr_&&SdEkdifonfh rnfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;tiftm;udkr# u|efawmfwdk@
119)) [k
rawG @ rjrif r od & S d y g? ( yvuf u aemh A f u srf ; / k & S m ;bmomxk w f a 0jcif ; / twG J 3/ ES m 119
a&;om;xm;ygonf?
TrSm;,Gif;onfh tjrifrsm;onf yvufuaemhAf. tem*wftjrifrsm;. ADZrsKd;aphrsm;
jzpfcyhJ gonf?
vkyt
f m;vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J onfvnf;aumif;/ xdu
k mv. rmhupf 0f g'tpkrsm;onf
vnf;aumif;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh vufawG@t& qufpyfr_rsm; r&SdcJhao;yg?
k&Sm;Y TumvtwGif;wGif rmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;/ rmhufpf0g' tawG;tac:ESifh qdk&S,f
'Drdkua&pDvrf;pOfay:vpDrsm; pwifay:ayguf+yD; ajcukyf&,lcgpumvjzpfygonf? 1884-94
t=um; q,fpkESpftwGif; qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_rSm oD;jcm;tpktzGJ@rsm;omefESifhom
&Sdaeao;+yD;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh vHk;0qufpyfr_r&SSdjcif; odk@r[kwf quf
pyfr_tenf;tusOf;Sdjcif;om jzpfygonf? rarG;zGm;ao;aomfvnf; rdcif.0rf;wGif;wGif jzpfay:
wd;k wuf &ifrh mvmaeaom uav;i,fuo
hJ @kd qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pDvy_ &f mS ;r_onf vDeifa&;ouJo
h @dk
oaE<om; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_jzpfpOf wGifwnf&Sdaeygonf?
vDeifu vkyftm;vGwfajrmufa&; tzGJ@onf qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_. oabm
w&m;a&;tajccHuo
kd m csay;cJ+h yD;/ tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;v_y&f mS ;r_o@kd yxrajcvSr;f pwif vdu
k f
onf [kqo
kd nf?
rmhufpf0g'ESifh k&Sm;&Sd tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_aygif;pyfay;a&;ESifh vkyftm;
vGwfajrmufa&; tzGJ@. trSm;rsm;udk jyif&efwm0efrSm vDeiftay:odk@ usa&mufvmyg awmh
onf?
3? vDeif. awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; pwifvmjcif;? pdefyDwmpbwftzGJ@csKyf. tvkyform;

vlwef;pm; vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ
abmf&SDApf0g'udk wnfaxmifol Avm'Drm tDvD,uf tlvf&maemhAf (vDeif) Vladimir
Ilyich Ullynov (Lenin) udk 1870 ckwGif pifrfbufpf+rdK@ (,ck tlvf&maemhAfpuD;) wGif
arG;zGm;cJo
h nf? vDeifonf 1887 ckEpS w
f iG f umZefwuUov
kd o
f @kd 0ifa&mufcahJ omfvnf; r=umrD
rSmyif awmfvSefonfh ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifr_a=umifh tzrf;cH&+yD;/ ausmif;rS
xkwfjcif;cHvkduf&ygonf? umZefY&SdpOf vDeifonf zD'dkpD,ufAf (Fedoseyev) qdo
k x
l al xmif
onfh rmhufpf0g' tpkwGif yg0ifcJhonf? r=umrDrSmyif vDeifonf qmrm&modk@ ajymif;a&$@+yD;/
r=umcifrmS yif xd+k rKd@. yxrqH;k aom rmhupf 0f g'tpkukd vDeifA[djk yKI wnfaxmifvu
kd yf g onf?
xdktcsdefrsm;uwnf;uyif vDeif. rmhufpf0g'tay: aocsmuse jynfhpHkpGmod&Sd em; vnfr_udk
vlwdkif;u tH@tm;oifhcJh=u&ayonf?
1893 ckESpftukefydkif;wGif vDeifonf pdefyDwmpbwfodk@ ajymif;a&$@cJhonf? if;+rdK@Sd
rmhupf 0f g' tpkrsm;twGi;f vDeif. yxrqH;k aom ajymqdck surf sm;onf if;tzG@J 0ifrsm;twGi;f
euf_dif;pGm pGJ+idapcJhygonf? if;. rmhufpf0g'tay: xl;jcm;av;eufonfh todtjrif/ k&Sm;&Sd
xdktcsdefu pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;tajctaeESifh rmhufpf0g'vufawG@ aygif;pyfEkdifonfh if;.
t&nftcsif;/ tvkyform;ta&;awmfyHk atmifyJGtay: if;. xufoefwufuG+yD; r,drf;,dkif
onfh ,Hk=unfr_ESifh pnf;Hk;vH_@aqmfoltjzpf xl;c|efvSonfh if;. t&nftcsif;wdk@u vDeifudk
pdef@yDwmpbwf/ rmhufpf0g'Drsm;t=um; todtrSwfjyKcH&onfh acgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfvm
apygonf?
vDeifonf tpkrsm;wGif oloifwef;ay;cJhaom EdkifiHa&;t& a&S@wef;a&mufonfh tvkyf
orm;rsm;. aEG;axG;pGm cspfcifav;pm;jcif;cH&onf?
tvkyform;trsm;pktwGif; vDeifoifwef;ay;pOfu tjzpftysufrsm;udk jyefvnf
ajymjy&mwGif tvkyo
f rm; bmbl&u
S if (Babushkin) u u|eaf wmfw@kd . oifwef;rsm;onf
tvGeftouf0if pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfonf// u|efawmfwdk@onf Ta[majymcsufrsm;udk tvGef
auseyf t m;&cJ h = u+yD ; u|ef a wmf w d k @ . oif w ef ; yd k @ csol . ^m%f y nmtay: t+rJ r jywf
thH=o=unfndKcsD;rGrf;&ygonf [kajym=um;cJhygonf?
1895 wGif vDeifonf pdefyDwmpbwf&Sd rmufhpf0g'D vkyfom;tpkrsm;tm;vHk; (tpkESpf
q,fcef@&Sdaeyg+yD) udk tvkyform;vlwef;pm; vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJtzJG@csKyfwckwnf;tjzpf
pnf;H;k zJ@G pnf;vdu
k o
f nf? olonf TuJo
h @kd aomenf;jzifh awmfveS w
f hJ rmufph 0f g'vkyo
f rm; ygwD
xlaxmifa&;vrf;udk jyifqifay;vdkufonf?
vDeifu tvkyform;vlwef;pm; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh ydkrdkeD;pyfpGm aygif;pyfa&;udk wnf
aqmufa&;ESihf if;udk Edik if aH &;t& acgi;f aqmifra_ y;a&; wm0efukd wdu
k yf t
GJ zJ@G csKyftay: csxm;
ay;vdkufygonf? vDeifu 0g'jzef@csda&;tpkrsm;wGif pka0;aeaomEdkifiHa&;t& a&S@wef;a&muf
onfh tvkyo
f rm;tenf;i,ft=um; rmufph 0f g'udk 0g'jzef@csad e&mrS }uD;rm;us,jf yef@vS aom
tvk y f o rm;vl w ef ; pm;twG i f ; ae@pOf a y:ayguf a eaom jy\emrsm;tay: Ed k i f i H a &;
v_H aqmfay;&ef wdu
k w
f eG ;f vdu
k yf gonf? Tod@k vlxv
k H_ aqmfa&;od@k vSnahf jymif;vdu
k f jcif;onf
k&mS ;Y tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;v_y&f mS ;r_ qufvufjzpfay:wd;k wufvmr_twGuf av;euf onfh
ta&;}uD;r_jzpfygonf?
udk;q,fpkESpfrsm;onf pufr_vkyfief;rsm; t}uD;tus,f zHG@zd;aomumv jzpfonf?
tvkyform;OD;a&rSm wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmonf? tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_onf tif
tm;awmifhwif;aeygonf? 1895-99 ckepfumvtwGif; rjynfhpHkaom pm&if;Z,m;rsm; t&/
oydwfrsm;twGif;yg0ifonfh tvkyform;OD;a&rSm 221000 jzpfygonf? tvkyform; vlwef;
pm; v_yf&Sm;r_onf wdkif;jynf. EkdifiHa&;b0wGif ta&;}uD;aom tiftm;pkw&yf jzpfvmyg
onf? tjzpftysufrsm;. jzpfpOfu rmufhpf0g'Drsm;u ema&m'fepfrsm;ESifh qef@usif+yD;/ ckcHum
uG,fudkifpJGcJhonfhtjrifjzpfonfh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif
acgif;aqmifr_tcef;rS yg0ifonf qdkonfhtjrifudk cdkifrmrSefuefa=umif; jyovsuf&Sdaeygonf?
vDeif. vrf;!erf a_ tmufwiG f tvkyo
f rm; vlwef;pm; vGwaf jrmufa&;wdu
k yf GJ tzJ@G csKyf
onf tvkyform;rsm;. vkyfief;cGiftajctae wdk;wufaumifrGefa&;/ tvkyfcsdefav#m@a&;ESifh
vpmwdk;jrifha&;ponfh pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdkr_wdkufyJGrsm;udk Zmbk&ifpepfudk qef@usifonfh EkdifiH
a&;wdkufyJGESifh qufpyfay;cJhonf? wkdufyJGtzJG@csKyfonf tvkyform;rsm;udk EkdifiHa&;ynm
ay;cJhonf?
vDeif. vrf;!efr_atmufwGif pdefyDwmpbwf tvkyform; vGwfajrmufa&;tzJG@csKyf
onf k&Sm;wGif qdk&S,fvpfpepfESifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_udk aygif;pnf;pkkH;ay;onfh
yxrqHk;aom tzJG@pnf;w&yfjzpfygonf// wcsKd@pufHkwGif oydwfwdkufyGJ ay:aygufvmonfESifh
wdkufyJGtzJG@csKyfonf if;.tzJG@0ifrsm;rSwqifh tvkyform;rsm;twGif;u jy\emrsm;udk
aoaocsmcsma=unm+yD;/ vufurf;pmapmifrsm;/ qdk&S,fvpfa=unmcsufrsm; tvsiftjref
xkwfjyefjcif;rsm; vkyfaqmif=uygonf?
Tpmapmifrsm;u pufHkydkif&Sifrsm;. tvkyform;rsm;tay: zdESdyfr_udk azmfxkwfzGifhcs+yD;/
tvkyform;rsm;onf if;wdk@. tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf tb,fuJhodk@ wdkufyGJ0ifoifhonf/ tvkyf
orm;awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk b,fvdkwifjyoifhonfqdkonfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;ygonf?
pmapmifrsm;u t&if;&Sipf epf. temtqmrsm; tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. qif;&J'u
k /Q if;wd@k . onf;
rcHEdkifavmufatmif jyif;xefvSonfh tvkyfcsdef 12 em&D/ 14-em&D if;wdk@. tcGifhta&; vkH;0
rJah er_rsm;ponfh trSew
f &m;rsm;udk azmfxw
k af jym=um;ygonf? if;wd@k u oifah wmfonfh Edik if aH &;
awmif;qdrk r_ sm;vnf; wifjyxm;ygonf? 1894 ckEpS t
f ukew
f iG f vDeifonf tvkyo
f rm; bmbl&fS
uif. yl;wGJaqmif&Gufr_jzifh TuJhodk@aom v_Haqmfonfh pmwrf;wapmif yxrqkH;a&;om;+yD;/
pde@f yw
D mpbwf&dS pdr,
hf ifeaD wmhAv
f yk if ef;wGi;f oydwaf rSmufaeonfh tvkyo
f rm;rsm;xH arwWm
&yfccH suyf dk ay;cJyh gonf? 1895 ckEpS f aqmif;OD;wGif vDeifonf bGew
f efpuf&kH dS oydwaf rSmuftrsK;d
om;/ trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf pmwrf;wapmifa&;om;cJo

h nf? TpufrkH sm; ukd t*Fvyd v
f rl sK;d rsm;
ydik q
f ikd =f u+yD;/ if;wd@k rmS oef;ESichf saD om tjrwfrsm; &&Sad eygonf? Tpuf&Hk rsm;wGif tvkycf sed rf mS
14 em&Dausm+f yD;/ &ufuef;orm;wOD;. vpmrSm wvwGif ckEpS f b
l ,fomjzpfygonf? Ttvkyf
orm;rsm;u oydwfwGiftEkdif&cJhygonf? wdkufyGJtzG@JcsLyfonf umvwdktwGif; TuJhodk@aom
pmapmifrsm;ESihf arwWm&yfccH suf trsm;tjym;yHEk ydS +f yD;/ puft
kH rsK;d rsK;d &Sd tvkyo
f rm;rsm;xH ay;yd@k chJ
onf? pmapmifwikd ;f u tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. pdw"f mwfudk rsm;pGm cdik rf mwd;k wuf awmifw
h if;apcJh
onf? if;wdk@u qdk&S,fvpfrsm;onf if;wdk@udk ulnD umuG,fay;aea=umif; jrifvm=uonf?
1896 ckESpf aEG&moDwGif t0wftxnfpuf&kH vkyfom; 30000 yg0ifonfh oydwfonf
wdu
k yf t
JG zG@J csKyf acgi;f aqmifrj_ zifh pdef yw
D mpbwfwiG f ay:aygucf o
hJ nf? t"duawmif;qdck surf mS
tvkycf sed af v#mah &;jzpfonf? Toydwu
f Zmbk&iftpd;k &udk 1897 ck ZGef 27 &ufae@wiG f tvkyf
csed f 11 em&DcJG owfrw
S o
f nfh Oya'xkwjf yef&ef twif;wGe;f tm;ay;cJo
h nf? ,cifu tvkycf sed u
f kd
rnfonfhenf;r# uef@owfjcif;rSdacs?
1895 ckEpS f 'DZifbmwGif vDeifukd Zmbk&iftpd;k &u zrf;qD;vku
d o
f nf? axmifxJ ae&pOf
rSmyif vDeifonf ol. awmfveS af &;vkyif ef;udk &yfem;jcif;rjyKcJah cs? olonf wdu
k yf t
JG zG@J csKyfukd
t}uH^m%frsm;/ !ef=um;csufrsm;ESifh ulnDcJh+yD;/ if;wdk@twGuf pmapmif/ pmwrf;rsm; a&;om;
cJhonf? xdkae&mrS olonf oydwfwdkufyGJrsm; [kacgif;pOfwyfxm;onfh pmtkyfi,f wtkyf
a&;om;+yD; Zmbk&iftpd;k &od@k qdo
k nfh &ufpufonfh tm%m&Sipf epfq;kd udk zGichf sonfh pmwrf;
wapmif a&;om;cJhonf? xdktxJwGifvnf; vDeifonf ygwDw&yf.vrf;pOfudk a&;qGJcJhonf?
(olonf EGm;Ed@k ukd rjrifEidk o
f nfrh iftjzpf toH;k jyK+yD; aq;pmwtky.
f pma=umif; rsm;t=um;wGif
a&;om;cJhonf?)
pdefyDwmpbwf wdkufyGJtzGJ@csKyfonf k&Sm;. wjcm;+rKd@rsm;ESifha'orsm;&Sd tvkyform;
tpkrsm;udk TuJhodk@aom tzGJ@csKyftjzpf pkpnf;vmap&ef tiftm;}uD;rm;pGm *,ufkdufvdkuf
ygonf? udk;q,fpkESpfrsm; tv,fwGif x&ef@aumhau;&Sm;Y rmhufpf0g'DtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; ay:
aygufvmygonf? 1894 wGif armfpudkY tvkyform;or*~ wnfaxmifvkdufonf? udk;q,f
pkEpS u
f ek yf ikd ;f Y qdu
k af b;&D;,m;wGif qdk ,
S 'f rD u
kd &ufwpfor*~ wnfaxmifvu
dk o
f nf? ud;k q,f
pkEpS rf sm;twGi;f tdu
k Af ifEAdk /kd aAmfpef ifpifpuD;/ &mkpd avmhAEf iS hf aumhpwdrk mY rmhupf 0f g'D tkypf rk sm;
ay:xGuv
f m+y;D / r=umrDtwGi;f qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd &ufwpfygw.
D ajrmufyikd ;f or*~tjzpf yl;aygi;f oGm;=u
onf? udk;q,fpkESpf. 'kwd,w0ufumvwGif a&mhpfawmhAf-tGef-'Gef/ tDau wm&DEdkpvAf/
udAf/ eDudkvm&ufAf/ wl;v/ qmrm&m/ umZef/ tdk&ufudkAdk-Zl&DAdkESifh wjcm;+rdK@ rsm;wGif qdk&S,f
'Drdku&ufwpftkyfpkrsm;ESifh or*~rsm;ay:xGufvmygonf?
pdefyDwmpbwfwdkufyGJtzGJ@csKyf. ta&;ygr_rSm vDeifajymwJhtwdkif; tvkyform;vlwef;
pm;v_yf&Sm;r_. axmufcHr_udk&onfh awmfvSefonfhygwD. yxrppfrSefaom tajccHjzpfonfh
tcsuyf ifjzpfygonf?
vDeifonf ol. aemufwqifv

h yk if ef;jzpfaom k&mS ;Y rmhupf 0f g' qd&k ,
S -f 'Dru
kd &uf wpf
ygwD xlaxmifa&;twGuf pdeyf w
D mpbwfwu
kd yf t
JG zG@J csKyfrS awmfveS af &;tawG@t}uKHrsm;udk ed*;kH
csKyfcJhygonf?
vDeifEiS hf if;.eD;pyfaom taygi;f tazmfrsm; tzrf;cH&+yD;aemuf pde@f yw
D mpbwf wdu
k yf GJ
tzGJcsKyfacgif;aqmifr_twGif; tawmftoifh ajymif;vJoGm;onf? if;wdk@udk,f if;wdk@ vli,f
rsm; [kac:qdk+yD;/ vDeifESifh if;taygif;tazmfrsm;udk vla[mif;rsm; [kac:qdkaom vlopf
rsm;ay:xGufvmonf? Tolrsm;onf rSm;,Gif;onfh EkdifiHa&;vrf;rsm;udk vdkufcJhonf? if;wdk@
u tvkyform;rsm;udk if;wdk@. tvkyf&Sifrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;wdkufyGJqifE$J&efom v_Haqmfay;
oifh+yD;/ EdkifiHa&;wdkufyJGrSm vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;. ta&;udpPomjzpf+yD; EdkifiHa&;wdkufyJG. acgif;
aqmifr_udk xkd"e&Sifrsm;uom ,loifhonf[k a=unmcJh=uonf?
Tolrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;0g'D rsm;[k ac:qdkvm=uonf?
if;wdk@onf k&Sm;&Sd rmhufpf0g' tzJG@tpnf;rsm;twGif; yxrqHk;ay:aygufcJhonfh aphpyf
tav#mhay;a&;orm;rsm;ESifh tacsmiform;tkyfpkrsm; jzpf=uonf?
4? ema&m'fepf0g'tm; qef@usifwdkufcdkufonfh vDeif.wdkufyJGESifh w&m;0ifrmhufpf0g'/
vDeif. tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh v,form;xk r[mrdwfzJG@a&;tawG;tac:/ k&Sm;qdk&S,f'Drdku&uftvkyform;ygwD. yxrt}udrfuGef*&uf?
&Spfq,fpkESpfrsm; twGif;uyifv#if yvufuaemhAfonf ema&m'fepftjrifpepfrsm;udk
t"du xkd;ESufwdkufzsufcJhaomfvnf; udk;q,fpkESpftpykdif;rsm;txd ema&m'fepftjrifrsm;udk
awmfveS o
f nfh vli,ftcsK@d t0ef;t0dik ;f u pmemaxmufcv
H suf &Sad eygao;onf? wcsK@d qv
kd #if
k&Sm;onf t&if;&Sifwdk;wufr_vrf;udk a&Smif&Sm;+yD;/ awmfvSefa&;. t"dutcef;udk OD;aqmif
rnfholrSm tvkyform;vlwef;pm; r[kwfbJ v,form;xkom jzpfa=umif; qdkonfhtjrifudk
qufvufpGJudkifxm;ygonf? usef&Sdaeao;onfh ema&m'fepfrsm;uvnf; k&Sm;Y rmhufpf0g'
jyef@yGm;r_udk tpGrf;ukefwm;qD;cJh+yD;/ rmhufpf0g'Drsm;ESifh wdkufyJG0ifum enf;aygif;pHkoHk;+yD; }udK;
pm;tm;xkwfum *k%foduQmusqif;atmif vkyfaqmifae=uonf? rmhufpf0g' qufvuf
jyef@yGm;&efESifh qdkS,f-'Drdku&ufwpfygwD wnfaxmifa&;udk tmrcHzdk@qdkv#if ema&m'fepf0g'udk
tawG;tac:t& tukeftpif acsr_ef;ypf&ayvdrfhrnf?
Twm0efudk vDeifu xrf;aqmifcJhygonf?
jynfolrsm;. rdwfaqGrsm; qdkolrsm;rSm tb,fenf;ESifh if;wkd@u qdk&S,f'Drdku&uf
rsm;udk rnfuo
hJ kd wdu
k cf u
kd cf o
hJ nf/ (1894) qdo
k nfh if;.pmtkyw
f iG f vDeifu ema&m'fepf rsm;.
wu,fv
h uQ%mudk aocsmusepGm azmfxw
k zf iG chf s+yD;/ if;wd@k onf wu,fawmh jynfol rsm;udk
qef@usifonfh jynfolrsm;. rdwfaqG twkta,mifrsm;jzpfa=umif; jyocJhonf?
t&if;cHtm;jzifh udk;q,fpkESpfrsm;u ema&m'fepfrsm;onf Zmbk&iftpdk;&udk qef@usif

onfh awmfveS af &;wdu
k yf t
GJ m;vH;k udk pGe@f vw
$ v
f u
kd o
f nfrmS =umcJah y+yD? vpfb&,f ema&m'fepf
rsm;u Zmbk&ifEiS hf aphpyfajy+idr;f a&;udk a[majymaecJ=h uonf? xdu
k mvu ema&m'fepfrsm;udk
&nfpl;+yD;/ vDeifa&;om;cJhonfrSm olwdk@u 'Dtpdk;&udk aumif;aumif; rGefrGefESdrfhESdrfhcscsESifh
awmif;yefajymqdkHkESifh t&m&mwdkif;[m tqifajyoGm;Ekdifr,fvdk@xifcJh=u onf? (vDeifa&;
jynf o l r sm;. rd w f a qG r sm;qk d o l r S m tb,f e nf ; ES i f h if ; wd k @ u qd k S , f ' D r d k u &uf rsm;ud k rnf u J h o d k @
wdkufcdkufcJhonf? t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk / 1946 / ESm-157? )
udk;q,fpkESpfrsm;twGif;u ema&m'fepfrsm;onf qif;&Jv,form;rsm;. tajctae

rsm;udv
k nf;aumif;/ aus;vuf&v
dS w
l ef;pm;wku
d yf u
JG v
kd nf;aumif;/ qif;&Jv,form;rsm; tay:
ul;vwfrsm;. aoG;pkyfr_udkvnf;aumif;/ rjrifuG,f&mjyKum ul;vwfpdkufysKd;a&;jzpfay:wkd;
wufr_udk csD;rGrf;axmremjyKae=uygonf? trSeftm;jzifhawmh if;wkd@onf ul;vwfwdk@. t
usKd;pD;yGm;udk azmfxkwfaejcif;omjzpfonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif ema&m'fepfrsm;u if;wdk@.
pmapmifxJwGif rmhufpf0g'Drsm;udk a*smufwGef;vsufSdonf? if;wkd@onf k&Sm; rmhufpf0g'Drsm;.
tjrifrsm;udk wrifoufoufyHkyef;zsufum txifrSm;rsm;jzpfatmifvkyf+yD;/ rmhufpf0g'Dqdkol
rsm;rSm aus;vufa'orsm;udk zsuq
f ;D csi+f yD; v,form;wdik ;f udk puft
kH &nfusKt
d ;kd xJxnfh
csifae=uw,fvkd@ pGyfpGJajymqdkae=uygonf// vDeifu ema&m'fepfrsm;. a0zefcsuf trSm;
t,Gif;rsm;udk zGifhcs+yD;/ k&Sm;Y t&if;&Sifpepf trSefppfppf jzpfay:wkd;wufaer_rSm rmhufpf0g'Drsm;
. pdwfqENESifh roufqdkifbJ/ wu,hfjzpf&yfrSefjzpf+yD;/ Tjzpfay:wkd;wufr_rSm ypPnf;rJhrsm;
}uD;xGm;vmr_ESifh rv$Jra&Smif wJGzufjzpfay:vmr_ygaea=umif; axmufjycJhygonf? if;tjyif
ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf t&if;&Sifpepfudk ajrjrKyfo+*FKd[frnfholrsm;vnf; jzpfygonf?
vDeifu jynfolrsm;. rdwfaqGppfrSm ema&m'fepfr[kwfbJ rmhufpf0g'Drsm;omjzpf+yD;/ Zm
bk&ifpepfudk zsufodrf;+yD;/ t&if;&SifESifh ajr&Sifxrf;ydk;udk z,f&Sm;csifonfholrsm;rSm rmhufpf0g'D
rsm;omjzpfa=umif; xkwfazmfajym=um;cJhygonf//
if;.pmtkyf jynfolrsm;.rdwfaqGrsm; qdkolrsm;rSm tb,fenf; wGif vDeifu Zm
bk&ifpepf/ ajr&Sifrsm;ESifh "e&Sifrsm;udk acsr_ef;&mwGif tvkyform;/ v,form;/ awmfvSefa&;
r[mrdwjf yKjcif;udk t"duenf;em tjzpfxm;&ef t}uH^m%fukd yxrOD;qH;k t}udrt
f jzpf wifjy
vdu
k yf gonf?
TumvtwGi;f u if;.a&;om;csut
f csK@d Y vDeifu ema&m'fepftyk pf /k ema&m'fem&m
aAmfv&mESifh aemufydkif; ema&m'fepfrsm;udk tarGqufcHolrsm; qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSef a&;
orm;rsm; usifhoHk;udkifpJGonfh EdkifiHa&;wkdufyGJomefrsm;/ txl;ojzifh wODcsif;t=urf;zuf0g'
ukda0zefcJhonf// vDeifu Tenf;emrsm;onf vlxkwdkufyJGudk wOD;csif;ol&Jaumif;rsm;.
wdkufyGJESifh tpm;xdk;ojzifh awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf tE W&m,f&Sdonf[k ,lqonf? if;
wdk@u jynfolvlxk. awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_tay: t,Hkt=unfuif;rJha=umif; azmfjyaeay
onf?
jynfolrsm;.rdwfaqGrsm;qdkolrsm;rSm tb,fenf; qdkonfhpmtkyfY vDeifu k&Sm;

rmhupf 0f g'rD sm;. t"du wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf? ol.tjrifwiG f k&mS ;
rmhufpf0g'Drsm;. yxrwm0efrSm wuGJwjym;jzpfaeaom rmhufpf0g'tpkrsm;udk wpkwpnf;
wnf;aom qdk&S,fvpftvkyform;ygwDw&yf tjzpfodk@ aygif;pyfpkHk;ay;a&;jzpfonf? olu
qufvuf axmufjy&mrSm Zmbk&iftkyfpdk;r_udk zsufodrf;rnfholrSm v,form;ESifhr[mrdwf
zGJ@+yD;onfh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;omjzpf+yD;/ if;aemuf k&Sm;ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf tvkyform;
ESihf aoG;pkycf &H ol jynforl sm;ESihf r[mrdwzf @JG um wjcm;Edik if rH sm;rS ypPn;f rJrh sm;ESit
hf wl atmifyJG
cHrnfh uGejf rLepf awmfveS af &; twGuf ajAmifEikd if aH &;wdu
k yf v
GJ rf;a=umif;udk wnfw
h nfrh wfrwf
csw
D ufygvrd rhf nf?
Tenf;jzifh vGefcJhonfh tESpfav;q,fcefuyif vDeifonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk
if;av#muf&rnfh wdu
k yf v
JG rf;a=umif;udk axmufjycJu
h m/ if;.vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f u a&S@wef;
ta&muf q H k ; awmf v S e f a &;tif t m;pk t cef ; ud k owf r S w f c J h + yD ; / v,f o rm;xk u d k v nf ;
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. r[mrdwftjzpf owfrSwfcJhygonf?
vDeifEiS hf if;.aemufvu
kd rf sm;u ema&m'fepfrsm;tay: qef@usiw
f u
kd yf 0JG ifcrhJ r_ sm; a=umifh
udk;q,fpkESpfrsm;twGif;rSmyif if;wdk@onf tawG;tac:t& vHk;0_H;edrfhoGm;&yg awmh onf?
wjcm;}uD;rm;onfh xl;jcm;csuw
f ckrmS vnf; w&m;0ifrmhupf 0f g'rD sm;tay: vDeif qif
E$JonfhwdkufyGJ jzpfygonf? ordkif;.}uD;rm;aom vlr_a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGif; ,m,D avS}uKH
pD;olrsm; yg0ifvmavh&Sdwwfygonf? w&m;0ifrmhufpf0g'Drsm;[k tac:cH &olrsm;rSm
TuJhodk@aom avS}uHKpD;olrsm; jzpf=uygonf? rmhufpf0g'onf k&Sm;wjynfvHk;tESH@tjym;
pwifysH@ESH@vsufSdaeygonf? xdk@a=umifh "e&Sifynmwwfrsm;onf rmhufpf0g'0wfHk qifjref;
0wfqifvm=uonfukd u|eaf wmfw@kd awG@vm&ygonf? Zmbk&iftpd;k &.cGijhf yKcsuEf iS hf w&m;0if
xkwfa0cGifh&aom owif;pmrsm;ESifh pmapmifrsm;wGif if;wdk@. aqmif;yg;rsm;udk ykHESdyfxkwfa0
cJhonf? xdk@a=umifh if;wdk@udk w&m;0ifrmhufpf0g'Drsm; [kac:qdkjcif;jzpfonf?
olwkd@onfvnf; olwkd@ukd,fydkif[efESifh ema&m'fepfrsm;udk wdkufcdkuf=uonf? odk@aomf
vnf; if;wdk@onf TwdkufyGJESifh rmhufpf0g'tvHudk toHk;jyK+yD;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf
&Sm;r_udk "e&SiftzGJ@tpnf; tusKd;pD;yGm;/ "e&Sifwdk@. tusKd;pD;yGm;. vufatmufcHjzpfap+yD;/
oifhavsmftoHk;wJhoGm;atmif }uKd;pm;=uonf? if;wdk@onf rmhufpf0g'. A[dk tESpfjzpfonfh
ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;ESihf ypPn;f rJt
h m%m&Sif oabmw&m;udk jzwfawmufxm;ygonf? xif&mS ;
onfhw&m;0if rmhufpf0g'DwOD;jzpfol yDwmpx&l;Af (Peter Struve) onf "e&Sifrsm;udk tvGef
trif; cs;D usL;+yD;/ t&if;&Sipf epfukd zsuo
f rd ;f &ef awmfveS af &;wdu
k yf q
JG if&ef v_H aqmf&rnfh tpm;/
u|eaf wmfw@kd onf rdrw
d @kd . twwfynm ,Ofaus;r_csK@d wrhJ u
_ kd vufct
H odrw
S jf yK+yD; oif=um;
avhvm&ef t&if;&Sifpepfodk@oGm;&rnf[kwdkufwGef;cJhonf?
ema&m'fepfrsm;udk wdkufyGJqif&mwGif vDeifu w&m;0if rmhufpf0g'Drsm;udk toHk;cs&ef

twGuf if;wd@k EiS hf ,m,DoabmwlncD su/f Oyrm ema&m'fepf qef@usix
f m;onfh aqmifyg;rsm;
aygif;csKyf+yD;/ yl;wGJxkwfa0jcif; pwmrsm;yvkyfEkdifonf[k ,lqonf? okd@aomfvnf; wcsdef
wnf;rSmyif vDeifonf w&m;0if rmhupf 0f g'rD sm; tay: a0zefa&;udk aemufrwGe@yf J if;wd@k .
vpfb&,f"e&Sifomefudk azmfxkwfzGifhcsygonf?
TavS}uKHpD;ol trsm;tjym;onf aemifwGif uGefpwDusL&Sif;e,fvf 'Drdku&ufrsm;
(Constitutional Democrats) jzpfomG ;=uonf? (if;onf k&mS ;"eSirf sm;. t"duygwjD zpf
onf?) jynf;wGif;ppftwGif;rSmawmh wyfjzLrsm; vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf?
pdefyDwmpbwf/ armfpudk/ udAfESifh tjcm;ae&mrsm;&Sd wdkufyGJtzGJ@csKyfrsm;ESifhtwl k&Sm;.
taemufbufvlrsKd;rsm; e,fpyfa'orsm;wGifvnf; qdk&S,f'Drdku&uftzGJ@tpnf;rsm; ay:xGuf
vmygonf? ud;k q,fcEk pS rf sm;twGi;f ydv
k eftrsKo
d m;ygwrD S rmhupf 0f g' tpdwt
f ydik ;f rsm; cGx
J u
G f
vm+yD;/ ydkvefESifhvpfoleD;,m;. qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwDudk zGJ@pnf;=uonf? ukd;q,fckESpf tukef
wGif vwfAD;,ef; qkd&S,f'Drdku&uftzGJ@tpnf; ay:aygufcJh+yD;/ 1897 ckESpf atmufwdkbmwGif
bef; (Bund) [kausmf=um;cJhonfh *sL; taxGaxGqdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDor*~udk &k&Sm; taemuf
jynfe,frsm;Y xlaxmifvdkufygonf?
1898 ckESpfwGif pdefyDwmpbwf/ armfpukd/ udAf/ tDumwm&DEdkpvAf&Sd wdkufyGJtzGJ@csKyf
trsm;tjym;onf bef;ESit
hf wl yl;aygi;f +yD; qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd &ufygww
D &yftjzpf pkpnf;xlaxmif&ef
yxrOD;qkH;t}udrf }uKd;yrf;cJh=uygonf? T&nfG,fcsufjzifh 1898 ckESpf/ rwfv rihfefpfwGif
k&mS ;qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd &uf tvkyo
f rm;ygwD (R.S.D.L.P) yxrt}udru
f eG *f &ufukd qifah c:usi;f y
ch=J uygonf?
R.S.D.L.P .uGef*&ufwGif udk;OD;omwufa&mufcJhygonf? vDeifrSm xdktcsdefu qdkuf
aA;&D;,m;wGif jynfESif'%fcHae&ojzifh rwufa&mufEdkifcJhyg? uGef*&ufu a&G;cs,fwifajrmuf
vdkufonfh ygwDA[dkaumfrwDrSm r=umrDrSmyif tzrf;cHvdkuf&onf? uGef*&uf trnfatmuf
wGix
f w
k af 0cJo
h nfh a=unmpmwrf;wGif buftawmfrsm;rsm;Y auseyftm;&p&mr&Sv
d yS g/ if;
wGif ypPnf;rJhrsm;. EdkifiHa&;tm%m atmifyGJcHr_jy\emudk a0hvnfa=umifywf vkyfxm;+yD;/
ypPn;f rJrh sm;. v$r;f rd;k acgi;f aqmifr_ ta=umif;udv
k nf; azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sb
d /J ypPn;f rhrJ sm; taeESihf
Zmbk&ifpepfESifh "e&Sifrsm;udk wdkufyJG0if&mwGif r[mrdwfrsm;ta=umif;udkvnf; bmrS
ajymrxm;yg?
if;wdk@.qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifh a=unmpmwrf;wGif uGef*&ufu R.S.D.L.P zJG@pnf;vkduf
a=umif;a=unmvdkufonf? }uD;rm;onfhawmfvSefa&;0g' jzef@csdcsufw&yf jzpfoGm;cJhonf?
Tpnf;urf;ESit
hf nD pepfwusvyk af qmifcsuo
f nf R.S.D.L.P yxruGe*f &uf. xl;jcm;csuf
jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf?
yxruGe*f &ufukd usi;f ycJah omfvnf; wu,fpifppfrmS awmh k&mS ;Y rmhupf 0f g'q
D &kd ,
S 'f rD kd
u&ufygwD rxlaxmifEikd af o;yg? uGe*f &ufonf wuGw
J jym;jzpfaeonfh rmhupf 0f g'tpkrsm;ESihf
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; pkpnf;+yD;/ pnf;kH;a&;t& wpkwpnf;wnf; pkpnf;aygif;pyfa&;udk rvkyfaqmif

EdkifcJhyg// a'otzGJ@tpnf;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf wlnDonfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;r&Sdao;bJ ygwDvrf;pOff
ygwDpnf;urf;ESifh wckwnf;aom acgif;aqmifA[dkwdk@vnf; r&SdcJhao;yg?
'Dta=umif;a=umifha&m/ tjcm;ta=umif;rsm;a=umifha&m a'otzJG@tpnf;rsm;wGif t
awG;tac:_yfaxG;r_rsm; pwifwdk;yGm;vm+yD;/ Ttajctaeu tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf
&Sm;r_twGif; pDyGm;a&;0g' qdkonfh tacsmifvrf;pOf jzpfay:vma&;twGuf aumif;rGefonfh
a&cHajrcHudk jzpfay:apcJhygonf?
vDeifEiS hf olwnfaxmifcahJ om owif;pm tpPu&m (rD;yGm;) wd@k taeESif T_yaf xG;r_
udk ausmfeif;+yD;/ tacsmif0g',drf;,dkifr_rsm;udk tqkH;wdkifjzpfum R.S.D.L.P wnfaxmifa&;
twGuf jyifqif&ef ESpftawmf=um vkH;yef;tm;xkwfcJh&ygonf?
5? pD;yGm;a&;0g'tm; qef@usifwdkufcdkufonfh vDeif.wdkufyGJ? vDeif. owif;pm
tpPu&may:aygufvmjcif;?
R.S.D.L.P . yxruGef*&ufudk vDeif rwufa&mufcJhyg? xdktcsdefu olonf qdkuf
aA;&D;,m;&Sd _&eS pf ud;k a,;&GmY jynfEiS 'f %fcaH e&ygonf? wdu
k yf t
GJ zJ@G csKyf w&m;pGq
J ckd &H onfEiS hf
qufpyf+yD; ol@udk ESpftawmf=um pdefyDwmpbwfY axmifcsxm;+yD;aemuf Zmbk&iftpdk;&u
e,fESifxm;jcif;jzpfonf//
od@k aomfvnf; vDeifonf jynfEiS 'f %fc&H aepOfrmS yif if;. awmfveS af &;aqmif&u
G cf suf
rsm;udk qufvufvyk af qmifvsu&f o
dS nf? olonf xdrk mS yif tvGet
f a&;}uD;vSonfh odyeH` nf;
us usrf;wapmifjzpfaom k&Sm;Yt&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ udka&;om;+yD;/ ema&m'f
epf0g'udk tawG;tac:t& t+yD;twdkif wdkufzsufvdkufonf? xdkt&yfrSmyif ol. ausmf=um;
aompmwrf; k&Sm;qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;. wm0efrsm;udkvnf; a&;om;cJhonf?
vDeifonf wdu
k f u
dk f vufawG@awmfveS af &;vkyif ef;rsm;rS jzwfawmufxm;jcif;cH&aomf
vnf; b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf/ Tvkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifvkyfudkifaeolrsm;ESifh tquftoG,f&atmif
vkyf,lum/ if;wdk@ESifh pmtquftoG,fjyKvkyfum tcsuftvuf ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk &
,l+yD;/ if;wdk@udk t=uH^m%frsm;ay;ygonf? xdktcsdefu vDeifonf pD;yGm;a&;0g'ESifh ywf
ouf+yD; tvGeftrif; pdwfapmvsuf&Sdygonf? pD;yGm;a&;0g' onf aphpyfa&;ESifh tacsmif0g'
wd@k . t"dutjrKawjzpf+y;D / tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm; v_yf mS ;r_twGi;f pD;yGm;a&;0g'om tay:
pD;&oGm;ygu ypPnfrJhrsm;. awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk xdcdkufepfemaprSmjzpf+yD;/ rmhuf0g'udk
&_;H edrahf pvdrrhf nfqo
kd nfukd vDeifonf rnfox
l ufrqdk ydI
k em;vnf oabmaygux
f m; ygonf?
xdka=umifh vDeifonf pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm; ay:xGufvmonfESifh w+ydKifeuf tifwdkuf
tm;wdkuf pwifwdkufcdkufygawmhonf/?
pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;u tvkyform;rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;wdkufyGJudkom qifEGJoifh+yD;/

EkdifiHa&;wkdufyGJukd vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;u qifE$J&rSmjzpf+yD;/ if;wdk@udk tvkyform;rsm;u
axmufcHtm;ay;&rnf[k qdkygonf// vDeif. tjrifwGif T,lqcsufonf rmhufpf0g'udk
pGe@f y,fypf+y;D / tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;. vGwv
f yfaom Edik if aH &;ygww
D &yf vdt
k yfru
_ jkd iif; y,f+y;D /
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ukd "e&Sifrsm;. EkdifiHa&;tqG,ftyGm;tjzpf ul;ajymif;oGm; atmif
}uKd;yrf;jcif;r#om[kjrifonf?
1899 ckESpfwGif pD;yGm;a&;0g'D wpk (aemifwGif uGefpwDusL;&Sife,f'Drdku&ufrsm; jzpf
oGm;onfh ykdudkykdApfcsf (Prokopovich) aumhpudkAm (Kuskova) ESifh tjcm;vlrsm;) u
a=unmcsuf wapmifxw
k jf yef+yD;/ xdt
k xJwiG f awmfveS o
f nfrh mhupf 0f g'udq
k ef@usiu
f m ypPn;f
rJrh sm;. vGwv
f yfaom Edik if aH &;ygww
D &yfEiS hf tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;. vGwv
f yfaom Edik if aH &;
awmif;qdkcsufrsm;qdkonfh tawG;tac:rsm; pGef@vGwf&efwdkufwGef;xm;onf? pD;yGm;a&;
0g'Drsm;u EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJqdkonfrSm vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;. udpPomjzpf+yD;/ tvkyform;
rsm;twGufrSmrl tvkyf&Sifrsm;udk qef@usifonfh pD;yGm;a&;wdkufyGJESifh vkHavmufonf[laom
tjrifudk udkifpGJxm;=uonf?
Ttacsmiform;rsm;. pmwrf;udk vDeifu aumif;aumif; avhvmzwf&_+yD;aemuf
teD;tyg;Yaexdkif=uaom rmhufpf0g'D EdkifiHa&;e,fESifcH&olrsm;udk tpnf;ta0; ac:qdkvdkuf
ygonf? q,fch Ek pS af ,muf awG@qaHk qG;aEG;+yD;/ vDeifu OD;aqmifum pD;yGm;a&;0g'D rsm;.tjrif
udk &_wfcsonfh xufjrufajymifajrmufvSaom uef@uGufv$mudk xkwfa0vdkufygonf?
vDeifa&;om;onfh Tuef@uGufv$monf wwdkif;jynfvkH;&Sd rmhufpf0g'DtzGJtpnf;rsm;
twGi;f yhsEH HS omG ;+yD; rmhu0f g' tawG;tac:rsm;ESihf rmhupf 0f g'ygww
D &yf jzpfay:wd;k wufr_ twGuf
xif&Sm;onfhtcef;rS yg0ifcJhygonf? k&Sm; pD;yGg;a&;0g'Drsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;&Sd qdk&S,f
'Drdku&ufygwDrsm;twGif;rS rmhufpf0g'udk qef@usifonfh tacsmiform; bef;pwdef; aemuf
vdu
k rf sm;ESihf wlno
D nft
h jrifrsm;udk axmufcaH jymqdck =hJ uonf? xd@k a=umifh vDeif. pD;yGm;a&;
0g'rD sm;udk qef@usiw
f u
kd yf q
GJ ifro
_ nf Edik if w
H um t0ef;t0dik ;f twGi;f u tacsmif0g'udv
k nf;
wcsdefwnf;wGif wdkufyGJqifvdkufygonf? vDeifwnfaxmifonfh w&m;r0ifowif;pm tpP
u&m onf pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm; udkwdkufcdkufonfhwdkufyGJESifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;. vGwfvyfaom
EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yf xlaxmifa&;wdkufyJGwdk@udk t"du qifEJGcJholjzpfygonf?
vDeifESifh wjcm;wdkufyJGtzJG@csKyf0ifrsm;onf 1900 ckESpf tpydkif;wGif e,fESifcHxm;&onfh
odk@aomf TuJhodk@aom owif;pmrsKd;udk ykvdyfwdk@.nOf;yef;ESdyfpufr_a=umifh Zmbk&ifk&Sm;Y
ykHESdyfxkwfa0jcif; rjyKEdkifyg? tvGefqkH; wvESpfvtwGif; Zmbk&ifpkHaxmufacG;rsm; teHcH&
oGm;Edkif+yD; acsr_ef;cH&ayrnf? xdk@a=umifh vDeifu owif;pmudk EdkifiHjcm;rS kdufESdyfxkwfa0&ef
qkH;jzwfcJhonf? xkdt&yfwGif owif;pmudk yg;v$m+yD; =um&SnfcHonfh puULay:wGifkdufESdyfum
k&Sm;twGif;odk@ v#Kd@0SufpGmcdk;oGif;cJhygonf// tpPu&m pmapmifrsm;udk k&Sm;jynfwGif;wGif
jyefvnfkdufESdyfcJh+yD; bmul;/ u&SdeufAfESifh qdkufaA;&D;,m;&Sd v#Kd@0SufykHESdyfXmersm;wGif kdufESdyf

cJhonf?
1900 ckESpf/ aqmif;OD;Y vDeifwdk@onf EdkifiHjcm;odk@oGm;a&mufum k&Sm;wjynfvkH;jzef@
csdrnfh EdkifiHa&;owif;pmxkwfa0a&; twGuf vkyftm;vGwfajrmufa&;tzJG@rS &Jabmfrsm;ESifh
tpDtpOfrsm; jyKvkyf=uygonf? xdkt}uH^m%fESifh tao;pdwftm;vkH;udk vDeifonf jynfESif
'%fcaH e&pOf umvuwnf;u a&;qJx
G m;cJyh gonf// jynfEiS 'f %frjS yefvmonfh vrf;w av#muf
Y tlzm;/ ypfaumhAf/ armfpudkESifh pdef@yDwmpbwfwdk@Y Tjy\emtay: tpnf;t a0;rsm;
ac:qdu
k si;f ycJyh gonf? ae&mwkid ;f Y &Jabmfrsm;ESihf v#Kd @0u
S q
f ufo,
G af &;twGuf pum;0Surf sm;/
pmapmifrsm;yd@k ay;&rnfv
h yd pf mESiyhf wfouf+yD; pDpOfum/ if;wd@k EiS t
hf wl tem*wf wku
d yf t
JG wGuf
pDrHudef;rsm;udk aqG;aEG;wdkifyifcJhonf?
Zmbk&iftpdk;&u vDeifudk tE W&m,ft}uD;qkH;&efoltjzpf teHcHrdonf/? Zmbk&ihf
S t
f pD&ifcpH mwGif ,ae@
tku
d &mem2 rS &Jt&m&Sw
d OD;jzpfol ZlbmawmhAf (Zubatov) u v#K@d 0u
awmfveS af &;wGif tlv&f maemhAf (vDeif)xuf }uD;us,o
f l rnforl #r&Sd qdo
k nft
h jrifukd azmfjy
+yD;/ xdktjrifa=umifhyif vDeiftm; vkyf}uH&ef oifhawmfayonf[k olu,lqonf?
Ekid if jH cm;Y vDeifonfvkyt
f m;vGwaf jrmufa&; tzJ@G jzpfonfh yvufuaemhA/f tmZm
va&mh'Ef iS hf AD-G Zmplvpfcsw
f @kd EiS hf tpPu&m udk yl;wJOG ;D pD;r_jzifh xkwaf 0&ef jyifqifoabmwl+yD;
jzpf=uygonf? ykHESdyfxkwfa0a&; tpDtpOfwckvkH; tprS tqkH;xd vDeifu a&;qJG vkyfaqmif
cJh&ygonf? 1900 ckESpf 'DZifbmvY tpPu&myxrpmapmifudk EdkifiHjcm;Y xkwfa0vdkuf
onf? rsufESmzkH;pm&GufwGif rD;yGm;uav;rS rD;awmuf}uD;odk@ qdkonfhurnf;pmygonfh
Tpum;vkH;rsm;udk 'DZifbm&Jabmfrsm;3 u if;wd@k qku
d af A;&D;,m;Y e,fEiS f cHae&pOf tm;ay;
E_wfquf pum;ydk@ay;aom uAsmq&m}uD; yGwf&Sfuif (Pushkin) odk@ jyef=um;ay;ydk@onfhpmrS
xkwfEkwf,lxm;jcif;jzpfygonf?
aemuf+yD; wu,fyJ vDeif p&_d@cJhonfh rD;yGm;uav; (tpPu&m) rSm aemifwGif }uD;rm;
onfh awmfvSefa&; rD;awmufrD;v#Hrsm;jzpfvmum if;wdk@u Zmbk&if. ajr&Sifrif;rsKd;rif;EG,f
oufOD;qHydkifpepfESifh "e&Siftm%mudk avmifu|rf;jymusapcJhygonf//
2 ? tkdu&mem- Zmbk&ihf &kSm;&Sd vsKd@0SufEkdifiHa&;ykvdyfXme/ awmfvSefa&;v_yfSm;r_rsm;udkzdcGif;&ef wnfaxmif

xm;onf? (bmomjyefol)
3? 'DZifbm&Jabmfrsm; Decembrists oufOD;qHydkiftkyfcsKyfr_ESifh aus;u|efpepfukdqef@usifonfh rl;rsKd;rwfrsKd;
awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;? 1825 'DZifbmwGif olwdk@onf ratmifjrifaomawmfvSefa&;udk qifE$JcJhonf?
(bmomjyefol)
tusOf;csKyf
rSm;,Gi;f +yD; awmfveS af &;ta&;awmfyt
Hk wGuf tE &W m,fjzpfapEdik af om ema&m'fepf0g'ESihf
tjrifrsm;udk yxrtqifhtaeeJ@wkdufyJGqifEJGpOf/ k&Sm;Y rmhufpf0g'/ qdk&S,f'Drdku&uf tvkyf
orm;ygwDudk wnfaxmifcJh=uygonf//
ema&m'fepfrsm;. tjrifudk tawG;tac:a&;&mt& acsr_ef;EdkifrSomv#if k&Sm;Y rmhufpf
0g' tvkyform;ygwDtwGuf vrf;yGifhEkdifayrnf? &Spfq,fpkESpfrsm;twGif; yvufuaemhAfESifh
ol. vkyftm;vGwfajrmufa&;tzJG@u tjywftowf xdk;ESufvkdufonf?
vDeifu ema&m'fepf0g' tawG;tac: _;H edrrhf u
_ dk jynf0h ukepf ifap+yD;/ uk;d q,fpEk pS rf sm;wGif
aemufqkH;xkd;ESufcsufukd jyKvkyfcJhonf?
1883 ckEpS w
f iG f xlaxmifcahJ om vkyt
f m;vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J onf k&mS ;Y rmhupf 0f g'
ysHESH@a&;twGuf tawmf}uD;rm;onfh aumif;r_jyKcJhayonf? if;u qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD oabm
w&m;a&;&m tajccHtkwfjrpfudkcscJh+yD;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh aygif;pyfa&; t
wGuf yxrOD;qHk;aom ajcvSrf;udkvSrf;cJhayonf?
&k&mS ;Y t&if;&Sipf epf jzpfay:wd;k wufrE_ iS t
hf wl pufrv
_ ufr_ ypPn;f rJrh sm;rSm tvsif tjref
}uD;xGm;wkd;yGm;vmygonf? &Spfq,fpkESpf tv,fykdif;wGif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf
pnf;kH;r_&Sdonfh oydwfomef wdkufyGJvrf;a=umif;ESifh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_vrf;a=umif; wkd@udk
pwiftokH;jyK vm=uygonf? okd@aomf rmuhfpf0g'Dtpkrsm;rSm 0g'jzef@csda&;ukdomvkyf aqmif
ae+yD;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm; t=um;v_H@aqmfr_ tESH@tjym;jyKvkyf&ef vkdtyfa=umif;ukd od
&Sdem;vnfr_r&SdbJ/ xkd@a=umifh olwdk@onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh vufawG@aygif;
pyfr_r&Sdao;bJ/ 'gudkvnf; acgif;aqmifjcif; rjyKao;yg?
1895 ckESpfwGif vDeifwnfaxmifcJhonfh pdef@yDwmpbwf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; vGwf
ajrmufa&;wku
d yf t
JG zG@J csKyfonf tvkyo
f rm;rsm;t=um; tES@H tjym;v_@H aqmfrr_ sm;ukd pwifc+hJ yD;/
vlxo
k ydwrf sm;ukd acgi;f aqmifum tvkyo
f rm;rsm;t=um; tES@H tjym;v_H aqmfjcif;ESihf tvkyf
orm;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh rmhufpf0g' aygif;pyfay;jcif;odk@ ul;ajymif;vmonfh tqifhopfukd
wufvSrf;vkdufygonf? pdef@yDwmpbwf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v$wfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJ tzGJ
csKyfonf &S&mS ;awmfveS o
f nfh ypPn;f rJyh gw.
D tajccHjzpfygonf? pde@f yw
D mpbwfwu
kd yf t
JG zG@J csKyf
wnfaxmif+yD;aemuf t"dupufr_+rdK@}uD;rsm;tm;vkH;ESifh e,fpyfa'orsm;wGif rmhufpf0g'
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; xlaxmifzGJ@pnf;vm=uygonf?
1898 ckESpf R.S.D.L.P . yxruGef*&ufwGif rmhufpfqkd&S,f'Drdku&uf tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;udk ygwDw&yftjzpf yl;aygif;Ekdif&ef ratmifjrifonfh yxrt}udrf }uKd;yrf;csuf
jyKvkyfcJhygonf? odk@aomf TuGef*&ufu ygwDw&yfukd rxlaxmifEkdifcJhbJ ygwDvrf;pOf okd@r
[kwf ygwpD nf;urf;rsm;vnf; ra&;qGcJ yhJ g? wckwnf;aom acgi;f aqmifA[kv
d nf;r&Sd jyef@usaJ e
onfh rmhufpf0g'D tpktzGJ@rsm;t=um;rSmvnf; qufpyfr_r&Sdoavmuf jzpfcJhygonf?
jyef@usJaeaom rmhufpf0g' tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk ygwDwckwnf;tjzpf yl;aygif;qufpyfEkdif

&ef vDeifonf k&Sm;wjynfvkH; jzef@csdEkdifrnfh awmfvSefaom rmhufpf0g'Drsm;. yxrOD;qkH;aom
owif;pm tpPu&m xkwfa0&ef pDrHudef;udk wifjyvkyfaqmifcJhonf?
xdkumvu awmfvSefonfh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ygwD wckwnf; wnfaxmifa&;udk
t"du qef@usio
f rl sm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;0g'D rsm;jzpfonf? olw@kd u TuJo
h @kd aomygwD vdt
k yfru
_ kd
jiif;qdo
k nf? olw@kd u uGjJ ym;aeaomtpkrsm;. wa,mufwayguEf iS hf taysmw
f rf; vky[
f efudk
tm;ay;onf? vDeifESifh olpnf;Hk;wnfaxmifcJhonfh tpPu&mowif;pmu olwdk@udk
wdkuf&dkufxdk;ESufwdkufcdkufcJhonf?
tpPu&m yxrpmapmifxGufay:vmjcif; (1900-01)u tquftpyfr&Sdonfh tpk
ttkyfrsm;rS wckwnf;aom qkd&S,f'Drkdu&uf tvkyform;ygwD wu,fjzpfay:vmonfh
umvopfw&yfokd ul;ajymif;oGm;+yDjzpfa=umif;ukd txdrf;trSwfjyKvkdufayonf?
tcef; (2)
k&mS ; qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pDvyk o
f m;ygwDwnfaxmifjcif;
ygwDtwGi;f abmf&ADS pf (BOLSHEVIK) ESihf
rif&ADS pf (MENSHEVIK) tkypf rk sm; ay:aygufvmjcif;
(1901=1904)
1? k&Sm;Y 1901-04 wGif ay:aygufcJhaom awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_'Da&jrifh?
19 &mpk tukeyf ikd ;f wGif Oa&myY pufrv
_ ufr_ tusyt
f wnf;rsm; ay:vmonf? r=umrD
twGif; k&Sm;odk@ ul;pufysH@ESHvmonf? tusyftwnf;umv 1900-03 wGif t}uD;tao;
vkyif ef; 3000 eD;yg; ydwyf pfvu
kd &f +yD;/ tvkyo
f rm; 100000 tvkyv
f ufrrhJ sm; jzpfomG ; ygonf?
qufvuf iSm;&rf;xm;onfh tvkyform;.vcrSmvnf; tjyif;txefjzwfcsjcif; cH&ygonf//
jyif;xefonfh pD;yGm;a&;oydwfrsm; aus;Zl;a=umifh ,cift&if;&Sifrsm;xHrS &&Sdxm; onfh
rajymyavmufaom tcGit
hf a&;av;rsm;rSmvnf; ,cktcg jyefvnfyk o
f rd ;f jcif; cHvu
kd f &onf?
pufr_vufr_ tusyftwnf;rsm;ESifh tvkyfvufrJhr_u tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. v_yf
&Sm;r_udk &yfqdkif;oGm;apjcif; odk@r[kwf tm;enf;oGm;apjcif; rjzpfapEkdifcJhyg? qef@usifpGmyif
tvkyform;rsm;. wdkufyGJonf ydkrdkI awmfvSefa&;vuQ%m aqmifvmonf? tvkyform;
rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;oydwrf sm;rS Edik if aH &;oydwrf sm;od@k ul;ajymif;oGm;+yD;/ aemufq;kH Y qENjyyGrJ sm;
tjzpfo@kd ajymif;um 'Dru
kd a&pDvw
G v
f yfrr_ sm;twGuf Edik if aH &;awmif;qdck surf sm;udk wifjy=u+yD;/
Zmbk&iftkyfpD;r_usqHk;ygap[laom auG;a=umfoHrsm; [pfauG;vm=uygonf?
1901 ckepf/ pde@f yw

D mpbwf&dS tdb
k al cgAh f vufeufc,
J rf;pufrHk S ara';oydww
f iG f tvkyf
orm;ESihf ppfom;rsm;t=um; aoG;xGufoH,dk jzpfr_rsm;ay:aygufvmygonf// Zmbk&if.
vufeufudkiftiftm;pkrsm;udk ckcH&eftwGuf tvkyform;rsm;. wckwnf;aom vufeufu
awmh cJrsm; ESifh oHwHk;/ oHcJrsm;jzpfygonf// tvkyform;rsm;. jyif;xefaomckcHr_rSm usKd;ayguf
oGm;onf// xd@k aemuf &ufpufonfh vufpm;acsrr_ sm; ay:ayguv
f mygonf? tvkyo
f rm; 800
cef@ tzrf;cH& +yD;/ trsm;tjym;rSm axmifoGif;tusOf;uscH&jcif; odk@r[kwf tvkyf=urf;ESifh
axmif'%fcH&jcif;ESifh e,fESif'%frsm;cH=u&ygonf? odk@aomf &JpGrf;owWdajymifajrmufonfh
tdkblacghAfckcHa&;onf k&Sm;tvkyform;rsm;tay: eufd_if;pGm =oZm*,ufdkufcwf+yD;/
if;wdk@t=um; pmemaxmufcHr_rsm; qufvufay:aygufvmonf//
1902 c/k rwfvwGif bmwrf qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDaumfrwDu pnf;kH;v_Haqmfonfh }uD;
rm;vSonfh tvkyform;oydwf}uD;ESifh qENjyyJG}uD; bmwrfY ay:aygufvmonf? bmwrf
qENjyyJG}uD;u x&ef@pfaumhau;&Syf&Sd tvkyform;rsm;ESihfv,form;rsm;udk v_Haqmfay;vdkuf
onf?
1902 ckepfrmS yif a&mhpawmhA-f tGe-f 'GeYf qENjyyJ}G uD; ay:ayguv
f monf// yxrqH;k xGuf
vmolrsm;rSm rD;&xm;tvkyo
f rm;rsm;jzpf+yD;/ r=umrDrmS yif wjcm;pufHk trsm;tjym;rS tvkyf
orm;rsm; yg0ifyl;aygif;vm=uonf// +rdK@tjyifbufY ae@pOf&ufquf/ &ufaygif;rsm;pGm jyKvkyf
cJhaom tpnf;ta0;rsm;Y 30000 txd pka0;cJh=uonf// xdktpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif qdk&S,f
'Drdku&ufa=unmcsufrsm;udkzwfjy=u+yD; a[majymolrsm;u tvkyform;rsm;udk rdef@cGef;
rsm;ay;onf? xdt
k pnf;ta0;rsm;udk vlaxmifaygi;f rsm;pGm wufa&mufonft
h wGuf ykvyd Ef iS fh
aumhqufrsm;onf vlpkcJG&ef rwwfEdkifatmif jzpfawmhonf? tvkyform;trsm;tjym;
ykvdyfrsm;. owfjzwfjcif;cH&aomtcg aemufae@ tokbtcrf;tem;Y tvGefrsm; jym;vS
onfh tvkyform; vlxk}uD;u vdkufvHydk@aqmif=uonf// teD;ywf0ef;usif+rdK@rsm;rS ppfulrsm;
udk qifhac:+yD;rSomv#if Zmbk&iftpdk;&onf oydwfudk +zdKcGif;zdESdyfEdkifawmhonf? a&mhpawmhAf
tvkyform;rsm;. wdkufyJGudk R.S.D.L.P . 'GefaumfrwDrS acgif;aqmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf?
1903 ckESpfrSm ay:aygufcJhonfhoydwfrsm;rSm twdkif;twmt& ydkrdk}uD;rm;cJhygonf?
xdEk pS t
f wGi;f vlxk Edik if aH &;oydww
f u
kd yf rGJ sm;onf awmifyikd ;f wav#muf x&ef@pf aumhau;&Sm;
(bmul/ wpfzfvpf/ bmwrf) ESifh ,lu&def;&Sd +rdK@}uD;rsm; (tdk'ufqm/ udAf/ tDauwm&DEkdpvAf)
odk@ ysHESH@oGm;ygonf? oydwfrsm;onf ydkrdkjyif;xefvm+yD;/ ydkrdkpkpnf;pnf;kH;vmygonf? tapm
ydik ;f tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;. vky[
f efrsm;ESihf rwlbJ tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. Edik if aH &;oydwrf sm;udk
ae&mwumeD;yg;Y qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufaumfrwDrsm;u OD;aqmif!ef=um;ygonf?
k&Sm;&Sd tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf Zmbk&iftkyfpdk;r_ukdqef@usifonfh awmfvSefa&;
wdkufyJGqifEGJ&ef xuGvmv#uf&Sdygonf?
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_onf v,form;xkudk *,ufdkuf =oZmvGrf;rdk;vmyg
onf? 1902 ckEpS /f aEGO;D ESihf aEGwiG f ,lu&de;f (ydw
k mAmESihf cg;aumhAjf ynfe,frsm;) ESihf aAmfv*ge,f
wd@k wiG f v,form;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm; ay:xGuv

f mygonf? v,form;rsm;u ajr&Sif rsm;. tdr}f uD;
rsm;udkrD;wif&_d@+yD;/ ajrrsm;udkodrf;,lum tvGef&GHrkef;zG,faumif;onfh aus;vuftkyfcsKyfa&;
rSL;rsm;4 ESifh ajr&Sifrsm;udkowfypf=uonf? ykefuefaeaom v,form;rsm;ukd ESdrfESif;&ef
ppfwyfrsm;udk apv$wfcJhygonf? v,form;rsm; ypfowfcH&+yD;/ &mESifhcsDzrf;um/ if;wkd@ acgif;
aqmifrsm;ESifh pnf;Hk;v_Haqmfolrsm; axmifoGif;tusOf;cscH&aomfvnf;/ awmfvSefonfh v,f
orm;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm qufvuf}uD;xGm;aeygonf?
tvkyo
f rm;/ v,form;rsm;. vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;u k&mS ;wGif awmfveS af &;}uD; &ifrh n
S hf
vmae+yD;/ eD;uyfvmae+yDjzpfa=umif; jyoygonf?
tvkyform;rsm;. awmfvSefa&;wdkufyJG*,ufatmufwGif ausmif;om;rsm;. tpdk;&
qef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_onf ydkrdktiftm;}uD;vmygonf? ausmif;om;rsm;. qENjyyJGrsm;ESifh
oydwrf sm;udk wke@f jyefvufpm;acs&ef tpk;d &onf wuUov
dk rf sm;ukd ydwyf pfvu
dk +f yD;/ ausmif;om;
&mESichf s+D yD; axmifoiG ;f tusO;f csum aemufq;Hk emcHrr_ &So
d nfh ausmif;om;rsm;udk ppfwyfwiG ;f od@k
omrefppfom;rsm;tjzpf oGwo
f iG ;f vdu
k yf gonf? if;udk wk@H jyefonft
h aeESihf wuUov
kd t
f m;vk;H rS
ausmif;om;rsm;onf 1901-02 ckEpS f aqmif;OD;&moDwiG f taxGaxG oydw}f u;D udk pnf;k;H vdu
k yf g
onf? ToydwfwGif ausmif;om; 30000 cef@yg0ifygonf?
tvkyform;v,form;rsm;. awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh txl;ojzifh ausmif;
om;rsm;tay: wkH@jyefzdESdyfr_rsm;u Zrfpawmh ay:wGifaexdkifcJhonfh vpfb&,f"e&SifESifh vpf
b&,fajr&Sifrsm;udk wufwufuGuGjzpfvmap+yD;/ Zmbk&iftpdk;&u if;wdk@om;/ ausmif;om;
rsm;udk zdESdyf&mwGif tvGeftu|Hr_rsm;udk uef@uGuf&ef toHjrifhvmapygonf?
Zrfpawmh vpfb&,frsm;onf Zrfpawmh bkwftzJG@rsm;rSm if;wdk@. trmcHtajccHrsm;
&Sdxm;ygonf? if;wdk@onf a'otpkd;&tzGJrsm;jzpf=u+yD; aus;vufvlxkESifh ywfoufonfh
a'ojy\emrsm; oufoufukdom (vrf;rsm;/ aq;Hkrsm;ESifh ausmif;rsm;wnfaqmufa&;)
vkyfaqmif&olrsm;jzpfygonf? vpfb&,fajr&Sifrsm;onf ZrfpawmhbkwftzGJrsm;wGif toifh
twifh xif&Sm;onfh tcef;uyg0if=uygonf// if;wdk@onf vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;ESifh eD;uyfpGm
aygi;f zuf=u+yD;/ wu,frmS awmh if;wd@k onf yl;aygi;f rdrwwf jzpfaeyg+yD? tb,fa=umifh qdak omf
if;wdk@udk,fwdkifuvnf; if;wdk@ydkifajrrsm;wGif v,f,mpdkufysKd; vkyfudkif&ef aus;u|ef pepf
oufqkd;&Snfr_tay: tajccHonfhenf;rsm;udk pwifpGef@ypfvm+yD;/ ydkrdktusKd; tjrwf&onfh
t&if;&Sief nf;vrf;rsm;udk tpm;xd;k vmjcif;a=umifjh zpfygonf? xdak =umifh T vpfb&,f tkypf k
ESpfckpvkH;u Zmbk&iftpdk;&udk axmufcH=uygonf? odk@aomf TtvGeftu|Hr_rsm;onf
awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk ydkrdkIom jyif;xefvmaprSmukd a=umufvefonfhtwGuf Zmbk&if
pepf. TtvGeftu|Hr_rsm; ukd qefusif=ujcif;jzpfonf? if;wdk@onf Zmbk&ifpepf.
4? rl;}uD;rwf&mrsm;u cef@tyfxm;onfh ykvdyftzGJ@/ w&m;ol}uD;tzGJ@ESifh tkyfcsLyfa&;tzGJ@vkyfief;rsm; vkyf&onfh
t&m&Sd? (bmomjyefol )
tvGeftu|Hr_rsm;ukd a=umuf&GH@aepOfrSmyif awmfvSefa&;ukd ykdI a=umuf&GHayonf? T

vGefu|Hr_rsm;udk uef@uGuf&mwGif vpfb&,frsm;Y &nf&G,fcsufESpfck &Sdygonf? yxru
awmhZmbk&ifudk todw&m;&&Sdvmap&ef ESifh 'kwd,uawmh Zmbk&ifpepftay: tvGef
trif; rauseyfr_ 0wfu
kH kd v$r;f +cKHvu
kd jf cif;jzifh jynforl sm;. ,k=H unfu;kd pm;r_u&kd &Su
d m olw@kd ukd
od@k r[kwf wcsK@d tpdwt
f ydik ;f udk awmfveS af &;rS yJx
h u
G v
f map+yD;/ Tenf;jzifh if;wk@d tif;tm;udk
xdckdufqkwf,kwfap&ef jzpfygonf/?
xdk@a=umifh ZrfpawmhAfvpfb&,f v_yfSm;r_onf Zmbk&ifpepfwnf&Sdr_udk rnfodk@r#
tE &W m,fjyK+cdr;f ajcmufjcif;rjyKcJyh g? od@k aomfvnf; if;u Zmbk&ifpepf. tqk;H tpr&Sad om
a'gufwdkifrsm;tm;vkH;onf awmifhwif;cdkifrmjcif;r&Sdawmha=umif; jyovkdufygonf?
1902 ckESpfwGif ZrfpawmhAf vpfb&,fv_yf&Sm;r_u "eSif vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@ wnf
axmifjcif;udk a&S@&_+yD;/ if;onf tem*wf k&Sm;"e&Sifwdk@. t"duygwDjzpfaom uGefpwDusL
&Sife,f'Drdkua&pDygwD. tjrKawjzpfygonf//
tvkyform;ESifh v,form;v_yf&Sm;r_onf wwdkif;jynfvkH;odk@ wm;vkd@qD;vdk@r&onfh
t&Sed jf zifh ysEH @HS awmhrnfukd odjrifvm+yD;aemuf/ Zmbk&iftpk;d &onf awmfveS af &;'Da&udk ydwyf if
wm;qD;&ef bmrqdkudk jyKvkyfcJhygonf// tvkyform;oydwfrsm;ESifh qENjyyJGrsm;udk zdESdyf&ef
vufeufuikd t
f iftm;rsm;udk t}udrrf sm;pGmwk;d I tok;H jyKcJ+h yD;/ tvkyo
f rm;ESihf v,form;rsm;
. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;tay: usnfqefESifh =umyGwfonf tpkd;&. a,bk,sjyef=um;csufjzpf
vmygonf// axmifrsm;ESifh e,fESift&yfrsm;onf jynfhv#Husrwwfjzpfvmonf//
zdESdyfr_rsm; ydkrdkjyif;xefpGm jyKvkyfaeonfESifh wcsdefwnf; Zmbk&iftpdk;&onf awmfvSef
a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rS tvkyform;rsm; a&SmifvGJoGm;ap&ef wjcm;rzdESdyfaom ydkrdk aysmhaysmif;onfh
enf;emrsm;udk oHk;vmygonf? pHkaxmufrsm;ESifh ykvdyfrsm;. tumtuG,f urux jyKr_
atmufwGif tvkyform;tzGJ@tpnf; twkta,mifrsm; xlaxmif&ef }uKd;yrf;vm=uonf?
if;wdk@udk ykvdyfqdk&S,fvpfpepf. tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; odk@r[kwf ZlbmawmhAf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
(TykvdyfcsKyfxdef;onfh tvkyform;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; pwifwnfaxmifol pHkaxmuf AdkvfrSL;
}uD; ZlbmawmhAf trnfu,
kd +l yD;) [k orkw=f uonf? tdu
k &mem olv#Krd sm;rSwqifh Zmbk&if
tpdk;&udk,fwdkifu tvkyform;rsm;. pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdkcsufrsm; jynfh0ap&ef ulnD&ef
jyifqifaea=umif;/ tvkyo
f rm;rsm; ,H=k unfvmap&ef }udK;pm;=uygonf? ZlbmawmhAf olv#Kd
rsm;u Zmbk&ifudk,fwdkif tvkyform;rsm;buf a&mufaewJhtcsdefrSm bmvdk@EdkifiHa&;vkyf
&rSmvJ/ bmvkd@awmfvSefa&;vkyf&rSmvJ vdk@ tvkyform;rsm;ukd jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmif
=uygonf? ZlbmawmhAf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk +rdK@trsm;tjym;rSm wnfaxmifvkdufygonf? T
tzG@J tpnf;rsm;. yHpk EH iS hf &nf&,
G cf surf sm;. twdik ;f 1904 ckEpS Yf *gAeG q
f akd om bke;f }uD;wyg;u
pdef@yDwmpbwf. k&Sm;puf&Hktvkyform;rsm;. tpnf;tHk;qdkwJh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk wnf
axmifvdkufonf? tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_tay: xdef;csKyf&ef Zmbk&iftpdk;&. tdk
u&mem. }udK;yrf;csufrsm;onf &_H;edrfhoGm;&onf? Zmbk&iftpdk;&onf }uD;xGm;vmonfh
tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_udk Tenf;emrsm;ESifh ajz&Sif;&ef rjzpfEkdifa=umif; odjrifvm

=uonf ? tvk y f o rm;vl w ef ; pm;. jrif h w uf v maom awmf v S e f a &;'D a &v_ d i f ; u T
ykvdyfcsKyfxdef;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk if;.vrf;a=umif;rS wdkufcsypfvdkufygonf?
2? rmhufpf0g' ygwDw&yfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf vDeif.pDrHudef;?pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;.
tacsmif 0 g'?vD e if . pD r H u d e f ; twG u f tpP u &m.wd k u f y G J ? vD e if . u|ef a wmf w d k @
bmvkyf=urnfenf;pmtkyf?
rmhufpf0g'ygwDw&yftwGuf tawG;tac:a&; tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm;?
k&Sm;qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwD. yxrt}udrfuGef*&ufudk 1898 ckESpftwGif; usif;y+yD;/
ygwDzGJ@pnf;a=umif; a=unmcJhaomfvnf; wu,fhygwDw&yf ray:aygufcJhao;yg? ygwDvrf;pOf
ESifh ygwDpnf;urf;rsm;vnf; r&SdcJhyg? yxruGef*&ufu a&G;aumufwifajrmufvdkufaom ygwD
A[dkaumfrwDrsm;vnf; tzrf;cHvdkuf&+yD;/ tpm;xdk;p&mvl r&SdonfhtwGuf wcgrS tpm;xdk;
Ekdifjcif;r&SdcJhyg? ydkIqdk;onfrSm tawG;tac:_yfaxG;r_ESifh ygwDwGif;pnf;Hk;a&;t& pkpnf;r_csKdwJh
jcif;wdk@rSm yxruGef*&uft+yD;Y ydkIyif odomxif&Sm;vmygonf?
1884-94 ckESpfrsm; twGif;rSm ema&m'fepf0g'tay: atmifyGJcHvkdufaomumvjzpf+yD;/
qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwD xlaxmifa&;twGuf tawG;tac:t&jyifqifcJh+yD;/ 1894-98 ckESpfrsm;
twGif; ratmifjrifcJhaomfvnf;/ wuGJwjym;jzpfaeaom rmhufpf0g'tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk qdk&S,f
'Drkdua&pDygwDw&yftjzpf pkHk;aygif;pyf&ef }udK;yrf;r_rsm;jyKvkyfcJhaomfvnf;/ 1898 ckESpf +yD;+yD;
csi;f umvrsm;Y ygwt
D wGi;f tawG;tac:a&;&mESihf pnf;H;k a&;&m _yaf xG;r_rsm; ydrk v
kd mygonf?
ema&m'fepf0g'tay: rmhupf 0f g'rD sm; atmify&JG &Sv
d u
kd rf E_ iS hf rmhupf 0f g'rD sm; rSeu
f efa=umif; ouf
aojyvdu
k o
f nfh tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;. awmfveS af &;aqmif&u
G rf r_ sm;a=umifh awmfveS o
f nfh
vli,frsm;t=um; rmhupf 0f g'tay: pmemaxmufcrH r_ sm; ay:xGuv
f monf? rmhupf 0f g' a&yef;
pm;vmygonf? xdka=umifh tusKd;quftm;jzifh rmhufpf0g' tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif; awmfvSef
onfh vli,fynmwwfrsm; tpkvu
kd t
f +yHKvdu
k f 0ifa&mufvm=uygonf? if;wd@k onf oabm
w&m;a&;&mrSm tm;enf;um/ EkdifiHa&;tpnf;tHk; vkyfief;rsm;wGif tawG@t}uKH r&SdvSyg?
if;wdk@wGif pme,fZif;rsm;wGif tjynfhtESufyg0ifaeonfh w&m;0if rmhufpf0g'Drsm; .
tacsmiform;qefvSonfh a&;om;csufrsm;rS &,lxm;onfh roJruGJ/ ra&r&mESifh trsm;pkrSm
rSm;,Gif;wJh rmhufpf0g'tjrifom &Sdae=uygonf? xdka=umifh rmhufpf0g'tzGJ@tpnf; rsm;twGif;
oabmw&m;a&;ESihf Edik if aH &;a&csed ef rd u
hf s&jcif;/ if;wd@k ukd w&m;0ifrmhupf f 0g'rD sm; . tacsmif
orm; wdrf;apmif;r_rsm; ul;pufjcif;ESifh tawG;tac:_yfaxG;jcif;/ EdkifiHa&;t& ,drf;,kdifjcif;/
pnf;Hk;a&; upOfhuvsm; jzpfjcif;wdk@ jzpfay:&&Sdvm&ygonf?
tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm; v_y&f mS ;r_ 'Da&wufvmjcif;ESihf awmfveS af &; txift&Sm; eD;uyf
vmr_wdk@u tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; acgif;aqmifr_ay;Ekdifrnfh
pnf;vHk;nD!Gwf+yD; A[dkYpkpnf;OD;pD;r_&Sdonfh ygwDw&yfudk awmif;qdkvdkufygonf? odk@aomf

a'oygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ aumfrwDrsm;/ tpkt0ef;t0dkif;rsm;onf pdwfrcsrf;ajr@zG,f tajc
taejzpfae+yD;/ if;wdk@. pnf;Hk;a&;t& rnD!Gwfr_ESifh tawG;tac:uGJvGJr_rsm;rSm tvGef
euf&_dif;ae+yD;/ TuJhodk@aom ygwDw&yf xlaxmifa&;wm0efrSm tvGef}uD;rm;onfh tcuf
tcJEiS hf }uKHawG@aeonf?
tcuftcJuawmh ygwDukd Zmbk&iftpkd;&. &ufpufonfhzdESdyfr_atmufwGif wnf
aqmuf&+yD;/ TzdEydS rf r_ sm;u tzG@J tpnf;rsm;xHrS taumif;qk;H tvkyo
f rm;rsm;udk r=umc%
vk,loGm;+yD;/ jynfESif'%f/ axmif'%fESifh tvkyf=urf;ESifh axmif'%frsm; uscH&onfhtcsuf
omru a'oaumfrwDtrsm;tjym;ESifh aumfrwD0ifrsm;onf a'ovkyfief;tao;tzGJ vuf
awG@vkyfaqmifcsufav;rsm;rS vGJI wjcm;bmrS pdwfr0ifpm;bJ/ ygwDwGif; pnf;kH;a&;&mESifh
tawG;tac:a&;&m pnf;vk;H nD!w
G rf r_ &Srd .
_ tE &W m,fudk em;rvnfEidk =f ubJ/ ygww
D iG ;f jzpfay:
aeonfh rnDnw
G rf E_ iS hf tawG;tac:&_yaf xG;r_wdk tay: usio
hf m;&aeum pnf;vH;k nDnw
G o
f nfh
A[kcd sKyfuidk o
f nhf ygwrD &Sb
d J if;wk@d taeESihf Ttwkid ;f qufomG ;Ekid v
f rd rhf nf[k ,k=H unfaeonfh
tcsufuvnf; tcuftcJw&yf jzpfaeygao;onf?
A[kpd pk nf;r_&o
dS nfh ygww
D &yfxal xmif&efqv
dk #if a'otzG@J tpnf;rsm;. TuJo
h @dk aom
aemufusr/_ Ek;d =um;wufuGjcif; uif;rJrh E_ iS hf usO;f ajrmif;onft
h jrifrsm;udk ausmef if;ypf&ygvrd hf
rnf?
ok@d aomf 'g[m tukerf [kwaf o;yg? ygww
D iG ;f Y uk,
d yf idk pf mykEH ydS pf ufrsm;/ k&mS ;Y tvkyf
orm; tawG;tac:ykHEdSyfwkdufESifh EkdifiHjcm;Y tvkyform;ta&;awmfykH , ykHESdyfwkdufrsm; ykdifqkdif
xm;onfh toihftwifh }uD;rm;onfhtkyfpk&Sdae+yD;/ if;wdk@u ygwDwGif;pnf;kH;a&;t& ap;
uyfr_r&Sdjcif;ESifh tawG;tac: _yfaxG;jcif;udk rSefuefa=umif;jyo&ef oabmw&m;a&;t&
}uKd ;pm;tm;xkwaf e+y;D / r=umc% TuJo
h @kd aomtajctaeukd cs;D usL;jcif;yifjyKvkyu
f m pnf;vH;k
nDnw
G +f yD; A[dpk pk nf;r_&o
dS nfh tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm; Ekid if aH &;ygww
D &yf xlaxmifa&; t}uHukd
rvdt
k yfonfh twkta,mif[k udik pf x
JG m;=uonf// xdo
k rl sm;rSmpD;yGm;a&;0g'rD sm; ESihf if;wd@k .
aemufvkdufrsm;jzpfonf? ypPnf;rhJrsm;. pnf;vkH;nDn$wfaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yf rxlaxmifrD
pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;udk ESdrfeif;ypf&ayrnf// vDeifonf Twm0efudka&m tvkyform; vlwef;
pm;. ygwDw&yf wnfaxmif&efudka&m tm;pdkufvkyfudkifcJhygonf?
pnf;vkH;nDn$wfonfh ygwDwnfaqmufa&;udk rnfuhJodk@pwifrnfenf;qdkonfh tcsuf
tay: tjrifrsm;uGJvJGcJh=uygonf? wcsKd@u ygwDwnfaqmufa&;udk 'kwd,ygwDuGef*&uf
ac:qdkusif;yjcif;jzifh pwifoifh+yD;/ TuGef*&ufu a'otzJG@tpnf;rsm;udk waygif;wpnf;
wnf;jzpfap+yD;/ ygwDw&yfudk wnfaxmifEkdifvdrfhrnf[k awG;xif=uonf? vDeifu Ttjrif
udk qef@usifonf? olu ygwDuGef*&uf rusif;yrD vdktyfcsufrsm;rSm ygwD. &nf&G,fcsufESifh
&nfrSef;csufrsm; &Sif;&Sif;if;vif;vif;&Sd&ef/ vdkcsifonfhygwDykHpHudk tckdiftrm&SdS&ef/ pD;yGm;a&;
0g'rD sm;ESihf tawG;tac:a&;&m uJjG ym;owfrw

S cf suu
f dk t+y;D owfvyk u
f ikd &f ef/ ygww
D iG ;f Y ygw.
D
&nf&G,fcsufESifh ywfouf+yD; pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;. tjrifESifh awmfvSefonfh qdk&S,f
'Drdku&ufrsm;. tjrifqdk+yD;/ tjrif 2 rsLd; uJGjym;aea=umif;udk ygwDwGif; kd;kd;om;om; yGihfyGihf
vif;vif; ajym=um;&ef/ pD;yGm;a&;0g'rD sm;u if;wd@k yikd f pme,fZif;rsm;rS if;wk@d ud,
k yf ikd t
f jrifrsm;
bufrS jzef@csdwkdufyJGqifaeouJhodk@/ awmfvSefonfh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;. tjrifrsm;bufrS
0g'jzef@csad &;udk pme,fZif;rsm;wGif us,jf yef@pmG jyKvkyw
f u
kd yf q
JG ifa&;ESihf a'otzJ@G tpnf; rsm;udk
Tvrf; 2 oG,frS taotcsm aqG;aEG;a&G;cs,f&ef/ tcGifhta&;ay;&efwdk@jzpfygonf?
Trvkyfrjzpfvkyf&rnfh jyifqifa&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmif+yD;rSomv#if ygwDuGef*&ufudk ac:
qdkEkdifrnf[k olu jrifcJhygonf//
vDeifu u|efawmfwdk@ pnf;vkH;nDnGwfr_r&cif pnf;vkH;nDnGwfa&;twGuf u|efawmfwdk@
onf yxrOD;qkH; cdkifrmwdusonfh owfrSwfcsufrsm;a&;qGJ&r,f (vDeifvufa&G;pOfusrf; t*F
vdyfbmom/ armfpudk-47/ twJG(1)ESm 162 ) vdk@ &Sif;vif;pGm wifjycJhygonf?
xdktjrifrsm;ESifhtnD vDeifu tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. EkdifiHa&;ygwD wnfaqmufa&;
wd@k udk wwdik ;f jynfv;kH od@k jzef@csEd ikd o
f nfh xufjrufonfh Edik if aH &;owif;pmwapmif wnfaxmif
xkwfa0a&;rS pwifoifhonf[k ,lqonf? Towif;pmu awmfvSefonfh qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD
tjrifrsm;udk 0g'jzef@csv
d aH_ qmfay;a&;udk vkyaf qmifEikd +f yD;/ TuJo
h @kd aom owif;pmwnfaxmif
jcif;[m ygwDwnfaqmufa&;. yxrajcvSrf; jzpfoifhonf[k ,lqonf?
ol.a usmf=um;vSonfhpmwrf; tb,frSprnfenf; wGif vDeifu ygwDwnfaqmuf
a&;twGuf tcdkiftrm pDrHudef;a&;om;+yD;/ TpDrHudef;udk aemufydkif;wGif xif&Sm;vSonfh ol.
pmtkyf u|efawmfwdk@ bmvkyf=urnfenf; wGif tao;pdwf &Sif;vif;xm;ygonf?
Tpmwrf;wGif vDeifa&;cJo
h nfrmS u|eaf wmfw@kd tjrifwiG f u|eaf wmfw@kd v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;.
tpjyKcsuf/ vdkcsifonfh tzJG@tpnf;5 xlaxmifa&;twGuf yxrvufawG@ajcvSrf;/ aemufqHk;
xdt
k zJ@G tpnf;udk u|eaf wmfw@kd taeESihf r,dr;f r,dik f jzpfay:wd;k yGm;/ eufid_ ;f us,jf yef@apEdik o
f nfh
t"du}uKd;puawmh k&mS ; wwdik ;f jynfv;kH jzef@csEd ikd rf nfh Edik if aH &;owif;pmwapmif xlaxmif&ef
vnf;jzpfygonf// Towif;pmr&SdbJ u|efawmfwdk@onf a,bk,s qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;.
t"duESifh cdkifrmonfhwm0efjzpfaomrlESifhtnD tm;vHk;tusHK;0ifvmonfh 0g'jzef@csda&;ESifh
v_Haqmfa&;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifEdkifrSmr[kwfbJ/ txl;ojzifh EdkifiHa&;Y pdwf0ifpm;vm+yD;/
qdk&S,fvpfjy\emrsm;ESifh ywfouf+yD; us,fjyef@onfhvlxkt=um; Edk;=um;vmonfh vuf&Sd
umv. ta&;ay:wm0efudk xrf;aqmifEdkifrnfr[kwfyg? (vDeifusrf;aygif;pHk/ k&Sm;bmom twGJ
4/ ESm-110)
vDeifu TuJhokd@owif;pmu ygwDukd tawG;tac:t& pkpnf;vmEdkifapkHru ygwD

wGi;f u a'otzJ@G tpnf;rsm;udv
k nf; pnf;k;H a&;t& pnf;vH;k nD!w
G v
f mapEdik o
f nf[k jrifcyhJ g
5? ygwDxlaxmifjcif;ukdqkdvkdonf?
onf? a'otzJG@tpnf;rsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKonfh owif;pm. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh owif;

axmufydkufuGefonf ygwDudk pnf;kHa&;t& wnfaqmufay;EdkifrnfhyHk=urf; jzpfvmEdkifapay
rnf? tb,fa=umifq
h adk omf vDeifu owif;pmqdw
k m pkaygi;f 0g'jzef@cso
d El iS hf pkaygi;f v_H aqmf
ol omru/ pkaygif;pnf;kH;olvnf;jzpfonf [kqdkcJhygonf?
xkdpmwrf;rSmyJ vDeifu TuJhodk@aom udk,fpm;vS,fydkufuGefonf usaemfwdk@ vdktyf
onfh tzJG@tpnf;. ykH=urf; twdtusudk zJG@pnf;yHkazmfay;vdrfhrnf? qdkvdkwmuawmh wEdkif
iHvHk; v$rf;+cKHEdkifavmufatmif}uD;rm;onfh/ wif;usyf+yD;tao;pdwfusonfh vkyftm;cJGa0r_udk
taumiftxnfazmf vkyfaqmifEdkifavmufatmif us,fjyef@bufpHkonfh tajctaetm;vHk;/
tvSnfhtajymif;tm;vHk;ESifh ta&;ay:udpP tm;vHk;wdk@atmufwGif rdrdwdk@. udk,fydkifvkyf
ief;wm0efudk r,drf;r,dkif qufvufxrf;aqmifEdkifavmufatmif tprf;oyfcH+yD; oHcJwifcH
+yD;onfh/ tiftm;}uD;rm;onfh &efolESifh ajAmifwdkufyJGqifE$Ja&;udk a&Smif=uOfEdkif+yD;/ wae&m
wnf;Y rdrdtm; tm;vHk;udk pkpnf;Ekdifonfhtcg &efol. tm;enf;csuf/ csKd@,Gif;csufudk tcGifh
aumif;,l+yD;/ rar#mfvifhqHk;tcdsefESifh ae&mudk a&G;+yD;/ &efoludk wdkufEdkifavmufatmif enf;
y&d,m,f aysmhaysmif;onfh tzJG@tpnf;udk qdkvkdonf? (txufyg usrf;/ pmrsufESm-112)
tpPu&monf TuJhokd@aom owif;pmjzpf&ef jzpfonf?
tpPu&monf TuJhokd@aom EdkifiHa&;owif;pmw&yf wu,fyJ jzpfvmcJh+yD;/ k&Sm;
wjynfv;kH jzef@csu
d m ygwt
D wGuf tawG;tac:ESihf pnf;H;k a&; tajccHrt
l wGuf vrf;cif;jyifqif
ay;ygonf?
ygwDudk,fwdkif. taqmufttkHESifh zGJ@pnf;yHkESifh ywfouf+yD; vDeifonf tydkif; 2 ydkif;
yg0ifoifhonf[k jrifygonf? (u) tcsdefjynfh awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; t"duyg0ifonfh ygwD
vkyfom;rsm;udk acgif;aqmifaeonfh yHkrSefau'grsm;. eD;uyfodyfonf;onfhtpk/ qkdvdkonfrSm
ygwDvkyfief;rSvGJI tjcm;tvkyfrsm;r&Sdonfh ygwDvkyfom;rsm;jzpf+yD;/ if;wdk@onf oabm
w&m;a&;tajccH/ EdkifiHa&;tawG@t}uKH/ pnf;Hk;a&;vufawG@ESifh Zmbk&iftpdk;&udk ,SOf+ydKif+yD;
vSnfhpm;Ekdifonfh twwfynmwdk@. tedrfhqHk; vdktyfcsufrsm;udk &&Sdxm;olrsm;udk qdkvdkonf?
(c) axmifaomif;csDonfh vkyfom;jynfolrsm;. pmemaxmufcH av;pm;r_udk&&Sdonfh ygwD0if
trsm;tjym;ESifh a'oygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. us,fjyef@onfhydkufuGef qdkonfhtydkif; 2 ydkif;jzpf
ygonf?
vDeifu u|efawmf tcdkiftrm ajymcsifwmuawmh (1) wqufwpyfwnf; tquf
rjywfr_udkxdef;odrf;onfh wnf+idrfonfh acgif;aqmiftzGJ@tpnf;r&SdbJ rnfonfhawmfvSefa&;
v_y&f mS ;r_rS cHEidk &f nfr&SEd idk ?f (2) wdu
k yf t
JG wGi;f od@k vlx.
k tvdt
k avsmuf vSrd 0hf ifvmr_ rsm;jym;
vmavav/ TuJhokd@aom tzGJ@tpnf; vdktyfr_u ydkrdkta&;w}uD; tvsifvdktyfavjzpfum/
TtzG@J tpnf;udk ydrk ckd ikd rf matmif wnfaqmuf&avjzpfygvrd rhf nf? (3) TuJo
h @kd aom tzG@J t
pnf;wGif awmfveS af &;vkyif ef;rsm;Y tcsed jf ynfyh g0ifvyk af qmifaeonfo
h rl sm; t"du yg0if &rnf?
(4) oufO;D qHyikd Ef ikd if YH TuJo
h @kd aom tzG@J tpnf;. ygw0D ifciG u
hf kd awmfveS af &; vkyif ef; rsm;wGif
tcsdefjynfhvkyfaqmifae=u+yD;/ EdkifiHa&;ykvdyfrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifenf;rsm;udk tjynfht0 wwfu|rf;

xm;onfh olrsm;tay: Yom ydrk u
kd ef@owfxm;avav/ TuJo
h @kd aom tzG@J tpnf; udk acsre_ ;f
&ef ydrk ckd ufcaJ vjzpf+y;D / (5) v_y&f mS ;r_twGi;f 0ifvmEkid +f y;D wufuo
G nfh vkyif ef;rsm;udk vkyaf qmif
Ekdifrnfh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rS wjcm;vlwef; pm;rsm;. ta&twGuf
txufygusrf;-pmrsufESm-456
ydkrdkrsm;jym;av jzpfvmEdkifygonf? (txuf
-456)
wnfaqmufaeqJ ygwD.vuQ%mESifh if;.tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh qufpyfonfh
tcef;ESihf if;. &nfreS ;f csu/f &nf&,
G cf surf sm;ESihf ywfouf+yD; vDeifu ygwo
D nf tvkyo
f rm;
vlwef;pm;.wyfO;D jzpfoih+f yD;/ tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;v_y&f mS ;r_. OD;aqmiftiftm; jzpfoif+h yD;/
ypPn;f rJrh sm;. vlwef;pm;wdu
k yf EJG iS hf qufpyfaygi;f pyf+yD; !e=f um;oifo
h nf[k ,lqonf? ygw.
D
tqk;H pGe&f nfreS ;f csuu
f awmh t&if;&Sipf epfukd z,f&mS ;+yD;/ qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepfukd wnf axmif&efjzpf
ygonf? vwfwavm&nf&,
G cf suu
f Zmbk&ifpepfukd jzKwfcs+yD; 'Dru
dk a&pDacwfudk wnfaxmif
&efjzpfonf? Zmbk&ifpepfudk t&ifjzKwfrcsbJ t&if;&Sipf epfukd wdu
k zf su&f efrjzpf Ekid o
f nft
h wGuf
vuf&t
dS csed u
f mvwGif ygw.
D t"duwm0efonf tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;ESihf jynfov
l x
l t
k m;
vkH;udk Zmbk&iftpdk;&udk qef@usifwdkufcdkuf&ef/ v_Haqmf&ef/ if;udk qef@usifonfhjynfolrsm;.
awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_ukd jzpfay:wd;k wufap&ef/ if;udk qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepf csw
D uf&mvrf;&Sd yxrESihf
ta&;}uD;onfh twm;tqD; taESmifht,Suftjzpf +zdKcszsufqD;&ef wdk@jzpfygonf?
vDeifu ordik ;f u u|eaf wmfw@kd ukd ,cktcgrmS rnfonfEh ikd if u
H ypPn;f rJrh qdk &ifqikd af e&
onfh vwfwavmwm0efrsm;tm;vH;k xJrS awmfveS af &;tusq;kH aom vwfwavmwm0ef
ESifh &ifqdkifay;vdkufyg+yD? Twm0efudk atmifjrif+yD;ajrmufjcif;/ Oa&my omru (,cktcgwGif
ajymqdkEkdif+yDjzpffonfh) tm&Swdkuf azmufjyefr_rsm;. tiftm;t}uD;qHk; cHwyf}uD;udk zsufqD;
vdkufjcif;wdk@u k&Sm;ypPnf;rJhrsm;udk EdkifiHwum awmfvSefonfhypPnf;rJhrsm;.wyfOD; jzpfvmap
txufygpmapmif ESm-38
vdrfhrnf? (txuf
-38) xdktjyif
u|efawmfwdk@odxm;oifhwmuawmh wpdwfwydkif;awmif;qdkr_rsm;twGuf tpdk;&ESifh
wdkufyGJqifwm/ wpdwfwydkif; tavsmhay;r_ tcGifhta&;&&SdwmawG[m &efoleJ@ ao;i,fwJ@
wdkufyGJav;rsm;/ tjyifuif;pcef;rsm;rSmjzpf&wJh wdkufyGJav;rsm;omjzpf+yD;/ tjywftowf
wdkufyGJw&yfvmvdrfhOD;rnfqdkwmygyJ? u|efawmfwdk@ a&S@rSm &Sdor#aomtiftm;eJ@ &efol.
cHwyf&Sdae+yD;/ u|efawmfwdk@tay: usnfqHrdk;/ tajrmufqHrdk; &GmoGef;aeum/ u|efawmfwdk@.
taumif;qH;k aom wdu
k cf u
kd af &;orm;rsm;udk twH;k tH;k usq;kH apaeygonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd onf
TcHwyfudk odrf;ydkuf&rnf? u|efawmfwdk@onf Ekd;=um;vmaom ypPnf;rJhtiftm;pktm;vHk;udk
k&mS ; awmfveS af &;orm;tm;vH;k ESihf wygww
D nf; aygi;f pyfpnf;H;k um/ k&mS ;&Sd touf&dS k;d om;
oltm;vHk;udk pnf;Hk;qGJaqmifEkdifygu u|efawmfwdk@onf TcHwyfudk odrf;ydkufEkdifygvdrfhrnf?
xdktcsdefrSomv#if k&Sm;tvkyform;awmfvSefa&;orm; jAKtufvufZD,ufAf (Pyotr
Alexeyev) . }uD;jrwfwJhedrdwfzwfcsuf oef;ESifhcsDonfh tvkyform;rsm;. oefrm awmifh
wif;wJhvufrsm; ajrmufwufvm+yD; ppfom;rsm;. vSHpGyfrsm;ESifh apmifh=uyfumuG,f xm;&
onfh tm%m&Sifpepfqdk;onfvnf; r_efr_efnufnufacsjcif;cH&rnfqdkwmvnf; jynfh0 vmyg

txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-59
vdrfhrnf? (txuf
-59)
TonfrmS oufO;D qHyikd f Zmbk&if k&mS ;Y tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;ygwD wnfaqmufa&;
twGuf vDeif.pDrHudef; jzpfygonf?
pD;yGm;a&;0g'rD sm;u vDeif. pDru
H ed ;f udk wdu
k cf u
kd &f ef tenf;i,frS aESmifah ES;jcif; r&Scd yhJ g?
if;wdk@u Zmbk&ifpepfudkqef@usifonfh taxGaxGEdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJonf vlwef;pm;tm;vHk;.
ta&;udpPjzpfaomfvnf; t"durSm "e&Sifrsm;. ta&;jzpf+yD;/ xdk@a=umifh tvkyform;vlwef;
pm;twGuf ta&;w}uD; pdwf0ifpm;p&mrvdk? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf tvkyform;rsm;.
t"dupdwf0ifpm;r_rSm tvkyf&Sifrsm;xHrS vpmjrifha&;/ tvkyftudkif tajctaewdk;wuf
aumif;rGefa&; pojzifh awmif;qdkonfh pD;yGm;a&;wdkufyGJwGifom jzpfaoma=umifhjzpfonf[k
qdk=uygonf? xdk@a=umifh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;. t"duESifh vwfwavm&nf&G,fcsufrSm Zm
bk&ifpepf tay:qef@usifonfh EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJ qifEGJ+yD; Zmbk&ifpepfudk jzKwfcs&ef rjzpfoifhbJ/
tvkyform;rsm;. tvkyf&SifESifh tpdk;&udk qef@usifonfh pD;yGm;a&;wdkufyGJqifEJ&ef
pnf;Hk;vkyfaqmifr_om jzpfoifhonf? tpkd;&udk qef@usifonfh pD;yGm;a&;wdkufyGJqdkonfrSm
ydkrdkaumif;rGefonfh puf&HkOya'rsm;twGuf wdkufyGJ0if&ef qdkvdkonf? pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;u
Tenf;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;wdkufyGJudk,fwdkif EdkifiHa&;vuQ%maqmifvma&; jzpfvmEkdifw,fvdk@
ajymqdkvm=uygonf?
pD;yGm;a&;0g'rD sm;onf tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;. Edik if aH &;ygww
D &yf vkt
d yfru
_ kd ajAmif
qufvuf +ydKifqikd af jymqd&k ef r0Hah wmhyg? od@k aomf olw@kd u if;onf tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;.
OD;aqmiftiftm; rjzpfoifhbJ/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. tvkdtavsmuf ay:vmonfhv_yf
&Sm;r_udk !ef=um;&ef rqdkxm;ESifh 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; rjyKoifhaomfvnf; if;onf Tv_yf
&Sm;r_. Ekd;=um;xuGvmr_udk vdkufvHavhvmum if;rS oifcef;pmrsm; ,loifhonf[k ,lq
onf?
xdk@tjyif pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;u tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif;u todpdwf
"mwf&Sdonfh tiftm;pk. tcef;onfvnf;aumif;/ qdk&S,fvpftodpdwf"mwfESihf qdk&S,fvpf
oabmw&m;. pk;kH v_y&f mS ; !e=f um;OD;aqmifonfh tcef;onfvnf;aumif; rajymyavmuf
a=umif; od@k r[kwf rajymyavmufe;D yg;yif jzpfa=umif;/ qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd &ufrsm;onf tvkyo
f rm;
rsm;. pdw"f mwfukd qd&k ,
S v
f pftodpw
d "f mwftxd rjriw
hf ifoifb
h J qef@usipf mG yif if;wd@k u,
kd f
if;wdk@xdef;ndum tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. omreftqifh odk@r[kwf ydkrdkaemufusonfh
tpdwftydkif;tqifhxd av#mhcsoifha=umif;ESifh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;onf tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;udk qdk&S,fvpftodpdwf"mwfynmay;jcif;udk r}udK;pm;oifhbJ/ tvkyform;vlwef;
pm;. tvkdtavsmuf v_yf&Sm;r_u qdk&S,fvpfpdwf"mwf toda&muf&Sdvmonftxd apmifh
oifha=umif;udk azmfjyajymqdk=uonf?
vDeif. ygwDpnf;Hk;zGJ@pnf;a&;pDrHudef;ESifhywfoufI pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm; u tvkdt

avsmufv_yf&Sm;r_udkqef@usifonfh t=urf;zufvkyf&yfwck eD;yg;r# oabmxm;onf?
tpPu&mowif;pmaumfvrH sm;rSvnf;aumif;/ txl;ojzifh if;. ausm=f um;vSaom
u|efawmfwkd@ bmvkyf=urnfenf; pmtkyfrSvnf;aumif;/ vDeifonf pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;.
Ttcsmiform;tbd"rRmudk tjyif;txef wdkufcdkuf+yD; acsr_ef;vdkufygonf?
(1) vDeifu Zmbk&ifpepfudk qef@usifwdkufcdkufonfh taxGaxGEdkifiHa&;wdkufyJGrS tvkyf
orm;vlwef;pm;udk v$zJ ,f+yD;/ tvky&f iS Ef iS hf tpd;k &qDraS wmif;qdo
k nfh pD;yGm;a&;wdu
k yf w
GJ iG o
f m
if;wd@k .wm0efrsm;udk uef@owfxm;+y;D / wcsed w
f nf;rSm tvky&f iS Ef iS t
hf pd;k &udk e*dt
k wkid ;f xm;jcif;
onf tvkyo
f rm;rsm;udk tqH;k tpr&daS om aus;u|et
f jzpf pD&ifcsucf svu
kd jf cif;omjzpf a=umif;
jyovdu
k o
f nf? tvky&f iS Ef iS hf tpd;k &udk qef@usio
f nft
h vkyo
f rm;rsm;. pD;yGm;a&; wdu
k yf o
GJ nf
if;wd@k .vkyt
f m;udk t&if;&Sirf sm;xHa&mif;cs&mwGif ydrk akd umif;rGeo
f nfh tcsuf tvufrsm;&&S&d ef
qifE$Jonfh tvkyform;or*~wdkufyGJjzpfonf? odk@aomf tvkyform; rsm;onf rdrdwdk@.
vkyt
f m;udk t&if;&Sirf sm;xH a&mif;cs&mwGif ydrk akd umif;rGeo
f nfh tcsuf tvufrsm; &&eftwGuf
wdu
k yf q
GJ ifcsif rHk u if;wd@k vyk t
f m;udk t&if;&Sirf sm;xHa&mif;cs&efEiS hf aoG;pkycf &H efp&D ifxm;onfh
t&if;&Sipf epfuv
kd nf; zsuo
f rd ;f &ef wdu
k yf q
GJ ifv=dk uygonf// od@k aomfvnf; tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;
pm;v_y&f mS ;r_c&D;vrf;udk t&if;&Sipf epf. tdraf pmifah cG; Zmbk&ifpepfu wm;qD;ydwq
f @kd xm;oa&G@
tvkyform;rsm;taeESifh t&if;&Sifpepfudk qef@usifonfh if;wdk@wdkufyJGESifh qdk&S,fvpfpepf
tjynfht0&&eftwGuf if;wdk@.wdkufyJGudk jzpfay: wdk;wuf&ef rjyKEdkifacs? xdk@a=umifh ygwDESihf
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. vwfwavm wm0efrSm c&D;vrf;rS Zmbk&ifpepfudkz,f&Sm;+yD;/
Tenf;jzifh qdk&S,fvpfpepfodk@ oGm;&mvrf;udk &Sif;vif;&efjzpfygonf?
(2) vDeifu tvkyf;orm;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_. tvdktavsmufjzpfpOfudk csD;usL;jcif;/
ygw.
D acgi;f aqmifrt
_ cef;udk jiif;y,fjcif;/ ygw.
D tcef;udk tjzpftysurf sm;. rSww
f rf;wifol
tqifo
h @kd av#mcsjcif;wd@k onf aemuf+rD;qJ0G g'udak [majym&ef ygwu
D kd tvdt
k avsmufjzpfpOf
. aemuf+rD;qGJtjzpfodk@vnf;aumif;/ v_yf&Sm;r_. rwufuGaom tiftm;tjzpfodk@ vnf;
aumif; ul;ajymif;ap+yD;/ tvdt
k avsmuf tjzpftysurf sm;udk pOf;pm;qifjcifEHk iS hf tjzpftysuf
rsm;udk if;wd@k bmomif;wk@d vrf;&SmoGm;a&;udk cGihf ykt
H jzpfom vkyaf qmif&efuo
kd m qdv
k &kd if;
jzpfa=umif; azmfjyvdu
k yf gonf? Tt&mrsm;udk a&S@aevdu
k af jymqdak ejcif;u ygwzD suq
f ;D a&;udk
vkyfae=ujcif;jzpfygonf? qkdvkdwmuawmh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;rSm ygwDr&Sdatmif/ tvkyf
orm;vlwef;pm;rSm vufeufrJhaeatmif vkyfaejcif;omjzpfygonf? ajcqHk;acgif;qHk; vufeuf
wyfqifxm;onfh Zmbk&ifpepfESifh acwfopfpepfrsm;ESifh zJG@pnf;xm;+yD;/ if;wdk@wdkufyJGudk nef
=um;OD;pD;rnfh udk,fykdifygwD&Sdxm;wJh "e&SifuJhodk@aom &efolrsm;eJ@&ifqdkifae&onfh tvkyf
orm;vlwef;pm;udk vufeufrJhatmifvkyfjcif;onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk opPmazmuf
jcif;jzpfonf?/
(3) vDeifu tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. tvdktavsmufv_yf&Sm;r_udk umuG,fjcif;ESifh

todpdwf"mwf/ qdk&S,fvpftodpdwf"mwfESifh qdk&S,fvpfoabmw&m;wdk@. ta&;}uD;r_udk
ao;odraf tmifvyk jf cif;onf yxrtcsuf taeESihf tvif;a&mif&&dS m qGaJ qmifjcif;cH&ouJo
h @dk
todpdwf"mwf&Sdvmonfh tvkyform;rsm;udk apmfum;r_jzpf+yD;/ 'kwd,tcsuftaeESifh ygwD.
tjrifwGif oabmw&m;. wef;zdk;udk av#mhcsvdkufjcif;/ wenf; ygwDukd vuf&Sdtajctae
ukdem;vnfap+yD; tem*wfukd}udKwifjrifEkdifap&efulnDcJhonfh ud&d,mukd wefzkd;av#mhcsvkduf
jcif;jzpfum/ wwd, tcsuftaeESifh tacsmif0g'n$efwGif;udk vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm; jyKjyifajymif;
vJvdk@r&atmif epfjrKyfoGm;a&;wdk@twGufomjzpfa=umif; jyqdkvdkufonf?
vDeifu awmfvSefwJhoabmw&m;r&SdbJ awmfvSefwJhv_yf&Sm;r_r&SdEkdif -- wyfOD;
wdkufcdkufa&;orm;. tcef;udk a&S@wef;ta&mufqHk; oabmw&m;. OD;aqmifr_&Sdonfh ygwD
vDeifvufa&G;pOfusrf;/ t*Fvdyf bmom/
w&yfuomv#if jznfq
h nf;Ekid af yvdrrhf nf vd@k qckd yhJ gonf? (vD
armfpudk 47/ twGJ1/ pmrsufESm 163-164
163-164)
(4) vDeifu pDyGm;a&;0g'Drsm;u qdkS,fvpftawG;tac:[m tvkyform;vlwef;pm;.

tvdktavsmufv_yf&Sm;r_rS ay:aygufvmEdkifw,fvdk@ ajymqdkaewJhtcsdefrSm olwdk@[m tvkyf
orm;vlwef;pm;udk vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;aejcif;jzpfa=umif; jyovdkufygonf? trSefrSm qdk
&S,fvpftawG;tac:rSm tvkdtavsmufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rS ay:aygufjcif;r[kwfbJ/ ody`HynmrS
ay:xGufjcif;a=umifh jzpfygonf// tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk qdk&S,fvpf todpdwf"mwfoGif;
ay;jcif;. vdt
k yfru
_ kd jiif;qdjk cif;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;0g'rD sm;onf "e&Sit
f awG;tac:twGuf vrf;
&Sif;ay;+yD;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;t=um; TtawG;tac:wifoGif;&ef ysH@ESH@ap&ef vG,ful
acsmarmap+y;D / tusKd ;quftm;jzifh tvkyo
f rm; vlwef;pm;v_y&f mS ;r_EiS hf qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepf t=um;
yl;aygif;r_. t}uH^m%fudk jrKyfESHypfvkduf+yD;/ Tenf;jzifh "e&Sifrsm;udk ulnDvkduf ygonf?
vDeifu tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_. tvkdtavsmufjzpfr_tay: udk;uG,fr_tm;vkH; t
odpdwf"mwftiftm;. tcef;/ qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwD. tcef;udk ao;odrfatmifvkyfr_
tm;vkH;onf ao;odrfatmifvkyfolrsm;u }udKufESpfoufonfjzpfap/ r}udKufonfjzpfap
'gawGe@J vk;H 0rqdik b
f J tvkyo
f rm;rsm;t=um; "e&Sit
f awG;tac:*,ufrsm; tiftm;}uD;vm
txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-173
atmifvkyfaqmifjcif;omjzpfonf? [kqdkonf? (txuf
-173)
xdktjyifqufvuf+yD; a&G;p&mwckwnf;ygbJ? "e&SiftawG;tac:vm; (odk@r[kwf)
qdk&S,fvpf tawG;tac:vm;? tv,fvrf;r&Sdyg? xdka=umifh rnfonfhenf;ESifh jzpfjzpf/
qdk&S,fvpftawG;tac:udk ao;odrfatmifvkyfjcif;/ if;rS tenf;i,fav;r# vSnfhvdkufjcif;
txufygpmapmif/ pmrsuf
onf "e&Sif tawG;tac:udk tiftm;}uD;atmifvkyfjcif;jzpfonf? (txuf
ESm-174/ 175
175)
(5) pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;. TtrSm;rsm;udk aygif;csKyf+yD;aemuf/ vDeifu if;wdk@onf

tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk t&if;&SifpepfrS vGwfajrmufaprnfh vlr_awmfvSefa&;ygwDw&yfudk
vdkcsifwmr[kwfbJ vlr_jyKjyifa&; ygwDw&yfudkom vdkcsifwmjzpfa=umif; ed*kH;csKyfay;vdkuf

ygonf? TuJhodk@aomygwDrsKd;onf t&if;&Sifpepf xdef;odrf;a&;udk }udKwif,lqxm;+yD;/ t
usKd;quftm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;onf ypPnf;rJhrsm;. tajccHtusKd;pD;yGm;udk opPmazmuf
onfh jyKjyifa&;orm;rsm;om jzpfayawmhonf?
(6) aemufqkH;taeESifh vDeifu pD;yGm;a&;0g'onf k&Sm;Y rawmfwqay:xGufvm
onfh udpPr[kwfbJ pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;tay: "e&Sif=oZm vGrf;
rdk;vmr_omjzpf+yD;/ if;wdk@onf taemufOa&my qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwDrsm;rS vlyk*~dKvfjyefvnf
jyifqifa&;orm;rsm;/ tacsmiform; bef@pwde;f . aemufvu
kd rf sm;ESihf yl;aygi;f r[mrdwjf yKxm;
a=umif;jyovkdufygonf? taemufOa&my qkd&S,f'Drkdua&pDygwDrsm;rSm tacsmiform;wdrf;
apmif;r_rsm;u tiftm;omvGefae+yD;/ rmhufpfudk vGwfvyfpGma0zefEdkifcGifh awmif;qdkcsufESifh
rmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;udk jyefvnfjyifqif&efawmif;qdkvm=uonf// (xdk@a=umifh jyef
vnfjyifqifa&;0g' trnfwiG o
f nf?) awmfveS af &;qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepfEiS hf ypPn;f rJt
h m%m&Sif pepf
wdk@udkpGef@v$wf&ef awmif;qkdvm=uonf? vDeifu k&Sm; pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm; onf awmf
vSefa&;wkdufyGJ/ qkd&S,fvpfpepfESifh ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepfukd pGef@v$wfa&;qdkonfh wlnDonfh
ay:vpDudkvdkufaea=umif; jyqdkvdkufygonf//
Tt&mrsm;onf vDeifu u|efawmfwdk@ bmvkyf=urnfenf; wGif &Sif;vif;jyo
xm;onfh t"du oabmw&m;a&;&mrlrsm; jzpfygonf// Tpmtkyf tus,ftjyef@ jzef@csdEdkif
r_a=umifh k&mS ; qdk ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pDygw.
D 'kw,
d t}udru
f eG *f &ufumv/ xdpk mtkyf ykEH ydS x
f w
k f a0+yD;/
wESpftwGif; (pmtkyfudk 1902-rwfvwGif xkwfa0onf) pD;yGm;a&;0g'. tawG;
tac:a&;&m&yfwnfr_ESifh ywfouf+yD; rESpf+rddK@zG,f owd&p&mtcsuftjzpfuvGJvdk@ bmrS
ruse&f adS wmhbJ pDymG ;a&;0g'D vd@k tac:cH&jcif;udk ygw0D ifxt
k rsm;pku apmfum;csuw
f &yfv@kd
oabmxm;vm=uygawmhonf? TonfrmS pD;yGm;a&;0g'twGuf tacsmiform;0g'/ aemuf+rD;
qGJ0g'/ tvkdtavsmuf0g'wdk@twGuf tawG;tac:a&;&m tjynfht0 &_H;edrfhr_yifjzpfonf//
vDeif. u|efawmfwdk@ bmvkyf=urnfenf; pmtkyf.xl;jcm;csufrsm;rSm Tr#ruyg?
Tausm=f um;vSonfh pmtky.
f orkid ;f 0ifx;l jcm;csurf sm;uawmh atmufyg tcsurf sm;jzpf+yD;/
if;wd@k wiG f vDeifu1? rmhufpf0g' tawG;tac:ordkif;wGif yxrqHk;t}udrftjzpf tacsmiform;0g'onf
t&if;cHtm;jzifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. tvdktavsmufv_yf&Sm;r_tay: udk;uG,fr_ESifh
tvkyform; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; qdk&S,fvpftodpdwf"mwftcef;udk ao;odrfatmifvkyfr_wdk@
yg0ifa=umif;jyoum tacsmiform;0g'. tawG;tac: a&aomufjrpfukd &Si;f vif;pGm jyovdu
k f
ygonf?
2? tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;. tvkt
d avsmufvy_ &f mS ;r_ukd awmfveS af &;qefa&;ESihf vrf;
!eaf &;wd@k wiG f oabmw&m;/ todpw
d "f mwfEiS hf ygw.
D }uD;rm;vSonfh ta&;ygru
_ kd azmfxw
k f
vdkufonf?
3? rmhufpf0g'ygwDw&yfonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh qdkS,fvpfpepfwdk@.

aygif;pyfr_w&yf jzpfonfqdkaom tajccHrmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;w&yfudk ajymifajrmufpGm
oufaojyonf?
4? rmhufpf0g'ygwDw&yf. tawG;tac:a&;&mtajccHtcsufrsm;udk xl;jcm;ajymif
ajrmufpGm &Sif;vif;jyqdkvdkufonf?
u|efawmfwdk@ bmvkyf=urnfenf;wGif tao;pdwf&Sif;vif;cJhaom oabmw&m;a&;
&mcH,lcsufrsm;rSm aemifwGif abmf&SDApfygwD. tawG;tac:a&;&mtajccHtkwfjrpf jzpfvmyg
onf?
TuJhodk@aom oabmw&m;a&;&m uG,f0r_rsm;ESifh tpPu&monf vDeif.
ygwDwnfaqmufa&; pDrHudef;twGuf if;.tiftm;pkrsm;udk pnf;Hk;&eftwGuf 'kwd,t}udrf
ygwDuGef*&ufac:&eftwGuf awmfvSefonfh qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDtwGufESifh pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;
jyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm;rsm;ESihf trsK;d rsK;d aom tacsmiform;rsm;udk qe@u
f si&f eftwGuf }u;D rm;
us,fjyef@onfh wdkufyGJrsm;udk jzpfay:wdk;yGm;apEkdif+yD; wu,fvnf; jzpfay:apcJhygonf?
tpPu&maqmif&u
G cf surf sm;twGi;f ta&;}uD;qH;k vkyaf qmifcsurf mS ygw.
D vkyif ef;
pOfa&;qJGjcif;jzpfygonf? tvkyform;ygwD. vkyfief;pOfrSm u|efawmfwdk@od=uonfhtwdkif;
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ. &nf&G,fcsufESifh&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk wdkwdkwkwfwkwfESifh ody`H
enf;us yHak zmfxm;onfh a=unmcsujf zpfonf? vkyif ef;pOfonf ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &; v_y&f mS ;r_.
tqH;k pGeyf ef;wdik u
f akd &m/ tqH;k pGeyf ef;wdik af tmifjrifa&;twGuf csw
D uf&mvrf;wav#muf ygwu
D
awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifonfh awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udka&m t"dy`m,fazmf&Sif;vif;&onf? xdk@a=umifh
vkyfief;pOfa&;qJGa&;onf xdyfwef;ta&;}uD;jy\emw&yfjzpfygonf?
vkyfief;pOfa&;qJGaepOf tpPu&m. t,f'DwmbkwftzGJ@twGif; vDeifu wzufESifh
yvufuaemhAfESihf tjcm;bkwftzGJ@0ifrsm;uwzuf }uD;rm;pGm oabmxm;uGJvGJr_ ay:ayguf
vmonf? TuGv
J rJG r_ sm;ESihf tjiif;tcHrk sm;u vDeifEiS hf yvufuaemhAt
f =um; vH;k 0jywfawmuf
vkrwwfjzpfvmygawmhonf? odk@aomf jy\emrsm;onf xdktcsdefu xdyftxd wufrvm
ao;yg? vkyif ef;pOfr=l urf;wGif ypPn;f rJt
h m%m&Sipf epf.
f ta&;}uD;qH;k pmyk'Ef iS hf awmfveS af &;wGif
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. acgif;aqmifr_tcef;tay: &Sif;vif;onfh azmfjycsufrsm; xnfhoGif;
yg0ifa&;udk vDeifu t&,lvdkufygonf?
vkyfief;pOf. ajr,mydkif;wckvHk;udkvnf; vDeifyJ a&;qJGcJhygonf? xdktcsdefuwnf;uyif
vDeifu ajr,mjynfolydkifvkyfa&;udk oabmus+yD;jzpfaomfvnf; wdkufyGJ. yxrtqihfwGif
v,form;rsm;. vGwfajrmufa&;umvu ajr&Sifrsm; jzwfawmuf,liifxm;onfh tdkx
&ufpuDrsm;udk v,form;rsm;jyefay;a&; awmif;qdkr_jyKvkyf&ef vdktyfonf[k ,lqonf?
yvufuaemhAfu ajr,mjynfolydkifvkyfa&;awmif;qdkcsufudkqef@usifonfh ygwDvrf;pOftay:
vDeifESifh yvufuaemhAfwdk@. jiif;ckHr_rsm;onf abmf&SDApfESifh rif&SDApfrsm;t=um; tem*wf
uGJjym;jcm;em;csufrsm;udk wpHkw&maomtwdkif;twmxd qHk;jzwfay;cJhygonf?
3? k&Sm; qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDvkyfom;ygwD. 'kwd,uGef*&ufvrf;pOfESifh pnf;urf;twnfjyK

csufrsm;ESifh wckwnf;aomygwDwnfaxmifjcif;? uGef*&ufwGifoabmuJGvGJr_ESifh ygwDwGif;
vrf;ESpfoG,fay:aygufvmjcif;/ abmf&DSApfESifh rif&SDApfrsm;?
TuJhodk@aomenf;jzifh vDeif.rl0g'atmifyJGrsm;ESifh vDeif.pnf;kH;a&;pDrHudef;twGuf
tpPu&m qifEGJcJhaom atmifjrifonfhwdkufyJGrsm;u ygwDw&yfodk@r[kwf xdktcsdefu
ajymavh&Sd onfh wu,fhygwDppfw&yfxlaxmif&ef vdktyfonfht"du ta=umif;tcsuftm;
vkH;udk o,faqmifay;cJhygonf? k&Sm;qdk&S,f'Drkdua&pD tzJG@tpnf;rsm;t=um; tpPu&m
vrf;pOfu tay:pD;&oGm;ygonf? 'kwd,t}udrfuGef*&ufudk ,cktcg ac:qdkusif;yEdkifyg+yD//
R.S.D.L.P . 'kwd,uGef*&ufudk 1903ckESpf/ Zlvdkif 17 &uf (jyuQ'deftopf 30 &uf)
rSm zGifhvSpfcJhonf? EdkifiHjcm;Y v#Kd@0Sufusif;ycJhonf? b&yfqJvfwGif yxr aqG;aEG;yGJxdkif
aomfvnf; b,fvf*sD,Hykvdyfrsm;u udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk wdkif;jynfrSxGufcGm&ef awmif;yef
=uonf? xdkrS vef'efodk@a&$ajymif;+yD; uGef*&ufudkusif;ycJhonf// tzGJ@tpnf; 26 ckudk
udk,fpm;jyKonfh udk,fpm;vS,f pkpkaygif;av;q,fhokH;a,muf uGef*&ufY pka0;cJhonf? aumfr
wDwkdif;u udk,fpm;vS,f ESpfa,muf apv$wfcGifh&Sdaomfvnf; wcsKd@u wa,mufom apv$wf
onf? udk,fpm;vS,f 43 OD;u 51 rJay;cGifh&Sdonf? uGef*&uf.t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm
tpPu&mwGif wifoGif;azmfjy+yD; tao;pdwf&Sif;vif;xm;onfhrlrsm;ESifh pnf;kH;a&;tajccH
vD e if v uf a &G ; pif f u srf ;
ay:wG i f wu,f h p pf r S e f a om ygwD w &yf x l a xmif a &; jzpf o nf ? (vD
t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk- 47-twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm 273 )
uGef*&uf. zGJ@pnf;r_rSm trsKd;rsKd;tpm;pm; a&maESmaeygonf? twdtvif; pD;yGm;

a&;0g'rD sm;rSm olw@kd ;H_ edrx
hf m;r_a=umifh wufciG rhf &=uyg// od@k aomfvnf; xdt
k csed rf pS +yD; olw@kd .
tjrifrsm;udk tvGefu|rf;usifpGm ykHzsufxm;EdkifonfhtwGuf olwdk@udk,fpm;vS,f tajrmuf
tjrm;udk uGef*&ufodk@cdk;oGif;EdkifcJhygonf? xdk@tjyif bef;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rSmvnf; pD;yGm;
a&;0g'Drsm; ESifh uGJvGJr_rSm tay:,Homjzpf+yD; olwdk@onf wu,fhtppftrSefrSmawmh pD;yGm;
a&;0g'Drsm;udk axmufcH=uonf? xdk@a=umifh uGef*&ufodk@ tpPu&m axmufcHolrsm;om
ru/ if;&efolrsm;vnf; wufa&mufcJhygonf? ukd,fpm;vS,frS trsm;pk 33 a,mufu
tpPu&m axmufcHolrsm; jzpfygonf? odk@aomf rdrdudk,frdrd tpPu&m0g'D[k ,lqxm;ol
tm;vkH;onfvnf; wu,fppfrSefonfh vDeif0g'D/ tpPu&m0g'Drsm; r[kwf=uyg? udk,fpm;
vS,frsm;twGif; tpktrsm;tjym;uGJaeygonf? vDeifudkaxmufcHolrsm; odk@r[kwf ckdifrm
onfhtpPu&m0g'Drsm;u 24 rJ/ tpPu&m0g'D udk;a,mufu rmhawmhAf (Martov) udk axmuf
cH+yD;/ if;wdk@[m rwnf+idrfonfh tpPu&m0g'Drsm;jzpfygonf? wcsKd@udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf
tpPu&mESifh if;.&efolrsm;t=um; awGa0,drf;,dkifae+yD;/ if;wkd@rSm 10 rJjzpfum A[dkjzpf
aeygonf// tpPu&mudk ajAmifqef@usifolu &SpfrJ (pD;yGm;a&;0g'D -okH;OD;/ bef;0g'D-ig;OD;) jzpfyg
onf? tpPu&m0g'rD sm;t=um; uG+J yJru
_ tpPu&m. &eforl sm;udk tay:pD;&aapvdu
k yf gonf?
xdka=umifh uGef*&ufwGif tajctaersm; rnfr#_yfaxG;aernfudk awG@jrifEdkifygonf//

vDeifonf tpPu&matmifyGJ&a&; twGuf tm;oGefcGefpkduf ud;yrf;vkyfaqmifcJhygonf//
tpDtpOftwGif; ta&;}uD;qkH;jy\emuawmh ygwDvrf;pOfcsrSwfa&;ygyJ? vrf;pOfaqG;
aEG;yJGrsm;twGif; uGef*&uf. tacsmiform;tkyfpk. uef@uGufcsufawG ay:aygufcJhonfh t
"dutcsufuawmh ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepfjy\emygbJ? uGef*&uftwGif; tacsmiform;
rsm;u awmfveS af &;*d%
k o
f m;rsm;ESihf oabmrwlEikd o
f nfh wjcm;vrf;pOftcsut
f csK@d vnf; &Syd g
ao;onf? odk@aomfvnf; olwdk@u ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepfjy\em tay:rSmom t"du
wdkufcdkuf&ef qkH;jzwf=u+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwD tcsKd@. vrf;pOfrSmypPnf;rJh tm%m
&Sifpepfpmydk'frygbl;qkdonfh ta=umif;jy+yD;/ xkda=umifh &S&Sm;qkd&S,f'Drkdu&uf ygwD.vrf;pOf
rSmvnf; rxnfhbJxm;vkd@ &onf[kqdk=uonf//
tacsmiform;rsm;u ygwDvrf;pOfwGif ajr,mjy\emawmif;qdkcsufrsm; xnfhoGif;
a&;ukdvnf; qef@usifuef@uGufygonf? Tvlrsm;onf awmfvSefa&;udk rvdkcsifolrsm;jzpf
=uonf? xdk@a=umifh olwdk@onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. r[mrdwfv,form;xkESifh
cyfuif;uif;aevkd=u+yD; if;wkdtay:rSmvnf; rdwfaqGozG,f oabmrxm;EdkifcJhyg?
bef;0g'Drsm;eJ@ ydkvefqdk&S,f'Drkdu&ufrsm;u trsKd;om;rsm;. udk,fydkifqkH;jzwfcGifhudk qef@
usiu
f ef@uu
G o
f nf// vDeifonf tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;udk trsK;d om;a&;zdEySd rf u
_ kd qef@usi&f ef
t+rJynmay;cJhonf? vrf;pOfwGif Tawmif;qdkcsuf xnfhoGif;r_udk qef@usifuef@uGufr_onf
ypPn;f rJEh ikd if w
H um0g'udk pGe@f vw
$ w
f meJ@w+l y;D / trsK;d om;zdEydS af &;twGuf }u&H mygjzpf apygvrd rhf nf/
vDeifonf Tuef@uGufcsuftm;vHk;ukd tvsiftjref acsr_ef;vkdufonf?
uGef*&ufu tpPu&m wifoGif;onfh vrf;pOfukd vufcHtwnfjyKvkdufonf?
Tvrf;pOfwGif tykdif; 2 ykdif; yg&Sdygonf? tjrifhqHk;vrf;pOfESifh tedrfhqHk;vrf;pOf[lI
jzpfygonf? tjrifhqHk;vrf;pOfrSm tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ygwD. t"du &nf&G,fcsufjzpf+yD;/
qkdvkdonfrSm qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; t&if;&Siftm%mukd wGef;vSef+zdKcsa&;ESifh ypPnf;rJh
tm%m&Sifpepf xlaxmifa&;wkd@jzpfygonf? tedrfhqHk;vrf;pOfrSm ygwD. vwfwavm &nf&G,f
csufrsm;jzpf+yD; t&if;&Sifpepfr+zdKcsrDESifh ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepfukd rwnfaxmifrDrSm &Ekdifrnfh
&nf&G,fcsufjzpf+yD; qkdvkdonfrSm Zmbk&if oufOD;qHykdiftkyfpkd;r_ukd wGef;vSefa&;/ 'Drkdua&pD
orRwEkdifiH xlaxmifa&;/ tvkyfcsdef wae@ 8 em&D owfrSwfay;a&;/ aus;vufrsm;&Sd aus;u|ef
pepf tuGif;tuseftm;vHk; udk zsufodrf;ypfa&;/ v,form;rsm;ukd ajrykdif&Sifrsm; jzwf,lxm;
onfh jzwfpajrrsm; jyefay;a&; pwmrsm;jzpfygonf?
r=umrDrmS yif abmf&ADS pfrsm;u jzwfpajrrsm; (tkx
d &ufpuD) jyefay;a&; awmif;qkcd suu
f dk
ajr,mtm;vHk;odrf;a&; awmif;qdkcsufESifh tpm;xkd;vkdufonf?
'kwd,uGef*&ufu vufcHtwnfjyKvkdufonfh vrf;pOfonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;
ygwD. awmfvSefaomvrf;pOfjzpfygonf?
Tvrf;pOfonf ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &; atmifycJG +H yD;aemuf usi;f yum vrf;pOfopf a&;qGJ
cJhonfh trt}udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufumvtxd wnf&SdcJhonf?
vrf;pOfukd vufcHtwnfjyK+yD;aemuf 'kwd,t}udrf ygwDuGef*&ufonf ygwD0if pnf;
urf; rl=urf;aqG;aEG;&ef qufvufusif;yonf? ,cktcg uGef*&ufu vrf;pOfcsrSwf+yD;jzpfI
ygwDwGif; tawG;tac:a&;&m nDnGwfa&;twGuf tkwfjrpfcs+yD;jzpfum ygwDpnf;urf;rsm;
csrSwf&efvnf; vkdtyfvmygonf? okd@rSomv#if tpkrsm;. taysmfwrf;qefr_ESifh usOf;ajrmif;
onfhtjrifrsm; pnf;Hk;a&;&m rnDnGwfr_ESifh ygwDwGif; wif;usyfonfh pnf;urf;r&Sdr_ukd tqHk;
owfapEkid yf gvrd rhf nf?
vrf;pOfcsrSwfa&;wGif E_dif;,SOfcsuft& tqifajyacsmarG@oGm;aomfvnf; ygwDpnf;urf;
rsm;eJ@ ywfoufIrl uGe*f &ufwiG f jyif;xefonfh oabmuGv
J rJG r_ sm; ay:ayguv
f mygonf? tjyif;
xefqHk;aom uGJvGJcsufrSm ygwD0ifrsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh ygwDpnf;urf; yxrykd'f a&;om;&m
rSm ay:aygufcJhygonf? rnfolonf ygwD0ifjzpf&rnfenf;? ygwD. zGJ@pnf;yg0ifr_onf rnfokd@
jzpf&rnfenf;? ygwD. pnf;Hk;a&;&m taetxm;onf rnfokd@jzpf&rnfenf;? wckwnf;/
wvHk;wpnf;wnf;vm;? okd@r[kwf yHkyef;omef twdtusr&SdwJh[mrsdK;vm;? ponfrsm;rSm
ygwDpnf;urf; yxrykd'fESifh qufpyf+yD; ay:aygufvmonfh jy\emrsm; jzpfygonf? rwlonfh
yHkpH 2 ck ,SOf+ydKifcJhygonf? vDeifyHkpHukd yvufuaemhAfESifh ckdifrmaom tpPu&m0g'Drsm;u
axmufcHcJh=u+yD;/ rm;awmhAfyHkpHukd tZmva&mh/ ZmZlvpfcsf/ rwnf+idrfonfh tpPu&m0g'Drsm;/
xa&mhpuD (Trotsky) ESihf uGe*f &uf. ajymiftwdtvif; tacsmiform; tm;vH;k u axmuf
cHcJhonf?
vDeifyHkpHt&qkdv#if ygwD.vrf;pOfukd vufcH+yD; ygwDukd aiGa&;a=u;a&; axmufyHhwm/
if;. tzG@J tpnf;wckcw
k iG f yg0ifaeolom ygw0D ifciG &hf onf? rm;awmhAf yHpk t
H &qkad omf ygw.
D
vrf;pOfukd vufcHjcif;ESifh ygwDukd aiGa&;a=u;a&;t& axmufyHhjcif;onf ygwD0ifwa,mufjzpf
a&;. r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfaom ta=umif;tcsufw&yftjzpf vufcHaomfvnf; ygwD0ifwa,muf
onf ygwD. tzGJ@tpnf;wckckwGif yg0if&rnfqkdonfh tcsufukdvufrcHbJ ygwD0ifwa,muf
tzkd@ ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;wckwGif rvJraoG yg0if&rnfrSm rvkdtyf[k qkdvm=uonf?
vDeifu ygwDukd wpkwpnf;wnf;&Sdaom wyfzGJ@tjzpf oabmxm;um wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;
onf ygwDwGif rdrdukd,fudk,frdrd pm&if;oGif;Hkr#jzifh rjzpfEkdifbJ/ ygwDtzGJ@tpnf; wckckrSwqifh
ygwDokd@ 0ifcGihfjyK&rSmjzpf+yD;/ xkd@a=umifh ygwD. pnf;urf;ukd vkdufem&rnf[k oabmxm;
owfrSwfygonf? wzufwGif rm;awmhAfu ygwDukd pnf;Hk;a&;t& yHkyef;omef twdtus
r&So
d nfh t&mwckuo
hJ @dk oabmxm;um/ if;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf rdru
d ,
dk rf rd d ygww
D iG f pm&if;oGi;f
rSwfyHkwif&rnf? xkd@a=umifh if;wkd@onf ygwD. pnf;urf;udk vkdufem&ef rvkdtyfHkr#ru
ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;wckckwGif yg0ifzkd@vnf; rvkdacs?
Tenf;jzifh rm;awmhAf.ykHpHonf vDeif.ykHpHESifhrwlbJ/ rwnf+idrfonfh/ ypPnf;rJhr[kwf
onfh/ tpdwftydkif;rsm;twGuf ygwDwHcg;udk zGifhay;vdkufouJhodk@ jzpfygonf? "e&Sif'Drdkua&pD
awmfvSefa&; t}udKumvwGif "e&Sifynmwwfrsm;t=um;Y awmfvSefa&;tay: c%wjzKwf

pmem axmufco
H rl sm;&Scd yhJ gonf? wcgw&HwiG v
f nf; if;wd@k onf ygwt
D wGuf wm0efav;rsm;
udkyif xrf;aqmif+yD; aumif;r_jyK=uygonf? odk@aomf Todk@aomolrsm;onf tzGJ@tpnf;
w&yfodk 0ifjcif;/ ygwDpnf;urf;emcHjcif;/ ygwDwm0efxrf;aqmifjcif;ESifhtwl yl;wGJvmonfh
pGefpm;&r_rsKd;udk &ifqdkifjcif;rsm;wGif yg0ifjcif;r&Sdyg? odk@aomf rm;awmhAfESifh wjcm; rif&SDApfrsm;
onf TuJhodk@aom olrsm;udk ygwD0iftjzpfowfrSwf&efESifh ygwDa&;&mrsm;wGif yg0ifv$rf;rdk;
Edkifa&;twGuf tcGifhta&;rsm;ay;tyf&ef awmif;qdk=uonf? oydwfrsm;twGif; qdk&S,fvpf
r[kwo
f rl sm;/ rif;rJrh sm;ESihf qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;vnf; yg0ifcahJ omfvnf;/ if;wd@k u
oydwfxJyg0ifolwdkif;udk ygwDwGif 0ifcGifhay;&rnf[kawmif awmif;qdkvmygonf?
xdk@a=umifh uGef*&ufwGif vDeifESifh vDeif aemufvdkufrsm;u wdkufyGJqifcJhonfh wdusSif;
vif;pGm azmfjyxm;onfh pnf;H;k a&;ESihf A[dOk ;D pD;r_&o
dS nfh wdu
k pf w
d cf u
kd pf w
d Ef iS hf wufuGonfyh gwD
w&yftpm; rm;awmhAf0g'Drsm;u oA&emrfaygif;pyf[yfxm;onfh avsmh&davsmh&J yHkomef
twdtusr&SdonfhygwDw&yfudkvdkcsifcJh+yD;/ TuJhodk@aomygwDonf wjcm;ta=umif;rsm;
a=umifhr[kwfawmif trsKd;rsKd;tpm;pm; pyf[yfxm;r_a=umifh cdkifrmwJhpnf;urf;ESifh wufuG
v_yf&Sm;rnfhygwDw&yfawmh rjzpfEkdifyg?
cdkifrmonfh tpPu&m0g'Drsm;xJrS rwnf+idrfonfh tpPu&m0g'Drsm; cGJxGuf+yD;/ A[dk0g'D
rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;um/ twdtvif; tacsmiform;rsm;uvJ yl;aygif;vmonfhtwGuf Ttcsuf
ay:wGif rm;awmhAfu tay:pD;&oGm;ygonf? 28 rJ/ 22 rJ ysufuGuf 1 rJESifh uGef*&ufonf
rm;awmhAf. pnf;urf;csufrsm;. yxrydk'fyHkpHudk vufcHtwnfjyKvdkuf&ygonf?
pnf;urf;csufrsm;. yxrykd'ftay: tpPu&m0g'Drsm;t=um; tuGJt+yJay:aygufvm+yD;
aemuf uGef*&uftwGif;wdkufyGJonf ydkrdkIyif onf;oefjyif;xefvmonf? uGef*&ufonf
aemufq;kH tpDtpOfjzpfaom ygw.
D acgi;f aqmifrt
_ zG@J tpnf;/ ygw.
D A[dt
k mabmf (tpPu&m)
. t,f'DwmbkwftzGJ@ESifh A[dkaumfrwDa&G;cs,fa&;odk@a&muf&Sdvmygonf? odk@aomfvnf;
a&G;aumufyrJG wdik rf D tiftm;pkrsm;. taetxm;udk ajymif;vJaponfh wcsK@d tjzpftysurf sm;
ay:aygufcJhonf?
ygw.
D pnf;urf;rsm;ESiq
hf ufpyf+yD; uGe*f &ufonf bef;wd@k .jy\emudk ajz&Si;f &yg onf?
bef;wdk@u ygwDtwGif; tqifhae&mudk awmif;qdk=uonf? if;wdk@udk k&Sm;&Sd *sL; tvkyf
orm;rsm;. wOD;wnf;aom udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf todtrSwfjyKay;&ef awmif;qdkvmonf?
Tawmif;qdkcsufudkvdkufavsmygu ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;udk vlrsKd;t
vdkufcGJjcm;&efESifh tvkyform;rsm; bHkydkifqdkifonfh vlwef;pm;tzGJ@tpnf;udk pGefv$wf&efqdk
onfo
h abm oufa&mufomG ;Ekid o
f nf? uGe*f &ufu bef;wd@k wifjyonfh trsK;d om;a&;tvdu
k f
tzGJ@tpnf;pepfudky,fcsonf? xdk@a=umifh bef;wdk@ uGef*&ufrSxGufcGmoGm;onf? uGef*&ufu
pD;yGm;a&;0g'rD sm;. Edik if jH cm;tzG@J csKyfukd Edik if jH cm;&Syd gw.
D ud,
k pf m;vS,t
f jzpf todtrSwjf yK&ef
jiif;qdkaomtcg pD;yGm;a&;0g'D ESpfOD;vnf; uGef*&ufrS xGufoGm;jyefonf?
T tacsmiform; (7) a,muf xGufoGm;jcif;u uGef*&uf&Sd tiftm;csdefcGifnmwGif

vDeiftwGuf ta&;omoGm;apygonf?
tpuwnf;u vDeifonf ygwD. A[dktpnf;tHk;rsm; zGJ@pnf;a&;twGuf tmHkpdkufcJh
ygonf? olu A[dkaumfrwDonf }uHhcdkif+yD;nD!Gwfonfh awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESihf zGJ@pnf;zdk@
vdt
k yfonf[,
k q
l onf? rm;awmhA0f g'rD sm;u A[dak umfrwDwiG f rwnf+ird o
f nfh tacsmiform;
tpdwftydkif;rsm; v$rf;rdk;&&Sda&;twGuf }udK;yrf;=uonf? Tjy\emay:wGif uGef*&uf&Sd
trsm;pku vDeifudk axmufcHcJh=uonf? a&G;aumufcHvdkuf&onfh A[dkaumfrwDwGif vDeif
aemufvdkufrsm; yg0ifvmonf?
vDeifwifjycsuft& vDeif/ yvufuaemhAfESifh rm;awmhAfwdk@udk tpPu&m. t,f'Dwm
bkwftzGJ@tjzpf a&G;aumufcJh=uonf? rm;awmhAfu ,ciftpPu&mt,f'DwmbkwftzJG@0if 6
OD;pvHk;udk a&G;aumuf&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? if;wdk@trsm;pkrSm rm;awmhAf aemufvkdufrsm;jzpf
onf? Tawmif;qdck suu
f kd uGe*f &uf. trsm;pku y,fcsco
hJ nf? vDeif wifjyonfh oH;k OD; udo
k m
a&G;aumufcJhonf? xdktcg rm;awmhAfu A[dk.tmabmf t,f'DwmbkwftzGJwGif rdrd
ryg0ifEkdif[k a=unmcJhonf?
xdt
k csed rf pS I uGe*f &ufa&G;aumufyw
JG iG f rJtrsm;pk&&Scd o
hJ nfh vDeif.aemufvu
dk rf sm;udk
d nfh vDeifqef@usib
f ufrsm;
abmf&ADS pfrsm; (Bolshinstvo-trsm;pk) [k ac:=u+yD; rJtenf;pk&&So
udk rif&SDApfrsm; (Menshinstvo-tenf;pk) [kac:onf?
'kwd,uGef*&uf.vkyfief;udk aygif;csKyfoHk;oyfygu atmufazmfjyyged*Hk;csKyfcsufrsm;udk
&&SEd ikd yf gonf?
1? uGef*&ufonf pD;yGm;a&;0g'tay:ESifh ajAmiftacsmif0g'tay: rmhufpf0g'.
atmifyGJudk twnfjyKay;vdkufonf?
2? uGef*&ufonf vrf;pOfESifhpnf;urf;rsm;udk twnfjyKvkduf+yD;/ qdk&S,f'Drdku&uf
wpfygwu
D zkd efw;D um Tenf;jzifh wckwnf;aom ygw.
D abmifukd wnfaqmufay;vdu
k o
f nf?
3? uGef*&ufu pnf;Hk;a&;jy\emrsm;tay: }uD;rm;av;eufonfh uGJvGJcsufrsm;wnf
&Sdaer_udk azmfxkwfvdkuf+yD;/ ygwDwGif abmf&SDApfESifh rif&SDApf[laom*dk%f; 2 *dk%f;uGJjym;oGm;+yD;/
abmf&SDApfrsm;u awmfvSefonfh qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD. pnf;Hk;a&;&mrlrsm;udkumuG,f+yD; rif&SDApf
rsm;url tacsmif0g'. pnf;Hk;a&;&mavsmh&Jr_ !GeftwGif; epfjrKyfoGm;ygonf?
4? uGef*&ufu ygwD. ESdrfESif;acsr_ef;jcif;cH&aom tacsmiform;a[mif;rsm;jzpfonfh
pD;yGm;a&;0g'rD sm;ae&mwGif tacsmiform;topf rif&ADS pfu ae&m,lvu
dk af =umif;jyo vdu
k f
ygonf?
5? uGef*&ufu pnf;Hk;a&;&m jy\emrsm;tay: if;.wm0efudk aumif;rGefpGm rxrf;
aqmifEkdifbJ ,drf;,dkifr_rsm;&Sdum/ rif&SDApfrsm; tom&onhftcgawmif &SdcJhygonf? tqHk;owf
cge;D wGif if;. tajctaeukd jyifqifEidk cf ahJ omfvnf; b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf rif&ADS pfrsm;. pnf;H;k a&;
jy\emtay: tacsmif0g'udk zGichf sjcif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ ygww

D iG ;f if;wd@k ukd txD;useaf p&ef
aomfvnf;aumif; odk@r[kwf TuJhodk@aom wm0efukd ygwD a&S@arSmufwifjy&efaomfvnf;
aumif; rwwfEkdifcJhyg?
TaemufqHk;tcsufonf abmf&SDApfESifhrif&SDApft=um;wdkufyGJonf uGef*&uft+yD; at;
oGm;zkd@ a0;pG/ ykdrdkjyif;xefonf;oefvm&onfh t"dutcsufrsm;xJrS wcsufjzpfcJhygonf?
4? 'kwd,uGef*&uft+yD; rif&SDApfacgif;aqmifrsm;.*dk%fcGJa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh ygwDwGif;wdkufyGJ
jyif;xefonf;oefvmjcif;? rif&SDApfrsm;.tacsmif0g'? vDeif. a&S@wvSrf;wdk;aemuf ESpfvSrf;
qkwf pmtkyf? rmhufpf0g'ygwD.pnf;Hk;a&;qdkif&mrlrsm;;??
'kw,
d uGe*f &uft+yD; ygww
D iG ;f wdu
k yf o
GJ nf ykrd I
dk yif onf;oefjyif;xefvmygonf/? rif&SD
Apfrsm;u 'kwd,t}udrfuGef*&uf. qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; tcsnf;ESD;ysufoGm;&efESifh ygwD.
A[kt
d pnf;tk;H rsm;udo
k rd ;f yku
d Ef ikd &f ef tpGr;f uke}f udK;pm;cJ=h uonf? if;wk@d u tpPu&m. t,f'D
wmbkwftzGJ@ESifh A[kdaumfrwDwGif if;wkd@. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ukd bkwftzGJ@wGif trsm;
pkta&twGufESifh A[dkaumfrwDwGif abmf&SDApfrsm;ESifh ta&twGufwlxnfhoGif;&ef awmif;
qdkvm=uonf? Ttcsufonf 'kwd,uGef*&uf qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifh wdkufkdufqef@usifonfh
twGuf abmf&SDApfrsm;u rif&SDApfrsm;.awmif;qdkcsufudk y,fcscJhonf? xdktcsdefrSpI rif&SDApf
rsm;onf ygwDukd v#Kd@0Sufxm;+yD;/ if;wkd@udk,fykdif ygwDqef@usifonfh *dk%f;tzJG@tpkav;zJG@um
rm;awmhA/f xa&mhpuDEiS hf tZmva&mhw@kd u acgi;f aqmif+yD;/ rm;awmhAf a&;om;cJo
h nft
h wdik ;f
qdv
k #if vDeif0g'udk qef@usio
f nfh ykeu
f efru
_ kd azmufccJG o
hJ nf? ygwu
D dk wku
d cf u
dk &f eftwGuf
if;wkd@usifhokH;cJhonfh enf;vrf;rsm;rSm vDeifazmfjycJhonfhtwkdif; ygwDwckvkH;.vkyfief;udk
zkzd &Jjzpfap&ef/ ta&;awmfyu
Hk kd zsuq
f ;D &efEiS hf t&m&mESihf tm;vk;H udk aESmif,
h u
S &f ef jzpf onf?
if;wkd@onf k&Sm;&Sd vkyfief;rsm;ESifh uif;uGmaeonfh jynfajy;ynmwwfrsm;u 10 ykH 9 ykH
yg0ifaeonfh k&Sm;qkd&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;. EdkifiHjcm;tzGJ@csKyfESifh yl;aygif;vkduf+yD;/ xdkae &mrSaeI
ygwDtay: vDeifESifh vDeif0g'Drsm;tay: wkdufckdufygawmhonf// rif&SDApfrsm;onf yvuf
uaemhAx
f rH S tultnD toift
h wif&h &So
d nf? 'kw,
d uGe*f &ufwiG f yvufuaemhAf onf vDeif
bufu&yfcJhonf? odk@aomf 'kwd,uGef*&uft+yD;wGif olu rif&SDApfrsm;u cGJxGufa&;+cdrf;
ajcmufru
_ kd ok;H &ef cGihf ycJo
h nf// olu rif&ADS pfrsm;ESihf bmrqkv
d u
dk af vsm+yD; +idr;f csr;f a&;vky&f ef
qk;H jzwfco
hJ nf? yvufuaemhA.
f tapmydik ;f tacsmiform;trSm;rsm;. taoqefrw
_ @kd u ol@udk
rif&SDApfrsm;qDodk@ qGJcsvdkufygawmhonf?
tacsmiform; rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh aphpyfa&;twGuf a&S@aevdkuf&if;/ if;udk,fwdkif rif&SDApf
wa,mufjzpf oGm;ygawmhonf? yvufuaemhAu
f uGe*f &ufu y,fcsjcif;cHvu
dk &f onfh ,cif
rif&SDApf t,f'Dwmtm;vkH;udk t,f'DwmbkwftzGJwGif xnfhoGif;&ef awmif;qkdvmonf?
Tudpt
P ay: vDeifonf rnfo@kd r# oabmrwlEikd b
f /J ygwAD [dak umfrwDwiG f tmHpk u
kd v
f yk u
f ikd f
&efESifh xkdae&mrS tacsmiform;rsm;udk wkdufckduf&ef tpPu&mt,f'DwmbkwftzGJ@rS Ekwf

xGufvkdufygonf? yvufuaemhAfonf rdrdoabmjzifh uGef*&uf.pdwf"mwfukd tmcHum/
tpPu&m. t,f'DwmbkwftzGJ@twGif;odk@ rif&SDApf t,f'Dwmrsm;udk xnfhoGif;vkdufygonf?
xdk tcsed rf pS I tpPu&m. 52 }udraf jrmufxw
k af 0onfh pmapmifrpS I rif&ADS pfrsm;u if;wd@k .
ud,
k yf ikd t
f mabmftjzpfajymif;vJum if;wd@k . tacsmiform;tjrifrsm;udk xdpk mapmifrsm;wGif
pwif jzef@jzL;vmygonf?
xdt
k csed rf pS I ygwx
D w
J iG f vDeif. abmf&ADS pf tpPu&mudk tpPu&ma[mif;[k ac: qd=k u+y;D /
rif&SDApfrsm;. tacsmiform; tpPu&mudk tpPu&mtopf[k ac:qdk=uonf?
rif&SDApfrsm;vufwGif; usa&mufoGm;+yD;aemuf tpPu&monf vDeifESifh abmf&SDApfudk
qef@usiw
f u
kd cf u
kd o
f nfh vufeufwckjzpfomG ;+yD;/ rif&ADS pftacsmif0g' txl;ojzifh pnf;H;k a&;&m
jy\emrsm;tay: 0g'jzef@csad &; ud&,
d mwck jzpfomG ;cJyh gonf? pD;yGm;a&;0g'rD sm;/ bef;0g'rD sm;ESihf
tiftm;jznfhyl;aygif;vdkuf+yD;aemuf rif&SDApfrsm;onf tpPu&mxJwGif olwdk@tqdkt& vDeif
qef@usifonfhwdkufyGJudk pwifcJhygonf? yvufuaemhAfonf aphpyfjzefajzonfh tqifhae&m
wGif &yfraeEkdifawmhbJ r=umrDtwGif; olvnf; wdkufyGJwGif 0ifa&mufyg0ifvmonf? Tonf
rSm rvJ$raoGjzpf&rnfh tvGef,kwdW&Sdonfhtcsuf jzpfygonf? tacsmiform;rsm;ESifh aphpyfjzef
ajza&;udk wdkufwGef;ajymqdkol rnfolrqdk if;wdk@udk,fwdkif tacsmif0g'wGif;odk@ rkcsusa&muf
oGm;wwfygonf? xdt
k csed rf pS I tpPu&mtopfwiG f ya'omyif ayguv
f mouJo
h @kd aqmif;yg;
rsm;/ a=unmcsufrsm; xGufay:vm+yD;/ ygwDonf wpkwpnf;wckwnf; rjzpfoifha=umif;/
ygwDwGif;odk@ vGwfvGwfvyfvyftzGJ@rsm;/ wOD;csif;rsm;udk ygwD.qHk;jzwfcsufudk vkdufem&ef
rvkdtyfbJ 0ifcGifhjyKoifha=umif;/ ygwDukd pmemaxmufcHonfh ynmwwfwkdif; oydwfxJyg0if
olwkdif; ESifh qENjyyGJwGifyg0ifolwkdif; rdrdukd,frdrd ygwD0iftjzpf a=unmcGifhay;oifha=umif;/
ygwD. qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; tm;vkH;ukd emcHawmif;qkdr_onf omefus+yD; jALkdu&ufqef
a=umif;/ tenf;pku trsm;pkukd emcHa&; awmif;qkdcsufonf ygwD0ifrsm;. pdwfqENukd
tvkdtavsmuf zdESdyfr_ oabmoufa&mufa=umif;/ ygwD0iftm;vkH;acgif;aqmifrsm;a&m
omrefygwD0ifrsm;a&m ygwDpnf;urf;udk nDwlnDr#vkdufem&ef awmif;qkdr_onf ygwDwGif;
aus;u|epf epf xlaxmifonfh oabmoufa&mufa=umif;/ ygww
D iG f u|eaf wmfw@kd vkt
d yf
onfrmS A[kcd sKyfuidk rf p_ epfr[kwb
f /J wOD;csi;f ESihf ygwt
D zG@J pnf;rsm;u ygw.
D qk;H jzwfcsuf rsm;ukd
rvkdufembJ aexdkifcGifhjyKonfh rif;rJh0g'Drsm;. ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;pepf (Autonomism)
jzpfa=umif;ponfwkd@ukd a&;om;vmygonf?
TonfrSm pnf;Hk;a&;&m tvGJoHk;pm;r_ESifh txdef;tcsKyfrJh 0g'jzef@csdr_jzpf+yD;/ ygwDrlESifh
ygwpD nf;urf;rsm;udk xdcu
kd yf supf ;D apEkid yf gonf? Tonf ynmwwfrsm;. wOD;csi;f 0g' tay:
csD;usL;*k%fjyKjcif;ESifh rif;rJh0g'Drsm;. pnf;urf;rkdao rav;pm;r_tay: ta=umif;jy
csujf zpfonf?
rif&SDApfrsm;onf ygwDudk 'kwd,t}udrfuGef*&ufrS ,cifu pnf;Hk;a&;&mrnD!Gwfr_

tzJG@rsm;. usOf;ajrmif;onfhtjrifa[mif;rsm;ESifh taysmfwrf;vkyfenf;a[mif;rsm;qDodk@
qGJ,loGm;&ef }uKd;pm;aeonfrSm xifSm;aeayonf?
rif&SDApfrsm;ukdawmh jyif;xefonfh wm;qD;wdkufcdkufr_ ay;&ygvdrfhrnf?
Twm;qD;r_udk vDeifu 1904 ckarvwGifxkwfa0onfh ol.ausmf=um;vSonfhpmtkyf
a&S@wvSrf;wdk; aemufESpfvSrf;qkwf jzifh aqmif&Gufvkdufonf?
atmufygrsm;onf vDeifuol. pmtkyx
f w
J iG &f iS ;f jyxm;onfh t"du pnf;H;k a&;qdik &f m
rlrsm;jzpf+yD;/ aemifwGif abmf&SDApfygwD. pnf;Hk;a&;&m tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm; jzpfvmcJhygonf?
1? rmhufpf0g'ygwDw&yfonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. tpdwftykdif;w&yf wyfcGJwcGJ
jzpfonf? odk@aomf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;Y wyfcGJtajrmuftjrm;&Sd+yD;/ tvkyform; vlwef;
pm;. wyfcGJwdkif;udk tvkyform;vlwef;pm;.ygwD[k rac:qdkEkdifyg? ygwDonf tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;. wjcm;wyfcGJrsm;ESifh t"duuGJjym;onfhtcsufrSm ygwDonf omrefwyfcGJ w&yf
r[kwfbJ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. wyfOD;a&S@aqmifwyfcGJ/ vlwef;pm; todpdwf"mwf
&SdonfhwyfcGJESihf rmhufpf0g'udkifpGJxm;onfh wyfcGJjzpf+yD;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;b0/ if;. jzpfay:
wdk;wufr_w&m;ESifh vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJw&m; tawG@t}uKHrsm;jzifh vufeufwyfqifxm;um/
Tta=umif;a=umifhomv#if tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk acgif;aqmifEdkif+yD;/ if;.wdkufyGJukd
!ef=um;EkdifpGrf;&Sdonfh tcsufyifjzpfygonf? xdk@a=umifh ygwDudk tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh
r_yfaxG;ypfoifhyg? wpdwfwydkif;ukd wckvHk;ESifh _yfaxG;ypfjcif;iSm rvkyfoifhyg? oydwfarSmuf
olwdkif;udk ygwD0ifay;a&;udk rawmif;qdkEdkifyg? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ygwDESifhvlwef;pm;
a&maxG;ypfvdkufol rnfolrqdk/ ygwD. todpdwf"mwftqifhudk oydwfarSmufolwdkif; t
qifhodk@av#mhcsvdkuf+yD;/ ygwD. tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. vlwef;pm;todpdwf"mwf&Sdonfh
wyfOD;tcef;udk zsufqD;jcif;jzpfonf? ygwD. tvkyfwm0efrSm rdrd tqifhudk oydwfarSmuf
olwdkif;. tqifhxd av#mhcsypf&ef r[kwfbJ ygwD. tqifhxd tvkyform;xk}uD;udk jrifhwif
&ef/ oydwfarSmufolwdkif;udk jrifhwif&efomjzpfonf?
vDeifu u|efawmfwdk@onf vlwef;pm;w&yf. ygwDjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh vlwef;pm;
w&yfv;kH eD;yg;r# (ppfyu
JG mvrsm;/ jynfwiG ;f ppfumvY vlwef;pm;w&yfv;kH ) onf u|eaf wmfw@kd
ygwD. acgif;aqmifr_atmufwGif jyKrlvkyfaqmif&rnf? u|efawmfwdk@ygwDESifh eD;uyfEdkifor#
eD;uyfpGm apmifhodvdkufem&rnf? odk@aomft&if;&Sifpepfatmuf rnfhonfhtcsdefwGifrqdk vl
wef;pm;w&yf okd@r[kwf vlwef;pm;w&yfvHk;eD;yg;r#onf if;.wyfOD;/ if;. qdk&S,f 'Drdku&uff
wpfygw.
D todpw
d "f mwfEiS hf v_y&f mS ;r_tqift
h xd jriw
hf ifjrifw
h ufvmEdik o
f nf[k awG;xifjcif;
6
onf rdkeDavmhAf0g' ESifh aemuf+rD;qJG0g'omjzpfayrnf? t&if;SifpepfatmufwGif tvkyf
6? monilovism *dka*gvf. aoaeaom0dOmOfrsm; rSZmwfaumifrdkeDavmhAfrS rdrdudk,frdrdauseyf ESpfodrfhjcif;/
rv_yfrSm;tcsnf;ESD; pdwful;,Ofaer_rsm;-(bmomjyefol)
orm;or*~ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (ydkrdka&S;us+yD; rwdk;wufao;onfhtv$mrsm;twGuf ydkrdkem;vnf

Edkifaom) awmifrS tvkyform;vlwef;pm;w&yfvHk; odk@r[kwf w&yfvHk;eD;yg;udk odrf;oGif;Ekdif
jcif;r&Sdr_udk todOm%f&Sdonfh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;u rnfonfhtcgur# oHo, r&Sdyg? wyfOD;
ESifh if;bufwdrf;apmif;aeonhf xkw&yfvHk;t=um; jcm;em;csufudk arhypfjcif;/ tv$muGmjcm;
r_rsm;udk TtjrifhqHk;xd tqufrjywfjrifhwif&rnfhwyfOD;.vkyfief;wm0efudk arhypfjcif;onf
rdrdukd,frdrd vdrfvnfvSnfhpm;r_rsm;omjzpf+yD;/ u|efawmfwdk@wm0ef. }uD;av;r_udk rsufpdrSdwf
xm;um Twm0efrsm;ukd ao;odrfatmif vkyfjcif;omjzpfayonf[k a&;om;cJhonf?
(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmomarmfpudk 1947/ wGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-294)
2? ygwDonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;.wyfOD; vlwef;pm;todpdwf"mwf&Sdonfh wyfcGJ

w&yfomrubJ/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. pnf;Hk;pkpnf;xm;onfh wyfcGJw&yfvnf;jzpfum
rdrw
d yfz@JG 0ifrsm;udk wkyaf ESmifz@JG pnf;xm; onfh ud,
k yf ikd pf nf;urf;rsm;vnf; &Syd gonf? xd@k a=umifh
ygwD0ifrsm;onf ygwD.tzGJ@tpnf;tcsdK@wGif tzGJ@0ifjzpf&ef rv$JraoGvdktyfygonf? tu,f
I ygwDonf vlwef;pm;w&yf. pnf;Hk;pkpnf;xm;aom wyfcGJw&yfr[kwfbJ/ pnf;Hk;a&;t&
pepf wckr[kwyf /J rdru
d ,
kd rf rd yd gw0D if[k a=unmaomfvnf; ygw.
D rnfonfh tzG@J tpnf;wGif
rS ryg0ifbJ/ xdk@a=umifh pnf;Hk;pkpnf;xm;jcif;r[kwfbJ ygwD.pnf;urf;rsm;udk vdkufem&ef
rvkdtyfonfh pkpnf;aygif;pyfxm;onfh vlpkvla0;w&yfomjzpfaeygu ygwDonf pnf;vHk;
nD!GwfonfhqEN rnfonfhtcgr# &&Sdrnfr[kwfbJ tusdK;quftm;jzifh tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;. wku
d yf u
JG v
dk nf; ne=f um;Ekid rf nfr[kwyf g? ygwo
D nf if;.ygw0D ifrsm;tm; vH;k ukd
wckwnf;aom bHw
k yfcw
JG iG f pnf;H;k pkpnf;+y;D waygi;f wpnf;wnf;aom pdwq
f EN/ waygi;f wpnf;
wnf;aom vkyfief;ESifh pnf;urf;wpkwpnf;wnf;jzpfr_wkd@ESifh aygif;pyfxm;rSomv#if tvkyf
orm;vlwef;pm;. vufawG@wu
dk yf u
JG dk acgi;f aqmifum &nf&,
G cf suw
f ckqo
D @dk ne=f um;Ekid rf nf
jzpfygonf? rif&SDApfrsm;wifjyvmonfhuef@uGufcsufwGif TuJhodk@qkdygu ynmwwftrsm;
tjym;-Oyrm ygarmuQrsm;/ wuUodkvfESifh txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm; pojzifhwkd@onf ygwD
tjyifbufwGif usefcJhEdkifonf// if;wdk@onf ygwD.pnf;urf;rsm;ukd vdkufem&ef wGef@qkwfaom
a=umifv
h nf;aumif; od@k r[kwf 'kw,
d uGe*f &ufY yvufuaemhAf ajym=um;ouJo@kd olwdk onf
wcsK@d a'o tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;od@k 0if&efrmS if;wd@k *%
k o
f u
d mQ usomG ;onf [k,q
l aoma=umifh
vnf;aumif; ygw.
D tzG@J pnf;rsm;xJo@kd r0ifcsijf zpfaeyg onf? Trif&ADS pfw@kd . uef@uu
G cf suf
onf rif&SDApfrsm;.acgif;ay:okd@om jyefvnfI wefjyef vdkufygonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf
ygwpD nf;urf;rvdu
k ef mEdik o
f El iS hf ygwt
D zG@J tpnf; rsm;twGi;f 0if&ef a=umufvef@orl sm;udk ygwu
D
ygw0D iftjzpf rvdt
k yfaoma=umifh jzpfyg onf? tvkyo
f rm;rsm;rSm pnf;urf;ESihf pnf;k;H a&;udk
a=umufvef@jcif;rSd=ubJ ygwD0ifjzpf&ef qkH;jzwfcsufcs+yD;ygu tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif; pdwfyg
vufyg0ifvm=uygonf? pnf;urf;ESifh pnf;kH;a&;udka=umufvef@olrSm woD;yk*~vdu ynm
wwfrsm;jzpf+yD;/ if;wd@k onf trSeyf if ygw.
D tjyifbufwiG f use&f pfcyhJ gvrd rhf nf? od@k aomfvnf;
TonfrSm ydkIaumif;&efjzpfyg onf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf "e&Sif'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;

'Da&jrifch sed w
f iG f txl;odomxif&mS ;vmonf? rwnf+idro
f nfh tpdwt
f ykid ;f rsm; tpkvu
kd f t+yHK
vdkuf ygwDwGif;0ifa&mufvmr_rS oufomcGifh&vdkufEdkifjcif;a=umifh jzpfygonf?
vDeifu ygwo
D nf tzG@J tpnf;rsm;. pkaygi;f xm;r_ (ude;f *%ef;t& aygi;f pnf; xm;jcif;
r#ru tpkta0;w&yf) jzpfoifo
h nf[k u|eaf wmfqckd sed w
f iG f ygwo
D nf vlwef;pm;w&yf. wyfO;D
tjzpf wwfEdkifor# pnf;kH;aygif;pyfxm;&ef/ ygwDonf rdrdudk,frdrd tenf;qkH; tedrfhqkH;tzGJ@
tpnf;wGif ykt
H yfxm;onfh tpdwt
f ykid ;f rsm;udo
k m ygw0D iftjzpf vufc&H ef qdo
k nfh u|eaf wmf.
qEN/ u|eaf wmf. awmif;qdck suu
f kd &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;wdwu
d sus azmfjyvdu
k jf cif;jzpfonf [ka&;
cJhonf/ (txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-292)
xdk tjyif qufvuf+yD; rm;awmhA.
f ykpH o
H nf tay:,Htm;jzifh us,jf yef@vaS omypPn;f
rJt
h v$m. tusK;d pD;yGm;ukd umuG,cf ck aH omfvnf; wu,ft
h jzpfrmS ypPn;f rJph nf;urf;ESiphf nf;k;H
a&;ukd a=umufvef@aemufweG @f onfh "e&Siyf nmwwfrsm;. tusK;d pD;yGm;udo
k m aqmifjcif;jzpf
onf? acwfopf"e&Sit
f zJ@G tpnf;wGif ynmwwfrsm;udk oD;jcm;tv$mtjzpf uGjJ ym;&onfh a,
bk,stcsufrSm twdtustm;jzifh if;wdk@. wOD;csif;0g'ESifh pnf;urf;ESifhpnf;kH;a&; r vdkufyg
Edkifr_jzpfa=umif;ukd rnfolur# jiif;qdkvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg? (txufyg pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-298/299)
xdk tjyifxyfI ypPn;f rJrh sm;u pnf;urf;ESiphf nf;k;H a&;udk ra=umufyg? ypPn;f rJrh sm;onf
tzJG@tpnf;rsm;udk r0ifcsif=uaom tzkd;wefygarmuQrsm;ESifh txufwef;ausmif;om; rsm;udk
tzG@J tpnf;wck. xde;f csKyfra_ tmufwiG f tvkyv
f yk &f rkH #EiS hf ygw0D iftjzpf todt rSwjf yKay;&ef
bmr#jyKvkyrf nfr[kwyf g? u|eaf wmfw@kd ygww
D iG f pnf;urf;ESihf pnf;H;k a&;pdwf "mwfwiG f rdru
d ,
kd rf rd d
avhusif&efvdktyfolrsm;rSm ypPnf;rJhrsm;r[kwfbJ/ wcsdK@ynmwwfrsm; jzpfygonf? (txufyg
pmapmif-pmrsufESm-322)
3? ygwDonf pnf;Hk;pkpnf;xm;onfh wyfcGJr#omru/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. tzGJ@

tpnf;omeftm;vHk;.tjrifhqHk; jzpf+yD;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. tjcm;tzGJtpnf;rsm;
tm;vHk;udk vrf;!ef&efrSm if;.wm0ef jzpfayonf? tzGJ@tpnf;.tjrifhqHk; omeftjzpf
vlwef;pm;xJrS taumif;qHk;olrsm;yg0if+yD;/ a&S@wef;a&mufonfh oabmw&m;/ vlwef;pm;
wdkufyGJw&m;. tawG@t}uKHESifh awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ tawG@t}uKHwdk@ESifh vufeufwyf
qifxm;onfh ygwDonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. wjcm;tzGJ@tpn;ftm;vHk;udk vrf;!ef&ef
tcGifhaumif;rsm;&Sd+yD; vrf;!ef&efvnf; wm0ef&Sdayonf? rif&SDApfrsm;. ygwD.acgif;aqmifr_
tcef;udk ao;odraf tmifEiS hf wefz;kd avsmu
h satmif }uKd;yrf;csuo
f nf ygwu
D vrf;!erf _ ay;ae
onfh wjcm;ypPnf;rJhtzGJtpnf;tm;vHk;udk tiftm;csnfheJ@ap+yD;/ tusKd;quftm;jzifh ypPnf;
rJhrsm;udk tiftm;csnfheJ@ap+yD; vufeufjzKwf&ef jzpfayonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ypPnf;rJh
rsm;. tm%m&&Sad &;wdu
k yf w
JG iG f tzG@J tpnf;rSvI
JG wjcm;vufeufr&Sad cs? (txufygpm apmif/
pmrsufESm-340)
4? ygwDonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;.wyfOD;ESifh oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom tvkyform;

vlwef;pm;t=um; qufo,
G rf .
_ jy,k*jf zpfygonf? ygwo
D nf rnfr#aumif;rGeo
f nfh wyfO;D jzpfyg
ap/ rnfr#aumif;rGefpGm pkHk;xm;Edkifygap ygwDy vlxkESifh qufoG,fr_r&SdbJ/ TtquftoG,f
rsm;udk wd;k yGm;jcif;ESihf cdik rf mawmifw
h if;atmif jyKvkyjf cif;r&Syd gu ygwo
D nfwnfEdS ikd rf nfvnf;
r[kwf/ jzpfay:wdk;wufEdkifrnfvnf;r[kwfyg? rdrdtcGHxJomwGif rdrdudk,frdrd ydwfae+yD;/ vlxk
ESifh uif;uGmum if;.vlwef;pm;ESifh tquftoG,fudk av#mhcsjcif; odk@r[kwf qHk;&_H;vmygu
vlxk. ,Hk=unfr_ESifh axmufcHr_udk rv$JraoGqHk;&H_;&rSmjzpf+yD;/ tusKd;quftm;jzifh taot
csm ysufpD;qHk;&H_;&ygvdrfhrnf? tjynfht0 &Sifoefjzpfay:wdk;yGm;&eftwGuf ygwDonf vlxkESifh
tquftoG,frsm;udk wdk;yGm;&rSmjzpf+yD;/ if;.vlwef;pm; oef;aygif;rsm;pGm. ,Hk=unfr_udk
&atmif,l&ayrnf?
vDeifu qkd&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwDw&yfjzpf&efrSm u|efawmfwdk@onf vlwef;pm;.
twdtus axmufcHtm;ay;r_udk &&Sd&rSmjzpfonf? (vDeifusrf;aygif;pHk/ kSm;bmom/ twGJ 6/
pmrsufESm-208)
5? vkyif ef;yHrk eS v
f nfywf&efEiS hf vlxu
k kd pepfwus vrf;!eEf idk &f ef ygwo
D nf A[dOk ;D pD;csKyf
udik o
f nfph epfrjl zifh zG@J pnf;&rSmjzpf+yD;/ wpHw
k nf;aom pnf;urf;ESihf wnDwnmwnf;aom ygwD
pnf;urf;/ ygwDuGef*&ufwckwnf;aom acgif;aqmiftzGJ@tpnf;ESifh uGef*&ufrsm;t=um;
umvwGif A[dak umfrwDacgi;f aqmifr/_ tenf;pku trsm;pkukd emcH a&;/ tzG@J tpnf;toD;oD;
u A[du
k kd emcHa&;/ atmuftzG@J tpnf;u txuftzG@J tpnf;udk emcHa&;qdw
k mrsm; &S&d ygrnf?
Tta=umif;tcsufrsm;r&Sdygu tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ygwDonf wu,fhppfrSefonfh ygwDw
&yf rjzpfEikd b
f J vlwef;pm;udk vrf;!eo
f nfh if;.wm0efrsm;udv
k nf; xrf;aqmifEidk rf nf r[kwf
yg?
ygwDonf Zmbk&iftkyfpdk;r_atmufwGif w&m;r0ifwnf&Sd&onfhtwGuf xdktcsdefu
ygwD.tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk atmufajc a&G;aumufyGJrsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;onfhrlESifh rwnfaqmufEdkif
bJ/ tusKd;quftm;jzifh ygwDonf tvGefwif;usyfpGm v#Kd@0Sufxm;&ygonf? odk@aomf vDeifu
ygww
D iG ;f b0. T,m,DvuQ%monf Zmbk&ifjyKwfusomG ;onfEiS hf w+ydKifeuf uG,af ysmuf
oGm;rSmjzpf+yD;/ ygwDonf ajAmifw&m;0ifwnf&SdvmEdkifum/ ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf 'Drdku
a&pDa&G;aumufyGJrl tajccHay:wGif 'Drdkua&pD/ A[dkcsKyfudkifr_pepfESifh zGJ@pnf;&vdrfhrnf[k ,lq
onf?
vDeifu ,cifuu|efawmfwdk@ygwDonf pepfwus wpkwpnf;wnf; pnf;Hk;pkpnf;
xm;jcif;r[kwfbJ/ oD;jcm;tzGJ@rsm; pkaygif;xm;jcif;r#omjzpf+yD;/ xdk@a=umifh Ttpkrsm;t=um;
tawG;tac:a&;&m=oZm*,ufrv
S I
JG wjcm;tquftoG,rf &Syd g? ,cktcg u|eaf wmfw@kd onf
pnf;Hk;pkpnf;xm;onfh ygwDw&yfjzpfvmum/ Tt&mu tm%mydkifudk wnfaxmifvdkufr_
tawG;tac:rsm;. tpGr;f owWu
d kd tm%mydik .
f tpGr;f owWt
d jzpfajymif;vJr/_ atmufajcygwD
tzG@J rsm;udk txufygwt

D zG@J rsm;vufatmufct
H jzpf xm;vdu
k rf q
_ o
kd nfh t"dym` ,foufa&muf
aponf? (txufyg pmapmifpmrsufESm-291)
ygwD. tm%mydkifr_ESifh if;.pnf;urf;rsm;udk remcHbJaeonfh rif&SDApfrsm;. pnf;Hk;
a&;&m ypfy,fa&;0g' (nihilism) ESifh rif;pdk;&mZmESifhoufqdkifaom rif;rJh0g'udk tjypfwif&if;
vDeifu a&;om;cJhonfrSmTrif;pdk;&mZmESifh oufqdkifaom rif;rJh0g'onf txl;ojzifh k&Sm;ypfy,fa&;0g'D
(nihilist) rsm;. xl;jcm;csufjzpfonf? olu ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;udk a=umufrufzG,f pufHk
uJhodk@ awG;xifum/ wpdwfwydkif;u wckvHk;udk emcHjcif;/ tenf;pku trsm;pkukdemcHjcif;udk
aus;u|epf epftjzpfoabmxm;um/ A[d.
k !e=f um;r_atmufY tvkyw
f m0efcaJG 0r_ukd olu
vlawGudk bD;ESifhacG;oGm;pdwfrsm; tjzpf ajymif;vJypfr_tjzpf tvGrf;w0uf taom w0uf
uef@uGufoH xGufvmonf? t,f'Dwmrsm;udk aqmifyg;a&;olrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJ vdkufjcif;
onf TuJhodk@aom ajymif;vJr_. txl;ojzifh &ufpufaom trsKd;tpm;tjzpf o abmxm;
onf? ygw.
D pnf;H;k a&;qdik &f m pnf;urf;rsm;udk azmfjy!e;f qdv
k u
kd o
f nfEiS hf rax rJjh rif &H@_ rrhJ E_ iS hf
rnforl qkd pnf;urf;ukrd vkt
d yfyJ vH;k 0ydwyf ifEidk o
f nfqo
dk nfh txifao; &_wcf sonfrh w
S cf suf
(omeform;rsm; twGuf&nfG,f+yD;) xGufay:vmygonf? (vDeif vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyf
bmom/armfpukd 47/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-324)
6? ygw.
D vufawG@vyk if ef;wGif ygw0D ifrsm;. pnf;vk;H nDnw
$ rf u
_ kd xde;f odr;f vdyk gu ygwD
onf acgi;f aqmifa&m/ atmufajcyg ygw0D iftm;vk;H udk nDr#pmG csKyfaESmifz@JG pnf;xm;onfh bkw
H l
nDonfh ypPn;f rJph nf;urf; w&yfucdk srw
S &f rnf? xkd a=umifyh gww
D iG ;f wGif pnf;urf;ESihf csKyfaESmif
xm;onfh rsuEf mS }uD;rsm;ESihf pnf;urf;ESichf sKyfaESmifxm;onfh trsm;pk[lI cGjJ cm; xm;r_r&Sd
oifhyg? Ttcsufudk rxdef;odrf;ygu ygwD.*k%foduQmESifh if;ygwD0ifrsm;. pnf; vkH;nDn$wf
a&;udk xdef;odrf;Edkifrnfr[kwfyg?
vDeifu uGef*&ufucef@tyfchJonfh t,f'DwmbkwftzGJ@udk qef@usifonfh rm;awmhAf
ESihf tzG@J bufwiG f t"dym` ,fjynf0h aom jiif;ckcH surf sm; vk;H 0csKd wrhJ u
_ kd if;wk@d u,
kd yf ikd f vl}udKufrsm;
vSonfhpum;vHk; u|Ekfyfwkd@onf aus;u|efrsm;r[kwfwGif taumif;qkH; azmfjyaeygonf?
"e&Sif ynmwwf. rdrdukd,frdrd vlxktzGJ@tpnf;ESifh vlxkpnf;urf;txufrS &yfaeonfh
rsuEf mS }u;D wOD;uJo
h @dk ,lqaeaom pdwaf epdwx
f m;ukd Tae&mwGif xl;jcm;xif&mS ;pGm azmfjy
xm;onf? ynmwwfrsm;. woD;yk*~v0g'twGuf ypPnf;rJhtzGJ@tpnf;ESifh pnf;urf;tm;
vkH;onf aus;u|efpepfjzpf[ef&Sdygonf? (vDeif-usrf;aygif;pkH/ k&Sm;bmom-twGJ6/ pmrsufESm282)
xkdtjyif qufvuf+yD; ppfrSefwJhygwDwnfaqmufa&;udk u|efawmfwkd@ qufvuf

vkyfaqmifwJhtcg vlwef;pm; todpdwf"mwf&Sdonfh tvkyform;onf ypPnf;rJhwyfrawmfrS
ppfom;wa,muf. pdwfaepdwfxm;ESifh rif;rJhpkduf rdef@cGef;rsm;ac|aeonfh "e&Sifynmwwf
wa,muf. pdwfaepdwfxm;ukd cGJjcm;Edkifatmif avhvm&rnf? ygwD0ifwa,muf. wm0ef

0wW&m;rsm;udk atmufajcygwD0ifrsm;om jynfh0ap&rSmrubJ/ txufrSvlrsm;uvnf;
jynfh0&rnf[k wdkufwGef;ajymqdkwwf&ef avhvm&rnf? (vDeif vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyf bmom/
armfpudk 1947/ twGJ(1)/ pmrsufem-326) jcm;em;csuftay: ol. cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm;csufudk ed*kH;csKyf+yD;/
rif&SDApf. tajctaeudk pnf;kH;a&;jy\emrsm;tay: tacsmif0g' [k t"dy`m,f
azmfowfrSwfvdkuf+yD;aemuf vDeifu rif&DSApf. }uD;av;aomtrSm;rsm;teuf wpfckrSm
ypPnf;rJhrsm;. vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJwGif vufeufwcktjzpf ygwDpnf;kH;a&;. ta&;ygt&m
a&mufrt
_ ay: txifao;wGuq
f jcif;yifjzpfonf[k ,lqonf? rif&ADS pfrsm;u ypPnrf rhJ sm;.
ygwDpnf;kH;a&;onf awmfvSefa&;atmifyGJtwGuf }uD;rm;wJh ta&;ygr_r&Sd[k ,kH=unfvufcH
xm;onf? rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh qef@usifpGmyif vDeifu ypPnf;rJhrsm;. tawG;tac:a&;&m pnf;vHk;
nDnw
G rf w
_ pfcw
k nf;ESihf atmify&JG &ef rvHak vmuf/ atmify&JG vkyd gu tawG;tac:a&;&m pnf;
vH;k nD!w
G rf u
_ kd ypPn;f rJ.
h kyb
f 0t& pnf;vH;k a&;&mnDnw
G rf _ ESihf cdik +f raJ tmif jyKvky&f rnf?
vDeifu TtajccHay:rSmomv#if ypPn;f rJrh sm;onf rcsK;d ESrd Ef idk af omtiftm;pk jzpfvmEkid o
f nf[k
cH,lonf?
vDeifu ypPnf;rJhrsm;twGuf tm%m&&Sda&;wdkufyGJtwGuf tzGJ@tpnf;rSvGJI wjcm;
vufeufr&Sdyg? "e&SifurBm. rif;rJh+ydKifqdkifr_w&m;a=umifh rnDrnGwfjzpfae+yD;/ t&if;twGuf
t"rRvkyftm;. zdESdyfaoG;pkyfr_cHae&um vHk;0qif;&JrGJjymusr_/ kdif;pdkif;=urf;=uKwfr_ESifh
qkwf,kwfysufjym;r_rsm;. ydkIeufd_if;&mt&yfodk@ tqufrjywf wGef;ydk@jcif; cHae&onfh
ypPnf;rJhrsm;twGuf rmhufpf0g'rlrsm;tay: if;wdk@.tawG;tac:a&;&mnDnGwfr_udk tzGJ@
tpnf;. kyb
f 0t& nDnw
G rf E_ iS hf cdik rf matmifjyKvky+f yD;/ tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;. wyfrawmf
twGif;odk@ oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom tvkyform;qif;&Jom;rsm;udk pkpnf;vmrSomv#if rcsdK;EdSrf
Ekdifaom tiftm;pktw&yf jzpfvmEdkif+yD;/ rv$Jra&Smifvnf; jzpfvmygvdrfhrnf? tdkrif;rpGrf;
jzpfaeaom Zmbk&ifpepf. tkyfcsKyfr_ESifh roefrpGrf;jzpfaeaom EdkifiHwumt&if;tESD;wdk@.
tkyfcsKyfr_wdk@onf Twyfrawmfudk ckcHEdkifpGrf;&Sdrnfr[kwfyg?(txufygpmapmif/pmrsufESm- 340)
vDeifonf Tedrdwfzwfcsufrsm;ESifh ol.pmtkyfudk tqHk;owfcJhonf?
Tt&mrsm;onf vDeifu ol.ausmf=um;vSaompmtkyf a&S@wvSrf;wdk; aemufESpf
vrf;qkwfwGif azmfjycJhaom tajccHpnf;kH;a&;&mrlrsm; jzpfonf?
Tpmtkyf. ta&;}uD;r_rSm t"dutm;jzifh tpkav;rsm;rlrS qef@usif+yD;/ ygwD.rlrsm;
bufrSvnf;aumif;/ pnf;vHk;r_ysufjym;apolrsm;udk qef@usif+yD; ygwDbufrSvnf;aumif;
atmifjrifpGm&yfcHcJh+yD;/ rif&SDApfrsm;. pnf;kH;&mjy\emtay: tacsmiform;0g'udk acsr_ef;
vdkuf+yD;/ aAmf&SDApfygwD. pnf;kH;a&;&m tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm;udk csay;vdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf?
Tpmtky.
f xl;jcm;csurf mS TtcsuEf iS yhf if rukeaf o;yg? if;. ordik ;f 0ifx;l jcm;csurf mS
Tpmtkyw
f iG f vDeifu rmhupf 0f g'. ordik ;f wGif yxrqk;H t}udrt
f jzpf ygwo
D nfypPn;f rJrh sm;.
acgif;aqmiftzGJ@tpnf;jzpfa=umif;/ ygwDonf ypPnf;rJhrsm;. t"duvufeufjzpfa=umif;ESifh

ygwrD &Sb
d J ypPn;f rJrh sm;. tm%m&Sipf epftwGuf wdu
k yf rJG atmifjrifEikd af =umif; ponfh ygwED iS hf
ywfoufonfhrl0g'rsm;udk tao;pdwfcsJ@xGifa&;om;cJhjcif;yifjzpfonf?
vDeif.pmtkyf a&S@wvSrf;wdk; aemufESpfvrf;qkwfudk ygwDvkyfom;rsm;t=um; jzef@csd
vdkufjcif;u a'otzGJ@tpnf;trsm;pkudk vDeifbufY pkHk;a&muf&Sdapvdkufygonf?
odk@aomfvnf; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u abmf&SDApfrsm;ywfvnfwGif ydkrdkodyfonf;eD;uyfpGm
0dkif;&Hvmavav/ rif&SDApfacgif;aqmifrsm;. vkyfaqmifazmfjycsufrsm;onf ydkrdktmCmw
}uD;rm;avjzpfygonf?
1904 ckEpS f aEG&moDwiG f yvufuaemhA.
f ulnrD E_ iS hf pdw"f mwfusaeaom abmf&ADS pfEpS Of ;D
u&mqif (Krassin) ESifh EdkpaumhAf (Noskov) wdk@. opPmazmufr_wdk@. tusKd;jyKr_a=umifh
rif&SDApfrsm;u A[dkaumfrwDwGif trsm;pk&&SdoGm;onf? rif&SDApfrsm;onf tuGJt+yJtwGuf
vkyfaqmifaeonfrSm &Sif;aeygonf? tpPu&mESifh A[dkaumfrwDudk qHk;_H;vdkufr_u abmf&SD
Apfrsm;udk cufcJonfhtaetxm;odk@ qdkufa&mufoGm;apygonf? if;wdk@twGuf if;wdk@ydkif
abmf&DSApf owif;pmxkwfa0&ef vkdtyfvmygonf? A[dkaumfrwDopf wnfaxmif+yD; rif&SDApf
rsm;ESihf pm&if;&Si;f &eftwGuf ygwu
D eG *f &uftopf wwd,t}udru
f eG *f &uftwGuf jyifqif&ef
vdktyfvmygonf?
TudpPudk vDeifacgif;aqmifonfh abmf&SDApfrsm;onf pwifvkyfaqmifvmonf?
abmf&SDApfrsm;onf wwd,t}udrf uGef*&ufac:qdk&ef v_yfSm;r_ pwifvkyfaqmifvm
onf? 1904 ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif vDeif. vrf;!efr_ESifh abmf&SDApf 22 OD;onf qGpfZvefEdkifiHY
uGefz&ifhw&yfusif;ycJhonf? uGefz&ifhu ygwDodk@[k acgif;pOfwyfxm;onfh arwWm&yfcHcsuf
wapmifudk vufcHtwnfjyKvkdufonf? TarwWm&yfcHcsufu abmf&SDApfrsm;twGuf wwd,
t}udrfuGef*&ufac:qdka&;wdkufyGJtwGuf vkyfief;vrf;pOftjzpf aqmif&Gufay;onf?
abmf&SDApfaumfrwD. a'ouGefz&ifhoHk;ck (awmifydkif;aumhau;&SESifhajrmufydkif;)wGif
trsm;pk. aumfrwDAsLdkudk a&G;cs,fcef@tyfvkduf+yD;/ if;wdk@u wwd,uGef*&uftwGuf vuf
awG@ jyifqifa&;rsm;udk aqmif&Guf=uonf?
1905 ckESpf Zefe0g&D/ 4 &ufae@wGif abmf&SDApfowif;pm Aysm;a&mh (vperyod) (a&S@odk@)
yxrpmapmif xGufvmonf?
TuJhodk@ ygwDwGif;wGif udk,fydkifA[dkwck/ udk,fydkifyHkESdyfwdkufudk,fpDESifh abmf&SDApfrsm;ESifh
rif&SDApfrsm;[lI oD;jcm;tpkESpfpk xGufay:vmygonf?
tusOf;csKyf
1901-1904 ckESpfumvrsm;twGif; awmfvSefonfh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_
}uD;xGm;vmjcif;ESifh k&Sm;Y rmhufpf0g'-qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; }uD;xGm;+yD;/
tif t m;awmif h w if ; vmygonf ? pD ; yG m ;a&;0g'D rsm;tay: qef @ usif w d k u f y G J 0 if o nf h
rl0g'rsm;tay: jyif;xefonfhwdkufyGJwGif vDeif. tpPu&m awmfvSefa&;vrf;pOfonf
atmifyGJ&um tawG;tac:a&;&m_yfaxG;r_ESifh taysmfwrf;vkyf[efrsm;tay: ausmfeif;
vdu
k Ef ikd o
f nf?
tpPu&monf usJjyef@aeaom qdk&S,f'Drdku&uftpkav;rsm;udk qufpyfqufoG,f
ay;+yD;/ 'kwd,t}udrf uGef*&ufusif;yEdkifa&;twGuf vrf;jyifqifay;cJhygonf? 1903 ckESpfwGif
usif;yaom'kwd,t}udrfuGef*&ufwGif k&Sm;qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDtvkyform;ygwDudk xlaxmif
vdkuf+yD;/ ygwDvrf;pOfESifhpnf;urf;rsm;udk twnfjyKqHk;jzwfum ygwD. acgif;aqmif A[dktzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;udkvnf; wnfaxmifvdkufygonf?
R.S.D.L.P wGif tpPu&mvrf;pOf vHk;0atmifyGJ&a&;twGuf 'kwd,t}udrfuGef*&uf
wGif wdkufyGJqif&mrS abmf&SDApfESifh rif&SDApf[lI tkyfpk 2 ckay:xGufcJhonf?
'kwd,uGef*&uft+yD; abmf&SDApfESifh rif&SDApft=um; t"duuGJjym;csufrSm pnf;Hk;a&;
jy\emrsm;jzpfygonf?
rif&ADS pfrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;0g'rD sm;teD;od@k wd;k uyfomG ;+yD;/ ygww
D iG ;f wGif if;wd@k ae &mudk
,lvkdufygonf? xdktcsdefrSmyif rif&SDApfwdk@.tacsmif0g'onf pnf;Hk;a&;&mjy\em rsm;wGif
if;udk,fif; azmfxkwfjyovdkufygonf? rif&SDApfrsm;onf vDeif wifjyonfh wufuGonfh
wdkufpGrf;&nf&Sdonfh awmfvSefa&;ygwDyHkpHrsKd;udk qef@usifonf? olwdk@u avsmh avsmh&J&J
pkpnf;r_r&Sdonfhaemufvdkuf (khvostist) ygwDw&yf vdkcsifonf? if;wdk@onf ygwD wGif;
uG+J yJvmatmif vkyaf qmifvmonf? yvufuaemhA.
f tultnDjzifh if;wk@d onf tpP u&mESihf
A[dak umfrwDukd odr;f ydu
k +f yD;/ TA[dt
k pnf;tH;k rsm;udk ygwcD &JG efqo
kd nfh if;wk@d . &nf,
G cf suf
twGuf toH;k jyKcJo
h nf?
rif&ADS pfrsm;u uG+J y&J ef +crd ;f ajcmufvmr_ukd jrifvmonft
h wGuf abmf&ADS pfrsm;onf tuG+J yJ
orm;rsm;udkxdef;csKyf&ef vkyfaqmifvm&onf? if;wdk@u a'otzJG@tpnf;rsm;udk wwd,
t}udrfuGef*&uf usif;ya&;twGuf axmufcH&ef awmif;qdk+yD;/ if;wdk@udk,fykdif owif; pm
Aysm;a&mhudk pwifxkwfa0vdkufonf?
Tenf;jzifh yxrk&mS ;awmfveS af &; t}uKdumv/ k&mS ;-*syefppfyJG pwifcsed w
f iG f abmf&ADS pf
rsm;ESifh rif&SDApfrsm;onf oD;jcm;EdkifiHa&;tkyfpk 2 zGJ@uJhodk@ vkyfaqmifcJh=uonf?
tcef; (3)
&k&mS ;=*syefppfyu
JG mvtwGi;f u rif&ADS pfEiS hf abmf&ADS pfrsm;ESihf
yxr &k&mS ;awmfveS af &;}u;D (1904=1907)
1? k&Sm;- *syefppfyJG? ? k&Sm;jynfwGif; xyfrHjrifhwufvmaom awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_/ pdef@yDwm
pbwfoydwfrsm;/ 1905 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D 9 &ufae@ aqmif;&moDeef;awmfa&S@ tvkyform;
qENjyr_? qENjyr_udk aoewfjzifh ypfcwf+zdKcJGjcif;? awmfvSefa&;jzpfay:vmjcif;?
19 &mpktukew
f iG f e,fcs@J Eidk if rH sm;onf ypdzw
d u
f kd v$r;f rk;d &efEiS hf wkwjf ynfudk cJaG 0,l&ef
twGuf jyif;xefonfhwkdufyGJrsm; pwifvmygonf? Zmbk&ifk&Sm;onfvnf; TwdkufyJGwGif
0ifa&mufyg0ifvmonf? 1900 ckwiG f Zmbk&ifwyfrsm;onf *syef/ *smref/ t*Fvyd /f jyifopfwyf
rsm;ESifhtwl EdkifiHjcm;e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;ukd qef@usif&ef ay:xGufvmonfh wkwfjynfolrsm;.
tkHuGr_ukd r}uKHbl;aom &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfr_jzifh zdESdyfypfvdkufonf? TtcsdefrwdkifrDuyif
TZmbk&iftpkd;&onf ydk@tmomcHwyfESifhtwl avsmifwefu|ef;qG,fukd wkwfu k&Sm;okd@
ay;&ef zdtm;ay; tEdkifusifhcJhygonf// k&Sm;u wkwfe,fajrwGif rD;&xm;vrf;rsm;aqmuf
vkyfcGifhudk &,lcJhonf// ajrmufydkif; refcsL;&D;,m;wGif wkwf-ta&S@rD;&xm;vrf;ukd wnf
aqmufcJh+yD;/ xkdrD;&xm;vrf;ukdumuG,f&ef k&Sm;wyfrsm;ukd xkdt&yfwGif cs&yfxm;ygonf//
ajrmufydkif;refcsL;&D;,m;onf Zmbk&if&k&Sm;. ppfwyfodrf;ykdufr_ vufatmufusa&mufoGm;
onf? Zmbk&ifpepfonf ukd&D;,m;okd@ a&S@_csDwufaeonf// k&Sm;"e&Sifrsm;u refcsL;&D;,m;Y
t0ga&mifk&Sm; wnfaxmif&ef pDrHudef;rsm; a&;qJGvmygonf//
ta&S@zsm;udk usL;ausmfodrf;ykdufvkdufjcif;u Zmbk&ifpepfukd/ aemuf usL;ausmfaoG;pkyf

a&; orm;wOD;jzpfol *syefEiS hf ydyuQ&ifqidk af pvku
d yf gonf? *syefonf e,fcs@J Eidk if w
H Ekid if t
H jzpf
tvsiftjrefjzpfay:ae+yD;/ tm&SwkdufrS e,fajrrsm;ukd usLausmfodrf;ydkuf vmcsifaeum yxr
qkH;taejzifh wkwfudk odrf;ykduf&ef rsufpdusaeygonf? Zmbk&if k&Sm;uJhodk@ *syefonfvnf;
ukd&D;,m;ESifh refcsL;&D;,m;udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyf&ef }udK;yrf;aeygonf/ xkdtcsdefuwnf;u *syef
onf qmcgvifESifh k&Sm;ta&S@zsm;udkodrf;ydkuf&ef pdwful;,OfcJhygonf// ta&S@zsm;t&yfrSm
Zmbk&ifk&Sm;. tiftm;}uD;xGm;vmr_ukda=umuf&GH@onfh +Adwdefonf *syefESifh wdwfwqdwf
yl;aygif;cJhonf/? *syefESifh k&Sm;t=um;ppfyGJonf tpysKd;jyifqifae+yD? aps;uGufopf&Smaeonfh
"e&Si}f uD;rsm;ESihf ajr&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;xJrS ydrk adk zmufjyefonfh tpdwt
f ydik ;f rsm;u Zmbk&iftpd;k &udk
'DppfyGJtwGif; wGef;ydk@vdkufygonf?
Zmbk&iftpkd;&. ppfa=unmr_udk rapmifhbJ *syefonf &efpr_rsm;pwifvmygonf? if;
onf k&Sm;wGif tvGefaumif;rGefonfh olv#Kdvkyfief;&Sd+yD;/ ol. &efolonf wkdufyJGtwGuf
tqifoifhr&Sda=umif; }udKwifodESifhaeonf? 1904 ck Zefe0g&DwGif *syefonf ppfa=unmjcif;
rjyKbJ/ ydk@tmom&Sd k&Sm;cHwyfudk kwfw&uf tvpfwkdufcdkuf+yD;/ xdkqdyfurf;wGif&Sdonfh k&Sm;
a&wyfudk }uD;rm;pGmxdckdufepfemapvkdufonf// Tokd@jzifh k&Sm;- *syefppfyJG pwifjzpfay:
vmygonf?
Zmbk&iftpdk;&u ppfyGJonf if;. EkdifiHa&;tqifhtwef;ae&mukd tiftm;awmifhwif;
ap+yD;/ awmfveS af &;udv
k nf; csKyfxed ;f Ekid v
f rd rhf nf[k wGuq
f cJo
h nf? od@k aomf if;wd@k twGurf mS ;cJh
onf? Zmbk&iftkyfpdk;r_onf ppfyJGa=umifh ydkIyifcsnfheJ@ oGm;ygonf// vufeufwyfqifa&;ESifh
ppfa&;avhusihfr_nhHzsif;+yD; t&nftcsif;r&SdysufpD;aeaom AdkvfcsKyfrsm; tkyfcsKyfonfh k&Sm;
ppfwyfonf _H;+yD;&if;_H;&if;jzpfaeygonf? ppfyJGrsm;tay: t&if;&Sifrsm;/ tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh
ppf A k d v f c sKyf r sm; csrf ; omvm=uonf ? tvG J o k H ; pm;jyKr_ r sm; tES H @ tjym;jzpf v monf ?
ppfom;rsm;udkawmh tvGefcsKdwJhpGm qif;&JpGmaxmufyHh=uonf? ppfwyfY vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;
ukefcrf;oGm;ygu avSmifajymifouJhodk@ bk&m;kyfwkrsm;/ qif;wkawmfrsm; um;tjynfh
qkdufa&mufvmwwfonf? ppfom;rsm;u *syefu igwkd@udk tajrmufeJ@ xkaecsdefrSm wkd@u
jyefypfp&m qif;wkyJ&Sdw,fvdk@ em=unf;pGmajym=uygonf? txl;&xm;rsm;onf '%f&m
orm;rsm;ukd o,faqmifrnfhtpm; Zmbk&ifAdkvfcsKyfrsm; vk,ufxm;onfh ypPnf;rsm;jzifh
jynfah eygonf?
*syefwdk@onf ydk@tmomudk 0dkif;xm;+yD;aemufwGif odrf;ydkufvdkufonf? *syefwyfu Zm
bk&ifwyfudk H_;edrfhr_tcsKd@ESifh &ifqdkif&ap+yD;aemuf/ aemufqHk; rku'ifteD;Y upifhuvsm; wyf
ysufoGm;apcJhygonf? TwdkufyGJY vl 3 odef;&Sd Zmbk&ifwyfrawmfonf aoqHk;ol '%f&m
&olESifh oHk@yef;jzpfolaygif; 1 odef; 2 aomif;cef@ &Sdygonf? ydk@tmomudk jyefodrf;&ef abmvf
wpfrS apv$wfvdkufaom Zmbk&ihfa&wyf}uD; pl&SD;rm;a&vuf=um;wGif vHk;0H_;edrfhzsufqD;cH&r_
onf TwdkufyGJ+yD;aemuf jzpfvmygonf? pl&SD;rm;Y qHk;H_;r_onf tvGef}uD;rm;cJhygonf? Zm
bk&if apv$wfvdkufonfh ppfoabFmESpfq,fteuf q,fhoHk;pif;zsufqD;jcif; odk@r[kwf epfjrKyf

ypfjcif;cH&+yD;/ av;pif;rSm zrf;qD;cH&onf? Zmbk&if k&Sm;onf ppfyGJY vHk;0H_;edrfhoGm;ay+yD?
jynforl sm;onf ppfyu
JG rkd vdck sicf b
hJ J ppfyu
JG wdik ;f jynftwGuf rnfr#tE &W m,f}u;D cJh onfukd
odjrifem;vnfcJh=uygonf? Zmbk&if k&Sm;. acwfaemufusr_twGuf tvGef}uD;av;
pGmay;qyfvu
kd &f ygonf?
abmf&ASD pfEiS hf rif&ASD pfrsm;onf ppfyEJG iS yhf wfoufonfh rwlonfh oabmxm;rsm; &Sd ygonf?
xa&mhpuDtygt0if rif&SDApfrsm;u umuG,fa&;0g'tqifhodk@ av#mqif;oGm;ygonf?
qdkvdkonfrSmZmbk&if/ ajr&SifESifh t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;. tzEdkifiH udk umuG,f&ef jzpfygonf?
vDeifEiS ahf bmf&ADS pfrsm;u wzufwiG f Zmbk&iftpd;k &. vk,ufowfjzwfonfh ppfyJG H;_ edrhf
r_u Zmbk&ifpepfudktm;enf;ap+yD;/ awmfvSefa&;udk tiftm;jznfhay;onfhtwGuf toHk;
0ifEikd o
f nf[k cH,o
l nf?
Zmbk&ifwyfrsm;H_;edrfhr_u jynfoltrsm;udk Zmbk&ifpepf. ykyfodk;aqG;ajrhr_udk rsufpdzGifh
ay;vkdufonf? if;wdk@. Zmbk&if tkyfpdk;r_tay: rkef;wD;r_u ae@pOfjyif;xefwdk;rsm;vmonf?
vDeifu ydk@tmomusqHk;r_u oufOD;qHydkiftkyfpdk;r_. usqHk;cef;tp[k a&;cJhonf?
Zmbk&ifu ppfyGJjzifh awmfvSefa&;udk ydwfqdk@&ef toHk;cscsifcJhonf? qef@usifbufudkom
&&SdcJhygonf? &k&Sm;-*syefppfyJGu awmfvSefa&;ay:xGufjcif;udk jrefqefapcJhonf?
Zmbk&if&k mS ;Y t&if;&Six
f rf;yd;k onf Zmbk&ifpepfxrf;yk;d a=umifh ykrd q
dk ;dk 0g;cJo
h nf? tvkyf
orm;rsm;onf t&if;&Sirf sm;. aoG;pkyrf /_ vlrqefaomtvky=f urf;rsm;vky&f r_omru jynfol
tm;vkH;ESifhtwl tcGifhta&;rsm;tm;vkH;qkH;_H;ae&ygonf? xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHa&;t& a&S@wef;
a&mufonfhtvkyform;rsm;onf Zmbk&ifpepfukdqef@usifonfh +rdK@a&mawmyg&Sdaeonf?
'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pktm;vkH;. awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ukd acgif;aqmif&ef }udK;yrf;cJhonf? v,f
orm;rsm;onf ajrr&SdbJ aus;u|efpepf. tuGif;tuseftajrmuftjrm;a=umifh tvGef
trif;csKdwJhae+yD;/ ajr&SifESifh ul;vwfrsm;. u|efrsm;tjzpf aexkdifae&ygonf? Zmbk&if k&Sm;
wGif aexdkifaeaom trsKd;om;vlrsKd;rsm;rSm if;wkd@ vlrsKd;ajr&SifESifht&if;&Siftjyif k&Sm; vlrsKd;
ajr&Sif/ t&if;&Sifrsm;qdkonfh xrf;ykd;ESpfckatmufwGif tvl;tvJ'kuQa&mufaeygonf// 190003 ckEpS f pD;yGm;a&;uyfu qif;&Jom;vlx}k uD;. tcuftcJtusyt
f wnf;rsm;udk ydrk q
kd ;kd 0g; ap+yD;/
ppfyGJuvnf; if;wkd@udk ydkrdk zdpD;ESdyfpufvkdufygonf? ppfyGJH_;edrfhr_rsm;u vlxk. Zmbk&if pepf
rkef;wD;r_ukd "mwfqDavmif;ay;vkdufonf?
jynfolwdk@. pdwf&Snfonf;cHr_ tqHk;odk@ a&mufvmyg+yD?
u|eaf wmfw@kd jrifonft
h wdik ;f awmfveS af &;tvGev
f t
kd yf+yDjzpfa=umif; tajccHta=umif;
tcsufrsm; &Sdygonf?
1904 ck 'DZifbmY bmul;+rdK@wGif bmul;abmf&SDApfaumfrwDu OD;aqmifonhf tvkyf
orm;rsm;. aumif;rGepf mG pnf;H;k xm;onfh }u;D rm;vSonfo
h ydw}f u;D ay:ayguv
f monf? oydwf
onf tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. atmifyEJG iS hf tqH;k owfomG ;+yD;/ a&eHvyk o
f m;rsm;ESihf ydik &f iS rf sm;t=um;
pkaygif;oabmwlnDr_&&Sdum k&Sm;tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_ordkif;Y yxrqHk;aom

trsKd;tpm;jzpfcJhygonf?
bmul;oydwo
f nf x&ef@aumhau;&Sm;ESifh k&mS ;ae&mtES@H tjym;Y awmfveS af &;'Da&jrifh
wufr_.tp jzpfcJhyg onf?
bmul;oydwfu k&Sm;wjynfvHk;Y Zefe0g&DESifhazazmf0g&DwGif ay:aygufcJhonfh *k%f
ajymifonfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf tcsufjyjzpfcJhygonf? (pwmvif)
Toydwo
f nf }uD;jrwfvo
S nfah wmfveS af &;rkew
f ikd ;f }uD;. a&S@awmfajy; rd;k +cdr;f oHtvm;
jzpfcyhJ gonf?
1905 ck Zefe0g&D/ 9 &uf (jyuQ'defopf-22&uf) ae@ pdef@yDwmpbwftjzpftysuf
rsm;ESifhtwl awmfvSefa&;rkefwdkif; ay:xGufcJhonf?
1905 ck Zefe0g&D 3 &ufae@Y pde@f yw
D mpbwf&dS t}u;D qH;k pufkH jyLwDavmhAf (,ck uD;a&mhA)f
wGif oydwaf y:xGuv
f monf? tvkyo
f rm;av;a,muf tvkyx
f w
k yf pfra_ =umifh oydwaf y:xGuf
vm&jcif;jzpfonf? oydwo
f nf tvsit
f jref}uD;xGm;vmum pde@f yw
D mpbwf &Sd wjcm;pufEkH iS hf
tvkyfHkrsm; yg0ifyl;aygif;vmonf? oydwfonf taxGaxGoydwf}uD; jzpfvmonf? v_yf&Sm;r_
onf a=umufrufzG,f}uD;xGm;vmonf? Zmbk&iftpdk;&u tapmqHk; tqifhwGifoydwfudk
acsr_ef;&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf?
jyLwDavmhAf oydwfrwdkifrD 1904 ckESpfY ykvdyfonf *gAGefqdkaombkef;}uD;udk twGif;
olv#Kdtjzpf tokH;jyK+yD;/ k&Sm;tvkyfHk vkyfom;rsm;tpnf;tHk;[laomtrnfjzifh tvkyf
orm;tzGJ@tpnf;udk zGJ@pnf;apcJhonf? TtzGJ@tpnf;onf pdef@yDwmpbwf. a'otm;vHk;Y
tzGJ@cGJrsm; &Sdonf? oydwfay:xGufvmcsdefY bkef;}uD;*gAGefu if;.tzGJ@ tpnf;ta0;wGif
opPmazmuft}uHudk wifjyvmonf? Zefe0g&D 9 &ufae@wGif tvkyform;rsm; tm;vHk;pk+yD;
bk&m;ausmif;tvHEiS hf Zmbk&if."mwfyrkH sm; udik af qmifum aqmif;&moDeef;awmfo@kd +ird ;f csr;f pGm
pDwef;vrf;av#muf csDwuf+yD; Zmbk&ifhxH if;wdk@.vdktyfcsufrsm;udk toem;cHpmwif&ef
jzpfygonf? Zmbk&ifonf jynfolrsm;xHxGufvm+yD;/ if;wdk@. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk em;
axmifum jznfhqnf;ay;ayvdrfhrnf? *gAGefonf TuJhodk@jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh Zmbk&ifh tdku&m
emtzdk@ tvkyform;rsm;tay:ypfcwf+yD;/ tvkyform; vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_udk aoG;tdkifxJ
ESpyf pf&ef/ ta=umif;jycsu&f &So
d mG ;&ef tultnDay; vdu
k jf cif;jzpfonf? od@k aomfvnf; Tykvyd f
t}uHonf Zmbk&iftpdk;& acgif;ay:odk@ jyefusa&mufcJhonf?
toem;cHpmudk tvkyform;tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGifaqG;aEG;+yD; jyKjyifcsufrsm; jyKvkyfcJh
onf? abmf&ADS pfrsm;onf rdrw
d @kd rnforl nf0gjzpfa=umif; ra=unmbJ Ttpnf;ta0;rsm; wGif
yg0ifajymqd=k uonf? if;wd@k . v$r;f rd;k r_atmufwiG f toem;cHpmY owif;pmrsm; vGwf vyfciG /hf
vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifh/ tvkyform;rsm; tpnf;tHk; vGwfvyfcGifh/ k&Sm;&Sd EdkifiHa&; pepfudk
ajymif;vJ&ef &nf,
G cf suEf iS hf zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
kH pnf;a0;}uD; ac:qdu
k si;f y&ef/ w&m; Oya'a&S@Y
vlwikd ;f wef;wla&;/ Edik if aH wmfukd bk&m;ausmif;ESichf yJG pf&ef/ ppfyt
JG qH;k owf&ef/ tvkycf sed f 8 em&D
owfrw
S &f efEiS hf v,form;rsm;tm; v,frsm;ay;tyf&efponfh awmif;qdk csurf sm; xyfjznfyh g
onf?
Ttpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif abmf&SDApfrsm;u tvkyform;rsm;udk vGwfajrmufr_qkdwm
Zmbk&ifxH toem;cHpmwifHkjzifh r&EdkifbJ vufeuftiftm;jzifhom &&SdEdkifa=umif; &Sif;jy=u
onf? abmfADS pfrsm;u tvkyo
f rm;rsm;udk aoewfypfc&H Edik af =umif; owday;cJo
h nf? od@k aomf
aqmif;&moDeef;awmfodk@ csDwufjcif;udk rwm;qD;EdkifcJhyg? tvkyform;trsm;pku Zmbk&ifu
if;wdk@udk ulnDvdrfhrnf[k ,Hk=unfqJjzpfonf? v_yf&Sm;r_onf vlxkxJwGif cdkifrmonfhtajccH
&Sdxm;onf?
pdef@yDwmpbwftvkyform;rsm;. toem;cHpmwGif azmfjyxm;onfrSmu|eaf wmfw@kd pde@f yw
D mpbwftvkyo
f rm;rsm;onf ZeD;onfrsm;/ uav;rsm;/ cdu
k ;kd &mrJh
rdtdkztdkrsm;ESifhtwl trSefw&m;ESifh cdkv_HcGifh&Sm&ef t&Sifbk&m;xHarSmuf a&mufvmygonf?
u|eaf wmfw@kd onf qif;&JErG ;f yg;+yD;/ tzdEydS cf aH e&um rcHr&yfEidk zf ,
G f yifyef;cufcrJ '_ %f usa&muf
aeyg+yD? usaemfw@kd onf nO;f yef;ESyd pf ufcaH e&+yD;/ vlrsm;uJo
h @kd qufqjH cif;rcH&yg? u|eaf wmfw@kd
onf pdw&f n
S o
f nf;cHcahJ omfvnf; wae@wjcm; qif;&JwiG ;f eufoxufeufum tcGit
hf a&;rsm;
qHk;H_;+yD;/ evAdef;wHk;rsm; jzpfae&onf? u|efawmfwdk@onf rif;qdk;rif;npfrsm;ESifh tm%m&Sif.
vnfrsKd npjf cif;cHae&ygonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd . onf;cHpw
d &f n
S rf _ ukecf ef;oGm;cJyh g+yD? u|eaf wmfw@kd
onf TrcHr&yfEdkifzG,f cHpm;r_rsm;udk qufvufcHpm;aernfhtpm; aocsifvmonfh a=umuf
rufzG,fumvodk@ qdkufa&mufvmyg+yD
1905 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D 9 &ufeHeuftapmwGif tvkyform;rsm;onf xdktcsdefu Zm
bk&ifaexdik af eonfh aqmif;&moDeef;awmfo@kd csw
D ufco
hJ nf? if;wd@k onf ZeD;rsm;/ uav;rsm;/
vltdkrsm;ESifhtwl wrdom;pkvHk;vmcJh=u+yD; Zmbk&if."mwfyHkrsm;/ bk&m;ausmif;tvHrsm;
o,faqmifvmonf? if;wdk@onf csDwufpOf bk&m;pmrsm;/ *gxmrsm; oDqdkvmcJh=uonf?
if;wdk@wGif vufeufrygyg? vlaygif; 140000 ausmf vrf;rsm;ay: Y pka0;a&muf&SdcJhonf?
if;wd@k onf 'kw,
d eDuv
kd yfpx
f rH S &efvpkd mG }udKqdjk cif;udk cHvu
kd &f onf? olu vufeufryg
onfh tvkyo
f rm;rsm;udk aoewfEiS yhf pf&ef trde@f ay;cJo
h nf? xdak e@wiG f tvkyo
f rm;waxmif
ausmfaoqHk;cJh+yD;/ ESpfaxmifausmf'%f&m&cJhonf? pdef@yDwmpbwf vrf;rsm;wGif tvkyf
orm;rsm; aoG;acsmif;pD;cJhonf?
abmf&ADS pfrsm;onf tvkyo
f rm;rsm;ESit
hf wl csw
D ufco
hJ nf? trsm;tjym; towfc=H u&
onf? okd@r[kwf tzrf;cH=u&onf? Ttvkyform;rsm; aoG;acsmif;pD;aeaomvrf;ay:wGif
abmf&SDApfwdk@u tvkyform;rsm;udk T,kwfrmvSonfh &mZ0wfr_twGuf rnfolwm0ef&Sd
a=umif;/ xdkoludk rnfuJhodk@ wdkufcdkuf&rnfjzpfa=umif;wdk@udk &Sif;vif;ajym=um;cJhonf?
Zefe0g&D 9 &ufae@ukd aoG;acsmif;pD;aom we*FaEG[k trnfwiG f oGm;onf? xdak e@wiG f
tvkyform;rsm;onf aoG;ESifh&if;onfh oifcef;pmudk&&SdcJhonf? if;wdk@. Zmbk&iftay:
,H=k unfru
_ kd xdak e@usnq
f rH sm;u zsuq
f ;D ay;vdu
k o
f nf? if;wd@k onf rdrw
d @kd . tcGit
hf a&;rsm;
udk wdkufyGJESifhom &,lEdkifa=umif; od&Sdem;vnfoGm;=uonf? xdknaecif;wGif tvkyform;

&yfuGufrsm;Y uwkwfusif;rsm; ay:xGufvmonf? tvkyform;rsm;u Zmu igwdk@udk 'gyJ
ay;cJhw,f? tck igwdk@ oludk 'gjyefay;&r,f vdk@qdk=uonf?
a=umufrufzG,f Zmbk&if. aoG;acsmif;pD;onfh &mZ0wfr_owif;onf teD;ta0;odk@
ys@HES@HoGm;onf? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;w&yfvHk;/ wwdkif;jynfvHk; a'goxGufjcif;ESifh &HGrkef;jcif;
wdk@jzifh v_yf&Sm;oGm;onf? tvkyform;rsm;onf Zmbk&ifqdk;,kwfr_udk uef@uGuf+yD;/ EdkifiHa&;
awmif;qdck surf sm; awmif;qdv
k monfh oydwrf ay:ayguo
f nfh +rKd@w+rKd@rrS &Syd g? tvkyo
f rm;rsm;
onf oufOD;qHydkifpepfusqHk;ygap[k auG;a=umf+yD;/ vrf;rsm;ay:xGufvm=uonf?
Zefe0g&DvwGif oydwfarSmufolrsm; ta&twGufrSm tvGef}uD;rm;vSonfh*%ef; 440000
od@k a&muf&o
dS mG ;onf? wvtwGi;f oydwaf rSmufonft
h vkyo
f rm;ta&twGurf mS vGecf hJ onfh
q,fpkESpf wpkvHk; oydwfarSmufonfhta&twGufxuf rsm;oGm;ygonf? tvkyf orm;
vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_onf r&SdcJhzl;onfh 'Da&jrifhodk@ wufoGm;cJhygonf? k&Sm;Y awmfvSefa&;
}uD;pwifcJhav+yD?
2? tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. Edik if aH &;oydwrf sm;ESihf qENjyyGrJG sm;? v,form;rsm;t=um; awmfveS af &;
v_yf&Sm;r_ aygufzGm; }uD;xGm;vmjcif;? ppfoabFm ydkwJrfuif (Potemkin) ay:rS ykefuefr_?
Zefe0g&D 9 &uf+yD;aemuf tvkyform;rsm;. awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJonf ydkrdkjyif;xefvm
um Edik if aH &;vuQ%maqmifvmygonf? tvkyo
f rm;rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;oydwrf sm; axmufcH
onfh oydwrf sm;udk Edik if aH &;oydwrf sm;/ qENjyyGrJ sm;tjzpfo@kd pwifu;l ajymif;vm+yD;/ wcsK@d ae&m
rsm;wGif Zmbk&ifppfom;rsm;tm; vufeufpu
JG ikd cf ck rH r_ sm; jzpfay:vmonf? txl;ojzifh tvkyf
orm;trsm;tjym; pkpnf;aeonfh pdef@yDwmpbwf/ armfpudk/ 0gaqm/ &Dum/ bmul;ponfh
+rdK@}uD;rsm;wGif oydwfrsm;onf ydkrdkjyif;xef+yD; ydkrdkjyifqifpkpnf;r_ &Sdygonf? owWKvkyfief;rsm;
onf wdu
k yf 0JG ifypPn;f rJrh sm;. wyfO;D rS csw
D ufco
hJ nf? if;wd@k . oydwrf sm;a=umifh tvkyo
f rm;
rsm;. wyfO;D onf vlwef;pm;tod ydek rd o
hf nfh tpdwt
f ydik ;f rsm;udk v_aH qmfEikd cf +hJ yD;/ tvkyo
f rm;
vlwef;pm;w&yfvHk; wdkufyGJ0if&ef xuGapvkdufonf? qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;. =oZm tvsift
jref }uD;xGm;vmonf?
+rKd@tcsKd@Y ara';qENjyyGJrsm;wGif ykvdyfESifh ppfom;rsm;ESifh wdkufcdkuf&ifqdkif&r_rsm; jzpfay:
cJhonf? 0gaqmY qENjyyGJudk aoewfESifhypf+yD; vl&maygif;rsm;pGm towfcH&jcif; odk@r[kwf
'%f&m&jcif;rsm;&SdcJhonf? ydkvef qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;. v_H@aqmfcsuft& tvkyform;rsm;u
ydkvefaoewfypfr_udk taxGaxGoydwfyGJ}uD;ESifh wHk@jyefvdkufonf? arv wvvHk; qENjyyGJrsm;/
oydwfrsm; r&yfrem;ay:xGufcJhonf? xdkwvtwGif; k&Sm;wjynfvHk; tvkyform; 200000
ausmf oydwaf rSmufco
hJ nf? bmul;/ avmhw/f tdik Af ifEAdk -kd aAmhpeifppfw@kd wiG f taxGaxG oydwf
rsm; ay:xGucf o
hJ nf? qENjyorm;rsm;/ oydwo
f rm;rsm;ESihf Zmbk&ifph pfom;rsm; ydI
k ydI
k &ifqikd f
wdu
k yf jJG zpfvmonf? td'k ufqm/ 0gaqm/ &Dum/ avmhwEf iS hf wjcm;+rKd@}uD;wcsK@d wiG f TuJh od@k aom
wdkufcdkufr_rsm; jzpfay:vmonf?
ydkvefpufr_vufr_ A[dktcsuftcsm+rdK@}uD; avmhwfrS wdkufyGJonf txl;ojzifh jyif;xef
onf? avmhwf&Sdvrf;rsm;ay:wGif tvkyform;rsm;u uwkwfusif;rsm; wl;xm;+yD;/ Zm
bk&ifppfom;rsm;ESifh oHk;&ufwdkifwdkif (1905 ck ZGef 22 rS 24) &ifqdkif wdkufcdkuf=uonf? T
ae&mwGif taxGaxGoydwfESifh vufeufudkifv_yf&Sm;r_ yl;aygif;oGm;onf? vDeifu TwdkufyGJ
rsm;udk k&Sm; tvkyform;rsm;. yxrqHk;aom vufeufudkif v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tjzpf oabm
xm;onf?
xdak EGY xl;jcm;onfo
h ydwrf mS tdik Af ifEAdk -kd aAmhpeifppf tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. oydwjf zpfonf?
1905 ckESpf ar tukefrS =o*kwfvtpydkif;txd ESpfvcGJcef@ =umjrifhcJhonf? trsKd;orD; trsm;
tjym; tygt0if tvkyform; 70000 cef@ xdkoydwfwGif yg0ifcJhonf? abmf&SDApf ajrmufydkif;
aumfrwDuOD;aqmifco
hJ nf? axmifEiS chf saD omtvkyo
f rm;rsm;onf +rdK@jyif&dS wJvu
f m jrpfurf;
rsm;ay: Y ae@pOfeD;yg; pkHk;cJh=uonf? Ttpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif if;wdk@. vdktyf csufrsm;udk
aqG;aEG;=uonf? tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif abmf&ADS pfrsm;u rde@f ceG ;f ay;=uonf?
oydwfrsm;udk acsr_ef;&ef/ Zmbk&if tm%mydkifrsm;u ppfom;rsm;tm; tvkyf orm;rsm;udk
+zdKcG+J yD;/ aoewfEiS hf ypf&eftrde@f ay;onf? tvkyo
f rm; trsm;tjym; towf cH&+yD;/ &maygi;f rsm;
pGm'%f&m&onf? +rdK@xJwGif ta&;ay:trdef@ xkwfjyefxm;onf? odk@aomf vnf; tvkyform;
rsm;onf cdkif+rJpGm &yfwnfae+yD; vkyfief;cGifodk@ jyefroGm;=uyg? if;wdk@ESifh if;wdk@rdom;pkrsm;
iwfrGwfaeaomfvnf; vufeufrcs=uyg? tqHk;Y tvGeftrif; tm;tif ukefcrf; EGrf;e,fr_
a=umifhomv#if if;wdk@onf vkyfief;cGifokd@ ra&Smifrv$JomjyefoGm;cJh&onf? oydwfu tvkyf
orm;rsm;udk oHcw
J ifay;vdu
k o
f nf? TonfrmS tvkyo
f rm; vlwef;pm;. ol&owd/W }uHch ikd rf /_
cHEdkif&nf&Sdr_ESifh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_wdk@. jy,k*fjzpfonf? TonfrSm tdkifAifEkdAkd-aAmhpeifppf
tvkyform;rsm;twGuf wu,fhEdkifiHa&; ynmay;r_w&yfjzpfonf?
oydwt
f wGi;f tkid Af ifEAdk -kd aAmhpeifppf tvkyo
f rm;rsm;onf ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; aumifpD
udk zGJ@pnf;vkduf+yD;/ if;wdk@rSm wu,fawmh k&Sm;&Sd tvkyform; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. yxrqHk;
qdkAD,ufrsm;wGifwckjzpfcJhygonf?
tvkyform;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;oydwfrsm;u wjynfvHk;udk v_Hqmfvdkufygonf? +rdK@rsm;+yD;
aemuf aus;vufrsm; pwiftHkuGvmonf? aEGOD;wGif v,form; r+idrfoufr_ ay:xGufvm
onf? v,form;rsm;onf vltkyf}uD;rsm;jzifh ajr&Sifrsm;udk qef@usifcsDwuf qENjyum if;wdk@
ydkife,fajrrsm;/ o=um;pufHkrsm;/ t&ufcsufpufHkrsm;udk odrf;ydkufvdkuf+yD;/ if;wdk@. eef;awmf
rsm;ESihf ydik ef ufrsm;udk rD;wif@_d =uonf? ae&mtcsK@d Y v,form;rsm;onf ajr&Sirf sm;. ajrrsm;udk
odrf;vdkuf+yD;/ opfawmrsm;udk vufum;ckwfcsonfhvkyfief;udk toHk;jyKodrf;ydkufum ajr,m
ydkifeufrsm;udk vlxkodk@ v$Jajymif;ay;&ef awmif;qdkonf? olwdk@onf ajr&Sifrsm;. &duQm*dka'gif
rsm;ESihf tjcm;ypPn;f rsm;udk odr;f ydu

k u
f m iwfjywfaeolrsm;udk a0jcrf;ay;vku
d o
f nf? ajr&Sirf sm;
a=umufvef@w=um; +rdK@rsm;od@k xu
G af jy;=uonf? Zmbk&iftpd;k &u v,form;ykeu
f efru
_ kd acs
r_ef;&ef ppfom;rsm;ESifh aumhqufrsm;udk apv$wfonf? ppfom;rsm;u v,form;rsm;udk
ypfcwf+yD;/ *dk%f;acgif;aqmifrsm; zrf;qD;um kdufESufnOf;yef;ESdyf pufonf? odk@aomfvnf;
v,form;rsm;u if;wdk@ wdkufyGJudk &yfwef@jcif;rjyKyg?
v,form;v_yf&Sm;r_onf k&Sm;tv,fykdif;a'orsm;/ aAmfv*ga'oESifh x&ef@aumhau;
&Sm; txl;ojzihf a*smf*sD,mwdk@odk@ ydkrdkus,fjyef@pGm ys@HESH@oGm;onf?
qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd &ufrsm;onf aus;vufa'orsm;od@k ydrk ekd ufi_d ;f pGm xd;k azmuf 0ifa&mufvm
onf? ygwAD [dak umfrwDu oifw@kd v,form;rsm;xHay;yd@k onfh u|eaf wmfw@kd . uwdpum;
[k acgi;f pOfwyfxm;onfh v,form;rsm;od@k arwWm&yfccH suf xkwjf yefvu
kd o
f nf? wAm/ q&m
awmhA/f ydv
k w
f Akd m/ csmeDaumhA/f tDumwm&DEpdk vAf/ wpfzvpfEiS hf wjcm;jynfe,f trsm;tjym;
rS qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufaumfrwDrsm;u v,form;rsm;odk@ arwWm&yfcHcsufrsm; xkwfjyef=uonfh
aus;&Gmrsm;wGif qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;u tpnf;ta0;rsm; ac:,lusif;y+yD; v,form;rsm;
t=um; tpkrsm;pnf;H;k um v,form;aumfrwDukd xlaxmif=uonf? 1905 ck aEGwiG f qd&k ,
S 'f rD kd
u&ufrsm;u pnf;Hk;onfh v,f,mtvkyform;rsm;. oydwfrsm;ae&m trsm;tjym;Y
ay:aygufvmonf?
od@k aomfvnf; TonfrmS v,form;wdu
k yf .
JG tpr#omjzpfao;onfh v,form;v_yf
&Sm;r_onf cdkif 85 ck r#wGifom jzpfay:ae+yD;/ TonfrSm Zmbk&ifk&Sm;. Oa&mya'o&Sd pkpk
aygif; ckdifrsm;. t=urf;zsif;tm;jzifh 7 ykH 1 yHkr#omjzpfonf? tvkyform;/ v,form;
v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh k&Sm;-*syefppfyGJtwGif; k&Sm;ppfom;rsm; cHpm;ae&onfh ajymif;jyefjzpf&yf woD
wwef;}uD;wdk@onf vufeufudkiftiftm;pkrsm;tay: *,ufkdufcJhonf? TZmbk&ifpepf.
cHwyf}uD;onf ,drf;,dkifpjyKvmay+yD?
1905 ckESpf ZGefvwGif yifv,feufa&wyf&Sd ppfoabFm ydkwJrfuifay: Y ykefuefr_ jzpfay:
vmonf? ppfoabFmrSm xdt
k csed u
f tvkyo
f rm; taxGaxGoydwrf sm;jzpfay:aeonfh td'k uf
qmteD;Y cs&yfxm;onf? ykefuefol a&wyfom;rsm;onf if;wdk@. &HG&SmzG,f t&m&Sdrsm;udk
vufpm;acs=u+yD;/ oabFmudk tkd'ufqmodk@ o,faqmifvmonf? ppfoabFmydkwJrfuifonf
awmfvSefa&;bufodk@ ul;ajymif;cJhonf?
vDeifu Tykeu
f efr.
_ }uD;rm;vSonht
f a&;ygru
_ kd todtrSwjf yKonf? olu abmf&ADS pf
rsm;twGuf Tv_yf&Sm;r_. acgif;aqmifr_udk &,l&ef tvkyform;/ v,form;a'owyfrsm;.
v_yf&Sm;r_ESifhqufpyfay;&ef vdktyfa=umif;,lqonf?
Zmbk&ifu ydkwJrfuifudk wdkufcdkuf&ef ppfoabFmtajrmuftjrm; apv$wfcJhaomfvnf;
xdo
k abFmrsm;rS oabFmom;rsm;onf if;wd@k . olyek &f aJ bmfrsm;udk ypfcwf&ef jiif;qd=k uonf?
&ufaygi;f rsm;pGm ppfoabFm ydw
k rJ u
f if. tvHwikd rf S awmfveS af &;tvHeD vGiyhf sH co
hJ nf? ok@d aomf
1905 ck xdktcsdefu v_yf&Sm;r_udk acgif;aqmifaeonfrSm aemufydkif; 1917 ckwGif jzpfcJhonfh
twdkif; abmf&SDApfwygwDwnf;r[kwfyg? ydkwJrfuifay: Y rif&SDApfrsm;/ qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;

orm;rsm;ESifh rif;rJhrsm;&Sd=uonf? tusKd;quftm;jzifh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;onf ykefuefr_Y
wOD;csi;f yg0ifcahJ omfvnf; oifah wmfuu
kd n
f +D yD; tawG@t}uKH&ifu
h suo
f nfh acgi;f aqmifr_ rScd yhJ g?
tcsuftcsm umvrsm;wGif a&wyfom;tcsKd@onf ,drf;,dkifvmonf? yifv,feufa&wyfrS
wjcm;ppfoabFmrsm;uvnf; ydw
k rJ u
f if ykeu
f efru
_ kd yl;aygi;f jcif;r&Scd ?hJ ausmufr;D aoG;ESihf &dumQ
rsm; ukecf ef;vmaomtcg awmfveS o
f nfh ppfoabFmonf kad r;eD;,m;qdyu
f rf;od@k xd;k uyf&+yD;/
tm%mydkif;rsm;xH vufeufcsvdkuf&onf?
ppfoabFm ydkwJrfuifay:rS a&wyfom;rsm;.ykefuefr_onf t_H;ESifh tqHk;owfoGm;
&onf? aemifwiG f Zmbk&iftpd;k &vufwiG ;f usa&mufomG ;onf? a&wyfom;rsm;onf w&m;pGJ
qdjk cif;cH& ygonf? wcsK@d rmS towfc&H +yD;/ wcsK@d rmS e,fEiS 'f %f od@k r[kwf tvky=f urf;ESihf axmif
'%fusoGm;=uonf? odk@aomf ykefuefr_udk,fE_dufwGif tvGefta&;ygonfh tjzpftysuf jzpfcJh
onf? ydw
k rJ u
f if ykeu
f efro
_ nf ppfwyfEiS hf a&wyftwGi;f rS vlxk awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_. yxr
Oyrmw&yf/ Zmbk&if. vufeufuikd t
f iftm;pkxrJ S }uD;rm;onfh ,lepfwck awmfveS af &; buf
ajymif;vJvmonfh yxrqHk;aom tjzpftysufw&yf jzpfcJhonf? Tykefuefr_u ppfwyf ESifh
a&wyfw@kd / tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;/ jynforl sm;ESihf vufwyJG ;l aygi;f vku
d jf cif;onf tvkyf orm;/
v,form;ESihf txl;ojzifh ppfom;rsm;/ a&wyfom;rsm;ud,
k w
f ikd .
f toJEv
S ;kH ESihf ydrk kd eD;uyf+yD;/
ydkrdkem;vnfvG,fEdkifonfh tjrifudk &&SdapcJhonf?
tvkyform;rsm;. vlxkEdkifiHa&;oydwfrsm;ESifh qENjyyGJrsm;tay: tm;udk;tm; xm;jyK
vmr_/ v,form;v_yf&Sm;r_ }uD;xGm;vmjcif;/ jynfolESifh ykvdyfppfwyft=um; vufeufudkif
wdkufr_rsm;ESifh aemufqHk; yifv,feufa&wyfrS ykefuefr_tm;vHk;wdk@onf jynfolrsm;. vuf
eufudkif tkHuGr_twGuf ta=umif;tcsufrsm; &ifhrSnfhvm+yDjzpfa=umif; jyovdkufonf? T
onfu vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;udk v_yf&Sm;&ef v_Haqmfay;vdkufonf? awmfvSefa&;udk a=umuf
vef@+yD; wcsed w
f nf;rSmvnf; Zmbk&ifukd awmfveS af &;wap>EiS hf +cdr;f ajcmufum awmfveS af &;udk
qef@usif&ef Zmbk&ifESifh em;vnfr_,l&ef }udK;pm;vm=uonf? olwdk@/ jynfolrsm;. a'gorsm;
ajy+idr;f &ef awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;udk cGx
J w
k &f efEiS hf xdek nf;jzifh awmfveS af &;. a=umuf
rufz,
G &f mrsm; udak &Smifv&JG ef jynforl sm;twGuf jyKjyifajymif;vJr_ tenf;tyg;udk awmif;
qdv
k monf? vpfb&,fajr&Sirf sm;u acgi;f jzwfc&H wmxuf u|eaf wmfw@kd ajrtcsK@d t0uf cGaJ y;
vdkufjcif;u oufomyg ao;w,fvdk@ qdk=uonf? vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;onf Zmbk&ifESifh
tm%mcG,
J &l ef jyif qifvmcJo
h nf? vDeifu tJ'&D ufrsm;twGi;f u tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;.
enf;y&d,m,fESifh vpfb&,f"e&Sifwdk@. enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk &nf!ef;+yD; ypPnf;rJhrsm;u
wdkufyGJ0ifaew,f? vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;uawmh tm%mudk cdk;,l&ef }udK;pm;aew,fvdk@a&;
om;cJhygonf?
Zmbk&if tpdk;&onf tvkyform;ESifh v,form;rsm;udk &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfpGm quf
vuf zdESdyfcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; awmfvSefa&;udk zdESdyfonfh enf;emwckwnf;ESifh rajz&Sif;
Edik af wmh qdo

k nfuv
kd nf; rjrifrjzpfjrifvm=u&onf? xd@k a=umifh zdEydS o
f nhf enf;emrsm;udk vnf;
rpGe@f vw
$ b
f J y&d,m,frm,mESihf vSnjhf zm;onfh ay:vpDrsm;udv
k nf; &Smvm&onf? wzufwiG f
rdrdwdk@twGif; olv#dKrsm;rSwqifh k&Sm;&Sd vlrsKd;tcsif;csif;t=um; vH_@aqmfay;+yD;/ *sL;
vlrsKd;tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf owfjzwfr_ESifh tmar;eD;,m;ESifh wmwmrsm; tjyeftvSef owf
jzwfyGJrsm; jzpfapcJhonf? wzufwGifvnf; *Zemsky Sobor odk@r[kwf EdkifiHawmf'l;rm;
v$wfawmfykHpHESifh udk,fpm;jyK tpnf;tHk; ac:qdkusif;yay;&ef *wdjyK+yD;/ 0ef}uD;blvD*sif
(Bulygin) udk Oya'jyKtm%mryg&[k owfrSwfxm;onfh 'l;rm;w&yf pDrHudef;a&;qGJ&ef
!e=f um;cJo
h nf? T aqmif&u
G cf sut
f m;vH;k onf awmfveS af &;tiftm;tpkrsm;udk cGyJ pf&efEiS hf
tv,ftvwf jynfol@tpdwftydkif;udk awmfvSefa&;ESifh tqufjzwfypf&ef jzpfygonf?
abmf&ADS pfrsm;u vl}udKufrsm;onfh ud,
k pf m;vS,pf epf twkta,mifukd zGichf s&ef &nf&,
G f
csufjzifh blvD*sif 'l;rm;udk oydwfarSmuf&ef a=unmonf?
rif&SDApfrsm;u wzufwGif 'l;rm;udk rzsufqD;&ef qHk;jzwf+yD;/ xdktxJwGif0ifyg&ef vdktyf
onf[k oabmxm;=uonf?
3? abmf & S D A pf E S i f h r if & S D A pf r sm;t=um; enf ; y&d , m,f u G m jcm;csuf r sm;? wwd , t}ud r f
ygwDuGef*&uf? vDeif. 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;twGif; qdk&S,f-'Drdkua&pDenf; y&d,m,fESpf
oG,f rmhufpf0g'ygwDw&yftwGuf enf;y&d,m,fqdkif&m tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm;?
awmfveS af &;u vltzG@J tpnf;wGi;f &Sd vlwef;pm;tm;vH;k udk v_yv
f y_ &f mS ;&Sm; jzpfvmapyg
onf? awmfveS af &;a=umifh jzpfay:vmonfh Edik if w
H iG ;f Edik if aH &;b0 tvSnt
hf ajymif;u if;wd@k .
ae&ma[mif; tqifhae&mrsm;rS a&G@oGm;ap+yD;/ tajctaetopfESifhtnD if;wdk@ tcsif;csif;
t=um; jyefvnf pkpnf;apvdu
k yf gonf? vlwef;pm;wdik ;f / ygww
D ikd ;f if;wd@k . enf;y&d,m,frsm;/
vkyaf qmif&ef vrf;pOfrsm; wjcm;vlwef;pm;rsm;tay: oabmxm;/ tpd;k &tay: oabmxm;
pwmrsm; a&;qGJ&ef }uKd;yrf;vm=uonf? Zmbk&iftpkd;& udk,fwdkifawmifrS udk,fpm;vS,f
tpnf;tH;k 'l;rm; v$waf wmfac:qdak y;&ef uwday;jcif;wGif om"u jyKonft
h wdik ;f r}uKHb;l /
rvkyfbl;onfh enf;y&d,m,fopfrsm; wDxGifvm&a=umif; jrifawG@&onf?
qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwDonfvnf; if;. enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk a&;qGJvm&ygonf?
Tonfudk jrifhwufvmonfh awmfvSefa&;'Da&v_dif;u trdef@ay;cJhonf? Tonfudk ypPnf;rJh
rsm;udk &ifqdkifaeonfh vufawG@jy\emrsm;u trdef@ay;cJh+yD;/ aESmifhaES;r_udk cGifhrjyKacs? vuf
eufudkiftkHuGr_ pnf;Hk;a&;/ Zmbk&iftpdk;& jzKwfcsa&;/ ,m,DawmfvSefa&;tpdk;& wnfaxmif
a&;/ Ttpd;k &wGif qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd &ufwpfrsm; yg0ifvma&;/ v,form;rsm;tay: oabmxm;ESihf
* 16 &mpkESifh 17 &mpktwGif;u k&Sm;Y usif;ycJhaom tpdk;&ESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;&ef e,fajrrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm;.v$wfawmf
vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;tay: oabmxm;ponfh jy\emrsm;jzpfonf? qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;

udk,fwdkifvnf; aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;qifjcifxm;onfh wnDw!Gwfwnf;aom rmhufpf0g'
enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk a&;qJGvm&ygonf?
od@k aomfvnf; rif&ADS pfrsm;. tacsmif0g'ESihf if;wd@k .*d%
k ;f cGaJ &; v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;a=umifh k&mS ;
qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwDwGif xdktcsdefu ESpfpkuGJaeygonf? uGJ+yJr_rSm jynfh0jynfhpkHoGm;+yD;[k
rowfrSwf&ao;bJ/ w&m;0ift&vnf; tpkESpfckonf oD;jcm;ygwDESpfcktjzpf a&mufroGm;
ao;aomfvnf;/ wu,fhjzpf&yfrSmawmh oD;jcm;ygwDESpfckESifh tvGefwlae+yD;/ wOD;pDrSm
udk,fykdifacgif;aqmif/ A[dkESifh udk,fydkifyHkESdyfpufrsm;&Sdaeygonf?
tuGt
J +yu
J kd ykI
d us,jf yef@aponft
h csurf mS rif&ADS pfrsm;u ygww
D iG ;f trsm;pkEiS hf uG+J ycJ o
hJ nfh
pnf;Hk;a&;&muGJjym;csuf ta[mif;rsm;tjyif enf;y&d,m,fqdkif&m jy\emrsm;tay: uGJjym;
csuftopfrsm; xyfxyfaygif;vmonfh tcsufjzpfonf?
wvHk;wpnf;wnf;aom ygwDr&Sdr_u wnDwnmwnf;aom ygwDenf;y&d,m,frsm;
csK@d wahJ pvdu
k yf gonf?
tajctaerS xGuf&yfvrf;rSm aemufuGef*&ufw&yf/ wwd,uGef*&ufudk csufjcif;ac:
,l+yD;/ wlnDonfh enf;y&d,m,frsm;csrSwfum trsm;pk.qHk;jzwfcsuf/ uGef*&uf. qHk;jzwf
csurf sm;udk tenf;pku ,H,
k =kH unf=unfEiS hf azmfaqmifvyk u
f ikd &f ef/ csnaf ESmifay;&ef jzpfayonf?
TonfrmS abmf&ADS pfrsm;u rif&ADS pfrsm;udk wifjyawmif;qdrk j_ zpfonf? od@k aomf rif&ADS pf rsm;u
wwd, uGef*&ufqifhac:&efudk em;raxmifcJhyg? ygwDuvufcHonfh enf;y&d,m,frsm;r&SdbJ
ygwu
D kd Ttwdik ;f qufvufxm;jcif;onf &mZ0wfjypfrw
_ &yf[k oabmxm;+yD;/ ygw0D iftm;
vH;k udk pkpnf;csnaf ESmif&ef abmf&ADS pfrsm;u wwd,uGe*f &uf usi;f ya&;twGuf OD;pD;OD;udik jf yKr_ukd
if;wdk@,l&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufonf?
abmf&SDApfa&m rif&SDApfyg ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;tm;vHk;udk uGef*&ufodk@zdwf=um;cJhonf?
rif&SDApfrsm;u wwd,uGef*&ufudk yg0if&ef jiif;qef+yD;/ if;wdk@bmom oD;jcm;uGef*&ufwckjyK
vkyf&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf? if;wdk@uGef*&ufokd@ wufa&mufonfh ukd,fpm;vS,f ta&twGuf
enf;yg;onfhtwGuf uGefz&ifh[kac:aomfvnf; trSefrSm uGef*&ufw&yf/ rif&SDApfygwDuGef*
&ufw&yfjzpf+yD; qHk;jzwfcsufrSm rif&SDApftm;vHk; vdkufem&ef jzpfonf?
k&Sm;qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwD. wwd,uGef*&ufudk 1905/ {+yDwGif vef'efY usif;yonf?
abmf&ADS pfaumfrwD 20 rSu,
kd pf m;vS,f 24 OD;wufa&mufonf? ygw.
D tzG@J tpnf;}u;D tm;vH;k rS
udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wufa&mufonf?
uGe*f &ufu rif&ADS pfrsm;udk ygwrD cS x
JG u
G o
f mG ;onft
h pdwt
f ydik ;f w&yf[k _wcf s+y;D / ygw.
D
enf;y&d,m,f a&;qGJa&;qdkonfh vkyfief;udk qufvuf vkyfaqmifcJhonf?
TuGef*&uf usif;yaeonfESifh wcsdefwnf; rif&SDApfrsm;uvnf; if;wdk@uGef*&ufudk
*sDeDAmY usif;yonf?
Ttajctaeudk vDeifu ed*Hk;csKyf&mwGif uGef*&uf 2 &yf/ ygwD 2 ck [k qdkcJhonf?

uGef*&ufa&m/ uGefz&ifhyg wu,fawmh enf;y&d,m,fqdkif&m jy\emwckwnf;tay:
rSmom aqG;aEG;=uaomfvnf; csrSwfvdkufonhf qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;rSm ajzmifhajzmifh}uD; qef@usif
ygonf? uGef*&ufESifh uGefz&ifhrS qHk;jzwfvufcHvdkufonfh qHk;jzwfcsuf 2 pHkonf wwd,
uGef*&ufESifh rif&SDApfuGefz&ifht=um;/ abmf&SDApfESifh rif&SDApft=um; enf;y&d,m,f uGJjym;csuf
rsm;. twdrfteufwckvHk;udk azmfxkwfjyovdkufonf?
TuGJjym;csufrsm;. t"dutcsufrsm;rSm atmufygrsm;jzpfonf?
wwd,t}udrf ygwu
D eG *f &uf. enf;y&d,m,fvrf;pOf? uGe*f &ufu jzpfymG ; vsu&f o
dS nfh
awmfvSefa&;.vuQ%mrSm "e&Sif'Drdkua&pD vuQ%m&Sdaomfvnf; ,ck ay;xm; onfhumv
twGi;f awmfveS af &;onf t&if;&Sipf epf. abmiftwGi;f u jzpfEikd af cso
dS nfh uef@owfcsux
f uf
rausmfvGefEdkifaomfvnf;/ awmfvSefa&;. jynfh0onfh atmifyGJudk pdwf0ifpm;olrSm t"du
tm;jzifh ypPn;f rJrh sm;omjzpfonf[ck ,
H o
l nf? tb,fa=umifq
h akd omf TawmfveS af &;. atmif
yGu
J ypPn;f rJrh sm;udk pkpnf;ay;vdu
k Ef ikd +f y;D / Edik if aH &;t& }u;D xGm;vmEdik f apum qif;&JErG ;f yg;vSonfh
vlxkrsm;. EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifr_wGif tawG@t}uKHESifh t&nftcsif;jynfh0r_rsm; &&SdEkdifap+yD;/
"e&SifawmfvSefa&;rS qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;odk@ csDwufoGm;Edkifapygvdrfhrnf?
"e&Sif'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;. jynfh0onfhatmifyGJ&a&;twGuf a&;qGJxm;onfh
ypPnf;rJhrsm;. enf;emrsm;onf v,form;xkt=um;rSmomv#if axmufcHr_&&SdEdkifygonf?
tb,fa=umifq
h akd omf v,form;rsm;onf awmfveS af &;. jynf0h onfh atmifyrJG &&Sb
d J ajr&Sif
rsm;ESifh pm&if;&Sif;+yD;aemuf if;wdk@ajrrsm;udk ydkifqdkifcGifh&&Sd&ef rjzpfEdkifacs? xdk@a=umifh v,f
orm;xkonf ypPnf;rJhrsm;. obm0r[mrdwfjzpfonf?
vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;onf TawmfvSefa&; tjynfht0 atmifyGJcH&ef pdwfr0ifpm;acs?
tb,fa=umifq
h akd omf olw@kd onf rnfonft
h &mxufrqdk a=umufvef@aeonfh tvkyo
f rm;
ESifh v,form;rsm;udkzdESdyf&ef =umyGwftjzpf Zmbk&iftkyfpdk;r_udkvdkvm;ae+yD;/ Ttm%mudk
tenf;tusOf;xdef;csKyfr_omjyKvkyf+yD;/ Zmbk&iftkyfpdk;r_ wnfwef@&ef }uKd;pm;ayvdrfhrnf?
xdk@a=umifh vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;onf zG@Jpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkt& bk&ifpepftajccHtay:wGif Zm
bk&ifESifh em;vnfr_,l+yD; jy\emrsm; tqHk;owfoGm;ap&ef }uKd;pm;ayrnf?
awmfvSefa&;onf ypPnf;rJhrsm; OD;aqmifrSomv#if/ awmfvSefa&;. acgif;aqmiftjzpf
ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf v,form;xkESifh r[mrdwf&&SdrSomv#if/ vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;udk txD;usef
jzpfaprSomv#i/f Zmbk&ifudkqef@usifonfh jynfolrsm;.tHkuGr_udk qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwDu
wufwufuGuG yg0ifppk nf; pnf;H;k rSomv#i/f tkH uGra_ tmifjrifonft
h wGuf ,m,D awmfveS f
a&; tpkd;&tzGJ@zGJ@+yD;/ wefjyefawmfvSefa&; tajctjrpfESifh tzGJ@cGJrsm;udk zsufqD;acsr_ef;Edkif+yD;/
jynfov
l x
l t
k m;vH;k udk ud,
k pf m;jyKonfh zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH v$waf wmfac:qdk usi;f yEdik rf o
S mv#if
qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;onf tajctaersm;u tcGifhomaeonfhtcg awmfvSefa&;udk qHk;cef;
wdkifatmif qufvufqifEGJEdkif&ef ,m,DawmfvSefa&;tpdk;&wGifyg0ifzdk@ rjiif;qdkrSomv#if

atmifyGJcHEdkifayvdrfhrnf?
rif & S D A pf u G e f z &if h . enf ; y&d , m,f v rf ; pOf ? awmf v S e f a &;onf "e&S i f a wmf v S e f
a&;jzpfonft
h wdik ;f vpfb&,f "e&Sirf sm;om if;.acgi;f aqmif jzpfEikd o
f nf? ypPn;f rJrh sm;onf
v,form;xkEiS hf eD;uyfpmG rqufqo
H ifyh J vpfb&,f "e&Sirf sm;udo
k m qufqo
H ifo
h nf? t"du
rSm vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;udk awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwfrsm; xkwfazmfjyojcif;jzifh ajcmuf vSef@rypf
oifyh /J awmfveS af &;rS aemufweG @f omG ;atmif tcsut
f vufray;oifyh g? tb,f a=umifq
h akd omf
olw@kd awmfveS af &;rS aemufqw
k o
f mG ;ygu awmfveS af &;onf tm;enf;csnehf @J oGm;ygvrd rhf nf?
awmfvSefa&; atmifyGJcHEdkifonfrSm jzpfEdkifacs &Sdygonf? odk@aomf tHkuGr_ atmifjrif+yD;
aemuf qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd &ufygwo
D nf vpfb&,f"e&Sirf sm; a=umufvef@pmG pGechf mG roGm;atmif ab;
a&Smifay;oifo
h nf? tHk uGrt
_ usK;d a=umifh ,m,DawmfveS af &;tpd;k & xlaxmifa&;rSm jzpfEikd af cs
&Sdygonf? odk@aomf qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwDonf rnfonfhtajctaewGifrS 0ifa&mufyg0ifjcif;
rjyKoifyh g? tb,fa=umifq
h akd omf Ttpd;k &onf vuQ%mtm;jzifh qd&k ,
S v
f pf r[kwEf ikd o
f nfh
twGufa=umifhESifh t"duta=umif;uawmh Ttpdk;&wGif;yg0ifr_ESifh if;.awmfvSefa&; pdwf
"mwfa=umifh qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd &ufygwo
D nf vpfb&,f"e&Sirf sm;tm;vH;k udk a=umufvef@peG @cf mG ap
Edkif+yD;/ Tenf;jzifh awmfvSefa&;udk zsufqD;Edkifygonf?
jyifytvkyform;vlwef;pm;. zdtm;a=umifh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk v$wfawmftoGifodk@
ajymif;oGm;Edkifonfh odk@r[kwf zG@Jpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk v$wfawmfac:qdk&ef wdkufwGef;Edkifonfh 'l;rm;
v$wfawmfomefuJhodk@aom udk,fpm;vS,ftpnf;tHk; yHkpHrsdK; wrsKd;rsKd;udk ac:qdkusif;yEdkifrS
omv#if awmfvSefa&;twGuf tvm;tvm ydkaumif;ayrnf?
ypPn;f rJrh sm;wGif if;wd@k u,
kd yf ikd f oD;jcm;vcpm;oufouf tusK;d pD;yGm;rsm;&S+d yD;/ TtusK;d
pD;yGm;rsm;udkom tmHkyoifh+yD;/ "e&SifawmfvSefa&;. acgif;aqmifjzpfvm&ef r}udK;pm;oifhyg?
TawmfveS af &;rSm ypPn;f rJw
h OD;wnf; qdik jf cif;r[kwb
f J vlwef;pm;tm;vH;k ESihf qdik o
f nfh taxG
axGEdkifiHa&; awmfvSefa&;w&yf jzpfygonf?
Tt&mrsm;onf twdck sKyftm;jzifh k&mS ;qdk ,
S 'f rD u
kd &uftvkyo
f rm;ygw.
D tkypf k 2 ck.
enf;y&d,m,fESpfck jzpfygonf?
ol.ordik ;f 0ifpmtkyf 'Dru
kd a&pDawmfveS af &;twGi;f qdk ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pD. enf;y&d,m,f
2 oG,f wGif vDeifu rif&SDApfrsm;. enf;y&d,m,ftay: *E0ifajrmuf a0zefa&;om;+yD;/
abmf&SDApfrsm;. enf;y&d,m,ftay: ajymifajrmufvSonfh oufaojycsufrsm;udk a&;om;cJhyg
onf?
wwd, ygwDuGef*&uft+yD; 2 vt=um 1905 ck ZlvkdifwGif Tpmtkyfudk xkwfa0cJh
onf? pmtkyfacgif;pOfudk =unfh+yD;aemuf vDeifonf "e&Sif'Drdkua&pD awmfvSefa&;umv
twGif;u enf;y&d,m,fjy\emrsm;udkom ajz&Sif;+yD;/ k&Sm;rif&SDApfudkom *kjyKrd[ef&Sdw,f
vdk@ xifaumif;xifEdkifygonf? wu,fwrf;rSmawmh rif&SDApfrsm;. enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk olu
a0zefa&;om;onfh wcsdefwnf;rSm EkdifiHwumtacsmif0g'. enf;y&d,m,fudkvnf; zGifhcscJh

ygonf? "e&SifawmfvSefa&;twGif; rmhufpf0g'Drsm;. enf;y&d,m,frsm;tay:rSm tcdkiftrm
&yf+yD;/ "e&SifawmfvSefa&;ESifh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;t=um; uGJjym;jcm;em;r_udk azmfjy
onfESifhwcsdefwnf;wGif olu "e&SifawmfvSefa&;rS qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;odk@ ul;ajymif;
onfhumvtwGif; rmhufpf0g'enf;y&d,m,frsm;. tajccHrlrsm;udk azmfpyfa&;om;cJhygonf?
vDeifu ol.pmapmif 'Dru
kd a&pDawmfveS af &;twGi;f qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pD. enf;y&d ,m,f
2 oG , f wG i f tao;pd w f cs,f r _ e f ; a&;om;cJ h a om tajccH e nf ; y&d , m,f r l r sm;rS m
atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf?
1? vDeif.pmtkyfwtkyfvHk; zHk;v$rf;aeonfh t"duenf;y&d,m,frluawmh ypPnf;rJh
rsm;onf "e&Sif'Drdkua&pD awmfvSefa&;. acgif;aqmifvnf; jzpfEdkifonf? jzpfvnf;jzpf&rnf?
k&mS ;&Sd "e&Si'f rD u
kd a&pDawmfveS af &;. vrf;!et
f iftm;vnf; jzpfEikd o
f nf? jzpfvnf; jzpf&rnf?
vDeifu 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&; oufoufr#. e,ferdwfudk wdkufkdufausmfv$m;oGm;
&ef rjzpfEdkifyg?[k qdkvdkufjcif;jzifh TawmfvSefa&;. "e&SifvuQ%mudk todtrSwfjyK 0efcHcJh
ygonf? odk@aomf olu TonfrSm txufv$m. awmfvSefa&;w&yf rjzpfbJ/ jynfolw&yf
vHk;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;w&yfvHk;/ v,form;xkw&yfvHk;udk v_yf&Sm;xuGvmapEdkifonfh
jynfolawmfvSefa&;w&yfjzpfa=umif; cH,lxm;ygonf? xdk@a=umifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;twGuf
"e&SifawmfvSefa&;. t"dy`m,fudk ao;odrfatmifjyKvkyfjcif;/ TtwGif;u ypPnf;rJhrsm;.
tcef;udk wefzdk;av#mhcsjcif;ESifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;udk if;rSa0;uGmapjcif;wdk@twGuf rif&SDApfwdk@. }udK;
yrff; csufrsm;onf vDeif.tjrifwGif ypPnf;rJhrsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk opPmazmufjcif;yif jzpf
onf?
vDeifu rmhupf 0f g'u ypPn;f rJrh sm;udk oif=um;xm;onfrmS "e&Siaf wmfveS af &;rS cyfcmG
cGmae&ef/ OayuQmjyK&ef/ awmfvSefa&;. acgif;aqmifr_udk "e&Sifwdk@u&,latmif cGifhjyK&efwdk@
r[kwb
f /J qef@usipf mG yif twufuGq;kH tcef;rS yg0if&ef/ cdik rf monfh ypPn;f rJ'h rD u
kd a&pDtwGuf
t}uHhcdkifqHk; wdkufyGJ0if&ef/ awmfvSefa&;udk tqHk;wdkifxd qufvufqifEGJoGm;&ef jzpfonf?[k
qdck o
hJ nf? (vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk/ 1947/twGJ1/ pmrsufESm-369)
vDeifu qufvuf+yD; ,ckvuf&SdumvwGif EdkifiHa&; vHk;0vGwfvyfcGifhxufydkI/ 'Drdku
a&pDorRwEdkifiHxufydkI qdk&S,fvpfpepfudk eD;vmatmifjyKvkyfEdkifonfh wjcm;enf;emrsm; &Sd
vnf;r&Sd/ &Sdvnf;r&SdEdkifqdkonfudk u|efawmfwdk@ rarhtyfay?[k qdkcJhonf? (txufygpm apmif/
pmrsufESm-414)
vDeifu awmfvSefa&;rS ay:xGef;vmEdkifonfh jzpfEdkifacsESpfckudk }udKwifjrifcJhonf?

(u) Zmbk&ifpepftay: tjywftowfatmifyGJcHum Zmpepfudk jzKwfcs+yD;/ 'Drdkua&pD
orRwEdkifiH xlaxmifvdkufjcif;jzifh tqHk;owfjcif;?
(c) odk@r[kwf tiftm; rvHkavmufygu Zmbk&ifESifh"e&Sifrsm;t=um; jynfolrsm;udk

ckwHk;vkyf+yD;/ pum;qdk aps;qpf=uum jzwfawmufxm;onfh zG@Jpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkwrsKd; odk@r[kwf
tjzpfEikd q
f ;kH rSm zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH kyzf suef nf;wrsK;d rsK;d ESihf tqH;k owfjcif;qko
d nfh 2 rsK;d jzpfonf?
ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf TESpfckteufrS ydkrdkaumif;rGefonfh jzpfxGef;&&Sdcsuf/ qdkvdkonfrSm Zm
bk&ifpepftay: tjywftowfatmifyGJwGifom pdwf0ifpm;ygonf? odk@aomf Todk@aom
jzpfxGef;&&Sdcsufonf ypPnf;rJhrsm;u awmfvSefa&;. acgif;aqmifae&mudk&um a&S@aqmifa&S@
&GufjyKEdkifrSomv#if jzpfEdkifygonf?
vDeifu awmfvSefa&;. &Sdcsufonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;u "e&Sifwdk@. t&ef
tul tiftm;tcef;uom yg0ifEdkif+yD;/ xdkt&efrSmvnf; ypPnf;rJhrsm;udk qef@usifowfjzwf&m
wGifom tiftm;}uD;rm;+yD;/ EdkifiHa&;t& rpGrf;roef jzpfaervm; odk@r[kwf tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;onf jynfol@awmfvSefa&;. acgif;aqmiftcef;rS yg0ifrvm;qdkonfh tay:wGif rl
wnfonf[k qdck o
hJ nf? (txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-344)
vDeifu ypPnf;rJhrsm; "e&Sifwdk@.t&eftiftm;uH=urRmrS vGwfajrmuf&efESifh "e&Sif'Drdk
ua&pDawmfveS af &;. acgi;f aqmifjzpfvmap&eftwGuf jzpfEikd af cs tm;vH;k &So
d nf[k ,lq onf?
vDeif. tqdkt& xdkjzpfEdkifacsrSm atmufygtcsufrsm;a=umifhjzpfonf?
yxr? ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf if;wdk@. wu,fhtqifhae&m *k%ft*F g&yfrsm;a=umifh a&S@wef;
ta&mufqHk;ESifh wckwnf;aomnD!Gwfonfh awmfvSefa&;vlwef;pm;w&yfjzpf+yD;/ Twu,fh
ta=umif;a=umifh k&mS ;&Sd taxGaxG'rD u
kd a&pD awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_wiG f acgi;f aqmiftcef;u
yg0if&ef ac:qdkjcif;cH&onf? (txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-386)
'kwd,? ypPnf;rJhrsm;wGif if;wdk@udk,fydkif EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yf&Sd+yD;/ xdkygwDu "e&Sifrsm;ESifh
trSDtcdkuif;+yD;/ ypPnf;rJhrsm;udk vGwfvyftrSDtcdkuif;onfh pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfaom EdkifiHa&;
tiftm;pkw&yf tjzpf aygif;pnf;ay;EdkifcJhygonf? (txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-386 )
wwd,? tckdiftrmtodwGif "e&SifawmfvSefa&;onf ypPnf;rJhrsm;twGuf "e&Sifrsm;
xufyI
kd tusK;d tjrwf&o
dS nf?[l aomtjrifa=umifh awmfveS af &; tjywftowfatmifyu
JG kd
ypPnf;rJhrsm;u "e&Sifrsm;xufydkI pdwf0ifpm;onf? (txufygpmapmif pmrsufESm 386)
vDeifu ypPnf;rJhrsm;udk qef@usifzdESdyfonfh twdwfrS tuGif;tuseftcsKd@ OyrmoufOD;qHydkifpepf/ wnf&SdqJwyf tp&Sdonfrsm;tay: tm;xm;rDScdk&efrSm "e&Sifrsm;twGuf
wyef;omayonf?
tu,fI "e&SifawmfvSefa&;onf twdwfrS tuGif;tuseftm;vHk;udk cdkifrmjywfom;
pGmrajz&Sif;bJ/ wcsKd@w0ufudkcsefxm;ygu qdkvdkonfrSm TawmfvSefa&;onf tjynfht0
nD!w
G jf cif;r&Sb
d /J jynf0h ukev
f jkH cif;r&Sb
d /J ydik ;f jzwfcsucf ikd rf mjcif;/ tnmtwmuif;jcif; r&Syd gu
"e&Sifrsm;twGuf wyef;omapvdrfhrnf? "e&Sif'Drdkua&pDodk@ OD;wnfrnfh vdktyfonfh ajymif;
vJr_rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&mwGif ydkrdkjznf;av;aES;auG;pGm/ ydkrdkowd}uD;pGm/ }uHhcdkifr_enf;pGmESifh
awmfvSefa&;enf;rsm;ESifh r[kwfbJ/ jyKjyifa&;enf;emrsm;jzifhom vkyfaqmifygu/ tu,fI
TjyKjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;u trSDtckduif;onfh awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_/ omrmefjynfolrsm; qdk

vdkonfrSm v,form;xkESifh txl;ojzifh tvkyform;rsm;. OD;aqmifr_ESifh pGrf;&nfwdk@udk
enf;Edkifor# enf;yg;pGm jzpfay:wdk;wufapygu "e&Sifrsm;twGuf ydkIyiftusKd;rsm;ayrnf?
tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf TuJhodk@ r[kwfygu tvkyform;rsm;tzkd@ jyifopfawG. qdk&dk;pum;
ykc;Hk wzufay:rS aoewfukd wjcm;wzufo@kd ajymif;csw
d jf cif;uJo
h @kd qdv
k o
kd nfrmS tvkyo
f rm;
vufxo
J @kd "e&Siaf wmfveS af &;u xnfah y;vdu
k o
f nfh awmfveS af &;u ,laqmifvmonf/h vGwf
vyfciG hf aus;u|efpepfrS uif;&Si;f onfah jrrS ay:ayguv
f monf/h 'Dru
kd a&pDtaqmufttHk wd@k ukd
&&Sdaponfh aoewfrsm;udk "e&SifzufvSnfhajymif;&ef ydkvG,fulayvdrfhrnf? tjcm;wzufwGif
vnf; "e&Sif'Drdkua&pDodk@ OD;wnfvdktyfonfh ajymif;vJr_rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&mwGif jyKjyifa&;
enf;emrsm;ESifhr[kwfbJ awmfvSefa&;enf;rsm;jzifh vkyfaqmifygu tvkyform;vlwef;pm;
twGuf ydkrdktusKd;&Sdayrnf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf jyKjyifa&;vrf;onf aESmifhaES;=uef@=um
aprnfhvrf;/ trsKd;om;a&; kyfuvyftzGJ@tpnf; (organism) . ykyfodk;aqG;ajr@onfh tydkif;
rsm;udk wjznf;jznf; emusiyf ifyef;pGm ysuq
f ;D ykyo
f ;kd apjcif;jzpfonf? if;wd@k . ykyo
f ;kd aqG;ajrhrr_ S
yxrqH;k ESihf trsm;qH;k cHpm;&olrsm;rSm ypPn;f rJrh sm;ESihf v,form;xkjzpfonf? awmfveS af &;enf;
emrSm tvsit
f jref jzwfawmufvu
kd jf cif;jzpf+yD;/ Tenf;onf ypPn;f rJrh sm; twGuf temtusif
tenf;qH;k jzpfum/ ykyo
f ;kd aqG;ajr@ysuq
f ;D aeonfh tydik ;f udw
k u
kd f u
dk f z,f&mS ;vdu
k jf cif;jzpfonf?
Tenf;onf oufO;D qHyikd pf epfEiS hf if;ESit
hf wl&o
dS nfh &HrG ek ;f zG,/f ,kwrf mykyo
f ;kd +yD; raumif;onfh
a&m*gqdk;rsm;udk ul;pufjzef@jzL;ay;aeonfh taqmuf ttHkrsm; ESifh tenf;qHk;tavsmh
ay;xm;onfh axmufxm;pOf;pm;r_ tedrfhqHk;jzpfonfh enf;vrf; jzpfonf? (txufyg pmapmif/
pmrsufESm-368)
vDeifu quf+yD; Tonfu ypPnf;rJhrsm; tb,fa=umifh orRwEdkifiHawmftwGuf

wdkufyGJwGif a&S@wef;uyg0ifcJh+yD;/ "e&Sifrsm; a=umufvef@roGm;ap&ef/ owdjyK&efqdkonfh rdkufrJ
vS+yD; tzkd;rwefvSonfht}uH^m%frsm;udk y,fcscJhonfhta=umif;rsm;jzpfygonf? (txufyg
pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-405)
awmfvSefa&;wGif ypPnf;rJhacgif;aqmifr_ jzpfEdkifcsufudktu,fpifpppf jzpfay:vmap&ef

twGuv
f nf;aumif;/ ypPn;f rJrh sm;onf "e&Siaf wmfveS af &;. acgi;f aqmifEiS hf vrf;!ef tiftm;
pk wu,
wu,f jzpfvmEdkif&efvnf;aumif;/ vDeif tvdkt& tenf;qHk;ta=umif;ESpfcsuf vdktyf
ayonf?
yxr? ypPnf;rJhrsm;twGuf Zmbk&ifpepftay: tjywftowf atmifyGJ&,la&;rSm
pdwyf g0ifpm;+yD;/ ypPn;f rJrh sm;. acgi;f aqmifru
_ kd vufcEH ikd pf rG ;f &So
d nfh r[mrdw&f &dS ef vdt
k yf onf?
TonfrmS acgi;f aqmifr.
_ wu,ft
h }u^H m%frS !e=f um;jcif;jzpfonf? tb,fah =umifh qdak omf
rdrdacgif;aqmifr_ cH,lrnfhol wOD;wa,mufrSr&Sdygu acgif;aqmifr_rjzpfEdkif/ rdrdvrf;!ef r_
cH,lrnfhol wOD;wa,mufrSr&Sdygu vrf;!efol rjzpfEdkifyg? vDeifu v,form;xkonf xdkuJh
odk@aom r[mrdwfjzpfonf[k jrifonf?
'kwd,? awmfveS af &;. acgi;f aqmifrt

_ wGuf ypPn;f rJrh sm;udk wdu
k cf u
kd af e+yD;/ wOD;wnf;
aom acgi;f aqmifjzpf&ef }udK;pm;aeonfv
h w
l ef;pm;udk acgi;f aqmifrp_ nf;0dik ;f twGi;f rS wGe;f xkwf
+yD; txD;useaf p&rnf? TonfrmS vnf; acgi;f aqmifr.
_ wu,ft
h }uH^m%frS !e=f um;jcif;yif
jzpfonf? Tonfu awmfveS af &;. acgi;f aqmifEpS Of ;D jzpfEikd cf suu
f kd wm;qD;vdu
k o
f nf? vDeif
u vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;udk xdkuJhodk@aom vlwef;pm;jzpfonf[k jrifonf?
vDeifu ypPnf;rJhrsm;omv#if 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf nD!Gwfonfhwyfom; jzpfEdkifonf?
v,form;xku if;wd@k .awmfveS o
f nfh wdu
k yf t
JG wGi;f 0ifa&mufy;l aygi;f vmrSomv#if if;wd@k
onf 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf atmifjrifonfhwyfom;rsm;jzpfvmEdkifonf? (txufygpmapmif/
pmrsufESm-376)
xdk@aemuf qufvufI v,form;xkwGif tvGefrsm;jym;vSaom ypPnf;rJhwydkif;ESifh

"e&Siaf ygupf tpdwyf ikd ;f rsm;yg0ifonf? Ttcsuaf =umifv
h nf; if;wd@k onf rwnfr+idrf jf zpfum
ypPnf;rJhrsm;twGuf wif;=uyfonfh vlwef;pm;ygwDw&yftjzpf pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfap vdkufonf?
odk@aomfvnf; v,form;xk. rwnf+idrfr_onf "e&Sifrsm;. rwnff+idrfr_ESifh tjywftowf
uGmjcm;ygonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ,ckvuf&SdtcsdefwGif v,form;xk onf yk*~vdu
ydkifqdkifr_. t"duomefwckjzpfonfh ajr,mydkifeufrsm;udk odrf;,ljcif;Y pdwf r0ifpm;awmh
ouJo
h @kd yk*v
~ u
d ydik q
f ikd rf u
_ kd vH;k 0xde;f odr;f jcif;tay: odypf w
d 0f ifpm;jcif; r&Sad wmhyg? Tonfu
v,form;xkukd qd&k ,
S v
f pfjzpfvmjcif;/ od@k aomf "e&Siaf ygupf rS &yfpo
J mG ;jcif;wd@k ukd jzpfay:apEdik f
rnfr[kwaf omfvnf;/ v,form;xkonf 'Dru
kd a&pDawmfveS af &;. pdwaf &mud,
k yf g tjywfom;
qHk;aom aemufvdkufjzpfvmapygvdrfhrnf? if;wdk@tm; tvif;a&mifay;aeonfh awmfvSefa&;
tjzpftysurf sm;. wd;k wufro
_ nf "e&Siw
f @kd . opPmazmufrE_ iS hf ypPn;f rJw
h @kd . qH;k _;H r_w@kd a=umifh
kww
f &uf tvsit
f jref jzwfawmufjcif;rcH&rSomv#if v,form;rsm;onf txufyg tajc
taeod@k rv$rJ a&Smifom a&muf&EdS ikd o
f nf? T ta=umif;tcsuaf tmufwiG f v,form;xkonf
awmfveS af &;ESihf orRwEdik if .
H cHwyf}u;D t jzpf rv$rJ aoGjzpfvmvdrrhf nf? tb,fa=umifq
h akd omf
vHk;0tukeftpifatmifyGJcHaom awmfvSefa&;uomv#if v,form;xkudk ajr,mjyKjyifa&;
t0ef;t0dkif;wGif tm;vHk;v,form;rsm; pdwful;,OfcJhaom wu,fhtppftrSef vdktyfaom
awmif;qdkvdktyfcsuf tm;vHk;udk ay;vdrfh rnf? (txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-405)
Tabmf&ADS pfrsm;. enf;emrsm;onf awmfveS af &;rS "e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;rsm; aemufqw
k f
oGm;+yD;/ Tenf;jzifh if;.ukefpifr_udk enf;yg;apvdrfhrnf?qdkonfh rif&SDApfwdk@. uef@
uGufcsufrsm;udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjy&if;ESifh Tuef@uGufcsufrsm;udk awmfvSefa&;tm; opPm
azmufonfh enf;y&d,m,frsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ ypPnf;rJhrsm;udk "e&Sifvlwef;pm;rsm;.
pkwfjywfaeaom tpG,ftyGm;tjzpf ajymif;vJaprnfhenf;emrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif; av;
eufpGm &Sif;vif;jyqdk,if; vDeifu a&;om;cJhonfrSm
atmifjrifonfh k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;twGif;u v,form;rsm;. tcef;udk tppftrSef
em;vnfolrsm;onf "e&Sifrsm; aemufqkwfoGm;ygu awmfvSefa&;. ukefpifr_onf avsmhyg;
oGm;ayrnf[ak jym&ef pdwu

f ;l rnfr[kwyf g? tb,fa=umifq
h akd omf trSepf ifppfrmS k&mS ; awmf
vSeaf &;onf "e&Sirf sm; aemufqw
k o
f mG ;+yD;/ v,form;xkonf ypPn;f rJrh sm;ESihf ab;csi;f ,SO+f yD;/
wufuGonfh awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;tjzpf ay:xGufvmrSomv#if if;. tppftrSefukefpif
r_ukd &&Sad p&ef pwifEikd +f yD;/ "e&Si'f rD u
kd a&pDacwfwiG f tjzpfEikd q
f ;kH / tus,jf yef@q;kH awmfveS af &;
ukefpifr_udk wu,fyJ &&Sdygvdrfhrnf? usaemfwdk@ 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;udk wnDw!Gwfwnf;
qH;k cef;wdik o
f nftxd o,faqmifomG ;Edik &f eftvdk imS "e&Sirf sm;. rv$rJ aoGrnDr!Gwjf zpfru
_ kd
ysufjym;apEdkifonfh tiftm;pkrsm;tay: rSDcdktm;xm;&rnf? qkdvdkonfrSm awmfvSefa&;rS
aemufqkwfoGm;atmif twdtus aqmif&GufEdkifonfh tiftm; jzpfonf? (txufygpmapmif/
pmrsufESm-406)
TonfrSm vDeifu if;.pmtkyf 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;twGif; qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD.

enf;y&d,m,f 2 oG,fwGif tao;pdwf azmfjyxm;onfh ypPnf;rJhrsm;udk "e&SifawmfvSefa&;.
acgif;aqmiftjzpf owfrSwfonfh t"duenf;y&d,m,frl/ "e&SifawmfvSefa&;wGif ypPnf;rJh.
csKyfudkifr_ (hegemony) (acgif;aqmifr_tcef;)ESifh ywfoufonfh tajccHenf;y&d,m,frlrsm;
jzpfygonf?
TonfrSm "e&Sif'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;twGif; enf;y&d,m,f jy\emrsm;tay:
rmhufpf0g'ygwD. vrf;pOfopfjzpf+yD;/ rmhufpf0g' t0ef;t0dkif;twGif; ,cktcsdeftxd wnf&Sdae
onfh enf;y&d,m,fvrf;pOfrsm;rS vHk;0uGJjym;jcm;em;aom vrf;pOfjzpfygonf? ,cif tajc
taersm;t&qdkv#if "e&SifawmfvSefa&;rsm;Y Oyrm taemufOa&myY acgif;aqmifcJholrSm
"e&Sifrsm; jzpf+yD;/ ypPnf;rJhrsm;rSm rv$Jruif;om if;wdk@. tultiftm;jzpfum v,form;u
awmh "e&Sifwdk@. t&eftiftm;rsm; jzpfcJhygonf? rmhufpf0g'Drsm;u TuJhodk@aom aygif;pyfr_
rsKd;onf tenf;eJ@trsm; rv$Jra&Smifomjzpf&onf[k,lq+yD;/ wcsdefwnf;rSmvnf; ypPnf;rJh
rsm;onf wwfEdkifor# if;wdk@. udk,fydkif vlwef;pm; vwfwavm awmif;qdkcsufrsm;twGuf
wdkufyGJ0if+yD;/ udk,fydkifEdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yf&Sd&rnf[k awmif;qdkowfrSwfonf? ,cktcg ordkif;t
a=umif;tcsuf topfrsm;atmufwGif vDeiftqdkt& ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf "e&SifawmfvSefa&;.
vrf;!eftiftm;pk jzpfvm+yD;/ "e&Sifrsm;onf awmfvSefa&;. acgif;aqmifr_rS wGef;xkwfjcif;
cHvm&um v,form;xkonf ypPnf;rJhrsm;. t&eftiftm;jzpfvmonfh tajctaeodk@
ajymif;vJvmcJhygonf?
_ kd axmufccH o
hJ nf
yvufuaemhAo
f nfvnf; ypPn;f rJrh sm;. (hegemony) csKyfuikd rf u
[lonfhajymqdkcsufrSm t"dy`m,f aumufvGJjcif; jzpfonf? yvufuaemhAfonf ypPnf;rJhrsm;.
csKyfudkifr_udk tawG;tac:ESifh ya&my&nf (flirt)vkyfcJh+yD;/ pum;vHk;t& vufcHtwnfjyK&ef
rvdkvm;jcif;r&SdcJhonfrSm rSefygonf? odk@aomf tppftrSefrSm olonf TtawG;tac:udk
tESpfom& t&qef@usifcJhonf? ypPnf;rJhrsm;. csKyfudkifr_qdkonfrSm ypPnf;rJhESifh v,form;xk
r[mrdwfzG@Jonfhay:vpDESifh vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;udk txD;usefaponfh ay:vpDwdk@ESifh yl;
aygi;f xm;onfh "e&Siaf wmfveS af &;twGi;f u ypPn;f rJrh sm;. acgi;f aqmifrt
_ cef;qdo
k nfo
h abm
oufa&mufayonf? odk@aomf yvufuaemhAfu u|efawmfwdk@od=uonfhtwdkif; vpfb&,f

"e&Sifrsm;u txD;usefapa&;ay:vpDudk qef@usif+yD;/ vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;ESifh oabmwl
nDcsuf&a&;ay:vpDudk vdkvm;oabmusum ypPnf;rJhESifh v,form;t=um; r[mrdwfzGJ@a&;
ay:vpDudkvnf; qef@usifygonf? trSefrSmrl yvufuaemhAf. enf;y&d,m,fvrf;pOfonf
ypPnf;rJhrsm;.csKyfudkifr_udk jiif;y,fonfh rif&DSApfvrf;pOfyif jzpfygonf?
2? vDeifu Zmbk&ifukd jzKwfcs+yD;/ 'Drkdua&pDorRwEkdifiH&&Sda&;twGuf txda&muf
qkH;enf;rSm jynfolvlxk. atmifyGJcHaom vufeufukdifykefuefr_omjzpfonf[k cH,lonf?
rif&DSApfrsm;ESifh qef@usifpGmyif vDeifu taxGaxG 'Drkdua&pD awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_u vuf
eufuidk yf ek u
f efr.
_ vkt
d yfcsuu
f dk ,laqmifvm+yD jzpfa=umif; rSeu
f efrt
_ wGuf ypPn;f rJh rsm;tm;
pnf;kH;a&;onf ygwD. t"duESifh r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfaom vkyfief;rsm;xJrS aqG;aEG;&rnfh
vkyfief;w&yfjzpfvm+yD jzpfa=umif;ESifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;tm; vufeufwyfqif&ef tpGrf;ukef
tm;oGefcGefpkduf enf;emrsm;usifhokH;&efESifh ykefuefr_ukd wkdufkdufacgif;aqmifjzpfEkdifcsufukd
tmrcH&ef vkdtyfonf[kcH,lonf? (txufyg pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-386)
vlxktm; ykefuef&ef vrf;!efr_ay;&efESifh if;udk jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;. ykefuefr_tjzpf
ajymif;vJ&eftwGuf vDeifu vlx}k u;D w&yfv;kH if;wd@k . awmfveS af &;vufO;D r_ zefw;D wDxiG Ef ikd rf _
udk jzpfay:wdk;yGm;ap+yD;/ vufeufudkifykefuefr_twGuf pnf;Hk;odrf;oGif;Edkifum Zmbk&ifpepf.
tm%mpuf,E W,m;udk +zdKcsEdkifvmaponfh auG;a=umfoHrsKd;/ awmif;qdkcsufrsKd; xkwfa0&ef
vdt
k yfonf[k ,lqonf? olu auG;a=umforH sm;onf ol.pmtkyf enf;y&d,m,fEpS f oG,f
u t}uD;tus,f umuG,fckcHay;xm;onfh wwd,uGef*&uf. enf;y&d,m,fvrf;pOfrsm;
ESifh jynfhpHkatmif jznfhqnf;xm;&rnf[k cH,lonf?
atmufyg auG;a=umfoHrsm;onf TuJhodk@aom auG;a=umfoHrsm; jzpfonf[k olu
,lqonf?
u? tpydkif;ESifh vufeufudkifykefuefr_ wu,fhjzpfpOfwGif; tvGefta&;}uD;onfh tcsuf
jzpfEdkifonfh vlxkEdkifiHa&;oydwfrsm;? (txufyg pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-386)
c? tvkyfcsdef 8 em&D owfrSwfa&;ESifh tjcm;tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. vwfwavm
awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk awmfvSefaomenf;jzifh tvsiftjref taumiftxnfazmfjcif;?
(txufyg pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-358)
*? ajr,mrsm;udk odr;f ,ljcif;tygt0if 'Dru

kd a&pDajymif;vJrr_ sm;tm;vH;k udk awmfveS f
onfeh nf;ESihf taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&u
G &f ef awmfveS o
f nfh v,form;aumfrwD
rsm;tvsiftjref zGJ@pnf;jcif;? (txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-398)
C? tvkyform;rsm;udk vufeuf wyfqifjcif;?
Tae&mwGif tcsufESpfcsufrSm txl;pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpfygonf?
yxr? +rKd@rsm;wGif tvkyfcsdef 8 em&DowfrSwfa&;ESifh aus;vufrsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pD
jyKjyifa&;rsm;udk awmfvSefa&;enf;jzifh taumiftxnfazmfonfhenf;emrsm;/ qdkvdkonfrSm
tm%mydkifrsm;udk *krpdkufonfh/ w&m;Oya'udk *krpdkufonfh/ tm%mydkifrsm;udka&m/ w&m;

Oya'udka&m vpfvsL_onfh/ wnf&SdqJw&m;Oya'udk azmufzsuf+yD;/ +yD;ajrmufatmifjrif+yD;
tcsuw
f &yftjzpf cGijhf yKcsurf &&So
d nfh vkyaf qmifr_ taetxm;opf (New Order) w&yfukd
xlaxmifay;onfhenf;udk qdkvdkonf? tm%mpuf,E W&m;ukd oGufcsmyg' vdkufoGm;apum/
vlx.
k v_y&f mS ;r_EiS hf wDxiG zf efw;D Edik o
f nfh vufO;D r_rsm;udv
k nf; vGwaf jrmufomG ;apygvrd rhf nf?
Tenf;emrsm;u +rdK@rsm;wGif awmfvSefa&;oydwfaumfrwDrsm;/ aus;vufwGif awmfvSefa&;
v,form;aumfrwDrsm; ay:aygufvmapcJh+yD; oydwfaumfrwDrsm;onf aemufydkif; tvkyf
orm;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufrsm;ESifh v,form;aumfrwDrsm;onf v,form;udk,f
pm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufrsm;tjzpf jzpfay:wdk;wufvmcJhygonf?
'kw,
d ? vlxEk ikd if aH &;oydwrf sm;udk toH;k jyKjcif;? taxGaxGEikd if aH &;oydwrf sm;udk toH;k jyK
jcif;rsm;onf awmfveS af &;vrf;a=umif;wGif aemufyidk ;f Y vlxrk sm;ukd awmfveS o
f nfh v_@H aqmfr_
rsm;jyK&mwGif tvGet
f a&;ygaomtcsurf sm; jzpfvmcJyh gonf? TonfrmS ypPn;f rJh rsm;vufwiG ;f
&Sd tvGefta&;}uD;aom vufeufw&yfjzpf+yD;/ xdktcsdefxd rmhufpf0g'ygwDrsm; .vufawG@wGif
rnfolrSrod&Sdao;bJ/ wjznf;jznf; tmHkpdkuftodtrSwfjyKjcif; cHvm&onfh vufeufw&yf
vnf; jzpfayonf?
vDeifu jynfolvlxk.tHkuGr_ atmifyGJ&+yD;aemuf Zmbk&iftpdk;&udk ,m,DawmfvSef
a&;tpd;k &ESihf tpm;xd;k oif[
h ,
k q
l onf? awmfveS af &;. atmifo;D atmifyiG rhf sm;udk cdik rf m wnf
wHah tmifvyk &f ef wefjyefawmfveS af &;. ckcrH u
_ dk acsre_ ;f &efEiS hf R.S.D.L.P . tedrq
hf ;kH vrf;pOfukd
taumiftxnfazmf&efwdk@rSm ,m,DawmfvSefa&;tpdk;&. wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;jzpf onf?
vDeifu Twm0efrsm;atmifjrif+yD;ajrmufjcif;r&Sdygu Zmbk&ifpepftay: tjywftowf
atmifyGJcH&efrjzpfEdkif[k ,Hk=unfonf? aemuf+yD; Twm0efrsm; atmifjrif+yD;ajrmuf&efESifh Zm
bk&ifpepftay: tjywftowfatmifyGJcH&ef ,m,DawmfvSefa&; tpdk;&onf omreftpdk;&rsKd;
rjzpfoifhbJ atmifyGJcHvlwef;pm;rsm;jzpfonfh tvkyform; v,form;rsm;. awmf vSefonfh
tm%m&Sifpepftpdk;& jzpf&rnf? ypPnf;rJhESifh v,form;xk. awmfvSefonfh tm%m&Sifpepf
jzpf&rnf? rmhufpf. emrnfausmfoabmw&m;jzpfonfh awmfvSefa&;+yD;aemuf EdkifiHawmf.
,m,Dtpdk;&wdkif;onf tm%m&SifpepfESifh TonfwGif tiftm;&Sdaom tm %m&Sifpepf
vdktyfonf? qdkonfudk udk;um;&if;/ vDeifu ,m,DawmfvSefa&;tpdk;&onf Zmbk&ifpepf
tay: tjywftowf atmifyGJcHa&;twGuf tmrcH&rnfqdkv#if ypPnf;rJhESifh v,form;xk.
tm%m&SifpepfrSvGJI tjcm;r&SdEdkif[laom ed*Hk;csKyfcsufudk &&Sdxm;onf?
vDeifu Zmbk&ifpepftay: awmfvSefa&;. tjywftowfatmifyGJrSm ypPnf;rJhESifh
v,form;xk. awmfvSefonfh 'Drdkua&pD tm%m&Sifpepfjzpfonf[kqdkcJhonf? TuJhodk@
aom atmifyo
JG nf wdusjywfom;aom tm%m&Sipf epfomjzpfonf? qdv
k o
kd nfrmS if;onf
ppfa&; tiftm;pktay:/ vlxkudk vufeufwyfqifay;r_tay:/ tHkuGr_tay: rv$Jra&Smif rSDcdk
&rSmjzpf+yD; w&m;Oya'eJ@tnD odk@r[kwf +idrf;csrf;aomenf;ESifh wnfaxmifxm;onfh
wrsKd;r[kwf wrsKd;aom tzGJ@tpnf;taqmufttHkrsm;tay: rrSDcdk&? ypPnf;rJhESifh v,form;

xkwdk@. ta&;w}uD;ESifh rvGJra&Smifom vHk;0vdktyfonfh jyKjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;udk taumif
txnfazmf&eftwGuf tm%m&Sipf epfuomv#if ajr&Sirf sm;/ "e&Si}f uD;rsm;ESihf Zmbk&ifpepf.
tjyif;txefckcHr_udk jzpfay:apEdkifonf? TuJhodk@ ckcHr_udkacsr_ef;+yD;/ wefjyefawmfvSefa&; }udK;
yef;r_rsm;udk wGef;vSef&efrSm tm%m&Sifpepfr&SdbJ rjzpfEdkifacs? odk@aomf TonfrSm qdk&S,fvpf
tm%m&Sifpepf r[kwfbJ 'Drdkua&pDtm%m&Sifpepfjzpf&ayrnf? t&if;&Sifpepf. tajccH
tkwfjrpfudk xdcdkufap&efrSm (awmfvSefa&;jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. =um;tqifh woD}uD; r&SdbJ) rjzpf
Edkifacs? taumif;qHk; jzpfEdkifonfrSm ajr,mrsm;udk v,form;xkbufvdkuf+yD; tukeftpif
a0jcrf;ay;jcif;/ orRwEdkifiHxlaxmifjcif; tygt0if cdkifrmonfh 'Drdkua&pD tjynfht0
xlaxmifjcif;/ tm&Swu
kd o
f m;taESmiftzJ@G . zdEydS af &;vuQ%mtm;vH;k udk zsuo
f rd ;f z,f&mS ;jcif;/
aus;vufwGifomru pufHkb0rsm;wGifyg tvkyform;rsm;. tqifhtwef;wGif jynfhpHkpGm
wdk;wufaumif;rGefvma&;twGufESifh if;wdk@. aexdkifr_b0jrifhvma&;twGuf tajccHtkwf
jrpfrsm;udkcsay;jcif;/ aemufqHk;jzpfaomfvnf; tedrfhqHk;r[kwfonfh awmufavmif a&;rD;
awmufrDv#H}uD;udk Oa&myodk@ o,faqmifay;jcif;wdk@ jzpfvmEdkifayonf? TuJhodk@aom
atmifyo
JG nf u|eaf wmfw@kd . "e&Siaf wmfveS af &;udk qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;od@k ul;ajymif; a&;od@k
rjzpfEdkifao;yg? 'Drdkua&pD awmfvSefa&;onf "e&Sifvlr_a&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; qufqHr_rsm;.
t0ef;t0dik ;f e,ferdwu
f kd wdu
k f u
dk af usmv
f m$ ;jcif; rjyKEdik af omfvnf;/ TuJo
h @kd aom atmify.
JG
t"dy`m,f&Sdr_onf tem*wfk&Sm;ESifh urBmwckvHk;. jzpfay:wdk;wufr_tay: tvGef}uD;rm;
ygvdrfhrnf? ,cktcg k&Sm;Y pwifcJh+yD;jzpfaom tjywftowfawmfvSefa&; atmifyGJuJhodk@
urBmhypPnf;rJhrsm;. awmfvSefa&;tiftm;udk Tr#avmufjrifhwifpGrf;Edkifonfh if;. tjynfh
t0atmifyGJodk@ OD;aqmif&mvrf;a=umif;udk Tr#avmuf wdkawmif;apEdkifonfh t&mr&Sdyg?
(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-373)
qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;. ,m,DawmfvSefa&;tpdk;&tay: oabmxm;ESifh if;wdk@ xdkt

xJrmS yg0ifciG hf &Srd &SEd iS hf ywfouf+yD; vDeifu wwd,ygwu
D eG *f &uf. xdjk y\emtay: qH;k jzwf
csufudk tjynfht0udkifpGJcJhygonf? if;rSm tiftm;pkrsm;. qufqHa&;twGufESifh }udKwifI
twdus qHk;jzwfEdkifjcif;r&Sdonfh tjcm;tcsufrsm;a=umifh u|efawmfwdk@ygwD. udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm;onf wefjyefawmfvSefa&;}uKd;yrf;r_ tm;vHk;udk rnmrwm wdkufyGJqif&efESifh tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;. trSDtcdkuif;onfh tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk umuG,f&ef &nf&G,fcsufESifh ,m,Dawmf
vSefa&;tpdk;&wGif yg0ifEdkifonf? TuJhodk@aom yg0ifyl;aygif;r_twGuf rv$Jruif;omonfh
ta=umif;tcsurf mS ygwo
D nf if;.ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;tay: wif;usypf mG csKyfxed ;f +y;D / tjynft
h 0
qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;twGuf }udK;yrf;r_a=umifh "e&Sif ygwt
D m;vH;k ESihf oifjh rwf nD!w
G jf cif;iSm
rjzpfEdkifonfh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwD. vGwfvyfcGifhudk wif;usyfpGm xdef;odrf; &rnf?
qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm; ,m,DawmfvSefa&;tpdk;&twGif; yl;aygif;yg0ifr_ jzpfEdkifonfjzpfap/
rjzpfEikd o
f nfjzpfap/ u|eaf wmfw@kd onf us,jf yef@vpS mG aom ypPn;f rJv
h x
l }k uD;udk awmfveS f a&;.
atmifoD;atmifESHrsm;udk umuG,fxdef;odrf; cdkifrmawmifhwif; wdk;csJ@ay;a&; &nf G,fcsufjzifh

qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwDOD;aqmifonfh vufeufudkifypPnf;rJhrsm;jzifh ,m,Dtpdk;& tay:
tqufrjywfzdtm;ay;&efvdktyfa=umif; 0g'jzef@a[majym&rnf? (txufyg pmapmif/pmrsufESm348/ 349)
,m,Dtpdk;&onf "e&Siftpdk;& jzpf+rJjzpfaeao;a=umif;/ TuJhodk@aomtpdk;&rsLd;wGif

qdk&S,fvpf'Drdku&ufrsm; yg0ifcGifhray;oifha=umif;ESifh yg0ifoGm;ygu jyifopfqdk&S,fvpf rDvD&ef
(Millerand)u jyifopf"e&Siftpdk;&wGif yg0ifoGm;onfhtrSm;rsKd;udk xyfusL;vGefjcif;jzpf
a=umif;ponfh rif&SDApfrsm;. uef@uGufcsuftay: vDeifu rif&DSApfrsm;onf rwlonfh t&m
ESpfckudk a&maxG;ypfvdkuf+yD;/ jy\emrsm;udk rmufhpf0g'D wOD;uJhodk@ oHk;oyfa0zefjcif;jyKEdkifpGrf;
r&Sdonfh if;wdk@. t&nftcsif;udk azmfjyvdkufa=umif;wdk@udk axmufjyvdkuf+yD;/ if;wdk@.
uef@uGufcsufudk y,fcsvdkufonf? jyifopfjynfwGif;jy\emrSm qdk&S,fvpfrsm;onf wkdif;jynf
wGif awmfvSefa&;tajctaer&SdonfhtcsdefwGif azmufjyefa&; "e&Siftpdk;&wGif yg0ifcJh+yD;/ T
uJhodk@aom tpdk;&rsKd;wGif qdk&S,fvpfrsm;ryg0if&eftwGuf wm0ef&Sdonf? tjcm;wzufwGifrl
k&mS ;jy\emrSm qd&k ,
S v
f pfrsm;onf awmfveS af &;t&Sed t
f [kejf rifah epOf awmfveS af &; atmifyGJ
twGuf wdkufyJG0if&if;/ awmfvSefa&;"e&Siftpdk;&wGif yg0ifjcif;jzpf+yD;/ Ttajctaea=umifh
yg0ifcGifhjyKEdkifum/ aumif;rGefonfh tajctaeatmufwGif wefjyefawmfvSefa&;udk atmuf
ajcrS jyifyrSomru txuf rStpd;k &wGi;f rS xd;k ESuw
f u
kd cf u
dk Ef ikd af &;twGuf TuJo
h @kd aom
tpdk;&rsKd;wGif;odk@ 0ifa&muf&efrSm qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;twGuf wm0ef&Sdayonf?
3? "e&SifawmfvSefa&;.atmifyGJESifh 'Drkdua&pDorRwEkdifiH.atmifjrifr_ukd wzufwGif
umuG,f&if; vDeifu 'Drkdua&pDtqifhwGifom&yfypf+yD;/ awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_. e,fy,fukd
"e&Si'f rD u
dk a&pDwm0efrsm; atmifjrif+yD;ajrmufa&;wGio
f m uef@owfxm;&ef vk;H 0&nf&,
G jf cif;
r&SdcJhyg? qefusifhpGmyif vDeifu 'Drkdua&pDwm0efrsm; +yD;ajrmufatmifjrif+yD;aemuf ypPnf;rJhESifh
tjcm;tzdESdyfcH jynfolrsm;onf/ wkdufyGJwyJGukd pwif&rnf? Tt}udrfwGifawmh qkd&S,fvpf
awmfvSefa&;twGufjzpfonf[k cH,lonf? vDeifonf Tonfukdod&Sd+yD;/ "e&Sif'Drkdua&pD
awmfveS af &;ukd qk&d ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;ok@d ul;ajymif;oGm;atmif t&m&mwkid ;f ukjd yKvky&f efrmS
qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufrsm;. wm0efjzpfonf[k oabmxm;onf? vDeifu ,lqxm;onfrSm
ypPn;f rJEh iS hf v,form;wk@d . tm%m&Sipf epfvt
dk yfro
_ nf awmfveS af &;ukd Zmbk&ifpepftay:
atmifyJGcHr_ +yD;pD;r_ tqifhY &yfypf&efr[kwfbJ/ awmfvSefa&;.tajctaeukd wwfEkdifor#
Snf=umap+yD;/ wefjyefawmfvSefa&; aemufqkH;tuGif;tusefukd zsufqD;&ef/ awmfvSefa&;
rD;awmuf Oa&myokd@ ysH@ESH&efESifh wcsdefwnf;rSm ypPnf;rJhrsm;ukd rdrdwkd@ukd,frdrdwkd@ EkdifiHa&;t&
ynmay;+yD;/ }uD;rm;vSonfh wyfrawmf}uD;w&yftjzpf pnf;kH;pkpnf;onfhtcGihfta&;ukd
&&Sd+yD;aemuf qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;okd@ wkduf&kduful;ajymif;a&;ukd pwif&ef jzpfygonf?
"e&SifawmfvSefa&;e,fy,fESifh rmhufpf0g'ygwDw&yfu xkdtay:xm;&Sd&oifhonfh
vuQ%mwkd@ESifh ywfouf+yD; vDeifu atmufygtwkdif;a&;cJhonf?
ypPn;f rJrh sm;onf oufO;D qHyidk b

f &k ifpepf. ckcrH u
_ dk tiftm;ok;H acsre_ ;f &efEiS hf "e&Siw
f @dk .
rwnf+idrfr_ukd ysufjym;ap&eftwGuf rdrdwkd@ukd,frdrdwkd@ v,form;xkESifhr[mrdwfjyKum 'Drkd
ua&pDawmfveS af &;ukd +yD;qk;H onftxd vkyaf qmif&rnf? ypPn;f rJrh sm;onf "e&Sirf sm;.ckcrH u
_ dk
tiftm;ok;H acsre_ ;f &efEiS hf v,form;ESi"hf e&Siaf ygupf wk@d . rwnf+idrrf u
_ ydk sujf ym;ap&eftwGuf
rdrw
d @dk u,
dk rf rd w
d @dk jynfow
l iG ;f rS ypPn;f rJw
h ykid ;f tpdwt
f ykid ;f rsm;ESihf r[mrdwjf yKum qk&d ,
S v
f pf
awmfvSefa&;ukd +yD;ajrmufatmifjrifap&rnf? TonfrSm ypPnf;rJhrsm;. wm0efrsm;jzpf+yD;/
tpPu&m0g'Dopfrsm; (qkdvkdonfrSm rif&SDApfrsm;t,f'Dwmrsm;) u if;wkd@. awmfvSefa&;
e,fy,fESifh ywfoufonfh if;wkd. jiif;ckHcsufrsm;ESifh qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif tpOft+rJ
usOf;usOf;ajrmif;ajrmif; azmfjycJh=uonf? (txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-406)
xdkaemufqufIvHk;0vGwfvyfa&;twGuf nD!Gwfonfh 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;twGufESifh orRwEdkifiH
twGuf jynfov
l x
l w
k &yfv;kH ESihf txl;ojzifh v,form;xkacgi;f ay:rSm qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepftwGuf
tzdESdyfcHESifh aoG;pkyfcHtm;vHk;wdk@. acgif;ay:rSm/ Tonfrsm;rSm awmfvSefonfhypPnf;rJhrsm;.
vufawG@ay:vpDjzpf+y;D / enf;y&d,m,fjy\emwdik ;f ESihf awmfveS af &;twGi;f tvkyo
f rm; ygw.
D
vuf a wG @ ajcvS r f ; wd k i f ; . tajzrsm;twG i f ; pd r f h 0 if q H k ; jzwf a y;&rnf h vl w ef ; pm;auG ;
a=umfojH zpfonf? (txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-415)
rnfonft
h &mr# r&Si;f rvif; jzpfraeap&eftwGuf vDeifonf enf;y&d,m,fEpS f oG,f
xkwfa0+yD; ESpfvt=umwGif v,form;v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh ywfoufonfh qdk&S,f'Drdk u&ufrsm;.
oabmxm; qdkonfh acgif;pD;ESifh aqmif;yg;a&;om;cJh+yD;/ xdktxJwGif atmufyg twdkif;
&Sif;vif;cJhonf?
'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;rS u|efawmfwdk@onf wcsufwnf;ESifh u|efawmfwdk@. tiftm;
jzpfonfh vlwef;pm;tod&Sdonfh pnf;Hk;pkpnf;+yD;ypPnf;rJhrsm;. tiftm;twdkif;twm ESifhnD
r#pGm qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;odk@ ul;ajymif;&ef pwif&rnf? u|efawmfwdk@onf tqufrjywf
awmfvSefa&;twGuf &yfwnfonf? u|efawmfwdk@onf vrf;w0ufwysufwGif &yfraeoifhyg?
(txufyg pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-442)
TonfrmS "e&Siaf wmfveS af &;ESihf qd&k ,

S v
f pfawmfveS af &;t=um; qufqrH j_ y\emwGif
vrf;pOfopfw&yfjzpf+yD;/ "e&Siaf wmfveS af &;+yD;qH;k cge;D / qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;od@k wdu
k f u
dk u
f ;l
ajymif;a&;twGuf ypPnf;rJhrsm;ywfvnfwGif tiftm;rsm;jyefvnfpkpnf;onfh oabmw&m;
opfw&yf/ "e&Sif'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;rS qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;odk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;aom
oabmw&m;jzpfygonf?
Tvrf;pOfopfudka&;qGJ&mwGif vDeifu yxrtaeESifh rmhufpfu vGefcJhonfh&mpkESpf
av;q,fpkESpfukefrsm;twGif; uGefjrLepftzGJ@csKyf (league)odk@ rdefhcGef;ay;&mwGif wifjycJhonfh
ausmf=um;vSaom tqufrjywfawmfvSefa&; oabmw&m;ESifh 'kwd,taeESifh 1856 ckESpf/
rmhufpf. tdef*,fxHay;pmwGifazmfjycJhonfh v,form;awmfvSefa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh ypPnf;rJh
awmfvSefa&; aygif;pyf&efvdktyfr_qdkonfh ausmf=um;vSonfh tawG;tac:ESpf&yftay:wGif

tajcjyKygonf? if;pmxJwGif rmhufpfu *smreD&Sd t&mtm;vHk;onf ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;udk
v,form;ppfyGJ. 'kwd,yHkpHrsKd; (Second edition) . axmufcHtm;ay;r_jzpfEdkifacs tay:
wnf&Sdygonf?[k a&;om;cJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; TawmufajymifvSonfh rmhufpf tawG;
tac:rsm;onf rmhufpfESifh tdef*,fwdk@. usrf;rsm;Y aemifwGif jzpfay:wdk;wufvmjcif;r&SdbJ/
'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f. oabmw&m;q&mrsm;u TtawG;tac:rsm;udk jrKyfESHarhaysmuf
vdkuf&ef tpGrf;ukef }udK;pm;cJh=uygonf? Tarhaysmufjcif;cH&aom rmhufpf. tawG;tac:rsm;
udk jyefvnfazmfxkwf&efESifh if;wdk@. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tjynfht0azmfxkwf&ef wm0efrSm
vDeiftay:odk@ usa&mufvmygonf? odk@aomf Trmhufpf tawG;tac:rsm;udk jyefvnf
azmfxw
k &f mwGif vDeiftaeESihf tvGwjf yefqjkd y&ef oufoufomvkycf jhJ cif; vkyEf ikd jf cif;r&Scd b
hJ /J
if;tawG;tac:rsm;udk jzpfay:wd;k wufaprnfh tcsuo
f pfw&yf xnfo
h iG ;f vdu
k jf cif;jzifh nD!w
G f
tqifajyaom qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; oabmw&m;w&yftjzpf yHkoGif;vdkufygonf? xdk
tcsufopfrSm ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;atmifyGJtwGuf tajccHta=umif;w&yftjzpf ypPnf;
rJhrsm;udk jrKd@rsm;&Sd ypPnf;rJhwydkif; tpdwftydkif;ESifh r[mrdwfzGJ@jcif;qdkonfh qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSef
a&;. rv$Jra&SmifEdkifon
nfh tcsufjzpfygonf?
Tvrf;pOfonf taemufOa&my qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwDrsm;. enf;y&d,m,foabm
xm;udk acsre_ ;f ypfvu
kd yf gonf? if;wd@k u ,lqxm;onfrmS "e&Siaf wmfveS af &;+yD;aemuf qif;&J
v,form;tygt0if v,form;xkonf rv$J{uefawmfvSefa&;udk pGef@ypfrSmjzpf+yD;/ tusKd;
quftm;jzifh "e&SifawmfvSefa&;/ aemufSnf=umonfh=um;umv odyfr=umawmif tESpf
ig;q,frS ESpfw&mavmufxd=umrnfh +idrfaeonfhumv&Sdae+yD;/ xdkumvtwGif; awmfvSef
a&;topfw&yf/ qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;tcsdef a&mufvmonftxd ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf at;
csrf;+idrfoufpGm aoG;pkyfcHum "e&Sifrsm;u w&m;Oya'ESifhtnD rdrdudk,frdrd csrf;omuG,f0
apvdrrhf nf?
TonfrSm oabmw&m;topfw&yfjzpf+yD;/ qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;onf "e&Sifw&yf
vHk;udk qef@usifwdkufcdkuf&mwGif ypPnf;rJhwOD;wnf;ESifh atmifjrif+yD;ajrmufEdkifrnfr[kwfbJ/
ypPnf;rJhu acgif;aqmifvlwef;pm;tjzpfESifh vlxktwGif;rS ypPnf;rJhwydkif; tpdwftydkif;rsm;
qif;&Jonfh tzdESdyfcHoef;aygif;rsm;pGmESifh r[mrdwfzGJ@ rSomv#if atmifjrifEdkifonf?
Toabmw&m;t& ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf v,form;xkESifhr[mrdwfzGJ@xm;onfh "e&Sif
awmfvSefa&;twGif; ypPnf;rJhrsm;. csKyfudkifr_ (hegemony)onf/ ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf ,cktcg
tjcm;tvkyo
f rm;ESihf tzdEydS cf rH sm;ESihf r[mrdwzf @JG xm;onfh qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &; twGi;f u
ypPnf;rJhrsm;.csKyfudkifr_tjzpfodk@ wdk;wufoGm;ayvdrfhrnf? wcsdefwnf;wGif ypPnf;rJhrsm;ESifh
v,form;rsm;. 'Drdkua&pDtm%m&Sifpepfonf ypPnf;rJhrsm;. qdk&S,fvpftm%m&Sifpepf
twGuf tajccHrsm;udk jyifqifay;vdrfhrnf?
if;u taemufOya&m qd&k ,

S 'f rD u
kd &ufrsm;t=um; a&yef;pm;aeonfh oabm;w&mudk
y,fcsvu
kd o
f nf? if;wd@k u jrdK@EiS ahf us;vuf&dS ypPn;f rJw
h ydik ;f vlxt
k pdwt
f ydik ;f rsm;. awmfveS f
a&;tvmtvmrsm;udk jiif;qdkvdkuf+yD;/ "e&SifESifh ypPnf;rJhuvGJI u|efawmfwdk@ wdkif;jynfwGif
twdu
k t
f cH od@k r[kwf awmfveS af &;yl;aygi;f r_rsm;u axmufcrH _ &&SEd ikd o
f nfh rnfonft
h zG@J tpnf;
tif t m;pk r S rjrif a wG @ &yg [k , l q xm;=uonf ? (Tonf r sm;rS m taemuf Oa&my
qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;.pHusvSaom yvufuaemhAf. pum;rsm;jzpfonf?)
taemufOa&myqkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufrsm;u qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;wGif ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf

"e&Siw
f &yfv;Hk ESihf qef@usi+f y;D / wOD;wnf;&yf&rnf? ypPn;f rJrh [kwo
f nfv
h w
l ef;pm;rsm;/ tv$mrsm;
ESifh qef@usif+yD;/ r[mrdwfr&Sdvnf; &yf&rnf[k cH,lxm;=uonf? if;wkd@onf t&if;tESD;u
ypPn;f rJh wOD;wnf;uko
d m aoG;pkyjf cif;r[kwb
f /J aus;vufEiS hf +rdK@rsm;Sd ypPn;f rJw
h ykid ;f oef;aygi;f
rsm;pGmukdvnf; aoG;pkyfum/ if;wkd@rSmvnf; t&if;&Sifpepf. 0g;+rdKzsufqD;jcif; cHae&+yD;/
t&if;&Sifxrf;ykd;atmufrS vltzGJ@tpnf; vGwfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJwGif ypPnf;rJhrsm;. r[mrdwf
rsm;jzpfvmEkdifonfukd xnfhrwGufacs? xkda=umifh taemufOa&myqkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufrsm; Oa&m
yY qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf tajctaersm; r&ifhrSnfhao;a=umif;/ ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf
tzGJ@tpnf;. pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:wkd;wufr_tusKd;a=umifh EkdifiHawmfwGif trsm;pk/ tzGJ@tpnf;
rsm;twGi;f trsm;pk jzpfvmrSomv#if tajctae&ifrh n
S o
hf nf[k ,lqoifah =umif;jzifh oabm
xm;&Sdonf?
Ttaemuf Oa&myqkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufrsm;. twkta,mif ypPnf;rJhqef@usifonfh&yf
wnfcsufukd vDeif. qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; oabmw&m;u vkH;0uajymif;ujyef jzpfap
vkdufonf?
vDeifoabmw&m;wGif qk&d ,
S v
f pfpepfatmifyu
JG dk wEdik if w
H nf;wGif wOD;wnf;ESihf jzpfEidk f
acs&jdS cif;ESihf ywfouf+yD;/ wku
d f u
dk ef *d ;Hk csKyfcsuf ryg&EdS idk af o;yg? ok@d aomf TuJo
h @dk ed*;Hk csKyfcsurf sK;d
taES;ESihf tjrefa&;qGEJ idk &f eftwGuf vkt
d yfaom tajccHtcsut
f vufrsm; tm;vk;H ok@d r[kwf
tm;vkH;eD;yg; yg&Sdaeyg+yD?
u|eaf wmfw@dk o=d uonft
h wkid ;f vDeifonfaemif 10 ESpw
f iG f 1915 wGif Ted*;Hk csKyfcsuo
f @dk
a&muf&SdoGm;ygonf?
Tonfrsm;rSm vDeifu ol.orkid ;f 0ifpmtkyf enf;y&d,m,fEpS o
f ,
G f wGif tao;pdwf
&Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;aom tajccHenf;y&d,m,frlrsm; jzpfygonf?
Tpmtkyf. orkdif;0ifxl;jcm;csufrsm;rSm xkdpmtkyfxJwGif vDeifu rif&SdApfwkd@. "e&Sif
aygufp enf;y&d,m,fvrf;pOfukd tawG;tac:a&;&mt& acsr_ef;ypfvkduf+yD;/ k&Sm;. tvkyf
orm;vlwefpm;udk "e&Sif'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&; qufvufjzpfay:wkd;wufa&;ESifh Zmbk&if
pepftay: wkdufyJGopftwGuf vufeufwyfqifay;um/ k&Sm; qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufrsm;a&S@wGif
"e&SifawmfvSefa&;u qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;okd@ ul;oGm;r_. vkdtyfcsufukd &Sif;vif;pGm jrif
apcJhygonf/?
ok@d aomfvnf; TonfrmS vDeifpmtky.

f xl;jcm;csut
f ukef r[kwyf g? if;. tzk;d rjzwf
Ekdifaom xl;jcm;csufrSm if;onf rmhufpf0g'udk awmfvSefa&;oabmw&m;topfESifh uG,f0
ap+yD;/ abmf&SDApfygwD. awmfvSefa&;enf;y&d,m,frsm;. tajccHtkwfjrpfukd csay;um/ T
tultnDjzifyh if 1917 ckEpS Yf u|eaf wmfw@dk Eidk if .
H ypPn;f rJrh sm;onf t&if;&Sipf epftay: atmif
yJG&&SdcJhayonf//
4? awmfvSefa&;qufvufjrifhwufvmjcif;? 1905 ck/ atmufwkdbm k&Sm; wjynfvkH;EkdifiHa&;
oydw?f Zmbk&ifpepfaemufqw
k jf cif;? Zmbk&if.a=unmpmwrf;? tvkyo
f rm;uk,
d pf m;vS,f
rsm;. qkdAD,ufrsm;ay:xGufvmjcif;?
1905 ckEpS f aqmif;OD;umvwGif awmfveS af &;v_yf mS ;r_onf wjynfv;Hk ok@d ku
d cf wfomG ;+y;D /
tvGef}uD;rm;onfh t&Sdeft[kef&aeygonf?
pufwifbm 19 &ufae@Y armfpukdwGif ykHESdyfwkdufvkyfom;rsm;.oydwf ay:aygufvm
ygonf? if;oydwfonf pdef@yDwmpbwfESifh tjcm;jrdK@}uD;rsm;okd@ ul;pufoGm;ygonf? armfpukd
jrdK@rmS yif ykEH ydS w
f u
dk v
f yk o
f m;rsm;. oydwu
f dk wjcm;pufrv
_ yk if ef;rsm;rS vkyo
f m;rsm;u axmuf
cHtm;ay;=u+yD;/ taxGaxG Ekid if aH &;oydw}f uD;tjzpf jzpfay:wk;d wufomG ;ygonf? atmufwb
dk m
vqef;ykid ;f wGif armfpukd - uZef rD;&xm;vrf;Y oydwpf wifcyhJ gonf? ESp&f uftwGi;f armfpukd
rD;&xm;vrf;qk&H dS rD;&xm;vkyo
f m;tm;vk;H oydwx
f yJ g0ifvm=u+yD;/ wjynfv;Hk &Sd rD;&xm;vrf;
tm;vk;H r=umrDtwGi;f oydwx
f aJ &mufvm=uonf? pmyk@d EiS hf a=u;eef;vkyif ef;rsm; &yfqidk ;f oGm;
onf? k&mS ;&Sd +rKd@}uD; trsm;tjym;Y tvGe}f uD;rm;onfh tpnf;ta0;}uD;rsm;ac:qku
d m oydwf
arSmuf&efqkH;jzwf=uonf? oydwfrsm;onf tvkyfHkwckrSwck pufHkwHkrSwHk/ w+rdK@rSw+rdK@/
a'owckrSwckokd@ ysH@ESH@oGm;onf? tvkyform;rsm;udk vkyfief;i,frS vkyfom;rsm; ausmif;
om;rsm;ESifh a&S@ae/ tif*sifeD,m/ q&m0efponfh ynmwwfrsm;u yl;aygif;vm=uygonf?
atmufwkdbm EkdifiHa&;oydwfonf k&Sm;wjynfvkH;oydwftjzpf jzpfvm+yD;/ ta0;qkH;
a'orsm;tyg0if wEkid if v
H ;Hk eD;ygvr$ ;f jcKHum taemufusq;Hk tv$m tygt0if vkyo
f m;tm;vk;H
eDyg; yg0ifvm=uonf? tvGefrsm;jym;vSonfh rD;&xm;vkyfom;/ pmykd@ESifh a=u;eef;ESifh wjcm;
vkyfom;rsm;. ta&twGufukd xnfhrwGufonfhwkdif/ pufr_vufr_tvkyform; wpfoef;
eD;yg;onf taxGaxGEkdifiHa&;oydwfwGif yg0ifqifEGJ=uonf// wEkdifiHvkH;. b0onf &yfwef@
oGm;onf? tpkd;&vnf; oGufcsmyg'vkdufoGm;onf?
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;u oufOD;qHykdifpepfukd qef@usifonfh vlxkwkdufyGJukd acgif;
aqmifcJhonf?
vlxkEkdifiHa&;oydwftwGuf abmf&SDApfwkd@. auG;a=umfoHonf tusKd;jzpfxGef;cJhacs+yD?
atmufwkdbmtaxGaxGoydwfonf ypPnf;rJhv_yf&Sm;r_.tpGrf;ESifhtiftm;udk jyo
vku
d +f yD;/ aoavmufatmifa=umuf&@HG aeaom Zmbk&ifudk twif;tusyf 1905 ck/ atmufwdk
bm 17 &uf a=unmpmwrf;ukd xkwfjyefapvkdufonf? Ta=unmpmwrf;wGif jynfolukd

vlrv
_ w
$ v
f yfciG .
hf r,dr;f ,kid af om tajccHtw
k jf rpfrsm; vlwOD;csi;f . ppfreS af om &ykid cf iG rhf sm;
ESihf v$wv
f yfpmG ,k=H unfciG /hf a[majymcGi/hf pka0;cGiEhf iS hf zG@J pnf;cGirhf sm;ukd uwdjyKcJo
h nf? Oya'jyK
v$waf wmfudk ac:qku
d siyf ay;&efEiS hf rJqENay;cGiu
hf dk vlxv
k w
l ef;pm;tm;vk;H ok@d wk;d cs@J ay;&efuydk g
uwdjyKxm;ygonf?
Tenf;jzifh =um&Snf=umrsm; jiif;ckHaqG;aEG;aeonfh (deliberative) blvD*sif.
'l;rm;v$wfawmfrSm awmfvSefa&;vd_if;. 0g;+rKdz,fSm;jcif; cHvkduf&onf? blvD*sif. 'l;rm;
v$wfawmfukd abmf&SDApfwkd@ oydwfarSmufonfh enf;y&d,m,fonf rSefuefa=umif; oufao
jyvku
d o
f nf?
okd@aomfvnf; atmufwkdbm 17 &uf a=unmpmwrf;rSm jynfoltay: uvdrfusr_
omjzpf+yD;/ ,kH=unfr_&&efESifh rdrdtiftm;rsm;udk jyefvnfpkpnf;+yD;/ awmfvSefa&;ukd xkd;ESuf&ef
tcsdeftenf;i,f &ap&ef touf&_cGifh&vkd&jim; Zmbk&if. vSnfhjzm;csufomjzpfonf? Zm
bk&iftpkd;&onf pum;vkH;t& v$wfvyfcGifhukd tmrcHuwdjyKaomfvnf; wu,f pifppfwGifrl
taumiftxnf bmrS&rvmyg? xkt
d csed x
f d tvkyo
f rm;ESihf v,form;rsm; tpk;d &xHrS &&Sx
d m;
onfrsm;rSm uwdpum;rsm;om jzpfygonf? ar#mfvifhxm;onfh us,fjyef@vSaom EkdifiHa&;
vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGit
hf pm; atmufwb
dk m 21 &uf vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGio
hf nf Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;
tenf;pkuav;ukdom ay;cJhonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif vlxktiftm;rsm;ukd cGJxkwf&ef&nf&G,f
csujf zifh tpk;d &onf *sK; vlrsK;d owfjzwfrt
_ csK@d udk jzpfay:ap+yD;/ xku
d pd w
P iG f vlaxmifaygi;f rsm;pGm
aoqk;H cJ&h onf? awmfveS af &;ukad csre_ ;f &ef ykvyd x
f ed ;f csKyfonfh *d%
k ;f t zG@J tpnf;rsm;ukd xlaxmif
cJhonf? if;wkd@rSm k&Sm;jynfolrsm;tzGJ@csKyfESifh wrefawmfrkdufu,f tzGJ@csKyf[k ac:qkdonf?
TtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif xif;&Sm;onfhtykdif;rsm;rSm azmufjyef onfh ajr&Sifrsm;/ ukefonfrsm;/
bkef;}uD;rsm;ESifh ajcovkH;tdrfwkdif &mZ0wfaumifwykdif;rsm; yg0if+yD;/ if;wkd@ukd jynfolrsm;u
bvufc-f [ef'&ufprf sm; (black hundreds) [k ac:=uonf? bvuf[ef'&ufprf sm;onf
ykvyd .
f tultnDjzifh ajAmif0ifa&mufpu
G zf uf+yD; Ekid if aH &;t& wk;d wufonfh tvkyo
f rm;rsm;
awmf v S e f o nf h ynmwwf r sm;ES i f h ausmif ; om;rsm;ud k vk y f } uH owjf z wf u m
tpnf;ta0;ae&mrsm;ESihf +rdK@o+l rdK@om; pka0;pnf;k;H &mt&yfrsm;ukd rD;&_d =u ygonf? TonfrmS
Zmbk&ifa=unmcsuf. tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;omjzpfygonf?
xkdtcsdefu acwfpm;cJhaom oDcsif;wyk'frSmta=umufvGefaomZmbk&ifu a=unmcsufwapmifxkwfjyefonf?
aoqkH;olrsm;twGuf v$wfvyfcGifh toufSifolrsm;twGuf zrf;qD;jcif;
abmf&ADS pfrsm;u atmufwb
dk m 17 &ufa=unmmpmwrf;onf axmifacsmufwckomjzpf
a=umif; vlxu
k &dk iS ;f jycJo
h nf? olw@dk u a=unmcsux
f w
k jf yef+yD;aemuf tpk;d &.vkyaf qmifro
_ nf
&efpv_Haqmfonf[k pGyfpGJ=uonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;u tvkyform;rsm;ukd vufeufukdif&efESifh
vufeufukdifykefuefr_ukd jyifqif&ef v_HaqmfcJhonf?
tvkyform;rsm;onf }uD;rm;onfhpGrf;yum;jzifh wkdufckdufa&;tzGJ@rsm; pwifzGJ@pnf;&ef

jyifqifonf? taxGaxGEkdifiHa&;oydwfu ,laqmifay;cJhonfh atmufwkdbm 17 &uf yxr
atmifyu
JG olw@dk ukd Zmbk&ifpepf jzKwfcsa&;wku
d yf u
JG dk qufvufqifE&JG ef ykrd t
dk iftm;xkw}f udK;
pm;&ef awmif;qkdvma=umif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; jrifvm=uonf?
vDeifu atmufwb
dk m 17 &uf a=unmpmwrf;ukd ,m,Dtiftm;rsm; csed cf iG v
f #mnDae
onfh azmfjycsuw
f &yf[k oabmxm;onf? Zmbk&ifxrH S a=unmpmwrf;ukd npx
f w
k ,
f v
l u
dk f
onfhypPnf;rJhESifh v,form;xkonf Zmbk&ifpepfukd jzKwfcs&ef vkHavmufaomtiftm;
awmifhwif;r_ r&Sdao;bJ/ wzufrSmvnf; Zmbk&ifpepfonf enf;vrf;a[mif; wckwnf;ESifh
qufvuftkyfcsKyf&ef rjzpfEkdifawmhbJ/ vl@tcGit
hf a&;rsm; ESihf Oya'jyK v$waf wmf ponfh
puULay:rSuwdrsm;udk rv$Jra&SmifombJ ay;tyfcJh&ygonf?
atmufwb
dk m Ekid if aH &;oydw.
f rkew
f idk ;f xefaom&ufrsm;twGi;f Zmbk&ifpepf qef@usif
onfh wkdufyGJrD;v#Hrsm;rS tvkyform;vlwef;pm; vlxk}uD;. awmfvSefonfh zefwD;wDxGifa&S@
aqmifr_jzifh - tvkyform;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;. qkdAD,ufrsm; - qkdonfh tpGrf;xufvSaom
vufeufopfw&yfudk wDxiG v
f u
dk o
f nf?
tvkyform;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;. qkdAD,ufrsm;onf pufHktvkyfHktm;vkH;rS ukd,fpm;
vS,rf sm; pka0;pnf;k;H aqG;aEG;&m tpnf;ta0;}uD;rsm;jzpf+yD;/ ,cifu urBmrSmrawG@cb
hJ ;l ao;
onfh tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;. vlxEk idk if aH &; tzG@J tpnf;ykpH rH sK;d udk uk,
d pf m;jyKayonf? 1905
ckEpS rf mS yxrxGuaf y:cJo
h nfh qkAd ,
D ufrsm;onf abmf&ADS pfygw.
D acgi;f aqmifrE_ iS hf 1917 ckwiG f
ypPnf;rJhrsm;xlaxmifcJhonfh qkdAD,uftm%m. rl&if;ykHpH (proto type) jzpfygonf? qkdAD
,ufrsm;rSm jynfolvlxk. wDxGifzefwD;a&S@aqmifonfh/ awmfvSefonfh omefopfw&yf
jzpfcJhygonf? if;wkd@ukd vlxktwGif;rSawmfvSefonfh tpdwftydkif;rsm;u Zmbk&ifpepf. O
ya'ESif hjymef;csuf tm;vHk;ukd tmcH+yD; if;wkdbmom oD;oefwnfaxmifvkdufjcif;jzpfonf?
if;wkdrSm Zmbk&ifpepfukd wkdufckduf&efxuGvmonfh vlxk. v$wfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;r_. azmfjy
csujf zpfonf?
abmfSDApfrsm;u qkdAD,ufrsm;ukd awmfvSefa&;tm%m. oaERom;tjzpf oabmxm;
onf? olwkd@u qdkAD,uf. tiftm;ESihf ta&;ygr_onf tHkuGr_. tiftm;ESifh atmifjrifr_
tay:vHk;0rSDwnfaeonf[k ,lqxm;ygonf?
rif&SDApfrsm;url qdkAD,ufrsm;udk awmfvSefa&;tm%m. oaE<om;t*F gtjzpfaomf
vnf;aumif;/ tHk uGr.
_ t*F g&yftjzpfaomfvnf;aumif; oabmrxm;acs? olw@kd u qdAk ,
D uf
rsm;udk a'oudk,fydkiftpdk;&w&yftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 'Drdkua&pD&Sdonfh jrLeDpy,ftpdk;&
taqmufttHkomeftjzpfvnf;aumif; =unhfjrifonf?
pdef@yDwmpbwfY 1905 ckatmufwdkbm 13&uf (jyuQ'deftopf 26 &uf) Y pufHkESifh
tvkyfHk tm;vHk;wGif tvkyform;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,uftwGuf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;
usif;y=uonf? xdknwGifyif qdkAD,uf. yxrtpnf;ta0;udkusif;ycJhonf? tvkyform;
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufrsm;wnfaxmif&mwGif pdef@yDwmpbwf +yD;oGm;onfhaemuf

armfpudkY jzpfygonf?
pdef@yDwmpbwf tvkyform;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufonf k&Sm;&Sd ta&;}uD;qHk;
pufrv
_ ufrE_ iS hf awmfveS af &;A[dck surf ESihf Zmbk&iftifyg,m. +rKd@awmfjzpfonft
h wGuf 1905
ck awmfveS af &;wGif jywfom;onft
h cef;rSyg0ifoifyh gonf? od@k aomf qd;k 0g;vSonfh rif&ADS pfacgi;f
aqmifr_a=umifh if;wdk@wm0efudk if;wdk@ rxrf;aqmifEdkifcJhacs? u|efawmfwdk@od=uonfhtwdkif;
vDeifonf pdef@yDwmpbwfodk@ a&muf&SdrvmEdkifao;bJ EdkifiHjcm;Yyif &Sdaeygao;onf? rif&DSApf
rsm;onf vDeifr&Sdjcif;ukd tcGifhtaumif;,l+yD; pdef@yDwmpbwf qdkAD,uftwGif; wdk;a0S0if
a&mufvmum if;wk@d .acgi;f aqmifru
_ &kd &S&d ef }udK;pm;vm=uonf? TuJo
h @kd aom tajctae
rsKd;atmufwGif rif&SDApfrsm;jzpf=uaom c&ufpfwfvufAf (Khrustalev) xa&mhpuD/ yg;Am;pf
(Parvus)ESifh wjcm;vlrsm;onf pdef@yDwmpbwf qdkAD,ufudk ykefuefr_awGudk qef@usif&ef
vSnfhajymif;vdkufEdkifjcif;rSm txl;tqef;r[kwfawmhyg? ppfom;rsm;udk qdkAD,ufrsm;ESifh eD;pyf
vmatmifqGJaqmif+yD;/ bkHwdkufyGJrSm yl;aygif;vmatmifvkyf&rnfhtpm; olwdk@u ppfom;rsm;/
pdef@yDwmpbwfrS kyfodrf;oGm;ay;&ef awmif;qdkonf? qdkAD,ufonf tvkyform;rsm;udk
vufeufwyfqif+yD;/ tHkuGr_twGuf jyifqifay;&rnfhtpm; csdefrSwfvkyf&if; tHkuGr_twGuf
jyifqifr_rsm;udk qef@usifae=uygonf?
armfpudk tvkyform;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufuawmfvSefa&;wGif; yg0ifonfh
tcef;rSmawmh vH;k 0jcm;em;ygonf? tpueOD;uyif armfpudq
k Akd ,
D ufonf ukepf ifonfh awmf
vSefa&;ay:vpDudk vdkufemaqmif&GufcJhonf? armfpudk qdkAD,uf. acgif;aqmifr_rSm abmf&SDApf
rsm;. vufxJwGif &Sdaeygonf? if;wdk@.aus;Zl;a=umifh tvkyform; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;.
qdkAD,ufESihfab;csif;,SOfI ppfom;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufonf armfpudkY ay:xGuf
vmonf? armfpudq
k Akd ,
D ufonf vufeufuikd yf ek u
f efr.
_ t*F g&yfwck (organ) jzpfvmonf?
1905 ck atmufwdkbmrS 'DZifbmvtwGif; tvkyform;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD
,ufrsm;/ +rdK@}uD;trsm;tjym;ESifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm; a'orsm;tm;vHk;eD;yg;wGif wnf
axmif+y;D jzpfonf? ppfom;rsm;ESihf a&wyfom;rsm;. ud,
k pf m;vS,f qdAk ,
D ufrsm;zG@J pnf;+y;D if;wd@k
udk tvkyo
f rm;qdAk ,
D ufrsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f ay;&efvnf; }udK;yrf;vm=uonf? a'owcsK@d Y tvkyf
orm;ESifh v,form;udk,fpm;vS,f qdkAD,ufrsm;vnf; wnfaxmifvm=uonf?
qdkAD,ufrsm;. =oZm*,ufv$rf;rdk;r_rSm tvGeftrif; }uD;rm;vSayonf? if;wdk@onf
wcgw&H tvkdtavsmuf ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpf+yD;/ wdusonfh yHkomefcsKd@,Gif;um avsmhwd
avsm&h J pnf;H;k xm;aomfvnf;/ if;wd@k onf tpd;k &tm%mw&yftjzpf vkyaf qmifjyKrlco
hJ nf?
w&m;0iftm%mr&Sad omfvnf; if;wd@k onf owif;pmrsm;. vGwv
f yfciG Ehf iS hf tvkycf sed f 8 em&Dukd
jymef;ay;cJo
h nf? if;wd@k u jynfov
l x
l u
k kd Zmbk&iftpd;k &xH tcGeaf wmfaiGrsm; ray; aqmif&ef
wdkufwGef;=uonf? wcsKd@ae&mrsm;wGif tpdk;&&efyHkaiGrsm;udk odrf;,l+yD; awmfvSefa&;
vdktyfr_rsm;twGuf oHk;pGJcJh=uonf?
5? 'DZifbm vufeufudkiftHkuGr_? tHkuGr_ _Hk;edrfhjcif;? awmfvSefa&;aemufqkwfjcif;? yxr

EdkifiHawmf 'l;rm; pwkw (nD!Gwfa&;) ygwDuGef*&uf?
1905 ckatmufwdkbmrS Edkif0ifbmumvtwGif; vlxk. awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJrsm;onf
tvGef}uD;rm;onfh t&Sdeft[kefjzifh qufvufjzpfay:wdk;yGm;aeonf? tvkyform;oydwfrsm;
qufvufjzpfyGm;aeonf?
ajr&Sifrsm;udkqef@usifonfh v,form;rsm;.wdkufyGJonf 1905 ck aqmif;OD;umvwGif
tus,ftjyef@ jzpfyGm;vmonf? v,form;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf wdkif;jynf. ckdif oHk;yHkwyHkwGif
jzpfymG ;aeonf? qm&mawmhA/f wrfabmhA/f csmeDaumhA/f wpfzvpf/ ulawpfh jynfe,fEiS hf wjcm;
ae&m trsm;tjym;wGif v,form;ykefuefr_ tppftrSefESifh }uHKawG@ae=u&onf? odk@aomf
v,form;rsm; yg0ifwdkufcdkufr_rSm rvHkavmufao;bJ &Sdygonf? v,form;v_yf&Sm;r_onf
pnf;Hk;a&;a&m/ acgif;aqmifr_yg csKd@wJhaeygonf?
wpfzvpf/ AvmwDaAmhpawmh/ wmh&Sfuifh/ qmrmuef/ um;pf/ qlcrf/ 0gaqm/ uD;AfESifh
&D*gponf +h rdK@}uD; trsm;tjym;wGiv
f nf; ppfom;rsm;t=um; r+idrrf oufrr_ sm; wd;k yGm;vmaeyg
onf? 1905/ Edk0ifbm ckef;pw'fESifh qD;Amhpfwdkaygvf&Sd yifv,feufa&wyfrS a&wyfom;rsm;
t=um; ykeu
f efr_ ay:ayguv
f monf? od@k aomf ykeu
f efrr_ sm;rSm txD;usejf zpfaeojzifh Zmbk&if
tpdk;&u ESdrfeif;acsr_ef;ypfvdkufEdkifygonf? ppfwyfESifha&wyfzGJ@rsm;Y awmfvSefr_rsm; ay:ayguf&
onfrSm r=umc% t&m&Sdrsm;. &ufpufaomvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ qdk;0g;
vSonfh tpm;taomuf (yJt"duk%f;) rsm;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ wjcm;wlnDonfh
ta=umif;t&if;rsm;a=umifhvnf;aumif; jzpfygonf? ykefuefr_twGif;u ppfom;ESifh a&wyf
om;trsm;pkrSm Zmbk&iftpdk;&zsufcsa&;twGuf wufuGonfh vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ vdktyf
csufudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; em;vnfod&Sdjcif; r&Sdao;acs? if;wdk@onf tvGefat;at;aq;aq;
+idrfouf+yD; tm;&ESpfodrfhauseyfaeum ykefuefr_pwifcsdefu zrf;qD;xm;onfh t&m&Sdrsm;
v$wfay;jcif;jzifh trSm;rsm;udk r=umc% usL;vGefae=u+yD;/ txuft&mSdrsm;. uwdpum;
rsm;/ acsmhjrLr_rsm;udk wu,fxifrSwf ,HkrSm;ae=uygonf?
awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_onf vufeufudkifykefuefr_ tajctaeodk@ usa&muftHqJqJ jzpf
vmygonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;u vlxkudk Zmbk&ifESifh ajr&Sifukd wkdufckduf&ef/ vufeufukdifpGJ&ef
v_H aqmf+yD;/ TonfrmS rv$aJ &Smifomonft
h jzpf jzpfa=umif; &Si;f jyygonf? abmf&ADS pfrsm;onf
ZGJebJ}uD;pGmjzifh vufeufukdifykefuefr_twGuf jyifqifvkyfaqmif=uonf? ppfom;rsm;ESifh
a&wyfom;rsm;t=um; awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmif=u+yD;/ vufeufukdiftiftm;pk
rsm;twGif; ygwD. ppfa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ukd wnfaxmif=uonf? tvkyform; wkdufckdufa&;
wyfzGJ@rsm;udk +rdK@}uD;tcsKd@wGif wnfaxmif+yD;/ wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;u vufeufukdifpGJenf;rsm;ukd oif
=um;ay;onf? Ekid if jH cm;rS vufeufrsm; 0,f,+l yD;/ k&mS ;ok@d ck;d oGi;f jcif;rsm;ukd pnf;k;H vkyaf qmif
=u+yD;/ if;wkd@ukd o,f,lykd@aqmif&mY xif;&Sm;onfhygwD0ifrsm;u vkyfaqmiff=uygonf?
1905 ck Ekd0ifbmwGif vDeif k&Sm;okd@jyefa&mufvmonf? Zmbk&ifykvdyfESifh olv#Kdrsm;ukd

wdr;f a&Smif&if;/ olonf vufeufuidk yf ek u
f efrt
_ wGuf jyifqif&ef wku
d f u
dk v
f yk af qmifvmonf?
abmf&SDApfowif;pm/ EkdAm&mZif (b0opf) yg if;.aqmif;yg;rsm;onf ygwDukd if;. ae@pOf
vkyfief;wGif OD;aqmifvrf;!efr_ ay;aeygonf?
TtcsdefwGif &Jabmfpwmvif (Stalin)onf x&ef@aumhau;&Sm;&Sd }uD;rm;av;vHvS
onfh awmfveS af &;vkyif ef;rsm;ukd vkyaf qmifaeygonf? olonf rif&ADS pfrsm;ukd awmfveS af &;ESihf
vufeuf ukdiftkHuGr_. &efoltjzpf zGifhcswkdufckdufvkdufonf? olonf oufOD;qHykdifpepfukd
wkdufckdufonfh t+yD;owfwkdufyGJtwGuf tvkyform;rsm;ukd ckdifckdifrmrm jyifqifay;onf?
Zmbk&ifa=unm csux
f u
G o
f nfah e@u wpfzvpf tvkyo
f rm;rsm; tpnf;ta0;Y rde@f ceG ;f ajym
&mwGif &Jabmf pwmvifu atmufygtwkdif; ajym=um;cJhonf?
u|efawmfwkd@ wu,fwrf;Ekdifzdk@twGuf bmvkdtyfovJ/ u|efawmfwkd@t&m 3 rsKd;
vkt
d yfw,f? yxr-vufeuf? 'kw,
d -vufeuf? wwd,-vufeufEiS hf aemufxyf vufeufyJ
1905 'DZifbmwGif zifvef-wefrmazmhpYf abmfv&f ADS pfueG zf &ifh usi;f ycJo
h nf? abmf&ADS pf
ESifh rif&SDApfrsm;onf w&m;0iftm;jzifh qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD wckwnf;wGif&Sdaomfvnf;/
trSefpifppfrSmrl if;wkd@onf ukd,fykdifacgif;aqmif A[kdwzGJ@pDESifh uGJjym;onfh ygwDESpfck jzpfaeyg
onf? TuGefz&ifhY vDeifESifh pwmvif yxrqkH;t}udrf awGqkHrd=uonf? xkdtcsdefxd if;wkd@
onf pmay;pm,ljzifh aomfvnf;aumif;/ &Jabmfrsm;rSwqifh aomfvnf;aumif; qufoG,f
ae=uygonf//
wefrmazmhpf uGezf &if.
h qk;H jzwfcsurf sm;xJrS atmufyg ESpcf surf mS rSwo
f m;oifah yonf?
wpf-wu,ftm;jzifh ygwD 2 &yftjzpfodk@ uGJaeonfh ygwD. pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk jyefvnf
wnfaqmuf&efESifh aemufwcsufrSm 0pfwD (Witte) 'l;rm;[k trsm;od=uonfh yxr'l;rm;
v$wfawmfudk oydwfarSmuf&efjzpfygonf? xdktcsdefwGif armfpudkY vufeufudkifykefuefr_rSm
pwifae+yDjzpfojzifh/ vDeif. t}uHay;csuft& uGefz&ifhvkyfief;rsm; tjrefvufpowf+yD;
ykefuefr_wGif udk,fpm;vS,frsm; udk,fwdkifudk,fusyg0if&ef vlpkcGJvdkufygonf?
odk@aomf Zmbk&iftpdk;&uvnf; tdyfpufidkufjrnf; aejcif;r&Sdyg? if;uvnf; tjywf
towf wdkufyGJtwGuf jyifqifaeygonf? *syefESifh t+yD;owf+idrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;+yD;aemuf/
if;tajctae tcuftcJrsm; avsmyh g;apum Zmbk&iftpd;k &onf tvkyo
f rm;ESihf v,form;
rsm;udk xd;k ppfqif&efvyk af qmifvm=uonf? v,form;ykeu
f efr_ trsm;tjym; jzpfymG ;aeonfh
jynfe,frsm;wGif rm&S,favm xkwfjyefxm;+yD;/ tusOf;om;vufrcH/ usnfqH rac|wm
ESifhponfh &ufpufonfh trdef@rsm;xkwfjyefum awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_. acgif;aqmifrsm;udk
zrf;qD;&efESifh tvkyform; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufrsm;udk zsufodrf;&ef trdef@xkwf
=uonf?
Tonfukd wH@k jyef&ef us,jf yef@vaS om tvkyo
f rm;xk}uD;ESihf qufpyfaeonfh armfpudk
abmf&ADS pfrsm;ESihf if;wd@k O;D aqmifaom tvkyo
f rm;ud,
k pf m;vS,f qdAk ,
D ufw@kd u vufeufuikd f
ykefuefr_twGuf csufcsif;jyifqif vkyfaqmif&ef qHk;jzwfcJh=uonf? 'DZifbm 5 &uf (18) &uf

wGif armfpudkabmf&SDApfaumfrwDu wdkufyGJpOftwGif; ykefuefr_odk@ vSnfhajymif;&ef &nfG,fcsuf
jzifh qdkAD,ufu taxGaxGEdkifiHa&;oydwfa=unm&ef awmif;qdkzdk@qHk;jzwfvdkufonf? TqHk;
jzwfcsuu
f kd tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. vlxt
k pnf;ta0;u axmufccH o
hJ nf? armfpudk qdAk ,
D uf onf
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. awmif;qdkcsufudkwkH@jyef+yD;/ taxGaxGEdkifiHa&; oydwfpwif&ef
wnDw!Gww
f nf; qH;k jzwfco
hJ nf?
armfpudkypPnf;rJhrsm; ykefuefr_pwifcsdefwGif wdkufcdkufa&;tiftm;rSm waxmifr#Sd+yD;/
xuf0ufausmrf mS abmf&ADS pfrsm;jzpfonf? xdt
k jyif armfpudt
k vky&f t
kH rsm;tjym;Y wdu
k cf u
kd af &;
wyfz@GJ rsm; &Syd gonf? tm;vH;k ykeu
f efxuGorl sm;rSm wdu
k cf u
kd af &;tiftm; 2000 r# &Sd ygonf?
tvkyo
f rm;rsm;u tapmifw
h yfom;rsm;udk aphpyf+yD;/ wcsK@d w0ufukd if;wd@k bufo@kd ul;ajymif;
vmapEdkif&ef ar#mfvifhcJhonf?
'DZifbm 7 &uf/ (20) Y armfpudkwGif EdkifiHa&;oydwf}uD; pwifcJhonf? odk@aomf wjynf
vHk; ysH@ESH@&ef}udK;yrf;r_rSm ratmifjrifcJhacs? pdef@yDwmpbwfrS vHkavmufaom axmufcHr_r&bJ/
tHkuGr_twGuf atmifjrifzdk@tcGifhtvrf;rSm puwnf;u avsmhenf;cJh&ygonf? eDudkvm&uf
pum&m (,ckatmufwb
kd m) rD;&xm;vrf;rSm Zmbk&iftpd;k &vufxrJ mS yif &Sad eonf? xdv
k rf;
ay:rSm toGm;tvmrSm twm;tqD; taESmifht,Sufr&Sdojzifh tpdk;&taejzifh ykefuefr_udk
ESdrfESif;&ef pdef@yDwmpbwfrS tapmifhwyf&if;rsm;udk armfpudkodk@ ydk@ay;EdkifcJhygonf?
armfpudYk yifv#if uif;apmifw
h yfrmS csw
D cHk swkH jzpfvmonf? tvkyo
f rm;rsm;u ykeu
f efr_
udk pwif&mwGif uif;apmifhwyfrS axmufcHr_&vdrfhrnf[laom ar#mfvifhcsuf wpdwfwykdif; yg
&So
d nf? od@k aomf awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;onf tvGeaf ES;auG; wk@q
H ikd ;f cJ+h yD;/ tpd;k &u uif;apmifh
wyfzGJ@twGif; r+idrfroufjzpfr_udk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;vdkufEdkifonf?
'DZifbm 9 &uf (22) wGifarmfpudkY yxrqHk;aom uwkwfxGufay:vmonf? r=umrD
twGi;f +rdK@wiG ;f &Sv
d rf;rsm;wGif cHuwkwrf sm; jynfo
h mG ;onf/ Zmbk&iftpk;d &u tajrmufrsm;jzifh
ypfcwfwu
dk cf wfonf? if;wk@d u ykeu
f eforl sm;xuf tqaygi;f rsm;pGmomonfh tiftm;rsm;udk
pkpnf;vkdufonf? axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom vufeufukdif tvkyform;rsm;onf ukd;&ufwdwd
tvGe&f pJ rG ;f owW&d v
dS aS om wku
d yf rJG sm;ukd wku
d cf u
dk cf o
hJ nf? pde@f yw
D mpbwf/ wAmESihf taemuf
a'orsm;rS wyf&if;rsm; ac:aqmifvm+yD;rSomv#if Zmbk&iftpkd;&onf ykefuefr_ukd acsr_ef;Ekdif
ayonf? wku
d yf t
JG }udKumv uwnf;uyif ykeu
f efr.
_ acgi;f aqmifrt
_ zG@J wiG f wcsK@d rmS tzrf;cH
xm;&+yD;/ wcsKd@rSm txD;usefjzpfaeygonf// armfpukd abmf&SDApfaumfrwD0ifrsm;onf tzrf;cH
vkduf&onf// vufeufukdifv_yf&Sm;r_rSm wuGJwjym;/ cdkifrsm;rS tquftpyfr&Sdonfh ykefuefr_
omef jzpfaeygonf? !ef=um;onfhA[kdr&SdbJ w+rdK@vkH;twGuf ppfqifa&; bkHpDrHudef; csKdwJh
um ckid rf sm;onf t"dutm;jzifh rdru
d ,
dk rf rd d umuG,&f efom vkyaf qmifae&ygonf? Tonf
rSm vDeifu aemufyidk ;f wGif axmufjycJo
h nft
h wkid ;f armfpukyd ek u
f efr_ tm;enf;csu.
f t"du
a&aomufjrpfjzpf+yD;/ qkH;_H;&r_. wckwnf;aomta=umif;&if; jzpfayonf//
armfpud/k c&ufpef m,m y&ufpnmckid w

f iG f ykeu
f efro
_ nf txl;ojzifh tvGew
f if;rm+yD;
cg;oD;onfh omef aqmifayonf? Tt&yfonf ykeu
f efr.
_ t"du trmcHEiS Ahf [dk jzpfonf?
Tae&mwGif abmf&SDApfrsm;OD;aqmifonfh taumif;qHk;wkdufckdufa&; wyfzGJrsm;udk pkpnf;xm;
onf? okd@aomf c&ufpfem,my&ufpnmwGif rD;ESifh"m;rdk;&Gm+yD; zdESdyfjcif;cHvdkuf&onf? aoG;
acsmif;pD;cJ+h yD; tajrmufrsm;a=umifh rD;[ke;f [ke;f awmufavmifc&hJ onf? armfpudyk ek u
f efr_ onf
acsr_ef;jcif; cHvkduf&ygonf?
ykeu
f efrr_ mS armfpukw
d iG o
f m r[kwyf g/ wjcm;+rKd@rsm;ESihf cdik rf sm;wGiv
f nf; awmfveS af &;
ykeu
f efrr_ sm; ay:aygucf yhJ gonf? u&mpfE&dk mpfcf rdw
k Adk v
D u
D m (ydik )f / EkAd akd &mppfc/f aqmfrAkd /kd qD;Amhpf
wdkaygvfESifh ckef;pw'fwdk@wGif vufeufukdiftHkuGr_rsm; ay:aygufcJhonf?
&S&Sm;. tzdESdyfcHvlrsKd;pkrsm;vnf; vufeufukdifwdkufyGJ 0ifvmygonf? a*smf*sD,m wck
vHk;eDyg; vufeufukdif xuGvmonf? ,lu&def;ESifh 'dkeufjrpf0Srf;&Sd a*:avmhAfum/ tufvuf
ZE Wa&mhAfpfcfESifh vl*ef@pf (,ck Adkdk&SDavmhAf*&uf) +rKd@rsm;wGif }uD;rm;vSonfhtHkuGr_rsm;
ay:aygufvmonf? vwfAD;,m;Y jyif;xefonfhwdkufyGJrsm; jzpfaeonf? zifvefwGif tvkyf
orm;rsm;u if;wdk@wyfeDrsm;udk zGJ@pnf;+yD; ykefuefxuGvmonf?
odkaomfvnf; Tykefuefr_tm;vHk;onf armfpudktHkuGr_uJhodk@yif oufOD;qHydkifpepf.
vlrqefaom &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfr_jzifh acsr_ef;cHvdkuf&onf?
'DZifbm vufeufukdiftHkuGr_tay: rif&SDApfESifh abmf&SDApfwdk@. tuJjzwfcsufrsm;rSm
uGmjcm;ygonf?
olwdk@ vufeufrukdifoifh=ubl;qdkaompum;rSm rif&SDApf yvufuaemhAfu tkHuGr_
t+yD;/ ygwDtay:odk@ jypfwifajymqdkvdkufaom pum;jzpfonf? rif&SDApfrsm;u tHkuGr_onf
rvdktyfbJ xdcdkufaoa=ur_rsm;a=umifh awmfvSefa&;wGif tHkuGr_udk ab;z,fxm;Edkifa=umif;/
atmifyGJukd vufeufukdiftHkuGr_eSifh r&EdkifbJ +idrf;csrf;onfh wdkufyGJenf;emrsm;ESifh &Ekdifa=umif;
ajymqdkjiif;cHk=uonf?
abmf&ASD pfrsm;u T&yfwnfru
_ dk opPmazmufr[
_ k pGypf v
GJ u
dk o
f nf? armfpukv
d ufeufuidk f
tHk uGr.
_ tawGt}uHKu tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;onf atmifjrifpmG vufeufuidk w
f u
kd yf q
JG ifEJ$
Edkifonfukd twnfjyKay;vkdufonf[k olwdk@u xifjrif,lqonf? yvufuaemhAf. tjypf
wifcsuf olwdk@ vufeufrukdifoifh=ubl;ukd vDeifacsy&mwGif- 'geJ@qefusifpGmyif u|ef
awmfwdk@onf vufeufukd ydkIcdkifrmjywfom;pGm wufuGpGm twif;t"rRudkifpGJxm;&rnf?
u|efawmfwdk@ vlxkudk rdrdukd,frdrd +idrf;csrf;aomoydwfrsm;ESifhom uef@owfxm;&ef rjzpfEkdif
a=umif;/ tnmwmuif;rJhonfh vufeufukdifwkdufyGJukd rvGJra&SmifEkdifa=umif; &Sif;jy&rnf?
(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 47/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm- 446)
1905/ 'DZifbm tkHuGr_onf awmfvSefa&;. txGwftxdyfjzpfonf? Zmbk&ifoufOD;

qHykdifpepfu tkHuGr_ukd acsr_ef;vdkufonf? xdk@aemuf awmfvSefa&;onf vSnfhajymif;oGm;+yD;
'Da&uspjyKvmonf? awmfvSefa&;'Da&onf wjznf;jznf;avsmhusvmonf?
Zmbk&iftpdk;&onf _H;edr@fr_udk tcGifhaumif;,l+yD;/ awmfvSefa&;udk aemufqHk;xdk;ESuf

wdu
k cf u
kd &f ef tvsit
f jrefjyifqifonf? Zmbk&if. yg;uGut
f m%mom;rsm;ESihf axmif0efxrf;
rsm;onf if;wdk@.aoG;pGef;aomvkyfief;rsm;ukd pwifvm=uonf? ydkvef/ vwfAD;,m;/
tufpwdek ;D ,m;/ x&efaumhau;&Sm;ESihf qdu
k af A;&D;,m;wd@k wiG f tjypfay;ta&;,lrr_ sm; zk;H v$r;f
aeonf?
odk@aomf awmfvSefa&;rSm acsr_ef;jcif; rcH&ao;yg? tvkyform;rsm;ESifh awmfvSefonfh
v,form;rsm;onf wdkufyGJudkpGefv$wfvdkuf+yD; wjznf;jznf; aemufqkwfaeygonf? tvkyf
orm;rsm;. tpdwt
f ydik ;f opfrsm; wdu
k yf w
JG iG ;f od@k 0ifa&mufvmygonf? 1906 ckEpS f oydww
f iG f
tvkyform; woef;ausmfESifh 1907 ckESpfwGif 740000 yg0ifvm=uonf? v,form;v_yf&Sm;
r_rmS 1906 ckEpS f yxrESp0f ufwiG f Zmbk&if&k mS ;. ckid af ygi;f w0ufausmw
f iG f jzpfymG ;+yD;/ 'kw,
d
ESp0f ufwiG f ig;ykw
H ykjH zpfymG ;vmonf? ppfwyfEiS hf a&wyfwiG v
f nf; r+ird rf oufjzpfrr_ sm; qufvuf
jzpfyGm;aeonf?
Zmbk&iftpd;k &onf awmfveS af &;udk acsre_ ;f &mwGif zdEySd o
f nfeh nf;rsm;jzifo
h m uef@ouf
xm;jcif;rjyKacs? if;. yxrydik ;f atmifyrJG sm;udk zdEydS o
f nfeh nf;rsm;jzifh atmifjrif&S+d yD;aemuf/
'l;rm;opf Oya'jyKvGwfawmfudk usif;yjcif;jzifh awmfvSefa&;xdk;ESufcsuftopfjzifh xdk;ESuf
&ef qHk;jzwfvdkuf=uonf? if;wdk@u Tenf;jzifh v,form;rsm;udk awmfvSefa&;ESifh tquf
jzwfypfvdkuf+yD;/ awmfvSefa&;ukd tqHk;owfypfvdkufEkdifvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhcJhonf? 1905 ck
'DZifbmwGif Zmbk&iftpd;k &u abmf&ADS pfw@kd . oydwaf rSmufra_ =umifh ab;z,fvu
kd jf cif;cHvu
kd f
&onfh aqG;aEG;ndEd_if;onfhblvD*sif 'l;rm;v$wfawmfa[mif;ESifh uGJjym;jcm;em;onf?
Oya'jyK 'l;rm;opf ac:qdu
k si;f y&ef Oya'w&yfxw
k jf yefvu
kd o
f nf? Zmbk&if. a&G;aumufyJG
Oya'onf 'Drdkua&pDrusyg? a&G;aumufyGJrsm;rSm wnDwnmwnf;r&Sdyg (universal) ?
vlO;D a&w0ufausm/f Oyrm-trsK;d orD;rsm;ESihf tvkyo
f rm; 2 oef;ausmw
f @kd rmS rJay;ydik cf iG hf r&acs?
aG;aumufyrJG sm;rSm wef;wlnrD #jcif; r&Sad cs? rJqENe,frsm;udk av;ykid cf jJG cm;xm;onf? v,f,m
(ajr&Sif)/ +rdK@ ("e&Sif)/ v,form;ESifh tvkyform;tydkif;[lIjzpfygonf? a&G;aumufyGJ onf
wdkufdkufr[kwfbJ/ tqifhtrsm;tjym;cGJxm;onf? wu,fpifppfrSm v#Kd0SufrJpepf vnf;
r[kwfacs/ a&G;aumufyGJOya'u v$wfawmfxJwGif vufwqkyfpm ajr&SifESifh t&if;&Sif rsm;u
tvkyo
f rm;/ v,form;oef;aygi;f rsm;pGm. trsm;pkudk tay:pD;&&ef pDrv
H yk af qmif xm;onf?
Zmbk&ifu vlxu
k dk awmfveS af &;rS vrf;vGo
J mG ;&ef 'l;rm;ukd tok;H cs&ef &nf,
G cf o
hJ nf?
xkdtcsdefu v,form; trsm;tjym;u 'l;rm;v$wfawmf rSwqifh if;wkd@ajrrsm; &Ekdifonf[k
,kH=unfae=uonf// zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH 'Drkdu&ufrsm;/ rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;
orm;rsm;u vlxkvkdtyfonfhpepfukd ykefuefr_rygbJ/ awmfvSefa&;rvkyfbJ &&SdEkdifonf[k
ajymqk+d yD;/ tvkyo
f rm;ESihf v,form;rsm;ukd vSnphf m;ae=uygonf? Tvlxt
k ay: uvdru
f s
r_uw
dk u
dk &f ef abmf&ADS pfrsm;u yxrEkid if aH wmf';l rm;ukd oydwaf rSmufonfh enf;emukd a=unmm+y;D
vkyaf qmifcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? TonfrmS vnf; wefrmazmhpu

f eG zf &ifu
h csrw
S cf o
hJ nfh qk;H jzwfcsuf
rsm;ESit
hf nDjzpfygonf?
Zmbk&ifpepfudk qef@usio
f nfw
h u
dk yf YJG ygww
D iG ;f tiftm;rsm; pnf;vk;H nD!w
G &f ef ypPn;f
rJh ygwD.aygif;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;ukd tvkyform;uawmif;qkdonf? wefrmazmhpfuGef z&ifh.
nD!Gwfa&;qkH;jzwfcsufukdukdifpGJ+yD;/ abmf&SDApfrsm;u tvkyform;rsm;. Tawmif; qkdcsufukd
axmufc+H yD;/ rif&ADS pfrsm;ukd ygw.
D nD!w
G af &; uGe*f &ufac:qk&d ef awmif;qkv
d u
dk o
f nf? tvkyf
orm;rsm;. zdtm;a=umifh rif&SDApfrsm;onf aygif;pnf;nD!Gwf&ef cGifhjyKvkdufonf?
vDeifonf aygi;f pnf;nD!w
G af &;ukd vkv
d m;aomfvnf; xkad ygi;f pnf;nD!w
G af &;rsK;d onf
awmf vSefa&;jy\emrsm;ESifh ywfouf+yD; wnf&Sdaeonf? uGJjym;jcm;em;csufrsm;ukd rzkH;uG,f
onfh trsK;d tpm;omjzpf&rnf? rif&ADS pfEiS hf abmf&ADS pfrsm;t=um; }u;D rm;onfu
h jJG ym;r_ r&Sad =umif;
jyo&ef }udK;pm;cJhonf? jzefajza&;orm;rsm; (abmh*f'gaemhAf (Bogdanov)/ u&mpifESifh
tjcm;vlrsm;) a=umifh ygwDwGif xdckdufepfemr_ tawmftoifh &SdchJygonf? vDeifu jzefajza&;
orm;rsm;udw
k u
kd cf u
kd +f yD; abmf&ADS pfrsm;onf uGe*f &ufo@dk rdrw
d dk u,
kd yf ikd rf l 0g'rsm;ESio
hf m wuf
a&mufoif+h y;D / od@k ro
S m tvkyo
f rm;rsm;taeESihf abmf&ADS pfrsm;. taetxm;udk &Si;f &Si;f jrifum
rnfonfh tajccHay:wGif aygif;pnf;nD!Gwf&rnfudk jrifawG@Edkifonf [kqdkonf? abmf&SDApf
rsm;onf TuJhodk@aom rl0g'rsm;udk a&;qGJ+yD;/ ygwD0ifrsm;tm; aqG;aEG;&ef wifoGif; cJhonf?
R.S.D.L.P. . pwkwu
eG *f &uf-nD!w
G af &;uGe*f &ufukd 1906 {+yYD pawmh[rk ;f (qG'D if)
wGif usif;ycJhonf? ygwD.a'otzGJ@tpnf; 57 ckudk udk,fpm;jyKonfh rJqENay;Edkifonfh
ud,
k pf m;vS,f 111 a,muf wufco
hJ nf? xdk tjyif trsK;d om; qk&d ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pDygwrD S uk,
d pf m;
vS,rf sm;vnf; wufa&mufco
hJ nf? bef;rS 3 a,muf/ ydv
k ef qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pDygwrD S 3 a,muf/
vufwpf qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@tpnf; (Lettish Social Democratic organization) rS 3
a,muf jzpfonf?
'DZifbm tHkuGr_twGif;ESifh t+yD;wGif acsr_ef;cH&r_a=umifh abmf&SDApftzGJ@tpnf;rsm; tm;
vH;k u ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;rapv$wEf ikd af cs? xk@d tjyif vGwv
f yfonf&h ufrsm;twGi;f u rif&ADS pf
rsm;onf awmfvSefonfh rmhufpf0g'ESifh bmrSrqdkifonfh "e&Sifaygufp ynmwwftrsm;tjym;
udk ygwDwGif;0ifcGifhjyKxm;onf? t}uD;qHk;ypPnf;rJhtzGJtpnf; pdefyDwmpbwftzGJ@tpnf;u
uGef*&ufodk@ apv$wfonfh ukd,fpm;vS,fta&twGufESifhtnD wpfzvpfrif&SDApfrsm;
(wpfzvpfwGif pufr_vkyfom;tvGefenf;onf) uukd,fpm;vS,f apv$wfcJhonf? tusKd;&&Sd
wmuawmh pawmh[kef;uGefz&ifhwGif rif&SDApfrsm;onf wu,frSmawmh ta&;r}uD;vSaomf
vnf; trsm;pkjzpfaeygonf?
uGef*&uf. TuJhokd@zGJ@pnf;r_u jy\emtawmfrsm;rsm;tay: qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;. rif&SD
ApfvuQ%mukd qkH;jzwfay;vkdufygonf?
TuGef*&ufwGif nD!$wfa&;ukd omeft&om &&SdcJhygonf? wu,frSm abmf&SDApfESifh

rif&SDApfrsm;onf if;wkd@. tjrifrsm;ukd qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;+yD;/ if;wkd@. vGwfvyfaom
ukd,fykdiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;vnf; quf&Sdaeygonf?
pwkwuGef*&ufY aqG;aEG;onfh t"dujy\emrsm;rSm ajr,mjy\em/ vuf&Sdtajc
taeESifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;. vlwef;pm;wm0efrsm;/ EkdifiHawmf'l;rm;ESifh ywfoufonfhay:vpDESifh
pnf;Hk;a&;&mjy\emrsm; jzpfonf?
TuGef*&ufY rif&SDApfrsm;onf trsm;pkjzpfaeaomfvnf; tvkyform;rsm;ESifh twkduf
tcH rjzpfap&eftwGuf vDeif. ygw0D ifEiS hf ywfoufaom ygwpD nf;urf; yxryk'd af zmfjycsuu
f dk
vkdufavsmoabmwlvkduf&ygonf?
ajr,mjy\emay:wGi-f vDeifu ajr,mEkEkid if aH wmfyidk f jyKvkyaf &;ukd wifoiG ;f onf? olu
ajr,mEkid if yH idk jf yKvkyaf &;onf Zmbk&ifpepfudk jzKwfcs+y;D aemuf awmfveS af &; atmifycJG rH S omv#if
jzpfEidk o
f nf[ck ,
H o
l nf? TuJo
h @dk aom tajctaersK;d atmufrmS ajr,mEdik if yH idk jf yK vkyjf cif;onf
ypPn;f rJrh sm;tzk@d qif;&Jv,form;rsm;ukd r[mrdwjf yKum qkd ,
S v
f pfawmf vSeaf &; ul;ajymif;&ef
ykdrkdvG,fulapygvdrfhrnf? ajr,m EkdifiHykdifjyKvkyfjcif;qkdonfrSm ajr,mykdif euftm;vkH;
avsmfa=u;ray;bJodrf;,l+yD;/ v,form;xkokd@ ay;tyf&efjzpfygonf? abmf&DSApf wkd@.
ajr,mpDrHudef;vrf;pOfu v,form;rsm;ukd Zmbk&ifESifh ajr&Sifrsm;ukd qef@usifonfh
awmfvSefa&;xJyg0ifvm&ef v_Haqmfvkdufonf?
rif&SDApfrsm;u uGJjym;onfh taetxm;tqifhrSm &Sdygonf? olwkd@u jrLeDpyg,ftzGJ@jzifh
tkycf sKyfjcif; (municipalization) wifjyonf ? if;wk@d vrf;pOft&qkv
d #if ajr,m ykid ef ufrsm;ukd
aus;vufvlxkrsm;u pDrHcef@cGJEkdifjcif;vnf;r&Sd/ aus;vufvlxk tokH;jyK&ef awmifcGifhrjyKbJ/
jrLeDpyg,t
f zG@J rsm;. (uk,
d yf idk t
f pk;d &. a'otzG@J ok@d r[kwf Zrfpawmh zemstovs) pDrcH ef@crJG _
atmufwiG x
f m;&S+d y;D / v,form;wkid ;f onf rdrw
d @dk wwfEidk o
f avmufajrukd iSm;&rf;&efjzpfyg onf?
rif&ADS pfrsm;. jrLeDpyg,t
f zG@J jzifh tkycf sKyfjcif;vrf;pOfonf aphpyfjzefajza&;jzpf+y;D / xk@d a=umifh
awmfveS af &;twGuf xdcu
dk ef pfemaponf? Tonfu v,form;rsm;ukd awmfveS f a&;wku
d yf JG
0if&ef rv_HaqmfEkdifbJ/ ajr,mtay: ajr&Sifrsm;. ykdifqkdifcGifhukd vkH;0zsufodrf;&efvnf;
&nf&G,fjcif;r&Sdyg? rif&SDApf. vrf;pOfonf awmfvSefa&;ukd vrf;w0ufwGif&yfypf&efjzpfonf?
rif&SDApfrsm;u v,form;rsm; awmfvSefxuGvmrSmukd rvkdvm;yg?
rif&SDApfvrf;pOfonf uGef*&ufwGif rJtrsm;pk &&Sdvkdufygonf//
rif&SDApfrsm;onf txl;ojzifh vufSdtajctaeESifh EkdifiHawmf'l;rm;jy\em tay:
qkH;jzwfcsufukdaqG;aEG;pOf/ if;wkd@. ypPnf;rJhqef@usifonfh tacsmiform;vuQ%mukd
azmfxw
k jf yovku
d o
f nf? rif&ADS pfrmwDaemhAf (Martynov) u awmfveS af &;wGif ypPn;f rJrh sm;.
csKyfukdifr_ (hegemony) ukd yGifhyGifhvif;vif;yif qef@usifuef@uGuf ajymqkdoGm;onf? &Jabmf
pwmvifu rif&SDApfrsm;ukd wkH@jyef&if;/ jy\emukd wkdawmif;jywfom;pGm
ypPn;f rJrh sm;ukd csLyfuidk rf vm;/ ok@d r[kwf 'Dru

dk &ufwpf"e&Sirf sm;ukd csLyfuidk rf vm;? 'g[m
ygwDwGif;wnfSdaewJhjy\em/ 'g[m u|efawmfwkd@ uGJjym;jcm;em;wJhae&mvkd@ ajym
=um;vkdufygonf//
EkdifiHawmf'l;rm;ESifhywfouf+yD;/ rif&SDApfrsm;u if;wkd@qkH;jzwfcsufxJwGif awmfvSefa&;.
jy\emrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;+yD;/ jynfolvlxkukd Zmbk&ifvufatmufrS vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf
taumif;qkH;enf;emtjzpf csD;usK;xm;onf/ qef@usifpGmyif abmf&SDApfrsm;u 'l;rm;ukd Zm
bk&ifpepf. tpGrf;r&Sdonfh tpG,ftyGm;w&yftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ Zmbk&ifpepf. raumif;
r_rsm;uku
d muG,x
f m;onfh uef@vefumzk;H tjzpfvnf;aumif; oa&mfxm;+y;D / tqifrajy tok;H
rus jzpfvmwmESifh w+ydKifeuf Zmpepfu pGef@ypfvkdufrSmjzpfonf?
pwkwu
eG *f &ufwiG f a&G;cs,cf &H onfAh [kad umfrwDwiG f abmf&ADS pfo;Hk OD;ESihf rif&ADS pf ajcmuf
OD;yg0ifygonf? A[kdtmabmf owif;pm. t,f'DwmbkwftzGJ@wGif vkH;0yif rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh
zGJ@pnf;xm;onf?
ygwDwGif;wkdufyGJ qufvufjzpfay:OD;rnfrSm &Sif;aeay+yD?
pwkwuGef*&uf+yD;aemuf abmf&SDApfESifhrif&SDApfrsm;t=um; ydyuQrsm; t&SdefopfESifh
ay:xGufvmonf// omeft& nD!$wfaeonfh a'otzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif uGef*&uftpD&if
cHpmrsm;ukd abmf&SdApfrS wa,muf/ rif&SDApfrS wa,mufqkd+yD; ajymol 2 a,mufu wifoGif;
ygonf? vrf;pOfESpf&yf aqG;aEG;csuftay:&&SdcsufrSm ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif tzGJ@tpnf;
0iftrsm;pkonf abmf&SDApfrsm;ukd axmufcHcJhonf//
tjzpftysufrsm;u abmf&SDApfrsm; rSefuefa=umif; oufaojyvkdufonf? pwkwuGef*
&ufwiG f a&G;aumufc&H onfh rif&ADS pf A[kad umfrwDonf if;.tacsmif0g'ESihf vlx.
k awmfveS f
a&;wku
d yf u
JG dk OD;aqmifEidk pf rG ;f vk;H 0r&Srd w
_ @dk udk wk;d wufjyovmygonf? 1906 ck/ aEGEiS hf aqmif;OD;
wGif vlxk. awmfvSefa&;wkdufyGJonf t&Sdeft[kefopf& vmygonf? c&kef;pw'fESifh
qAD;abmh*w
f @dk wiG f a&wyfom;rsm;. ykeu
f efrr_ sm; ay:ayguv
f m+yD;/ ajr&Sirf sm;ukd qef@usif onfh
v,form; wkdufyGJrsm;vnf; ay:xGufvmonf? 'gawmif rif&SDApf A[kdaumfrwDu tacsmif
orm; auG;a=umfoHrsm; xkwfjyefayr,fh vlxku vkdufemjcif;rjyKyg?
6? yxr EkdifiHawmf'l;rm; zsufodrf;jcif;? 'kwd,EkdifiHawmf'l;rm; ac:,lusif;yjcif;? yrt}udrf
uGef*&uf? 'kwd,EkdifiHawmf'l;rm; zsufodrf;jcif;? yxrk&Sm;awmfvSefa&;}uD; &_H;edrfh&jcif;.
ta=umif;t&if;rsm;?
yxrEkid if aH wmf';l rm;u vkaH vmufpmG xde;f csKyfEidk jf cif; rjyKEkid af wmhonft
h cg if;ukd 1906
ck aEGumvwGif Zmbk&iftpkd;&u zsufodrf;vkdufygonf? tpkd;&onf jynfolvlxkukd ykdI jyif;
xef;pGmzdESdyfvm+yD;/ wjynfvkH; tjypfay;ta&;,lonfh vufpm;acsonfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; wkd;csJ@
vkyfaqmifum 'kwd,EkdifiHawmf'l;rm;ukd tcsdefwkdtwGif; ac:,lusif;y&ef qkH;jzwfcsufukd a=u
nmcJo
h nf? Zmbk&if tpk;d &onf twdtvif; ykI
d yif raxrJjh rif apmfum;armfum; jyKvkyv
f m
onf? awmfvSefa&;'Da&usvmonfukd jrifvmonfhtwGuf awmfvSefa&;ukd a=umufvef@
wkefv_yfjcif; r&Sdawmhyg?
abmf&SDApfrsm;taeESifh 'kwd,'l;rm;ukd yl;aygif;rvm; okd@r[kwf oydwfarSmufrvm;ukd
qkH;jzwf&ef jzpfvmygonf? oydwfarSmufonf[kqkd&mY abmf&SDApfrsm;u qkdvkdcsifonfrSm
wufuGonfh oydwfarSmufjcif;ukd qkdvkd+yD;/ a&G;aumufyGJwGif rJrxnfhyJ aejcif;r#avmufukd
om qkdvkd&if;r[kwfyg? abmf&SDApfrsm;u wufuGonfh oydwfarSmufjcif;ukd Zmbk&ifpepfu
jynfov
l x
l u
k dk awmfveS af &;vrf;a=umif;rS Zmbk&if. zGJ pnf;tkycf sKyfykH vrf;a=umif;okd vSnhf
ajymif;ay;&ef}udK;yrf;r_ukd jynfolvlxktm; owday;onfh awmfvSefa&;enf;emwck tjzpf
vnf;aumif;/ T}uKd ;yrf;r_rsm;ukd tcsn;f ES;D jzpfap+y;D / jynfov
l x
l .
k wku
d cf u
dk af &;pGr;f &nf opfudk
pnf;kH;&ef enf;emwcktjzpfvnf;aumif; oabmxm;ygonf?
blvD*sif'l;rm;ukd oydwfarSmufonfh tawG@t}uKHu oydwfarSmufjcif;onf xkdtcsdef
u wckwnf;aom rSefuefonfhenf;emjzpf+yD;/ vkH;0w&m;r#w tusKd;ta=umif;&Sda=umif;
tjzpftysufrsm;u jyovkdufonf? (vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpukd/ 47-twGJ 1/
pmrsufESm-450)
ToydwfarSmufr_onf jynfolvlxkukd Zmbk&if. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHpnf;rsOf;Oya' vrf;

a=umif;. tE &W m,fudk owday;cJEh ikd f rkH u 'l;rm;ay:xGuv
f mr_uv
dk nf; tcs;D tES;D jzpfapvku
d f
onft
h wGuf atmifjrifayonf? Toydwaf rSmufro
_ nf awmfveS af &;'Da&uscsed rf mS r[kwb
f J
'Da&wufcsed rf mS vkyaf qmifc+hJ yD;/ xk'd aD &. axmufcrH u
_ v
dk nf; &&Scd o
hJ nft
h wGuf atmifjrifcahJ y
onf? 'l;rm; ac:qkdusif;yjcif;ukd awmfvSefa&;'Da&jrifhumvwGifom acszsufEkdifygonf?
0SpfwD (Wittle) 'l;rm; okd@r[kwf yxr'l;rm;ukd oydwfarSmufjcif;ukd 'DZifbmtkHuGr_
H_;edrfh+yD;csdefrSm jyKvkyfcJh+yD;/ Zmbk&ifu atmifEkdifoljzpfaeaom tcsdefvnf;jzpfonf? qkdvkd
onfrmS awmfveS af &;'Da& pwifusqif;ae+yDudk jrifawG@vmEkid o
f nfh ta=umif;tcsurf sm; &Sv
d m
onfh tcsdefjzpfonf?
vDeifu okd@aomf TatmifyGJ (Zmbk&if. - t,f'Dwm)ukd tjywftowf atmifyGJ
tjzpf xkt
d csed u
f oabmxm;&efrmS rnfonfh tajccHta=umif;r# r&Sad =umif; ajym&efawmif
rvkdyg? 1905 ckESpf 'DZifbmtkHuGr_. tusKd;qufrsm;taejzifh 1906 aEGwGif tquftpyf
r&Sad om wpdww
f ykid ;f ppfwyfwiG ;f ykeu
f efrE_ iS hf oydwrf sm; woDwwef;}uD; ay:xGuv
f myg onf?
0SpfwD'l;rm;ukd oydwfarSmuf&efv_Haqmfjcif;onf TtkHuGr_rsm;ukd aygif;pnf;pkHk;+yD;/ trsm;
oabm vuQ%maqmifvmatmifvkyf&ef jzpfygonf? (vDeifusrf;aygif;csKyf/ k&Sm; bmomtwGJ
12/ pmrsufESm-20)
0SpfwD'l;rm;ukd oydwfarSmufjcif;onf if;.*k%foduQmukd tawmfoifhxdckdufap+yD;/ vl

wcsdK@. ,kH=unfr_ukd tm;enf;apEkdifvkdufaomfvnf;/ 'l;rm;usif;yjcif;ukdrl rwm;qD;Ekdifyg/
oydwaf rSmufjcif;u 'l;rm;usi;f yjcif;ukd rwm;qD;Ekid o
f nfh ta=umif;rSm aemufyidk ;f ykI
d &Si;f vm
onfrmS oydwaf rSmufjcif;ukd awmfveS ;f a&;uscsed /f usqif;csed rf mS jyKvkyaf oma=umifh jzpfyg onf?
xkt
d a=umif;a=umifh 1906 ckEpS f yxr'l;rm;ukd oydwaf rSmufjcif;onf ratmifrjrif jzpfomG ;&yg
onf? TonfEiS yhf wfouf+yD; vDeifu ol.ausm=f um;vSaom pmwrf; uGejf rL epf0g' v_y&f mS ;
r_twGif;&Sd vuf0J*kd%f; oli,fempmtkyfwGif a&;cJhonfrSm 1905 ckESpfwGif abmf&SDApfwkd@u ygvDrefukd oydwfarSmufjcif;onf awmfvSefaom
ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;ukd tzk;d rjzwfEidk af om Ekid if aH &;tawG@t}uKHjzifh uG,0f ap+yD;/ Oya'wGi;f ukd
Oya'yjzifhvnf;aumif;/ ygvDrefukd ygvDrefjyifywkdufyGJomefrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; aygif;
pyfay;&mwGif ygvDrefomefrsm;ukd jiif;y,f&jcif;rSm wcgw&HtusKd;Sd+yD; vkdvnf;vkdtyf
a=umif;ukd jyovkdufonf? 1906 ckESpfwGif abmf&SDApfrsm;u 'l;rm;ukd oydwfarSmufjcif;
onfao;i,f+yD;/ tvG,fwul ukpm;Ekdifaomt&mwckjzpfapumrl trSm;wckjzpfonf? wOD;
wa,muf twGuf tokH;jyKEkdifaomt&mrsm;ukd vkdtyfonfh ajymif;vJjyifqifr_rsm; jyKvkyf
I EkdifiHa&;ESifh ygwDrsm;twGuf tokH;jyKEkdifonf? trSm;rusL;vGefzl;olonf ynm&Sd r[kwf
Tuho
J @dk aom vlrsK;d r&S/d &Sv
d nf; r&SEd idk /f tvGe}f uD;av;aomtrSm;ukd rusK;vGeo
f El iS hf if;wk@d tm;
vG,u
f pl mG ESihf vsijf refpmG rnfo@dk jyifqif&rnfudk od&o
dS o
l m ynm&Sjd zpfayonf? (vDeifvufa&G;
pifusrf;/ twGJ(2) pmrsufESm-528)
'kw,
d Ekid if aH wmf 'l;rm;ESihf ywfouf+yD;/ vDeifu ajymif;vJomG ;aom tajctaeESihf awmf
vSefa&;usqif;oGm;r_a=umifh abmf&SDApfrsm;onf EkdifiHawmf'l;rm;ukd oydwfarSmufa&;udpPukd
jyefvnfpOf;pm;&rnf[k ,lqonf? (txufygtwGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-450)
vDeifu orkdif;u jyocJhonfrSm vGwfawmfpkkH;pnf;a0;onfhtcg tokH;0ifonfh
v_H aqmfrr_ sm;ukd qufvufazmfaqmif vkyu
f idk Ef idk o
f nfh tcGit
hf a&;rsm;/ 'l;rm;v$waf wmf wGi;f rS
a&m if;ESiq
hf ufpyf+yD; tjyifrmS a&m zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk 'Dru
dk &ufrsm;ukd qef@usi&f mwGif awmfveS f
onfh v,form;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;onfh enf;emrsm;ukd v$wfawmfwGif;rSm tokH;csEkdifa=umif;
jzpfygonf? (txufygpmrsufESm-453)
tm;vk;H ujyovku
d o
f nfrmS wpkw
H a,mufonf awmfveS af &;wufaecsed w
f iG f rnfuo
hJ @dk
ckid rf m}uHch idk pf mG a&S@quf&rnf? a&S@wef;rS rnfuo
hJ @dk yg0if&rnfudk od&rnfomru awmfveS af &;
qufrwufaeonft
h csed w
f iG f tpDtpOf&pdS mG rnfuo
hJ @dk aemufqw
k &f rnf? aemufq;kH rS qkwcf mG &
rnf/ ajymif;vJoGm;onfh tajctaeESifhtnD enf;em;rsm;ukd ajymif;vJ+yD;/ zkdz&JqkwfcGmjcif;
r[kwb
f J pnf;k;H r_&pdS mG / wnf+ird pf mG ESihf a=umufvef@w=um; r&Sb
d J qkwcf mG &rnf? tvGeaf o;i,f
onfh tcGit
hf a&;uav;rsm;ukd tok;H cs+y;D / &eforl ;D tm;atmufrS au'grsm;ukd aemufqw
k cf idk ;f &
rnf/ rdrt
d iftm;rsm;ukd jyefvnf pkpnf;wnfaqmuf+y;D &efot
l wGuf xk;d ppftopfudk jyifqif&ef
vnf; odem;vnf&rnf jzpfayonf?
abmf&SDApfrsm;u 'kwd,'l;rm;twGuf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufyg0if&ef qkH;jzwf
vkduf=uygonf? okd@aomfvnf; abmf&SDApfrsm; 'l;rm;okd0ifa&mufcJhonfh &nf&G,fcsufrSm rif&SD
Apfrsm;uJhokd zGJpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk 'Drkdu&ufrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;+yD;/ v$wfawmfwGif; ay:aygufvm rnfh
Oya'jyKvkyif ef;vkyaf qmif&ef r[kwb

f J awmfveS af &; tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuf pifjrifh w&yftjzpf
tokH;cs&ef &nf&G,fayonf?
qef@usifpGmyif rif&SDApfA[kdaumfrwDu a&G;aumufyGJoabmwlnDcsufrsm;ukd zGJ@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfykH'Drkdu&ufrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;&ef wkdufwGef;+yD;/ 'l;rm;twGif;wGif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH
'Dru
dk &ufrsm;ukd axmufc&H efvnf; ajym=um;=uonf? if;wk@d .tjrifwiG f 'l;rm;onf Zmbk&if
tpkd;&ukd Zuf}udK;csKyfxdef;Ekdifonfh Oya'jyKtaqmufttkHw&yf jzpfaeygonf?
ygwDtzGJ@pnf;trsm;pku rif&SDApfA[kdaumfrwD. ay:vpDukd qef@usifa=umif; azmfjyvm
=uonf//
abmf&SDApfrsm;u ygwDuGef*&uftopf ac:,l&ef awmif;qkdvkdufonf?
1907 arvwGif yOPrt}udrf uGe*f &ufudk vef'efwiG f usi;f ycJo
h nf? TuGe*f &ufumv
wGif R.S.D.L.P. onf (trsKd;om;qkd&S,f'Drkdu&uf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tyg) ygwD0ifaygif;
150000 eD;yg;&Sdaeygonf? tm;vkH;wGif uGef*&ufokd@ ukd,fpm;vS,f 336 OD; wufa&muf+yD;/
if;wk@d xw
J iG f 105 OD;rSm abmf&ADS pfjzpf+y;D / 97 OD;rSm rif&ADS pfrsm;jzpfonf? useu
f ,
dk pf m; vS,rf sm;rSm
trsK;d om;qk&d ,
S 'f rD u
dk &uf tzG@J tpnf;rsm;jzpfonfh ykv
d efEiS hf vufwpf qk&d ,
S f 'Dru
dk &ufrsm;ESihf
bef;wkd@. ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpf+yD;/ if;wkd@ukd ,cifuGef*&ufY R.S.D.L.P. wGif;okd@
0ifcGifay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf?
uGef*&ufwGif xa&mhpuDu tkyfpkw&yfrS tv,ftvwf0g'Drsm;u rif&SDApfwydkif;*dk%f;
pk&ef uysmu,m }udK;pm;cJhao;aomfvnf; vkdufygolrsm;r&SdcJhyg? abmf&SDApfrsm;udk ydkvefESifh
vufwpffwdk@u axmufcHcJhonfhtwGuf uGef*&ufYcdkifrmonfh trsm;pkudk &&Sdvmygonf?
uGef*&ufY t"duaqG;aEG;qHk;jzwf&rnfh jy\emw&yfrSm "e&SifygwDrsm;ESifh ywfouf
onfh ay:vpDrsm;jzpfygonf? 'kw,
d t}udru
f eG *f &ufuwnf;u Tjy\emtay: abmf&ADS pfEiS hf
rif&SDApfrsm; wkdufyGJ&SdcJh+yD;jzpfonf? yOPruGef*&ufu ypPnf;rJhr[kwfonfh ygwD rsm;jzpfonfh
bvufp[
f ef'&ufrsm;/ atmufwb
kd m0g'rD sm; (atmufwb
kd m 17 &uf or*~) zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk
'Drdku&ufrsm;ESifh qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;wdk@tay: abmf&SDApf. tuJjzwfcsufudk
ay;cJh+yD;/ TygwDESifh ywfouf+yD; abmf&SDApfrsm; vdkufem&rnfh enf;emrsm; udkvnf; azmfjycJhyg
onf?
uGef*&ufu abmf&SDApf. ay:vpDudk twnfjyKvufcHvdkuf+yD;/ bvufpf[ef'&ufygwD
rsm;jzpfonfh k&Sm;vlrsKd;rsm;tzGJcsKyf/ bk&if0g'Drsm;/ nD!Gwfaom rSL;rsKd;rwf&mrsm;. aumifpD
ESifh atmufwdkbm0g'Drsm;jzpfaom ukefoG,fa&;ESifh pufr_vufr_ygwDESifh +idrf;csrf;pGm topf
rGr;f rHjcif;ygww
D @kd ESpcf pk vk;H ukd ravsmph wrf; wdu
k yf 0JG if&ef qH;k jzwfco
hJ nf? TygwD tm;vk;H onf
wefjyefawmfvSefa&;ygwDrsm;tjzpf ajAmifxifay:aeonf?
vpfb&,f"e&Sif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk'Drdku&ufrsm;ESifh ywfoufIrl uGef*&ufu tavsmh
ay;aphpyfjcif; rjyKonfh azmfxkwfzGifhcsa&;ay:vpD usihfoHk;&ef vufcHvdkufonf? zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyf
ykH'Drdku&ufygwD. twkta,miftvdrftnm 'Drkdua&pDudk azmfxkwfzGifhcs&rSmjzpf+yD;

vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;. v,form;v_yf&Sm;r_tay: csKyfxdef;Ekdif&ef }uKd;pm;vmr_udk wdkufcdkuf
acsr_ef;&rnf?
*ea&m'fepf odk@r[kwf xl;xdkApfygwD[k ac:qdk=uonf (ay: jyLvmqdk&S,fvpfrsm;/
xl;xdkApftkyfpkESifh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;) ESifhyufoufIrl uGef*&ufu if;wdk@
qd&k ,
S v
f pf rsuEf mS zH;k wyfqifEikd af &; }udK;yrf;csurf sm;ukd zGichf s&rnf[ck ,
H o
l nf? wcsed w
f nf;rSm
uGef*&ufu TygwDrsm;ESifh yl;wGJ+yD; Zmbk&ifpepfESifh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk 'Drdku&ufrsm;udk wdkufyGJ
qif&ef r=umc% oabmwlnDcsufrsm; &,lEdkifonf[k vnf;jrifonf? xdktcsdefu TygwD
rsm;onf 'Drdkua&pDygwDrsm; jzpfae=u+yD;/ +rdK@ESifh aus;vuf&Sd "e&Sifaygufprsm;. tusKd;aus;
Zl;ukd xkwfazmfjyoaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf?
T uGe*f &ufrwdik cf ifrmS awmif rif&ADS pfrsm;u vkyo
f m;uGe*f &ufqdo
k nfukd ac:qd&k ef
wifjycJhonf? rif&SDApfrsm;. t}uHrSm qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;/ qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;
ESifh rif;rJh0g'Drsm;tm;vHk; udk,fpm;vS,fv$wf wufa&mufonfh uGef*&ufac:,l&ef jzpfygonf?
T vkyfom;uGef*&ufrSm vrf;pOfrygonfh ygwD0ifr[kwfonfh ygwD (non-partism
party) od@k r[kwf us,jf yef@onf
h "e&Siaf ygupf tvkyo
f rm;ygwq
D o
kd nfh omefwrsK;d rsK;d ESihf
wnfaxmif&efjzpfonf? vDeifu TonfrSm qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD tvkyform;ygwD udk zsufodrf;
&efEiS hf tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;.wyfO;D udk "e&Siaf ygupf vlxt
k =um; acsre_ ;f vdu
k &f ef rif&ADS pfrsm;
taeESihf tE &W m,f}uD;vSaom }udK;yrf;csuw
f &yftjzpf azmfxw
k zf iG chf s vdu
k o
f nf? uGe*f &ufu
rif&SDApfrsm;. vkyfom;uGef*&uf ac:a&;udk jyif;xefpGm a0zef_wfcsvdkufonf?
uGef*&ufY tvkyform;or*~jy\emESifh ywfouf+yD; txl;tav;xm; aqG;aEG;
=uonf? rifSDApfrsm;u tvkyform;or*~rsm;=um;aea&;udk axmufcHtm;ay;onf?
qdkvdkonfrSm if;wdk@xJwGif ygwDu acgif;aqmifr_tcef;u yg0ifaer_udk qef@usifaejcif;yifjzpf
onf? uGef*&ufu rif&SDApfwdk@. tqdkukdy,fcsvdkuf+yD;/ abmf&SDApfrsm;wifoGif;onfh qHk;jzwf
csufudk vufcHvdkufonf? TqHk;jzwfcsufu ygwDonf tvkyform;or*~rsm;wGif tawG;
tac:a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;t& acgif;aqmifr_&atmif,l&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf?
yrt}udrfajrmufuGef*&ufonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; abmf&SDApf
rsm;twGuf }uD;rm;onfh atmifyGJjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; abmf&SDApfrsm; b0ifjrifhoGm;jcif;
aomfvnf;aumif;/ atmifyGJtay: ,pfrl;jcif;aomfvnf;aumif; r&SdcJhyg? vDeifu olwdk@tm;
oif=um;cJhonfrSm Tvdkr[kwfacs? abmf&SDApfrsm;u rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh ydkrdkwdkufcdkuf&OD;rnfudk
odaecJhygonf?
*1906 ckESpfu wnfaxmifcJhonf? "e&Sifaygufp tzGJ@jzpf+yD; qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm; ynmwwfrsm;acgif;

aqmif+yD; yxrEdkifiHawmf 'l;rm;rS v,form;udk,fpm;vS,fwcsdK@ yg0ifonf?
1907 ckEpS u
f xkwaf 0onfh ud,
k pf m;vS,w
f pfO;D .rSwpf rk sm;[kacgi;f pOfwyfxm; onfh
aqmif;yg;wGif &Jabmfpwmvifu uGef*&uf. tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif;
tuJjzwfcyhJ gonf?
k&Sm;wjynfvkH;Sd a&S@wef;a&mufonfh tvkyform;rsm;udk awmfvSefonfh qdk&S,f'Drdk
ua&pD[lonfh tvHawmfatmufwGif wckwnf;aom k&Sm;wjynfvHk;. ygwDw&yftjzpf
tppftrSef pnf;kH;nD!GwfEdkifapr_/ TonfrSm vef'efuGef*&uf xl;jcm;av;eufcsuf? if;.
a,bk,svuQ%m jzpfonf//
xdkaqmif;yg;wGif &Jabmfpwmvifu uGef*&uf. zGJ@pnf;ykHtaetxm;udk jyoonfh
pm&if;Z,m;rsm;ukd azmfjyxm;onf? xdkZ,m;rsm;t& abmf&SDApfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;rSm t"d
utm;jzifh pufrv
_ ufrX_ me}uD;rsm; (pde@f yw
D mpbwf/ armfpud/k ,l&v
J /f tdik Af ifEikd Af -kd aAmhpeifppf
pojzif)h rSjzpf+y;D / rif&ADS pfrsm;uawmh if;wd@k u,
kd pf m;vS,rf mS xkwv
f yk rf u
_ av;rsm;/ vufry_ nm
onfrsm;/ ypPnf;rJhwydkif;rsm; v$rf;rdk;onfhckdifrsm;rS jzpf+yD;/ aus;vuf a'o oufoufrsm;rS
vnf;ygonf?
uGe*f &uf.&&Scd surf sm;udk ed*;Hk csLyf&if; &Jabmfpwmvifu abmf&ADS pfrsm;. enf; y&d,m,f
rsm;onf pufr_vufr_a'o}uD;rsm;rS ypPnf;rJhrsm;. enf;y&d,m,f/ vlwef;pm; ydyuQ txl;
&Sif;vif;+yD;/ vlwef;pm;wkdufyGJ txl;onf;oef jyif;xefonfha'orsm;rS enf;y&d ,m,frsm;
jzpfaeonfrSm &Sif;aeygonf? abmf&DSApf0g'onf ppfrSefonfh ypPnf;rJhrsm;. enf;em jzpfonf?
wzufwGifvnf; rif&DSApfrsm;. enf;y&d,m,frsm;rSmt"dutm;jzifh vufrlynmonfvkyfom;rsm;ESifh ypPnf;rJhwykdif; v,form;rsm;.
enf;emrsm;/ vlwef;pm;ydyuQodyfr&Sif;bJ/ vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ zHk;uG,faeonfha'orsm;rS
enf ; y&d , m,f r sm; jzpf a eygonf ? rif & S D A pf 0 g'onf ypP n f ; rJ h r sm;t=um; "e&S i f w yd k i f ;
tpdwftydkif;rsm;. enf;y&d,m,frsm;jzpfonf? udef;*%ef;rsm;u TuhJodk@ajymayonf?
(R.S.D.L.P . yrt}udrf uGef*&uf. tjynfhtpHk tpD&ifcHpm/ k&Sm;bmom 1935-pmrsufESm 11-12)
Zmbk&ifu yxr'l;rm;udk zsuo

f rd ;f csed Yf 'kw,
d 'l;rm;onf ydI
k emcHvrd rhf nf[k olu ar#mf
vifch o
hJ nf? od@k aomf 'kw,
d 'l;rm;onfvnf; ol.ar#mv
f ifch surf sm;udk ysuaf pcJo
h nf? xd@k a=umifh
Zmbk&ifonf 'kwd,'l;rm;udkvnf; zsufodrf;&efqHk;jzwfvdkuf+yD;/ wwd, 'l;rm;udk ydkrdkemcH
vG,v
f rd rhf nf[al om ar#mv
f ifch sujf zifh ydI
k wif;usyaf om rJqENay;Edik cf iG rhf sm;jzifh ac:qd&k ef qH;k jzwf
vdkufonf?
yrt}udru
f eG *f &uft+yD; r=umrDrmS yif Zmbk&iftpd;k &onf ZGev
f 3 &ufae@Y tm%m
odrf;yGJqdkonfudk jyKvkyfcJhonf? 1907 ckESpf ZGefv 3&ufae@Y Zmbk&ifonf 'kwd,EdkifiHawmf
'l;rm;udk zsufodrf;vdkufonf? qdk&S,f'Drdku&uftkyfpkrS 'l;rm;udk,fpm;vS,f 65 a,mufudk
zrf;qD;+yD;/ qdkufab;&D;,m;odk@ e,fESifvdkufonf? a&G;aumufyGJOya'opfudk xkwfjyefa=unm
onf? tvkyform;ESifh v,form;rsm;. tcGifhta&; ydkrdkjzwfawmufjcif; cHae&ayonf? Zm
bk&iftpdk;&onf if;.xdk;ppfudk qufvufvkyfaqmifaeonf?
Zmbk&ifh0ef}uD; pwdkvDyif (Stolypin) u tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;tm; aoG;

acsmif;pD;onfh vufpm;acsr_ef;ppfqifa&;}uD;udk wdk;jrifhvkyfaqmifaeonf? axmifeJ@csDaom
tvkyform;/ v,form;udk tjypf'%fpD&ifonfh tzGJ@rsm;u ypfowfjcif;aomfvnf;aumif;/
}udK;ay;jcif;aomfvnf;aumif; vkyfcJh=uonf? Zmbk&if. tusOf;axmifrsm; twGif;wGif
awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;onf pdw"f mwfa&;t&a&m/ kyb
f 0t&a&m nO;f yef;ESyd pf ufjcif;cH& onf?
txl;ojzifh &ufpufjyif;xefrr_ mS tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;tzG@J tpnf;rsm; txl;ojzifh abmf&ADS pf
rsm;tay: jzpfonf? Zmbk&if pHkaxmufrsm;u zifvefwGif ykef;atmif;aexdkifonfh vDeifudk
rJ&mS ae=uonf? olw@kd u awmfveS af &;. acgi;f aqmiftay: vufpm;acscsiaf e=u onf? 1907
ck/ 'DZifbmwGif vDeifonf t}uD;tus,f pGef@pm;+yD; EdkifiHjcm;odk@xGufum jynfESif'%fc&D; p ,
&jyefygonf?
pwdkvDyif azmufjyefa&;. tarSmifumv 0ifa&mufvmcJhay+yD?
yxrk&Sm;awmfvSefa&;onf TuJodk@jzifh tH_;eJ@ tqHk;owfoGm;ay+yD?
Todk@qHk;_H;r_udk jzpfay:apcJhonfh ta=umif;&if;rsm;rSm1? awmfvSefa&;wGif Zmbk&ifpepfudkqef@usifonfh tvkyform;ESifh v,form;t=um;
wnf+idrfonfh r[mrdwfzGJ@r_ r&Sdao;yg? v,form;rsm;onf ajr&Sifrsm;qef@usifonfh wdkufyGJ
wGif xuGykefuefvm+yD;/ if;wdk@udkqef@usif&eftwGuf tvkyform;rsm;ESifh r[mrdwfzGJ@&ef
vdv
k m;ae=uygonf? od@k aomf olw@kd onf Zmbk&ifpepf rysupf ;D apbJ ajr&Sirf sm;udk r+zdK zsuEf ikd f
bl;qdkwm odem;vnfjcif;r&Sdyg? olwdk@onf Zmbk&if[m ajr&Sifrsm;ESifh w}udwfwnf; w^m%f
wnf;qdw
k m odem;vnfjcif;r&Sb
d J v,form;trsm;tjym;onf Zmbk&iftay: opPmapmifo
h +d rJ
apmifhodae+yD;/ if;wkd@. ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;udk Zmbk&if. EdkifiHawmf'l;rm;tay: yHkxm;ayonf?
Tonfa=umifh v,form;wpdwfwydkif;onf Zmbk&ifpepfudk +zdKzsuf&ef tvkyform;rsm;ESifh
r[mrdwzf @JG &ef ysuu
f u
G cf o
hJ nf? v,form;rsm;onf ppfreS o
f nfh awmf vSeaf &;orm;rsm; abmf&DS
Apfrsm;xuf aphpyfajy+idrf;vdkonfh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; tay:ykd,Hk=unfcJhonf?
tusK;d tm;jzifh ajr&Siq
f ef@usiaf &; v,form;wdu
k yf o
JG nf vHak vmuf aom pkpnf;pnf;H;k r_r&Scd yhJ g?
vDeifuv,form;rsm;. jyKrlaqmif&u
G rf r_ sm;onf odyu
f sv
J eG ;f onf/ odyzf kzd &JjzpfveG ;f onf?
vHkavmufonfh xufjrufwufuGr_vnf;r&Sd? TonfrSm awmfvSefa&;_H;edrfhr_. tajc cH
ta=umif;&if;wcsufjzpfonf?(vDeifusrf; aygif;pHk/ k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 15/ pmrsufESm-354)
2? Zmbk&ifjzKwfcsa&;twGuf tvkyform;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;&ef v,form;tpdwftydkif;
trsm;tjym; ysufuGufr_onf ppfom;,lepfazmif;0wfqifxm;onfh v,form;om; trsm;
tjym;jzpfonfh wyfom;rsm;tay: ppfwyf. vkyf[efudkvnf; =oZmoufa&mufcJhonf?
Zmbk&ifwyfwiG ;f r+idro
f ufrE_ iS hf awmfveS yf ek u
f efrr_ sm; wcsK@d ,el pfrsm;wGif jzpfay:cJah omfvnf;/
ppfom;trsm;pkrSm tvkyform;rsm;. oydwfrsm;ESifh tHkuGr_rsm;udk zdESdyf&mwGif Zmbk&ifudk
ulnD vkyfaqmif+rJ vkyfaqmifvsuf&Sdonf?
3? tvkyform;rsm;. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onfvnf; vHkavmufaom nD!Gwfpnf;0g;

udkufr_r&Sdyg? 1905 ckESpf. &JpGrf;owWd&SdvSonfh awmfvSefa&;udk tvkyform;vlwef;pm;.
a&S@wef;a&mufonfh tpdwftydkif;u pwifcJhonf? pufr_vufr_vkyfief; odyfrxGef;um;onfh
jynfe,frsm;ESihf aus;&Gmrsm;wGiaf exdik =f uaom ydrk akd emufusonfh tpdwt
f ydik ;f u ydrk kd aES;auG;
pGm v_yf&Sm;vm=uygonf? if;wdk@. awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJwGif; 0ifa&mufyg0ifvmr_rSm 1906
ckEpS rf mS txl;ojzifh wufuGvmaomfvnf; xdt
k csed w
f iG f tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;. wyfO;D rSm
tawmfyif tiftm;csnfheJ@ oGm;+yDjzpfonf?
4? tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;onf awmfveS af &;. a&S@wef;ta&mufq;kH ESihf t"duusaom
tiftm;pkjzpfaomfvnf; tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. ygwDwGif;vkdtyfonfh nD!Gwfa&;ESifh
aoG;pnf;cdik rf mr_ csK@d wahJ eygonf? tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;.ygwD R.S.D.L.P onf abmf&ADS pfEiS hf
rif&SDApf[lI 2 ydkif; uGJaeygonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;u nD!Gwfcdkifrmonfh awmfvSefa&; vrf;pOf
twdik ;f tvkyo
f rm;rsm;udk Zmbk&ifpepf+zdKcs&ef v_H aqmfpnf;H;k onf? rif&ADS pfrsm;u if;wd@k .
aphpyfa&; enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh awmfvSefa&;udk taESmifht,SufjyKum tvkyform; trsm;tjym;
. tawG;tac:udk_yfaxG;ap+yD;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk uGJ+yJaponf? xdka=umifh tvkyf
orm;rsm;onf awmfvSefa&;twGif; t+rJpnf;0g;udkufv_yf&Sm;jcif;rjyKEdkifbJ/ rdrdwdk@twGif;rSm
awmif pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfjcif; rjyKEdkifonfhtwGuf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf awmfvSefa&;.
ppfrSefonfh acgif;aqmifjzpfrvmEdkifacs?
5? 1905 ck awmfvSefa&;udk acsr_ef;&mwGif Zmbk&ifonf taemufOa&mye,fcsJ@orm;
rsm;xHrS tultnDrsm;&&SdcJhonf? EdkifiHjcm;t&if;&Sifrsm;onf k&Sm;&Sd if;wdk@.t&if;tESD;rsm;
ESifh }uD;rm;vSonfh tjrwftpGef;rsm;twGuf ylyefa=umuf&GH@vmonf? 'ghtjyif if;wdk@onf
tu,fI k&Sm;awmfvSefa&; atmifjrifoGm;ygu wjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rS tvkyform;rsm;vnf;
awmfvSefvm=urnfudk pdk;&drfa=umufvef@onf? xdk@a=umifh taemufOa&my e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;
onf vlowform; Zmbk&ifudk ulnDjcif;jzpfonf? jyifopfb%folaX;rsm;u awmfvSefa&;udk
zdESdyf&ef/ Zmbk&ifudk aiGtrsm;tjym;acs;ay;onf? *smref udkifZmbk&ifu k&Sm;Zmbk&ifudk
ulnD&ef 0ifa&mufzkd@ ppfwyf}uD;wwyf tqifoifh jyifqifxm;onf?
6? 1905ck pufwifbmwGif *syefESifh ppfajy+idrf;a&; jyKvkyfEdkifr_uvnf; Zmbk&iftm;
tultnDtawmfay;vdkufayonf? ppfyGJtwGif;H_;edrfhr_ESifh awmfvSefa&;. a=umufrufzG,f
}uD;xGm;vmr_u Zmbk&ifudk +idrf;csrf;a&;vufrSwfxdk;&ef wGef;ay;vdkufayonf? ppfyGJ_H;r_u
Zmbk&ifpepfudk tiftm;csnfheJ@aponf? ppfajy+idrf;vdkufr_u Zmbk&if. taetxm;udk
cdkifrmawmifhwif;aponf?
tusOf;csKyf
yxrk&Sm;awmfvSefa&;onf u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynf jzpfay:wdk;wufr_wGif tjynfht0
ordkif;0iftqifhwck jzpfygonf? Tordkif;0iftqifhwGif umvESpfck yg0ifonf? yxrumv
atmufwdkbm taxGaxGEdkifiHa&;oydwfrS 'DZifbmvufeufudkifykefuefr_txd awmfvSefa&;
'Da&wufcsdefESifh refcsK;&D;,m;ppfajrjyifwGif ppfH_;aeonfh Zmbk&if. tm;enf;csufudk tcGifh
aumif;,lum blvD*sif'l;rm;udk acsr_ef;vdkuf+yD;/ Zmbk&ifxHrS tcGifhta&;rsm; wck+yD;wck !pf
,lonfh umvESifh 'kwd,umv Zmbk&ifu *syefESifhppfajy+idrf;+yD;aemuf vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;
awmfvSefa&;udk a=umuf&GH@r_tay: tcGifhaumif;,lum/ v,form;rsm;. ,drf;,dkifr_udk tcGifh
aumif;,lum 0Spw
f 'D ;l rm;qdo
k nft
h oGijf zifh pm;uGi;f pm;userf sm;ay;+yD; tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;
ESifh awmfvSefa&;udk zdESdyf&ef xdk;ppfpwifvdkufygonf?
wdkawmif;vSaom 3 ESpfr#aom awmfvSefa&;umv 1905-07 twGif; tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;ESihf v,form;rsm;onf uG,0f vSaom Edik if aH &;ynmay;r_rsm; &&Scd u
hJ m/ omref+idr;f
csrf;aomumv tESpf 30 twGif; r&Edkifonfht&mrsm;jzpfygonf? awmfvSefa&; ESpftenf;
i,fav;u +idrf;csrf;pGmjzpfay:wdk;wufaeonfh ESpfq,fESifhcsDonfh umv&Snfrsm;twGif; r&Sif;
vif;Edkifonfht&mrsm;udk &Sif;vif;apcJhygonf?
awmfveS af &;u Zmbk&ifpepfonf vlx.
k &efol tppftrSejf zpfa=umif;ESihf Zmbk&ifpepf
onf yHkjyifrsm;xJ&Sd ocsFLdif;*lrsm;uom ukoay;Edkifonfh wap>ol&Jrsm;jzpfa=umif; xkwfazmfjy
ovdu
k o
f nf?
awmfveS af &;u vpfb&,f"e&Sirf sm;onf jynforl sm;ESirhf [kwb
f J Zmbk&ifEiS hf r[mrdwf
jyKa&;udk }udK;pm;a=umif;/ if;wd@k onf wefjyefawmfveS af &;tiftm;pkjzpf+yD;/ if;wd@k EiS hf oabm
wlnDcsufjyKr_onf jynfolrsm;udk opPmazmufonfh oabmoufa&mufa=umif;udk jyovdkuf
onf?
awmfvSefa&;u tvkyform;vlwef;pm;uomv#if "e&Sif'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&; acgif;
aqmifjzpfEikd af =umif;/ olwOD;wnf;uomv#if zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfy'kH rD u
kd &ufvpfb&,f"e&Sirf sm;udk
ab;wGef;ypfEdkif+yD;/ v,form;rsm;tay: if;wdk@.=oZmudk zsufqD;ypfEdkifum ajr&Sifrsm;udk
armif;xkwf+yD;/ awmfvSefa&;udk tqHk;xdqifEGJum qdk&S,fvpfvrf;udk &Sif;ay;Edkifa=umif;udk
jyovdu
k o
f nf?
aemufq;kH taeESihf awmfveS af &;u vkyt
f m;xkw&f onfv
h ,form;xkonf awGa0,dr;f
,dkifr_rsm; &Sdaomfvnf; tvkyform;xkESifh r[mrdwfzGJ@Edkifonfh wckwnf;aom ta&;}uD;
tiftm;pkjzpfa=umif; jyovdkufonf?
awmfveS af &;wGif R.S.D.L.P twGi;f vrf;pOf 2 &yf+yKdiq
f ikd af eygonf? if;wd@k rmS abmf&DS
Apfvrf;pOfEiS hf rif&ADS pfvrf;pOfw@kd jzpfonf? abmf&ADS pfrsm;u if;wd@k .vrf;a=umif;udk awmfveS f
a&;udkwdk;csJ@+yD; vufeufudkifykefuefr_jzifh Zmbk&ifpepfudkjzKwfcs+yD;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;.
csKyfuikd rf j_ zifh zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfy'kH rD u

kd a&pD"e&Sirf sm;udk txD;useaf pum v,form;rsm;ESihf r[m
rdwfzGJ@/ tvkyform;/ v,form;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifonfh ,m,DawmfvSefa&;tpdk;&zGJ@um
awmfvSefa&;atmifyGJcH&ef jzpfonf? qef@usifpGmyif rif&SDApfrsm;u vdkufcJhonfhvrf;a=umif;rSm
awmfvSefa&;udk zsufodrf;a&;jzpfonf? Zmbk&ifpepfudk ykefuefr_jzifh jzKwfcs&eftpm; olwdk@u
if;udk jyKjyif&efEiS hf wd;k wufaumif;rGeaf tmif vkyaf &;udk awmif;qdo
k nf? ypPn;f rJah cgi;f aqmifr_
tpm; vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;. acgif;aqmifr_udk awmif;qdkonf? v,form;xkESifh r[mrdwf
zGJ@a&;tpm; zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk'Drdku&uf"e&Sifrsm;ESifh r[mrdwfzGJ@a&;udk awmif;qdkonf? ,m,D
awmfveS af &;tpd;k &tpm; Edik if aH wmf';l rm;udk wdik ;f jynf. awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;. A[dk
tcsuftcsmtjzpf awmif;qdk=uonf?
Tenf;jzifh rif&SDApfrsm;onf aphpyfa&;!GeftwGif; epfjrKyffoGm;+yD;/ tvkyform;vlwef;
pm;tay: "e&Si=f oZm*,ufrsm; o,faqmifay;olrsm;tjzpf tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm; twGi;f
"e&Sifrsm;. wu,fholv#Kdrsm;tjzpfodk@ usqif;oGm;=u&ygonf?
abmf&SDApfrsm;onf wdkif;jynfESifh ygwDwGif wOD;wnf;aom awmfvSefa&; rmhufpf0g'D
tiftm;pkjzpfa=umif; oufaojyvdkufayonf?
TuJo
h @kd xif&mS ;onhf uGjJ ym;jcm;em;csurf sm;ESihf R.S.D.L.P onf wu,fawmh abmf&DS
ApfygwDESifh rif&SDApfygwD[lI 2 ygwDuGJaeonfrSm obm0usygonf? pwkw ygwDuGef*&ufu
ygwDwGif; tjzpftysufrsm;. wu,fhtajctaeudk bmrSajymif;vJEdkifjcif;r&SdcJhyg? ygwDwGif;
omeft& nD!Gwfa&;udkxdef;odrf;+yD;/ cdkifrmatmifvkyfEdkifovdkom&SdcJhonf? yrygwD
uGef*&ufu ygwDwGif; ppfrSefonfhnD!Gwfa&;twGuf ajcwvSrf;wdk;cJh+yD;/ abmf&SDApf0g' tvH
atmufwGif &&SdcJhonfhnD!Gwfa&;jzpfonf?
awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk jyefvnfoHk;oyf&mwGif yruGef*&ufu rif&SDApf.vrf;pOfudk
aphpyfa&;vrf;[k pGyfpGJ+yD;/ abmf&SDApf.vrf;pOfudk awmfvSefonfhrmhufpf0g'vrf;pOftjzpf
axmufcHvdkufonf? TuJhodk@vkyfvdkufjcif;u yxrk&Sm;awmfvSefa&; jzpfpOfwckvHk;u t
wnfjyK+yD;om;rsm;udk xyfrHtwnfjyKay;vdkufjcif;jzpfygonf?
abmf&ADS pfrsm;onf awmfveS af &;u awmif;qdo
k nft
h cg tajctaeudk rnfo@kd a&S@aqmif
&rnfudk oda=umif;/ a&S@wef;rSwuf+yD; vlxkudk acgif;aqmifum wdkufcdkuf&ef avhvm&&SdoGm;
a=umif; jyovdkufygonf? odk@aomf awmfvSefa&;u abmf&SDApfrsm;onf tajctaersm; vSnfh
ajymif;+yD; tcGirhf omjzpfcsed w
f iG /f awmfveS af &;'Da&uscsed w
f iG f rnfuo
J @kd pepfwusqw
k &f rnfukd
oda=umif;ESihf abmf&ADS pfrsm;onf ta=umuftvef@r&Sd pepfwusqw
k cf mG um if;. au'grsm;
udk xde;f odr;f +yD;/ tiftm;udpk pk nf;um tajctaeopfEiS t
hf nD tiftm;rsm;udk jyefvnfz@JG pnf;
+yD;/ &efoludk wzefwdkufcdkuf&ef jyifqifEdkifa=umif;udkvnf; jyovdkufonf?
&efoludk rnfuJhodk@ pepfwuswdkufcdkuf&rnfudk rodbJ racsr_ef;Edkif?
txdwfwvef@jzpfr_/ _yfaxG;r_rSdbJ pepfwus aemufqkwfwwfjcif;r&Sdygu/ qHk;&H_;r_
jzpfvmcsdefwGif vHk;0tjrpfjyKwfoGm;jcif;rS umuG,fa&Smifwdrf;Edkifrnfr[kwfyg?
tcef;(4)
pwkv
d yD ifazmufjyefa&;umvtwGi;f u rif&ADS pfEiS hf abmf&ADS pfrsm;?
abmf&ADS pfrsm; oD;jcm;rmhupf 0f g'ygwD xlaxmifjcif;
1? pwdv
k yD ifazmufjyefa&;umv? twdu
k t
f cHynmwwftrsm;tjym; +ydKuGo
J mG ;jcif;? ysujf ym;
qkwf,kwfjcif;? ynmwwf tpdwftydkif; tcsKd@ygwDudk pGefhcGm+yD; rmhufpf0g'. &efolrsm;xH
a&muf&SdoGm;jcif;ESifh rmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;udk jyefvnfjyifqif&ef }udK;yrf;r_rsm;? vDeif.
jyefvnfjyifqifa&;0g'Drsm;tay: ol. kyf0g'ESifh tawG@tuHa0zefa&;pmtkyfrS jyefvnf
acsycsufESifh rmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;tajccHrsm;tay: ol. umuG,fcsuf?
1907 ck/ ZGef 3 &ufwiG f Zmbk&iftpd;k &u 'kw,
d Edik if aH wmf';l rm;udk zsuo
f rd ;f vdu
k o
f nf?
Tonfudk ordik ;f wGif ZGef 3 &uf tm%modr;f yG[
J k xH;k pHtwdik ;f azmfjyavh&o
dS nf? Zmbk&iftpd;k &
u wwd,Edik if aH wmf';l rm;twGuf a&G;aumufyOJG ya'opfukd xkwjf yefvu
kd +f y;D / Tenf;jzifh 1905
ck/ atmufwb
kd m 17 &ufu xkwjf yefco
hJ nfh w&m;Oya'opfrsm;udk 'l;rm;. oabmwl cGijhf yKcsuf
&rSomv#if xkwjf yefEikd o
f nf[k azmfjyxm;onfh if;wk@d a=unmpmwrf;udk csK;d azmuf vku
d o
f nf?
'kwd,'l;rm;rS qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufudk,fpm;vS,frsm; w&m;pGJqdkcH&+yD;/ tvkyform; vlwef;pm;
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rSm tvkyf=urf;/ axmif'%fESifh jynfESif'%frsm; uscHoGm;&onf?
a&G;aumufyGJw&m;Oya'opfrSm 'l;rm;twGif;Y ajr&SifESifh ukefoG,fa&;ESifh pufr_vufr_
"e&Si}f uD;rsm;. ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;. ta&twGuf odoo
d mom wd;k rsm;vma&;twGuf a&;qGJ
xm;ygonf? wcsed w
f nf;wGif v,form;ESihf tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; e*du
k enf;,
&onfhtxJ xyfIyifav#mhcsvdkufygonf?
wwd,'l;rm;wGif bvufpf[ef'&ufrsm;ESifh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk'Drdku&ufrsm; v$rf;rdk;aeyg

onf? udk,fpm;vS,fpkpkaygif; 442 OD;Sdonfhteuf 171 OD;rSm vuf,mrsm; (bvufpf[ef
'&ufrsm;)/ 113 OD;rSm atmufwdkbm0g'Drsm; odk@r[kwf trsKd;wltzGJ@0ifrsm;/ 101 OD; rSm zGJ@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHk'Drdku&ufrsm; odk@r[kwf trsKd;wltzGJ@0ifrsm;/ 13 OD;rSm xl;'kdADuD (Trudoviki) ESifh
18 OD;rSm qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwdk@ jzpf=uygonf?
vuf,morm;rsm; (v$waf wmf';l rm;. vuf,mbufcw
kH ef;rsm;wGif xdik =f uaoma=umifh
TuJo
h @kd ac:=uonf?) onf tvkyo
f rm;/ v,form;rsm;. tqd;k qH;k &eforl sm;jzpfonfh bvuf
[ef'&uf ya'o&mZfajr&Sifrsm;jzpf+yD;/ if;wdk@rSm v,form;v_yf&Sm;r_ zdESdyfr_twGif; v,f
orm;rsm;udk tpkvkduft+yHKvdkuf kdufESufypfcwfr_cH&ap&ef wGef;ay;cJh=u+yD;/ *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;
trsm;tjym; owfjzwfr_wGifvnf;aumif;/ qENjytvkyform;rsm;udk =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf;
zdESdyf&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ awmfvSefa&;twGif; tpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;yjyKvkyf&mae&m t
aqmuftOD;rsm;ukd &uf&ufpufpuf rD;_d@&mwGif;vnf;aumif;/ pnf;kH;vkyfaqmifolrsm; jzpf
cJh=uonf? vuf,morm;rsm;[m tvkyform; jynfolrsm;udk toem;tnmwmuif;pGm
zdESdyfr_udkvnf;aumif;/ Zmbk&if. tuef@towfr&Sd tm%mtwGufvnf;aumif; &yfwnfcJh
=u+yD;/ 1905 ck/ atmufwdkbm 17 &ufae@xkwf Zmbk&if. a=unmpmwrf;udk qef@usifcJh=u
ygonf?
atmufwb
kd mygwD ok@d r[kwf atmufwb
kd m 17 &uf or*~onf 'l;rm;v$waf wmfwiG ;f &Sd
vuf,morm;rsm;ESifh eD;uyfpGm,SOfwGJcJhygonf? atmufwdkbm0g'Drsm;onf pufr_vufr_
t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;ESifh if;wdk@. ydkife,frsm;udk t&if;&Sifrsm;. vrf;pOftwdkif; usifhoHk;cJhonfh
ajr&Si}f uD;rsm; (1905 ckEpS f awmfveS af &;pwifcphJ Ofu zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfy'kH rD u
kd a&pDygwrD S ajr&Si}f uD;
tajrmuftjrm;onf atmufwdkbm0g'Drsm;bufodk@ ul;ajymif;cJh=uonf?) . tusKd;aus;Zl;
rsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKonf? atmufwdkbm0g'Drsm;onf vuf,morm;rsm;ESifh uJGjym;onfh wck
wnf;aomta=umif;rSm pum;vHk;t&jzifh atmufwdkbm 17 &uf xkwfa=unmpmwrf;udk
if;wdk@vufcHr_jzpfygonf? atmufwdkbm0g'Drsm;onf Zmbk&iftpdk;&. jynfwGif;jynfy
ay:vpDtm;vHk;udk tjynfht0 axmufcHcJh=uygonf?
zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfy'kH rD u
dk &ufygwo
D nf wwd,'l;rm;wGif yxrESihf 'kw,
d 'l;rm;rSmxuf ae&m
ydkenf;oGm;onf? zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk'Drdku&ufrsm;xJrS ajr&Sifwpdwfwydkif;u atmufwdkbm
0g'Drsm;buf ul;ajymif;oGm;aoma=umifh jzpfygonf?
wwd,'l;rm;wGif xl;'DAk u
D [
D k ac:wGio
f nfh "e&Siaf ygupf 'Dru
kd a&pD tkypf ak v; wck&cdS yhJ g
onf? if;wdk@onf zGJ@ pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk 'Drdkua&pDorm;rsm;ESifh tvkyform; 'Drdkua&pDorm;rsm;
(abmf&ADS pf) rsm;t=um; ,dr;f ,dik af eygonf? vDeifu 'l;rm;wGi;f &Sd xl;'DAk u
D w
D @kd rmS tvGew
f &m
tiftm;enf;aomfvnf;/ if;wdk@onf vlxkrsm;/ v,form;xkrsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKonf[k
axmufjycJhygonf? xl;'DkADuDwdk@. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk'Drdku&ufESifh tvkyform; 'Drdku&ufrsm;
t=um; ,drf;,dkifr_rSm ydkifqdkifolav;rsm;. vlwef;pm;tqifhae&m. rv$Jra&Smifomaom
tusKd;qufw&yf jzpfygonf? vDeifu abmf&SDApfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpfonfh tvkyform;

'Drdku&ufrsm;udk tm;enf;onfh "e&Sifaygufp'Drdku&ufrsm;udk ulnDum vpfb&,frsm;.
=oZm*,ufrS qGJxkwf+yD;/ vuf,morm;rsm;omru wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;tzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;
tkycf sKyfy'kH rD u
kd &ufrsm;udq
k ef@usio
f nfh 'Dru
kd a&pDwyfz@JG ukd 0dik ;f 0ef;&ef wm0efukd ay;tyfchJ onf?
(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 1947/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-535)
1905 awmfveS af &;twGi;f ESihf txl;ojzifh awmfveS af &; _;H edr+hf yD;aemuf zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH
'Drdku&ufrsm;onf if;wdk@udk,fif;wdk@ wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm; tiftm;pkrsm;jzpfa=umif;
ydkrdkjyovmcJhonf? if;wdk@. 'Drdkua&pD rsufESmzHk;udk ydkrdkz,f&Sm;vm+yD;/ Zmbk&ifpepfudk
umuG,fay;onfh rif;pdk;&mZmtppfrsm;uJhodk@ jyKrlvkyfaqmifvm=uonf? 1909 wGif xif&Sm;
onfh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk'Drdku&uf pma&;q&mtkyfpkwpku ADuD Vekhi (rSwfwdkif) qdkonfh
acgif;pD;jzifh aqmif;yg;wGJrsm; xkwfa0cJh+yD;/ if;wdk@xJwGif "e&Sifrsm;udk,fpm; awmfvSefa&;udk
acsre_ ;f onft
h wGuf Zmbk&ifukd aus;Zl;wif&x
dS m;onf? =umyGwEf iS hf acgi;f jzwfpufw@kd . tpd;k &
jzpfonfh Zmbk&iftpdk;&tay:rSDwG,fzufvsuf/ rsufESmvdkrsufESm& jyKvkyf&if;/ zGJ@pnf;yHk 'Drdk
u&ufrsm;onf xdkpmtkyfwGif u|efawmfwdk@onf jynfolvlxk. trsufa'gorS u|efawmf
wdk@tm; (vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;) if;.vSHpGyfrsm;/ axmifrsm;ESifhwOD;wnf; umuG,fay;cJhonfh
Ttpdk;&udk aumif;csD;ay;&rnf? [kajAmiftwdtvif; a&;xm;cJhonf?
'kw,
d Edik if aH wmf';l rm;udk zsuo
f rd ;f +y;D / if;xJrS qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
dk &uftyk pf u
k kd xkwyf ,f+y;D aemuf
Zmbk&iftpd;k &onf ypPn;f rJrh sm;. Edik if aH &;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk zsuq
f ;D &ef wufwuf
uGuG jyifqifvyk af qmifvmonf? tusO;f axmifrsm;/ cHwyfrsm;ESihf jynfEiS 'f %fcH a'orsm;rSm
awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;jzifh jynfhv#Haeygonf? axmifrsm;xJwGif if;wdk@udk &uf&ufpufpuf
k d u f E S u f n O f ; yef ; ES d y f p uf = uygonf ? bvuf p f [ ef ' &uf r sm;. +cd r f ; ajcmuf r _ onf
txdef;tuGyfr&Sd v$rf;rdk;aeygonf? Zmbk&if0ef}uD; pwdkvDyifonf wwdkif;jynfvHk;tES@H
acgif;jzwfpufrsm; xlaxmifonf? awmfvSefa&;orm; axmifaomif;csDI owfjzwfcH&onf?
xdk&ufrsm;twGif;u acgif;jzwfpufrsm;udk pwdkvDyif.vnfpD;rsm; (eufcfwdkif Necktie)
[kac:onf?
tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;. awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk acsr_ef;&ef}udK;yrf;&mwGif Zm
bk&iftpdk;&onf zdESdyfr_rsm;/ tvkyf=urf;ESifh axmif'%frsm;/ tjypfay;ta&;,lr_rsm;/ ypfcwf
owfjzwfr_rsm;ESifh axmifoGif;tusOf;csr_ESifhom owfrSwfEdkifjcif; r&Sdygbl;? v,form;rsm;.
tzbk&m;av;Zmtay: kd;pif;pGm ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_onf wjznf;jznf;usqif; aysmufuG,f
vm+yDqdkonfudk xdwfvef@w=um; awG@&Sdvm&yg+yD? xdk@a=umifh us,fjyef@vSonfh enf;AsL[m
rsm;udk &SmazGvm&ygonf? }uD;rm;vSonfh aus;vuf"e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;t=um; aus;vuf awm
&Gmrsm;wGif if;wdk@udk tckdiftrmaxmufcHrnfh ul;vwfrsm;zefwD;&ef t}uHH^m%fudk &&Sd
vmcJhygonf? 1906 ck Edkif0ifbm 9 &ufwGif pwdkvDyifonf ajr,mOya'opfw&yfudk xkwf
jyef+yD;/ v,form;rsm;ukd bkt
H zG@J rsm;rSxu
G +f yD; oD;jcm;v,fajrrsm; xlaxmifciG ahf y;vdu
k yf g onf?
pwdkvDyif. ajr,mOya'onf trsm;ydkifajr,m tiSm;csonfhpepfudk zsufodrf;vdkuf onf?

v,form;rsm;udk zdwf=um;+yD;/ ypPnf;rsm;udk cGJwrf;csa0ay;um bHktzGJ@rsm;rS E_wfxGuf
cGijhf yKvdu
k o
f nf? ,cifu if;wd@k .cGw
J rf;udk a&mif;csciG rhf Sad omfvnf; ,cktcg if;wd@k . cGw
J rf;
rsm;udk a&mif;csEikd o
f nf? v,form;u bHt
k zG@J rS E_wx
f u
G o
f mG ;onft
h cg bHt
k zG@J u if;.ajrudk
e,fy,fowfrSwf+yD; (oD;jcm;vkyfuGuftvkduf) ay;vdkuf&onf?
csr;f omv,form; ul;vwfrsm;onf qif;&Jv,form;rsm;xHrS ajr,mrsm;udk aps; aygayg
ESifh0,f,lcGifh&&SdoGm;ygonf? Oya'xkwfjyef+yD; ESpftenf;i,ftwGif; qif;&Jv,form;
woef;ausmfonf vHk;0v,frJh,mrJh jzpfoGm;+yD;/ qif;&JrGJjymusoGm;ygonf? qif;&Jv,form;
rsm; v,frJh,mrJh jzpfoGm;onfESifhtr# ul;vwfrsm;. v,f,mydkifqdkifr_ wdk;vmonf?
Tajr,mrsm;rSm &Hzef&cH g tiSm;vkyo
f m;-pm;&if;iSm;trsm;tjym; iSm;&rf;vkyu
f ikd o
f nfh
yHrk eS af jr,mrsm;jzpfonf? tpd;k &onf bHt
k zG@J rsm;rS taumif;qH;k ajrrsm;udk ul;vwfv,form;
rsm;udk cGJwrf;csay;&ef v,form;rsm;udk zdtm;ay;cJhonf?
v,form;rsm;. vGwfajrmufa&;twGif;/ ajr&Sifrsm;u v,form;rsm;xHrS ajr,m
rsm;udk "m;jywdu
k ,
f cl +hJ yD;/ tcktcg ul;vwfrsm;onf bHt
k zG@J rsm;rS taumif;qH;k tuGurf sm;udk
xdef;odrf;xm;um qif;&Jv,form;rsm;. cGJwrf;rsm;udk aps;aygaygESifh 0,f,ljcif;jzifh v,f
orm;rsm;. ajr,mrsm;udk pwifvk,ufvmjyefonf?
Zmbk&iftpd;k &onf v,fajrESihf v,fvyk u
f &d,mrsm; 0,f,&l eftwGuf ul;vwfrsm;udk
acs;aiGtajrmuftjrm; xkwfay;onf? pwdkvDyifu ul;vwfrsm;udk ajr&Sifi,fav;rsm;tjzpf
Zmbk&ifoufOD;qHykdifpepfudk opPmapmifhodumuG,folrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJapcsifcJhonf?
1906-15 ckESpf/ udk;ESpfumvtwGif;rSmyif tdrfaxmifpk ESpfoef;ausmf bHktzGJ@rsm;rS
Ekwx
f u
G cf =hJ uonf?
pwdkvDyifay:vpDa=umifh ajr,mtenf;i,fydkifqdkifonfh v,form;rsm;ESifh qif;&Jom;
v,form;rsm;. tajctaeonf ,cifuxuf ydrk q
kd ;kd &Gm;vmcJyh gonf? v,form;xktwGi;f
uGmjcm;r_jzpfpOfonf ydkIyif odomxif&Sm;vmonf? v,form;rsm;onf ul;vwfv,f
orm;rsm;ESifh ydyuQ pwifjzpfay:vmonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif Zmbk&iftpdk;&ESihf ajr&SSifrsm;/
zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfy'kH rD u
kd &ufrsm;. Edik if aH wmf';l rm; wnf&adS eoa&G@ if;wd@k taeESihf ajr,mydik f qdik cf iG hf
rnfonft
h cgrmS rS &&Srd nfr[kwaf =umif;udk v,form;rsm;u pwifo&d dS em;vnf vmygonf?
ul;vwfv,fajrrsm; t}uD;tus,f wdk;yGm;aeonfhumv 190&-09 twGif; v,f
orm;v_yf&Sm;r_onf pwifusqif;vmaomfvnf;/ if;aemufr=umrDrSmyif 1910/ 1911 ESifh
aemufydkif;wGif aus;&GmbHktzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh ul;vwfv,form;rsm;t=um; ydyuQrsm;a=umifh
ajr&SifESifh ul;vwfv,form;rsm;udkqef@usifonfh v,form;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf t&Sdefwdk;
wufvmayonf?
pufrv
_ yk if ef;wGiv
f nf; awmfveS af &;+yD;aemuf tajymif;tvJ}uD;rsm; ay:aygucf yhJ g onf?
pufrv
_ yk if ef;rsm;tay: pkpnf;r_ od@k r[kwf pufrv
_ yk if ef;rsm; }uD;xGm;vmr_EiS hf pufr_ vkyif ef;rsm;
A[dkY pkpnf;vmr_wdk@onf ydkrdktiftm;}uD;rm;vmonfh t&if;&Siftkyfpk}uD;rsm; vufwGifus

a&mufvmr_rmS ydrk v
kd sijf refvmonf? 1905 ck awmfveS af &;rwdik rf u
D awmif t&if;&Sirf sm;onf
jynfwGif;wGifaps;E_ef;rsm;jrifh+yD;/ Tenf;jzifh &&Sdvmonfh tjrwftpGef;}uD;pGmudk EdkifiHjcm;
ukefoG,fa&; wdk;jrifhvkyfaqmif&eftwGuf toHk;jyK+yD;/ Tenf;jzifh EdkifiHjcm;odk@ aps;aygaygESifh
ukefypPnf;rsm;wifydk@+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;aps;uGufudk tkyfpdk;&ef &nfG,fcsufjzifh toif; tzGJ@rsm;udk
pwifzGJ@pnf;vmonf? Tt&if;&Siftoif;tzGJ@rsm; (rdkEdkydkvD-monopoly)rsm;udk x&yfpf
(trusts)ESihf qif'u
D w
d f (Syndicates) rsm;[kac:+yD;/ 1905 awmfveS af &;+yD;aemuf
ta&
twGuf yd+k yD;rsm;jym;vmonf? pufrv
_ yk if ef;rsm;wGif ydrk kd ta&;}uD;onft
h cef;rSm yg0if vmonfh
b%f}uD;rsm;. ta&twGufvnf; wdk;rsm;vmonf?
k&mS ;jynfwiG ;f okd Edik if jH cm;t&if;tES;D pD;0ifvmr_onf wk;d jrifv
h monf? Tenf;jzifh &k mS ;
jynf. t&if;&Sifpepfonf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifpepf/ e,fcsJ@t&if;&Sifpepf tjzpfodk@ t
wkdif;twm us,fjyef@pGmjzifh ajymif;vJvmonf?
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm pD;qif;ae+yD;aemuf pufr_vkyfief;rsm;onf jyefvnf &Sifoefvmonf?
ausmufrD;aoG;/ "mwfowWK/ a&eH/ txnftvdyfESifh o=um;txGufE_ef;rsm; wdk;jrifhvmonf?
oD;ESHxkwfukefrsm; t}uD;tus,fwdk;wufvmonf? xdktcsdefu k&Sm;wGif pufr_vkyfief; wdk;
wufr_ wpkHw&m&SdcJhaomfvnf; taemufOa&myESifh Ed_if;pmv#if acwfaemufusaeao;+yD;/
EdkifiHjcm;t&if;&Sifrsm;tay: rSDcdk+rJrSDcdkae&ygonf? k&Sm;Y puf,E W&m;rsm;ESifh pufr_ud&d,mrsm;
rxkwfvkyfEdkifao;bJ EdkifiHjcm;rS oGif;,l&ygonf? um;vkyfief;pufkH okd@r[kwf "mwkpufr_
vkyif ef;rsm; r&Sad o;bJ "mwfajr=oZmrsm; rxkwv
f yk Ef ikd af o;yg? k&mS ;onf vufeufxw
k v
f yk f
a&;vkyfief;wGifvnf; tjcm;t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;xuf aemufusaeao;onf?
k&Sm;. edrfhusaom owWKoHk;pGJE_ef;ukd wdkif;jynf. acwfaemufusr_trSwftom;tjzpf
axmufjy+yD;/ vDeifua&;om; cJhonfrSmv,form;rsm; vGwfajrmuf+yD;aemuf ESpf&mpk0uftwGif; k&Sm;. oHokH;pGJr_rSm 5 q
wd;k vmonf? od@k aomf k&mS ;onf r,k=H unfEidk zf ,
G f tpOftvm r&Scd phJ zl;/ acwfaemufusaom
qif;&JrJGawvSaom vlkdif;wykdif; wkdif;jynf jzpfaeum acwfrDxkwfvkyfa&;ypPnf; ud&d,mrsm;
wGif t*Fvefjynf&Sd ypPnf;. av;ykHwykH/ *smreDjynf&Sd ypPnf;. ig;ykHwykHESifh tar&duefjynf
&Syd pPn;f . q,fyw
Hk yko
H m wyfqifxm;ygonf? (vDeifusrf;aygif;pkH/ k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 15/ pmrsufESm543 )
k&Sm;.pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&; acwfaemufusr_. wkdufkduftusKd;qufwckrSm taemuf

Oa&myt&if;&Sifpepftay: k&Sm;t&if;&Sifpepfa&m/ ZmpepfygESpfckpvkH; rSDckdae&r_ jzpfygonf?
ausmufrD;aoG;/ a&eH/ v#yfppfypPnf;ESifh owWKypPnf;uJhokd@aom tvGefta&;ygaom
pufrv
_ yk if ef;cGrJ sm; Edik if jH cm;t&if;&Sirf sm; vufxw
J iG f &So
d nft
h csuEf iS hf Zmbk&if&k mS ;jynfonf
if;. pufry_ pPn;f ud&,
d m tm;vH;k eDyg;r# Edik if jH cm;od@k wify@kd ae&onfh tcsurf sm;u txufygt
a=umif;udk xif&Sm;odomapcJhygonf?
taESmiftzGJ@ tcsKyftxdef;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;auG;+rDudpPrsm;wGifvnf; odomEdkifygonf?

xdkauG;+rDrsm;tay: twdk;rsm;ay;qyfEdkif&ef Zmbk&ifpepfonf jynfolrsm;xHrS ESpfpOf lbJvf
oef;aygif;rsm;pGm npfxkwf,lcJhygonf?
xdk@tjyif k&Sm;. r[mrdwfrsm;ESifh csKyffqdkxm;onfh v#Kd@0SufpmcsKyfrsm;wGif ydkIyif
odomEdkifygonf? xdkpmcsKyfrsm;t& Zmbk&iftpdk;&onf e,fcsJ@ppfrsufESm&Sd r[mrdwfrsm;
udkaxmufcH&efESifh +Adwdo#ESifh jyifopft&if;&Sifrsm;. }uD;rm;vSonfh tjrwfpGef;rsm;udk
umuG,f&ef k&Sm;ppfom; oef;ESifhcsD+yD; ydk@v$wfum ppfyGJYyg0if&ef oabmwlxm;ygonf?
pwdkvDyif azmufjyefa&;umvonf pHkaxmufESifhykvdyfrsm;/ Zmbk&ifolv#Kdrsm;ESifh
bvuf[ef'&uf vlqdk;rsm;u tvkyform;vlwef;pm;tay: txl;ojzifh &ufpufonfh
wdkufcdkufr_rsm;jzifh jynfhESufxif&Sm;aeygonf? tvkyform;rsm;udk ESdyfpufnOf;yef;cJholrsm;rSm
Zmbk&if. aemufvu
kd af cG;rsm;omruyg? TbufwiG f pufEHk iS hf tvkyf yHk ikd &f iS rf sm;. wufuGr_
onfvnf; tenf;i,fr# ravsmhenf;cJhyg? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;rsm;tay: if;wkd@.xdk;ppf
onf pufr_vkyfief; tDqif;oGm;+yD;/ tvkyfvufrJhE_ef; wdk;jrifhvmonfhESpfrsm;wGif txl;ojzifh
ydkrdk=urf;wrf; &ufpufvmcJhonf? tvkyfkHydkif&Sifrsm;u wefjyefoydwf (tvkyform;rsm;tm;
vkdtyfonfh tcsuftvufrsm; vufrSwfxdk;cdkif;jcif;? bmomjyefol) rsm; a=unm+yD;/ oydwf
rsm;twGif; wufuGpGmyg0ifcJhonf? vlwef;pm;todEkd;=um;onfh tvkyform;rsm;udk
h nf? vlq;kd pm&if;oGi;f cH&onfEiS hf xdv
k yk if ef;ESihf ywfoufonfh
vlq;kd pm&if; (Blacklist) oGi;f cJo
pufr_vkyfief;cGJrsm;&Sd xkwfvkyfoltzGJ@tpnf;ESifh oufqdkifonfh rnfonfhtvkyfkHwGifrSmrS
tvkyf&&ef rar#mfvifhEdkifawmhyg? 1908 ckESpfwGifyif vkyftm;c 10-15 &mcdkifE_ef; jzwf
awmufcJhygonf? tvkyfcsdefrsm;rSmvnf; ae&mwumwGif 10-12 em&Dxd wdk;jrifhcJhonf? jyif;
xefvSonfh '%fdkufonfhpepf jyefvnfxGef;um;vmjyefonf?
1905 ckESpf awmfvSefa&;_H;edrfhr_u awmfvSefa&;avS}uHKpD;olrsm;t=um; +ydKuGJjcif;ESifh
ysujf ym;qkw,
f w
k jf cif; jzpfpOfukd pwifvu
kd yf gonf? +ydKuGjJ cif;ESihf ysujf ym;qkw,
f w
k o
f nfh tjcif;
t&mrsm;onf txl;ojzifh ynmwwfrsm;t=um; ydkrdkxif&Sm; odomygonf? awmfvSefa&;
'Da&wufcsdefwGif v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; yg0ifvmcJh=uonfh "e&SiftkyfpkrS avS}uKHpD;orm;rsm;onf
azmufjyefa&;umvrsm;twGif; ygwDudk pGef@cGmcJh=uonf? wcsKd@onf awmfvSefa&;. ajAmif
&eforl sm;ESihf yl;aygi;f oGm;+yD;/ wcsK@d rmS qufvuf&iS o
f efEikd o
f nfh w&m;0if tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;
pm; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif; 0ifa&mufum/ awmfvSefa&;vrf;a=umif;rS ypPnf;rJhrsm; aoGzDoGm;
&efESifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;. awmfvSefa&;ygwDudk *k%foduQm!dK;EGrf;oGm;&ef t}uD;tus,f vHk;yef;=u
ygonf? awmfvSefa&;udk pGef@cGm+yD;aemuf/ avS}uKHpD;orm;rsm;onf azmufjyefa&;orm;rsm;.
rsufESmom&a&;ESifh Zmbk&ifpepfESifh +idrf;csrf;pGmaeEdkifa&;twGuf }udK;pm;=uonf?
Zmbk&iftpdk;&onf awmfvSefa&;_H;edrfhr_udk tcGifhaumif;,lum awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;
txJrS ydkrdkol&Jabma=umifolESifh udk,fusKd;}uD;olrsm;udk olv#Kdtjzpf &SmazGcJhonf? Zmbk&if.
tkdu&memu T&HGrkef;zG,f opPmazmufrsm;udk tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;
rsm;twGif; apv$wf+yD;/ twGif;rS pHkprf;&efESifh awmfvSefa&;udk opPmazmuf&ef apcdkif;cJhygonf?

wefjyefawmfvSefa&;. xdk;ppfonf oabmw&m;a&;&m ppfrsufESmwGifvnf; qifEGJvmonf?
rmhufpf0g'udk a0zefwdkufcdkuf+yD;/ tqHk;wdkifacsr_ef;um awmfvSefa&;udk ajymifavSmifoa&mf
_wcf s+yD;/ opPmazmufrr_ sm;udk cs;D usL;+yD; wOD;wa,muftay: yk*K~ v
d af &;ud;k uG,rf _ qdo
k nhf
rsufESmzHk;ESifh vdifazmufjyefr_rsm;udk rdk;xd csD;jrifh=uonfh pma&;q&mwtkyf}uD; acwfpm;I
ausmf=um;vmonf?
tbd"rRme,fy,fwGif rmhufpf0g'udk a0zef&ef ESifh jyefvnfjyKjyif&ef ydkrdk }udK;yrf;
vm=u+yD;/ ody`Hoabmw&m; twkta,mifrsm;jzifh zkef;uG,fxm;onfh bmoma&; oabm
w&m; trsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHkvnf; ay:aygufvmonf?
rmhufpf0g'udk a0zefjcif;onf tvGefacwfpm;vmonf?
Tvl}uD;vlaumif;tm;vHk;onf ta&miftrsKd;rsKd;xGufaeaomfvnf; vlxkudk awmf
vSefa&;rSaoGzDoGm;ap&efqdkonfh wckwnf;aom &nf&G,fcsufom&SdcJhonf?
azmufjyefysufpD;jcif;ESifh ,Hk=unfr_tay: uyfqdkufjcif; (Scepticism) onfvnf; ygwD
ynmwwf tpdwftydkif;tay: *,ufkdufcwfcJhonf?
if;wdk@onf if;wdk@udk,fif;wdk@ rmhufpf0g'Drsm;[k oabmydkufcJhaomfvnf; rmhufpf0g'D
wa,muf. tjrifudk b,fwHk;ur# pGJ+rJpGmudkifpGJjcif;rSdcJhyg?
if;wdk@xJwGif abmh'g;aemhAf (Bogdanov)/ bmZma&mhAf (Bazsrov)/ vlemcsmpuD;
(Lunacharsky) (1905 ckESpfwGif abmf&SDApfrsm;ESifhaygif;cJhol)/ ,lpuD;Apfcsf (Yushkevich)
ESifh AvifwDaemhAf (Valentinov)(rif&SDApf) ponfh pma&;q&mrsm; yg0ifayonf? if;wdk@onf
rmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;. tbd"rRma&;&mtajccH (0g) tEkydavmr kyf0g'ESifh ordkif;a&;&m
ody`Hynm. tajccHrmhufpf0g'rsm; odk@r[kwf ordkif;kyf0g'udk qef@usifwdkufcdkufonfh if;wdk@.
a0zefa&;wdkufyGJudk w+ydKifwnf; pwifwdkufcdkufcJhonf? Ta0zefa&;onf jyKvkyfaeus
a0zefa&;rsm;ESifh uGmjcm;+yD;/ ajAmifESifh wdkufdkuf yGifhyGifhvif;vif; a0zefwdkufcdkufjcif; r[kwfbJ
rmhufpf0g'. tajccHtqifhtwef;udk umuG,f&ef qdkonfh rsufESmzHk;ESifh ta,mifaqmif
zHk;uG,f wdkufcdkufr_jzpfygonf?
Tvlrsm;u if;wdk@udk,fif;wdk@ t"dutm;jzifh rmhufpf0g'Drsm;jzpf=uayr,fh tajccHrl
0g'tcsKd@udk jzwfawmufxkwfy,fypf+yD;/ rmhufpf0g'udk wdk;wufaumif;rGef apcsifolrsm;
jzpfonf[k auG;a=umf=uonf? trSefrSm if;wdk@onf rmhufpf0g'tay: if;wdk@. &efvdkr_udk
vdrn
f mjiif;qd+k yD;/ if;wd@k EpS zf ufrsuEf mS jzifh rmhupf 0f g'D yHzk rf;aeaomfvnf; rmhupf 0f g'. oabm
w&m;tajccHrsm;udk zsufqD;ypf&ef}udK;pm;+yD;/ rmhufpf0g'tay: &efowWK jyKcJhygonf? Tvdrf
nm a0zefa&;. tE &W m,frmS ygw0D ifxrk sm;udk vdrv
f nfvn
S zhf sm;+yD; vrf;rSm;od@k a&mufap&ef
&nf&,
G jf cif;yifjzpfonf? rmhupf 0f g' oabmw&m;a&;&m tajccHrsm;udk zsuv
f zkd suq
f ;D &nf&,
G f
csujf zifh Ta0zefa&;udk ydrk I
kd nmv_id ;f av ygwt
D wGuf ykrd kd tE &W m,f}uD;av jzpfc+hJ yD;/ ygwED iS hf
awmfvSefa&;udk qef@usifonfh azmufjyefa&;orm;rsm;. taxGaxGwdkufcdkufr_ESifh ydkrdk aygif;
pyfrad vjzpfomG ;jcif;a=umifh jzpfonf? rmhupf 0f g'udk pGe@f ypfomG ;onfh ynmwwftcsK@d onf um;
oabmw&m;topf xlaxmif&ef txdyif ajymqdkvm=uonf? (if;wdk@udk bk&m;&Sm
olrsm;ESifh bk&m;wnfaqmufolrsm;[k ac:=uonf?)
Trmhufpf0g'oabmw&m; opPmazmufrsm;udk tuGufrdrd jyefvnfacsy&ef/ if;wdk@
rsufESmzHk;udk qGJc|wf+yD; tukeftpif azmfxkwf&efESifh TuJhodk@aomenf;jzifh rmhufpf0g' ygwD.
oabmw&m;a&;&m tajccHrsm;udk umuG,fxdef;odrf;&efrSm rmhufpf0g'Drsm;twGuf ta&;
w}uD;vdt
k yfvmygonf?
Twm0efudk if;wdk@udk,fif;wdk@ xif&Sm;onfhrmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;q&mrsm; [k
owfrSwfxm;onfh yvufuaemhAfESifh if;. rif&SDApfrdwfaqGrsm;u xrf;aqmifvdrfhrnf[k
xifrw
S pf &m&Syd gonf? od@k aomf if;wd@k onf owif;pmyHpk H a0zefa&;rSwcf suf wckEpS cf k rxifr&SmS ;
xkwfvkduf+yD;aemuf Te,fy,frS xGufcGmoGm;cJhonf?
1909 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0onfh if;.ausmf=um;vSaom kyf0g'ESifh tawG@t}uHKa0zef
a&; pmtkyfwGif Twm0efukd vDeifu atmifjrifpGm xrf;aqmifcJhonf//
vDeifua&;om;cho
J nfrmS ESp0f ufxufavsmeh nf;aom tcsed t
f wGi;f wGif tEkyd avmr
kyf0g'ukd t"dutm;jzifh tuGif;rJheD;yg;r# wkdufckduf&ef vkH;yef;cJhonf? pmtkyf av;tkyf
ay:xGufcJhonf? if;wkd@xJwGif bmZma&mhAf/ abmh'g;aemhAf/ vlemcsmpuD;/ bmrif (Berman)/
[J v f z G e f (Helfond) / ,l p uD ; Apf c sf E S i f h p l A k d a &mh A f (Suvorov) wk d @ pk a ygif ; a&;onf h
rmhupf 0f g'tbd"rRmtay: avhvma&; (qef@usiaf &;vk@d qydk gu ykrd o
dk ifah vsmrf nf xif onf)
(pdef@yDwmpbwf 1908 xkwf)? ,lpuD;Apfcsf. kyf0g'ESifh ykdif;jcm;pdwfjzmonfh (critical)
trS e f w &m;/ bmrif . acwf o pf A[k o k w oabmw&m;e,f y ,f r S tvif ; .
tEkydavmrw&m;ESihf AvifwaD emhAf . rmhupf 0f g'ukd tbd"rRma&;&mwnfaqmufrr_ sm;
qkdonfhpmtkyfrsm; yg0ifonf? Tvlrsm; tm;vkH;onf if;wkd@. EkdifiHa&;tjrifrsm;wGif uGJjym;
r_rsm; &Sdaeapumrl tEkydavmr kyf0g'tay: &efvkdrkef;wD;&mY nD!GwfaoG;pnf;=u+yD;/
wcsed w
f nf;wGif tbd"rRma&;&mY rmhu0f g'rD sm;jzpf=uonf[k a=unmajymqk=d uonf? bmrif
u tdef*,f. tEkydavmr[m psmef0g'w&m; (mysticism) jzpfw,fvkdqkdcJhygonf?
bZma&mhAfuawmh xif&Sm;+yD;om;tcsufw&yfuJhokd tdef*,f. tjrifrsm;[m acwfaemuf
usomG ;+yDvkd aygah ygq
h q ajym=um;cJyh gonf? Tok@d jzifh acwfopfA[kow
k oabmw&m;/
vwfwavmtbd"rRm (okd@r[kwf vwfwavm tjyK0g' (positivism)/ acwfopfobm
0 ody`Hynm. tbd"rRm okdr[kwf 20 &mpkESpf. acwfopfobm0 ody`Hynm. tbd"rRm
qkdwmrsm; txdawmif *k%f,l0HhuGm;pGm &nf!ef; ajymqkdvm=uonfh u|efawmfwkd@. &J&ifhvS
onhpf pfonfawmf}u;D rsm;u ky0f g'ukd r,ko
H uFmuef@uu
G f ajymqkv
d myk&H onf? (vDeif ky0f g'ESihf
tawG@t=uHKa0zefa&;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/armfpukd/ 1947/ pmrsufESm-9)
tbd"rRma&;&mY jyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm; rdwfaqGrsm;ukd rSefuefa=umif; jyefvnf

ajymqkd&eftvkd@iSm u|efawmfwdk@vrf;vGJoGm;wm jzpfaumif;jzpfEkdifayr,fh u|efawmfwkd@[m
qufvuf&mS azGaeygw,fvk@d ajym=um;cJw

h hJ vlemcsmpuD;ukd jyefvnfacsy&mY vDeifu u|ef
awmfqkd&ifvnf; tbd"rRmrSm &SmazGaeolwa,mufom jzpfygw,f? ajym&&ifawmh T
rSwfcsufrsm; (qkdvkdonfrSm kyf0g'ESifh tawG@t=uKH0g'-t,f'Dwm)rSm u|efawmfhukd,f u|ef
awmf ay;tyfww
hJ m0efrmS rmhupf 0f g'ta&+cKH+yD;/ r,k=H unfavmufatmif _yaf xG;ayGvD azmuf
jyefvSwJht&mrsm;ukd ay;urf;pGef@}uJaeonfh Tvlrsm;twGuf cvkwfuefoif;awG bmawG
txufygpmapmif pmrsuf ESm-10) [k a&;om;cJhonf/
jzpfw,fqkdwm &SmazG&efjzpfygonf? (txuf
ok@d aomf trSepf ifppf vDeif. pmtkyrf mS Ttoift
h wifh wm0efxuf ausmv
f eG cf hJ ygonf?
trSefrSmrl Tpmtkyfonf abmh'g;aemhAf/ ,lpuD;Apfcsf/ bmZma&mhAf/ AvifwDaemhAfESifh
tbd"rRmwGif if;wkd@. q&mrsm;jzpfaom tJAfem&D;pf (Avenarius)ESifh rwfcsf (Mach) wk@d t
ay: a0zefa&;xuf wpkHw&mykdygonf? Ttbd"rRmq&mrsm;u if;wkd@. aqmif;yg;rsm;wGif
rmhufpf. kyf0g'ukd qef@usif+yD;/ aq;a=umta&mifwifxm;onfh pdwf0g'ukdwifjyzkd@ t}uD;
tus,f }udK;yrf;cJh=uygonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif Tpmtkyfonf rmhufpf0g'. oabmw&m;a&;
&m tajccHrsm;jzpfaom tEkydavmrESifh orkdif;kyf0g'ESifh orkdif;umvwckvkH;/ tdef*,fao
qkH;csdefrS vDeif. kyf0g'ESifh tawGt}uKHa0zefa&;ay:aygufvmonfh umvwav#muf
ody`HynmESifh txl;ojzifh obm0ody`Hynmwkd@u &&SdcJhonfh ta&;}uD;+yD; r&Sdrjzpf vkdtyfonfh
kyf0g'usonfh avhvmokH;oyfcsuf tm;vkH;ukd umuG,fygonf//
TpmtkyfwGif k&Sm;tawG@tuHa0zefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh if;wkd@. EkdifiHjcm;q&mrsm;udk
xda&mufpmG a0zef+yD;aemuf vDeifonf tbd"rRma&;&mESio
hf abmw&m;a&;&m jyefvnfjyifqif
a&;0g'ESifhywfouf+yD; atmufyg ed*kH;csKyfcsufrsm;&vmonf?
(1) rmhufpf0g'ta&+cKH+yD; rmhufpf0g'ukd t+rJykdrkdtEkpdwf vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm; ykHzsufjcif;?
kyf0g'qef@usifonfh t,l0g'rsm;ukd t+rJykdrkd tEkpdwfwifjyum ajymqkdaejcif;? TonfrSm
acwfop jf yefvnfjyifqifa&;0g'. Ekid if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ enf;y&d,m,fjy\emESihf a,bk,stm;
jzifh tbd"rRmwdk@wGif xl;jcm;xifSm;onfh vuQ%mjzpfonf? (txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm- 342/
343 )
(2) rwfcsfESifh tJAfem&D;pfwkd@wtkyfvkH;onf pdwf0g'qDokd@ a&G@&Sm;ae=uonf? (txufyg

pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-70)
(3) u|efawmfwkd@. rwfcsfaemufvkdufrsm; (machians) tm;vkH;onfvnf; pdwf0g'

axmifacsmufwGif; usoGm;=u+yD? (txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-359)
(4) tawG@tuHa0zefa&;.tbd"rRmrsm; epistemological scholasticism7
aemufwiG f tbd"rRma&;wGif ygwrD sm;. wku
d yf /JG aemufq;Hk ydwcf jJG crf; pdwjf zmcsuw
f iG f acwfopf
7? A[kokw. rlvtp/ obm0ESifh tuef@towfwdk@udk avhvmonfh tbd"rRmykdif;/ Scholasticism tv,f

acwfrsm;u wuUodkvfwGif oif=um;onfh tbd"rRmpepf? (bmomjyefol)
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif;Sd twkduftcH vlwef;pm;rsm;. wdrf;apmif;r_rsm; ESifh tawG;tac:

wkd@ukdazmfjyonfhwkdufyGJukd rjrifawG@&efrSm rjzpfEkdifacs? (txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-371)
(5) &nfG,fcsuf/ tawG@t}uKHa0zefa&;. vlwef;pm;tcef;rSm ody`Hynm. txuf
wGif ,k=H unfru
_ dk xm;So
d nfh azmufjyefa&;orm;rsm; (fideists) ukd a,bk,stm;jzifh ky0f g'ukd
qef@usi+f yD;/ txl;ojzifh orkid ;f ky0f g'ukd qef@usio
f nfh wku
d yf w
JG iG f opPm&Spd mG tr_awmfxrf;&ef
vkH;0jzpfayonf?(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-371)
(6) tbd"rRma&;&m pdwf0g'onf bmoma&;qkdif&m rxifr&Sm; ra&r&mjzpfjcif; okd@r
[kwf zk;H zdyw
d yf ifjcif; (clerical obscurantism) vrf;omjzpfonf// (vDeifusrf;aygif;pkH/ k&Sm;bmom
twGJ12/ pmrsufESm-304)
u|eaf wmfw@dk ygwo

D rkid ;f wGif vDeifpmtky.
f }uD;rm;vSonfh tcef;yg0ifru
_ dk tav;*kjyK
todtrSwjf yK&efEiS hf pwkv
d yD if azmufjyefa&;umvtwGi;f jyefvnfjyifqifa&;ESihf opPmazmuf
trsKd;rsKd;wkd@xHrS vDeifumuG,fcJhonfh oabmw&m;a&;&m &wemrsm;ukd od&Sdem;vnf&ef
u|efawmfwkd@onf tusOf;csKyfr#jzpfygap? tEkydavmrESifh orkdif;kyf0g' tajccHrsm;tay:
u|rf;usifatmif jyKvkyf&ygvdrfhrnf?
tEkydavmrESihf orkid ;f ky0f g'onf uGejf rLepf0g'. oabmw&m;a&; tajccH/ rmhupf 0f g'
ygwDw&yf. oabmw&m;a&;&m tajccHrsm; yg0ifzGJ@pnf;aeonfhtwGuf ykdrkdyifvkdtyf+yD;/
Trlrsm;ukd od&Sd&efESifh avhvm&efrSm u|efawmfwkd@ygwD. wufuGonfh ygwD0ifwkdif;. wm0ef
jzpfayonf?
TuJhokd@qkdv#if 1? tEkydavmrkyf0g' (Dialectical materialism)
2? orkdif;kyf0g' (Historical materialism) wkd@rSmbmawGenf;?
tEkydavmrky0f g'ESihf orkid ;f ky0f g'

tEkydravmrky0f g'onf rmhupf v
f eD ifygw.
D urBmt
h jrifjzpfonf? tEkydavmr ky0f g'
[kac:&jcif;rSm if;. obm0tjcif;t&mrsm;udk csO;f uyfr/_ obm0tjcif;t&mrsm;udk avhvm+y;D
od j rif o nf h e nf ; emrsm;onf tEk y d a vmrjzpf + yD ; / if ; . obm0tjcif ; t&mtay:
t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkcsuf/ t,ltqoabmw&m;onf kyf0g'jzpfaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
ordkif;kyf0g'qdkonfrSm tEkydavmrkyf0g'rlrsm;udk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;avhvma&;txd
wdk;csJ@vkduf+yD;/ vl@tzGJtpnf; b0tjcif;t&mrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh if;.
ordkif;udkavhvm&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ tEkydavmr kyf0g'rlrsm;udk toHk;csjcif;yifjzpfonf?
rmhufpf (Marx) ESifh tdef*,f (Engels) wdk@onf if;wdk@. tEkydavmrenf;emrsm;udk
azmfjy&mwGif tEkydavmrenf;em. t"duvuQ%mrsm;udk wDxiG cf o
hJ nfh tbd"rRmq&m}uD;
tjzpf [D*,f (Hegel) udk udk;um;azmfjyavh&Sdonf? odk@aomfvnf; rmhufpfESifh tdef*,fwdk@.
tEkydavmronf [D*,f. tEkydavmrESifhwlnDonf[krqdkvdkyg? trSefrSmrl rmhufpfESifh
tdef*,fwdk@. tEkydavmronf [D*,f.tEkydavmrrS tusKd;ta=umif;&Sdaom twGif;

ydik ;f (Rational Kernal) udo
k m xkwEf w
k ,
f +l yD;/ [D*,f.pdw0f g' ta&cGu
H kd pGe@f ypfum acwfrD
ody`Hynmomefw&yftjzpf azmfxkwf&eftvdk@iSm tEkydavmrudk qufvuf jzpfay:wd;k yGm;
cJhonf?
rmhupf u
f u|Eyfk .
f tEkydavmrenf;emonf [D*,f.enf;emESihf jcm;em;Hrk #ru/ if;ESihf
wdu
k f u
kd q
f ef@usib
f ufjzpfonf? [D*,fu pdwu
f ;l (the Idea) [laomtrnfjzifh awG;awm
qifjcifrj_ zpfpOf (the Process of thinking) udk trSt
D cdu
k if;aom t&mtjzpf ajymif;vJypf+yD;/
if;u wu,fhurBmavmu}uD;udk zefwD;oljzpfum wu,fhurBmavmuonf pdwful;tjcif;
t&momeftjzpf jyifywGio
f m&Sad eonf[k qdck o
hJ nf? u|Eyfk t
f wGurf l TonfEiS hf qef@usipf mG
yif pdwu
f ;l onf tjcm;r[kw?f vlom;rsm;.pdww
f iG f xif[yfvm+yD; tawG;tac:omefrsm;
um;vf
tjzpf jyefqdkazmfjyxm;onfhkyfurBm (Material world) jzpfonf [kqdkcJhygonf? (um;vf
rmhufpft&if;usrf;twGJ(1)/ pmrsufESm-30
-30)
rmhufpfESifhtdef*,fwdk@onf if;wdk@. kyf0g'udk azmfjyzGifhqdk&mwGif kyf0g'w&m;rsm;udk
ae&mrSefjyefvnfay;cJhaom tbd"rRmq&m}uD;tjzpf jzL;0g;bwf (Feuerbach) udk udk;um;
azmfjyavh&Sdonf? odk@aomfvnf; rmhufpfESifh tdef*,fwdk@. kyf0g'onf jzL;0g;bwf. kyf0g'ESifh
wlnDonf[k rqdkvdkyg? trSefrSmrl rmhufpfESifh tdef*,fwdk@onf jzL;0g;bwf kyf0g'rS twGif;ydkif;
tqH (inner kernal) udkxkwf,l+yD;/ ody`Henf;us tbd"rRmqdkif&m kyf0g' oabmw&m;tjzpf
jzpfay:wd;k yGm;apum/ if;.pdw0f g' bmoma&;usi0hf wf tay:v$mudk z,f&mS ;ypf vdu
k yf gonf?
jzL;0g;bwf o nf tajccH t m;jzif h k y f 0 g'D w OD ; jzpf a omf v nf ; k y f 0 g'qk d a omtrnf u d k
qef@usifcJha=umif; u|efawmfwdk@ od=uygonf? tdef*,fu w}udrfxufru ajymcJhonfrSm
jzL;0g;bwfonf kyf0g' tajccH &SdcJhaomfvnf; a&S;dk;tpOftvm pdwf0g' taESmiftzGJ@
rsm;. wkyfaESmifjcif;cHae&onf[kvnf;aumif;/ ol. bmoma&;ESifh usifh0wfqdkif&m tbd
um;vfrmhufpf
"rRmudk =unfhvdkufygu jzL;0g;bwf. wu,fhpdwf0g' ay:vGifxif&Sm;vmonf? (um;vf
vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom armfpudk/ 1946/ twGJ1/ pmrsufESm 373/ 375
375)
tEkydavmr (Dialectics) pum;vH;k rSm *&dpum;vH;k 'dik &f mvD*kd (Dialego) rS qif;ouf
vm+yD;/ aqG;aEG;jiif;ckefonf[k t"dy`m,f&onf? a&S;acwftcgu tEkydavmrw&m;onf

qef@usifbufjyKol. jiif;ckefr_twGif;Sd ydyuQrsm;udk azmfxkwf+yD;/ if;ydyuQrsm;udk ajz&Sif;
ausmfv$m;jcif;jzifh trSefw&m;udk&&SdEdkifonfh tEkynmw&yfjzpfcJhonf? a&S;acwfu awG;ac:r_
twGif;&Sd ydyuQrsm;udk azmfxkwfjcif;ESifh qef@usifbuftjrifrsm;. twdkuftcHjzpfr_wdk@onf
trSefw&m;odk@a&muf&Sd&ef taumif;qHk;enf;emjzpfonf[k wcsKd@tbd"rRmq&mrsm;u
,H=k unfc=hJ uonf? T tEkydavmrawG;ac:r_enf;emonf aemufyikd ;f wGif obm0tjcif;t&m
tjzpfodk@ wdk;csJ@vdkuf+yD; obm0udk odem;vnfaom tEkydavmrenf;emw&yftjzpfodk@
jzpfay:wd;k yGm; oGm;onf? if;onf obm0tjcif;t&mudk xm0pOfvy_ &f mS ;ae+yD; tqufrjywf
ajymif;vJaeonf[k,lqum obm0.jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_udk obm0. ydyuQrsm;. jzpfay:

wdk;yGm;r_. tusKd;&v'f[kvnf;aumif;/ obm0. qef@usifbuftiftm;pk. tjyeftvSef
v_yfSm;r_rsm;. tusKd;&v'f[kvnf;aumif; ,lqonf?
tESpfom&tm;jzifh tEkydavmrw&m;onf wuUaA'. wdkufdkufqef@usifbuf jzpf
ayonf?
1? rmhufpf0g' tEkydavmrenf;em. t"dutcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf?
(u) wuU a A'ES i f h qef @ usif p G m yif tEk y d a vmronf obm0ud k = unf h j rif & mY
t&m0wWKrsm;/ tjcif;t&mrsm;onf wckESifhwck oD;jcm;uif;uGmpGm tquftpyfr&Sd trSDtcdk
uif;pGm a&Smifwcifpk+yHKaer_w&yftjzpf vufrcHbJ/ if;wdk@udk wqufwpyfwnf;/ wckwnf;
tjzpf=unfhjrifum t&m0wWKrsm;/ tjcif;t&mrsm;onf wckESifhwck kyfoabmtm;jzifh
(organically) qufoG,fum tjyeftvSef trSDo[JjyK+yD; tuef@towf cHxm;&onf[k
,lqonf?
xd@k a=umifh tEkydavmrenf;emu vufc,
H q
l xm;onfrmS obm0. rnfonft
h jcif;
t&mudkrqdk ywf0ef;usif tjcif;t&mrsm;ESifh cGJjcm;+yD; wOD;wnf;oD;jcm; =unfhjrifygu em;
vnfEdkifrnfr[kwfacs? obm0e,fy,frS rnfonfhtjcif;t&myifjzpfap ywf0ef;usiftajc
taeESifh qufpyfjcif;rjyKbJ/ uif;uGmpGm=unfh_v#if t"dy`m,fr&Sdjzpfayvdrfhrnf? tjyef
tvSeftm;jzifh rnfonfhtjcif;t&myifjzpfygap/ if;. cGJcGmr&aom ywf0ef;usiftjcif;t&m
rsm;ESifh qufpyfpOf;pm;=unfhjrifygu ywf0ef;usiftjcif;t&mu xdef;csKyfuef@owfxm;onfh
t&mtjzpf em;vnfajz&Sif;Edkifayvdrfhrnf?
(c) wuUaA'ESifh qef@usifpGmyif/ tEkydavmru obm0udk=unfhjrif,lqonfrSm
+idrfoufat;aq;+yD;/ rv_yfr&Sm;jzpfaeaomt&m/ wnf+idrf+yD; rajymif;rvJ&Sdaeaomt&m
tjzpfr[kwfbJ/ tqufrjywf v_yf&Sm;ajymif;vJaeaomt&m/ tqufrjywf topfjzpfay:
wd;k yGm;aeaom t&mjzpf+yD;/ wpHw
k cku t+rJay:xGuf wd;k yGm;vmaeum/ wpHw
k cku t+rJysupf ;D
,dk,Gif;aoqHk;oGm;aeonf [lIjzpfygonf?
xdka=umifh tEkydavmrenf;emuvdktyfonfrSm tjcif;t&mrsm;udk =unfhjrif&mY
if;wdk@. tjyeftvSef qufpyfr_ESifh tjyeftvSef trSDo[JjyKr_tjrift&omru/ if;wdk@.
v_yfSm;r_/ ajymif;vJr_/ jzpfay:vmr_ESifh ysufpD;oGm;r_ tjrifbufrSvnf; =unfhjrif&rnf jzpfay
onf?
tEkydavmrenf;emu rsufarSmufumvwGif wnf+rJcdkifusnfoa,mif&Sdaomfvnf;/
a=ujyKef;pjyKaeaom t&mtay: t"dutm;jzifh ta&;xm;jcif; rjyKbJ/ rsuaf rSmufumvwGif
wnf+rJ[efr&Sdaomfvnf;/ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmaeaomt&mtay: ta&;xm;ygonf? t
a=umif;rSm jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmaeaomt&momv#if ckdifrm+rJjrefonf[k tEkdavmrenf;em

u ,lqaoma=umifhjzpfygonf?
tdef*,fu obm0tm;vkH;/ tao;qkH;t&m0wKrS t}uD;qHk;txd/ oJr_efuav;rS
aep}umF 0VmtqH;k / rlvouf&u
dS vmyfpnf;rS vlowW0gtqH;k wd@k onf tqufrjywfaomjzpfjcif;
ESifhysufjcif;w&m;/ tqufrjywfajymif;vJ pD;qif;aejcif;/ r&yfrem; ajymif;vJv_yf&Sm;aeaom
tdef*,f/ obm0 tEkydavmr
tajctae &Sdaeygonf? (td
vmr) [kqkdcJhygonf?
tdef*,fu xdka=umifh tEkydavmronf t&m0wWKrsm;ESifh if;wdk@. odjrifr_ pdwful;
yHkpHkrsm;udk txl;ojzifh if;wdk@tjyeftvSefqufpyfr_/ qufoG,fr_/ v_yf&Sm;r_/ ay:xGufr_ESifh
tdef*,f-'l;&if;qef@usifa&;
aysmufuG,fr_wdk@tay: =unfhjrifoHk;oyfonf? [k qdkcJhonf? (td
&;)
(*) wuUaA'ESihf qef@usipf mG yif tEkydavmru jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_jzpfpOfukd =unfjh rif&mY
ta&twGufajymif;vJr_rS t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJr_odk@ ra&muf&Sdonfh dk;dk;omref}uD;xGm;r_
jzpfpOftjzpfr[kwfbJ/ rxifr&Sm;/ rodrom jzpfay:aeaom ta&twGufajymif;vJr_rsm;rS
twdtvif;ESifh t&if;cHuspGmajymif;vJr_/ t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJr_odk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;+yD;/
Tjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_wGif t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJr_onf wjznf;jznf;csif; r[kwfbJ/ tajctae
wckrS tjcm;tajctaewckodk@ kwfw&ufESifh vsifjrefpGmckeful;ajymif;vJaom omefjzifh
jzpfonf? if;wdk@onf trSwfrxif a&Smifwcifay:aygufvmjcif;r[kwfbJ/ rodromESifh
wpwpta&twGuf ajymif;vJr_rsm; pk+yHKvmr_. obm0tusKd;quftjzpf ay:aygufvmjcif;
jzpfonf?
xdk@a=umifh tEkydavmrenf;emu vufcH,lqxm;onfrSm jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_jzpfpOfudk
puf0ikd ;f ozG,f v_y&f mS ;r_tjzpf r,lqoif/h jzpf+yD;om;rsm; xyfjyefwvJvJ jzpfay:aejcif;r[kwf
bJ/ aS@o@kd csaD eaom/ txufo@kd wufvrS ;f aeaom v_y&f mS ;r_tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ tdrk if;a[mif;
EGrf;aom t&nftcsif; tajctaew&yfrS opfvGifaom t&nftcsif; tajctaew&yfodk@
ul;ajymif;r_tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ dk;dk;jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_rS _yfaxG;aomjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ESifh jzpfay:
wdk;yGm;r_ tqifhedrfhrS tqifhjrifhw&yftjzpfvnf;aumif; vufcHxm;ygonf?
tdef*,fu obm0onf tEkydavmr. rSwfausmufjzpf+yD;/ acwfopfobm0ody`H
ynmu TrSwfcsufudk wae@wjcm; wdk;yGm;vmonfh tvGefuG,f0aom taxmuftxm;
rsm;jzifh ta&mifwifay;vdkufonf[k qdk&ayrnf? Tenf;jzifh aemufqHk; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmr_t&
obm0.jzpfpOfonf wuUaA'twdkif; r[kwfbJ/ tEkydavmrenf;t&omjzpfa=umif;ESifh
if;onf xm0& wrsKd;wnf;ESifh tqufrjywf xyfjyefwvJvJ puf0dkif;twdkif; vnfywfv_yf
&Sm;aejcif; r[kwfbJ/ wu,fhordkif;udk ausmfvGefjzwfoef;&a=umif; oufaojyvdkufayonf?
Tae&mwGif 'g0ifudk txl;azmfjy&rnfjzpf+yD;/ olu ,ae@kyfurBm (organic wold) wGif
tyifrsm;/ wd&dp>mefrsm;ESifh vlrsm;tm;vHk;yifv#if ESpfoef;aygif;rsm;pGmtwGif; wdk;wufaeonfh
jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ jzpfpOf. &vm'fjzpfa=umif; oufaoxljyum/ wuUaA'. obm0t,ltq
txufygusrf;)
udk jyif;xefpGmxdk;ESufvdkufonf? (txuf
tEkydavmr jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ukd ta&twGuaf jymif;vJrr_ sm;rS t&nftcsi;f ajymif;vJr_

rsm;odk@ ul;ajymif;r_tjzpf azmfjyajymqdk&mwGif tdef*,fu lyaA'wGif ajymif;vJr_wdkif;onf
ta&twGurf S t&nftcsi;f od@k ul;ajymif;r_jzpfonf? if;onf ud,
k cf E<mwckwiG f rlvwnf;u
&Sad om od@k r[kwf tjcm;ae&mrSvmaom v_y&f mS ;r_omefwckc.
k ta&twGuaf jymif;vJr.
_
&vm'fjzpfonf? Oyrm a&.tylcsdefonf yxrwGif if;.t&nftaetxm;udk tusKd;ouf
a&mufr_rSdaomfvnf; xdkt&nftaetxm; (liquid state) a&. tylcsdefudk wdk;jrifhjcif; odk@
r[kwf avsmhcsjcif;jyKvkyfvdkufygu Taygif;Hk;pnf;uyfxm;onfh (cohesion) taetxm;
ajymif;vJonfh tcsdefumvodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;+yD;/ a&onf tajctaewckwGif a&aEG;aiG@
jzpfoGm;+yD;/ aemuftajctaewckwGif a&cJtjzpfajymif;vJoGm;onf? yvufwDerf0dkif,m
}uKd;wGif tvif;a&mifxGuf&ef tedrfhqHk; v#yfpD;tiftm; (current) twdtuswckvdktyf+yD;/
vdktyfonfh tylcsdef&&Sd&ef u|efawmfwdk@ pDrHcef@cGJEdkifoa&G@ owWKwdkif;wGif if;.t&nfaysmf
tylcsdef&Sd+yD;/ t&nfwdkif;wGif wpHkwckaomzdtm;Y a&cJtrSwfESifh a&qltrSwf twdtus&Sd
onf? tqHk;wGif "mwfaiG@wdkif;Y oifhawmfaom zdtm;ay;jcif;ESifh tat;cHjcif;wdk@jzifh
t&nftjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJoGm;Edkifonfh tcsuftcsmta&;}uD;onfh trSwfwck&Sdonf? trsm;
od=uaomlyaA'ude;f aorsm; (tae txm;wckrS tjcm;taetxm;wcko@kd ul;ajymif;onfh
trSwf-t,f'Dwm)rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh qufxHk;trSwf (Nodal point) twGuf t!ef;
azmfjycsufrsm;omjzpf+yD;/ if;wGif v_yf&Sm;r_. twdk;tavsmhta&twGuf (ajymif;vJr_) u
ud,
k cf E<mwck. tajctaewGif t&nftcsi;f ajymif;vJru
_ kd jzpf+yD;/ if;wGif tusK;d quftm;jzifh
tdef*,f-obm0 tEkydavmr
ta&twGufonf t&nftcsif;odk@ ajymif;vJoGm;onf? (td
vmr)
"mwkaA'ta=umif;qufvufajym=um;&mY tdef*,fu"mwkaA'udk ta&twGuf aygif;pnf;zGJ@wnfr_ tajymif;tvJrsm;a=umifh cE<mtpk
ta0;rsm;wGif jzpfay:vmaom t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJr_ ody`Hynm[kac:qdkEdkifayonf?
Tonfudk [D*,fuyifod+yD;jzpfonf? Oyrm atmufqD*sif/ tu,fI armfvDusL;wGif cgwdkif;
yg0ifaeus tEkjrLr[kwfbJ oHk;ckyg0ifoGm;ygu omrefatmufqD*sifESifh teH/ wkH@jyefr_wdk@wGif
vHk;0jcm;em;aom tdkZkef;qdkonfh cE<mtpkta0; wck&&Sdonf? ajym&ygrl atmufqD*sifonf
Edkuf}wdK*sif odk@r[kwf qmvfzmwdk@ESifh rwlaomtcsKd;tpm;trsKd;rsKd;ESifh aygif;pyfygu wjcm;
cE<mtpkta0;rsm;ESifh t&nftcsif;t&uGmjcm;onfh cE<mtpkta0;wckpDudk xkwfay;vdkuf
txufygusrf;)
onf? (txuf
[D*,f. }uKd;yrf;tm;xkwfr_tm;vHk;tay: jypfwifa0zefaomfvnf; ol.ausmf=um;vS
aom ppfwrf;jzpfonfh cHpm;r_r&So
d nfh avmue,fy,frS tmHck pH m;r_&o
dS nfh e,fy,fo@kd / oufrhJ
(Inorganic) avmurS oufdS (organic) avmuod@k ul;ajymif;r_onf tajctaeopfw&yfo@kd
ckeful;r_jzpfonfqdkonfudk cdk;a=umifcdk;0Suf iSm;&rf;xm;ol 'l;&if;udk tqHk;owfY a0zef&if;
tde*f ,fu140 qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf
TonfrSm twdtustm;jzifh [D*,f. wdkif;xGma&; qufqHr_. qufxHk;jzpf+yD;/

if;wGif twdtus qufxHk;trSwfrsm;Y ta&twGuf oufoufwdk;jrifhjcif; odk@r[kwf avsmh
enf;jcif;onf t&nftcsi;f ckeu
f ;l ajymif;vJr_ jzpfapEdik o
f nf? Oyrm tylay;xm;onfh od@k r[kwf
tat;cHxm;onfh a&wGif rSew
f ef;zdtm;atmufY a&qltrSwEf iS hf a&cJtrSww
f @kd onf pkpnf;r_
tqif h o pf w &yf o d k @ ck e f u l ; +yD ; / Tod k @ tm;jzif h ta&twG u f r S t&nf t csif ; w&yf od k @
tdef*,f-'l;&if;qef@usifa&;
ajymif;vJoGm;onfh qufxHk;rsm;jzpfayonf? (td
&;)
(C) wuUaA'ESifh qef@usifpGmyif tEkydavmru cH,lxm;onfrSm twGif;ydkif;ydyuQ
rsm;onf t&m0wWKrsm;ESifh obm0tjcif;t&mrsm; tm;vHk;wGif yifudk,fyg&Sd+yD;jzpfonf? t
a=umif;rSm if;wkd@tm;vHk;wGif tqdk;bufESifh taumif;bufrsm;/ twdwfESifh tem*wf/ wpHk
w&mcsKyf+idr;f aer_EiS hf wpHw
k &mjzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_rsm;&Sad e+yD;/ Tqef@usib
f ufrsm;t=um; wdu
k yf /JG
ta[mif;ESifhtopft=um;/ aoqHk;oGm;onfht&mESifh aygufzGm;vmonfht&mt=um;/
aysmufuG,foGm;onhft&mESifh jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aeonfht&mt=um; wdkufyGJrsm;onf jzpfay:
wdk;yGm;r_jzpfpOf. twGif;ydkif;tESpfom&/ ta&twGufajymif;vJr_rsm;rS t&nftcsif; ajymif;
vJr_rsm;odk@ ul;ajymif;jcif;. twGif;ydkif;tESpfom&wdk@jzpfygonf?
xd@k a=umifh tEkydavmrenf;emu ,lqonfrmS tqifeh rd rhf S tqifjh rifo
h @kd jzpfay:wd;k yGm;
aom jzpfpOfonf tjcif;t&mrsm;udk vdkufavsmnDaxG zGifhvSpfxkwfazmfaomjzpfpOfr[kwfbJ/
t&m0wWKrsm;ESifh tjcif;t&mrsm;wGif yifudk,fyg&Sd+yD; ydyuQrsm;udk azmfxkwfaomjzpfpOf/ T
ydyuQrsm;udk tajccHum jyKrlv_yf&Sm;aeaom qef@usifbuf wdrf;apmif;r_rsm;. wdkufyGJ
jzpfpOfjzpfonf?
vDeifu tEkydavmr. yifudk,ft"dy`m,frSm t&m0wWKrsm;. wu,fhtESpfom&
vDeif-tbd"r<mrSwfpkrsm;/ k&Sm;bmom/ pmrsufESm- 263
twGif;rS ydyuQudk avhvmjcif; jzpfonf? (vD
263)
xdk@tjyif qufvufajym=um;onfrSm jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_qdkonfrSm qef@usifbufrsm;.
vDeifusrf;aygif; pHk/ k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 13/ pmrsufESm-301
wdu
k yf JG jzpfonf? (vD
-301)
txufygrsm;onf twdkcsKyftm;jzifh rmhufpf0g' tEkydavmrenf;em. t"du vuQ
%mrsm;jzpfonf?
vl@tzGJ@tpnf; b0avhvma&;ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;orkdif;avhvma&;wdk@wGif tEkyd
avmrenf;em. rlrsm;udk wdk;csJ@jyef@yGm;vdkufr_. }uD;rm;vSaom ta&;ygt&ma&mufr_ESifh
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ordkif;ESifh ypPnf;rJhygwD. vufawG@v_yf&Sm;r_wdk@wGif Trlrsm;udk toHk;csvdkufr_
. }uD;rm;vSaom ta&;ygt&ma&mufr_udk tvG,fwul em;vnfEdkifygonf?
urBmay: Y oD;jcm;tjcif;t&m[lIr&SdbJ/ tjcif;t&mtm;vHk; tjyeftvSef qufpyf
trSDo[JjyKaeygu vl@tzGJ@tpnf;pepfwdkif;ESifh ordkif;wGif;&Sd vlr_v_yf&Sm;r_wdkif;udk xm0&r#
wr_ (Eternal Justic) odk@r[kwf orkdif;ynm&SSifrsm; r=umc%ajymqdkae=uaom tjcm;
}udKwifojd rifaom pdwu
f ;l (Preconceived idea) &yfwnfcsuf tjrifrsm;rS r[kwfbJ xdkpepf
od@k r[kwf xdv

k rl v
_ y_ &f mS ;r_ukd ay:xGuv
f map+yD;/ if;wd@k EiS v
hf nf; qufo,
G af eonfh ta=umif;
tcsufrsm;. &yfwnfcsuf tjrifrsm;rS tuJjzwf&rnfrSm &Sif;aeayonf?
aus;u|efpepfonf acwfopf ta=umif;tcsufrsm;atmufwGif t"dy`m,fr&SdSaom/
obm0rusaom rdkufrJr_yifjzpfonf? odk@aomf +ydKusysufpD;aeonfh a&S;acwfbHktzGJ@ t
a=umif;tcsufrsm; atmufwGifrl aus;u|efpepfonf a&S;acwfbHkpepf. wdk;wufr_w&yfudk
udk,fpm;jyKonfhtwGuf vHk;0em;vnfEdkifaom obm0tjcif;t&m w&yfjzpfonf? qdkygpdk@?
1905 ck k&Sm;Y Zmbk&ifpepfESifh "e&Sifvl@tzGJ@tpnf; wnf&Sdaer_atmufwGif "e&Sif'Drdk
ua&pDorRwEdik if H awmif;qdrk o
_ nf vH;k 0em;vnfEikd af om/ oifah wmfaom/ awmfveS af &;awmif;
qdkcsufw&yfjzpfonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf xdktcsdefu "e&SiforRwEdkifiHonf a&S@wvSrf;
wd;k jcif;yifjzpfonf? od@k aomf ,cktcsed f qdAk ,
D ufq&kd ,
S v
f pf k&mS ;orRwEdik if H (U.S.S.R) tajc
taeY "e&Sif'Drdkua&pDorRwEdkifiH awmif;qdkr_onf t"dy`m,fr&Sdaom wefjyefawmfvSefa&;
awmif;qdrk w
_ &yfjzpfonf? tb,fa=umifq
h akd omf "e&Sio
f rRwEdik if o
H nf qdAk ,
D uforRwEdik if H
ESifh E_dif;pmygu aemufwvSrf;qkwfr_jzpfonf?
t&m&mwdkif;onf tajctaeta=umif;tcsuf/ tcsdefumvESifh ae&ma'owdk@ay:wGif
rlwnfaeayonf?
vl@tzG@J tpnf; tjcif;t&mudk TuJo
h @kd aom ordik ;f a&;&m csO;f uyfrr_ &Syd gu ordik ;f qdik &f m
ody`Hynm wnf&Sdr_ESifh jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_r&SdEdkif? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf TuJhodk@csOf;uyfr_onf
omv#if ordik ;f odyyH` nmtm; rawmfwqr_rsm; a&maxG;pkyo
kH mG ;r_EiS hf trdu
k rf q
J ;kH aom trSm;
rsm; pkaygif;oGm;r_rsm;rS u,fwifEdkifayrnf?
xdk@tjyif tu,fI urBmavmu}uD;onf tqufrjywfv_yfSm;jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aeygu
ta[mif;csKyf+idrf;+yD;/ topfjzpfay: }uD;xGm;r_onf jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. w&m;Oya'ojzpfygu
rajymif;vJEdkifaomvlr_pepfrsm;/ yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ESifh aoG;pkyfr_wdk@ xm0&rlrsm;/ v,f
orm;rsm;u ajr&Sifrsm;udkemcH&jcif;/ tvkyform;rsm;u t&if;&Sifudk emcH&jcif;qdkonfh
xm0&t,ltqrsm;onf r&SdEdkifa=umif; &Sif;aeayonf?
qdv
k o
kd nfrmS w}udrw
f cgu ya'o&mZfpepfukd t&if;&Sipf epfu tpm;xd;k vdu
k o
f uJo
h @kd
t&if;&Sifpepfudkvnf; qdkS,fvpfpepfu tpm;xdk;Edkifayonf?
xdk@a=umifh u|efawmfwdk@onf rsufarSmufumvwGif v$rf;rdk;aeaom tiftm;pkjzpf
aeaomfvnf; qufvufjzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ r&So
d nfh vl@tzG@J tpnf;tv$may:wGif u|eaf wmfw@kd .
OD;wnfcsufudk tajcrcHoifhbJ/ rsufarSmufumvwGif v$rf;rdk;aeaom tiftm;pkr[kwfaomf
vnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;ae+yD; tem*wfvnf;&Sdonfh vl@tv$mrsm;ay:wGif tajccHoifhonf?
vGefcJhonfh &mpkESpf. &Spfq,fpkESpfrsm;twGif; rmhufpf0g'Drsm;ESifh ema&m'fepfrsm;t=um;
wdkufyGJumvY k&Sm;. ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf vlOD;a&. rajymavmufonfh tenf;pkjzpfae+yD;/
v,form;rsm;rSmrl vlOD;a&. trsm;wumh trsm;pk jzpfaeayonf? odk@aomf ypPnf;rJhrsm;
onf vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf }uD;xGm;jzpfay:vmum v,form;xkonf vlwef;pm;t& +ydKuGJ
oGm;cJo
h nf? ypPn;f rJrh sm;onf vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf jzpfay:wd;k yGm;aer_a=umifo
h mv#if rmhupf f
0g'Drsm;u if;wdk@. OD;wnfcsufudk ypPnf;rJhrsm;tay: tajccHcJhayonf? olwdk@ rrSm;cJh=uyg?
ta=umif;rl u|efawmfwdk@ od=uonfhtwdkif; ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf aemufydkif;wGif rajymyavmuf
aom tiftm;pkav;rS yxrwef; ordkif;0iftiftm;pkw&yftjzpfodk@ }uD;xGm;vmjcif;a=umifh
jzpfygonf?
xdk@a=umifh ay:vpDt& rSm;,Gif;r_r&Sd&efrSm aemufodk@r=unfhrlbJ a&S@odk@ar#mfac:=unfh_
&rnf?
xkd@tjyif aES;auG;aomt&nftwGufajymif;vJr_rsm;rS kwfw&uf vsifjrefaom
t&nftcsif; ajymif;vJr_rsm;odk@ ul;ajymif;jcif;onf jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_w&m;jzpfygu tzdESdyfcH
vlwef;pm;rsm;uqifEGJonfh awmfvSefa&;rsm;onf obm0usonfh/ rv$Jra&Smifomonfh
tjcif;t&mrsm;omjzpfonfrSm &Sif;aeayonf?
xd@k a=umifh t&if;&Sipf epfrS qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepfo@kd u;l ajymif;a&;ESihf t&if;&Six
f rf;yd;k atmufrS
tvkyform;vlwef;pm; vGwfajrmufa&;onf aES;auG;pGm ajymif;vJaomvrf;/ jyKjyifa&;
vrf;rsm;twdik ;f jzpfEikd v
f rd rhf nfr[kwb
f J t&if;&Sipf epf. t&nftcsi;f ajymif;vJr/_ awmfveS af &;
vrf;omv#if jzpfayrnf?
xdk@a=umifh ay:vpDt& rSm;,Gif;r_r&Sdap&efrSm awmfvSefa&;orm; jzpf&rnf? yjyifa&;
orm;rjzpf&?
xdk@tjyif jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_onf twGif;ydkif;ydyuQrsm;udk azmfxkwf&mrSvnf;aumif;/
xdkydyuQrsm;udk ausmfeif;Edkifzkd@twGuf xdkydyuQrsm;tajccHay:wGif qef@usifbuftiftm;pk
rsm;.twdu
k t
f cH jzpfay:r_rsm;rSvnf;aumif; ay:xGuv
f mcJo
h nf qdyk gu ypPn;f rJ.
h vlwef;pm;
wdu
k yf o
JG nf obm0vnf;usum rv$rJ a&Smifomonfh tjcif;t&mjzpfonfrmS &Si;f aeay onf?
xdk@a=umifh u|efawmfwdk@onf t&if;&Sifpepf. ydyuQrsm;udk zHk;uG,frypf&bJ azmfxkwf
ajz&Si;f &rnf? u|eaf wmfw@kd onf vlwef;pm;wdu
k yf u
JG kd rwm;qD;&bJ tqH;k wdik q
f ifEJG oGm;&rnf?
xdk@a=umifh ay:vpDt& rSm;,Gif;r_r&Sdap&efrSm tav#mhay;aphpyfjcif;rjyKonfh ypPnf;rJh
vlwef;pm; ay:vpDusifhoHk;&rnf?
ypPnf;rJhESifh "e&Sifwdk@. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk o[Zmwr#wxm;onfh jyKjyifa&;orm;rsm;.
ay:vpDrsK;d t&if;&Sipf epftwGi;f rS qd&k ,
S v
f pfayguaf &muf}uD;xGm;vma&; qdo
k nfh aphpyfajy
+idrf;onfh ay:vpDrsKd;rjyKvkyf&?
Tonf vltzGJ@pnf;b0/ vltzGJ@pnf;ordkif;wdk@wGif csrSwfusifhoHk;&rnfh rmhufpf0g'
tEkydavmrenf;em jzpfayonf?
rmhuf0g'. kyf0g'tbd"drRmESifhywfoufIrl if;onf tajccHtm;jzifh pdwf0g' tbd"rRm
ESiv
hf ;kH 0qefusib
f ufjzpfonf?
2? rmhufpf0g'. kyf0g'tbd"rRm. t"duvuQ%mrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf?

(u) urBmavmuonf tuGif;rJhpdwful;/ wavmuvHk;qdkif&mpdwf"mwf/ t
odwd@k . aygi;f zG@J xm;r_jzpfonf[k cH,o
l nfh pdw0f g'ESihf qef@usipf mG / rmhupf f yk 0f g' tbd"rRmu
cH,o
l nfrmS urBmavmuonf obm0tm;jzifh kyjf zpfonf? urBmavmu. rsm;jym;vSaom
tjcif;t&mrsm;onf v_yf&Sm;aeonfhomeftrsKd;rsKd;&Sdaom kyfj'yfrsm;jzpfonf? tjcif;
t&mrsm;. tjyeftvSef qufpyfr_ESifh trSDo[JjyKr_onf tEkydavmrenf;emu azmfjy+yD;
jzpfonfhtwdkif; v_yf&Sm;aeaom kyfj'yf. jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_w&m;jzpfonf? urBmavmuonf
kyfv_yf&Sm;r_ w&m;Oya'ESifhtnD jzpfay:wdk;yGm;ae+yD;/ rnfonfh wavmuvHk;qdkif&m pdwf
"mwfrSrvdktyfacs? tdef*,fu obm0tay: kyf0g'usonfh tjrifqdkonfrSm rnfonfh
jyify a&mpyfr_rSrygbJ/ if;wnf&Sdaeonfhtwdkif; obm0tay: dk;dk;omref vufcHjcif;
tdef*,f/ vl'0pf-jzL;0g;bwff/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk/ 1943/ pmrsufESm-79
-79)
yifjzpfonf? (td
urBmavmuonf wckwnf;jzpfonf? rnfonfhbk&m;ocif odk@r[kwf rnfolur#
zefwD;jcif;r[kwfbJ/ ,cifuvnf;&SdcJh+yD;/ ,ckvnf;&Sdum aemifvnf;t+rJquf&SdaeOD;rnfh
touf&Sifaeaom rD;v#Hjzpfum w&m;oabmt& rD;xawmufavmifjcif;ESifh w&m;oabm
t& csKyf+ird ;f aoqH;k aeayvdrrhf nf [kc,
H cl o
hJ nfh a&S;acmwf tbd"rRmq&m}u;D [D&mu vDwyf
(Heraclitus) . kyf0g'tjrifrsm;tay: vDeifu tEkydavmrkyf0g'. rlvtajccH rsm;.
vDeif/ tbd"rRm a&;&mrSwf csufrsm;/
aumif;rGev
f aS om &Si;f vif;csujf zpfonf[k rSwcf sucf sco
hJ nf? (vD
k&Sm;bmom/ pmrsufESm-318
-318)
(c) u|efawmfwdk@. todonfom trSefpifppfwnf&Sd+yD;/ kyfurBmavmu/ owW0g/

obm0onf u|efawmfwdk@.tod/ u|efawmfwdk@. tmHkcHpm;r_rsm;/ pdwful;rsm;ESifh odem;
vnfrw
_ dk wiG o
f m wnf&o
dS nf[k twnfjyKcH,x
l m;onfh pdw0f g'ESihf qefusipf mG rmhupf f ky0f g'
tbd"rRmu cH,lonfrSm kyfj'yfobm0/ owW0gonf u|efawmfwkd tod. jyifywGif
trScD u
kd if;pGm wnf&adS eonfh yuwd tjzpftrSejf zpfonf? kyjf 'yfonf tmkcH pH m;r_/ pdwu
f ;l ESihf
todwkd. a&aomufjrpfjzpfonfhtwkdif; rlvyxrtajccHjzpfonf? todonf kyfj'yf.
a&mifjyef[yfcsuf/ owW0g. a&mifjyef[yfcsuf jzpfonfhtwdkif;/ ta&;r}uD;vSaom 'kwd,
wef;pm; tqG,ftyGm;jzpfonfh tawG;tac:onf vHk;0jynfhpHk+yD;ajrmufjcif;. tqifhjrifhodk@
jzpfay:wdk;yGm;a&muf&Sdvmonfh kyfj'yf/ qdkvdkonfrSm OD;aESmuf. &vm'fjzpf+yD;/ OD;aESmufonf
tawG;tac:. taqmufttHk cE<mudk,fjzpf+yD;/ xdk@a=umifhyif }uD;rm;vSonfh trSm;rusL;
vGefbJ/ tawG;tac:udk kyfj'yfrS rcGJcGmEdkifyg?
tdef*,ffu awG;awmqifjcifrE_ iS hf owW0gt=um;qufqaH &;/ pdw"f mwfEiS hf obm0t=um; qufqH
a&;jy\emonf tbd"rRmwckv;kH . tjrifq
h ;kH / ta&;}uD;qH;k jy\emjzpfonf? tbd"rRmq&m
rsm;onf Tjy\emudk tajzay;&mY *dk%f;}uD;ESpf*dk%f; uGJxGufoGm;onf? obm0rwdkifrD
pdwf wnf&Sdonf[k ,lqolrsmu pdwf0g'*dk%f;0ifrsm; jzpfoGm;=uonf? obm0u rlvt

um;vf r muf p f /
pjzpfonf[k ,lqolrsm;onf kyf0g'*dk%f; trsKd;rsKd;wGifyg0if=uonf? (um;vf
vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 11)
qufvufI-u|efawmfwdk@udk,fwdkifESifh ywfoufaeaom odjrifcHpm;Edkifaom urBm

avmu ky0f wKonfom wu,ft
h jzpfreS jf zpfonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd . todEiS hf awG;ac:qifjcifr_
onf vGefuJonfhtmkHcHpm;r_ &Sd[ef&Sdaomfvnf; kyfcE<mOD;aESmuf. &v'frsm;omjzpfonf?
kyfonf tod.&v'f r[kwfbJ todukd,fwkdifyifv#if kyf. tjrifhqHk;&v'fr#omjzpfonf?
(um;vf
-332)
um;vfrmhufpf/ vufa&G;pifusrf; &k&Sm;bmom/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-332
kyfESifh tawG;tac: jy\emESifh ywfouf+yD; rmhufpfutawG;tac:udk awG;awmqifjcifonfh yk rf S cGcJ mG I rjzpfEikd ?f kyo

f nf ajymif;vJr_ tm;vH;k
txufygusrf;)
. ta=umif;t&m (subject) jzpfonf? (txuf
rmhufpf. kyf0g'tbd"rRmudk azmfjy&mY vDeifu kyf0g'udk a,bk,stm;jzifh wuh,f
b0 (kyf) udk todtmkHcHpm;r_/ tawG@t}uKHwdk@ESifh uif;vGwfpGm "rR"dmefusus todtrSwf
jyKonf? todonf b0.a&mifjyef[yfr_omv#if jzpf+yD;/ tvGefqHk;tm;jzifh teD;pyfqHk;
rSefuefaom (jynfpHkaom/ tvGefwdusaom) a&mifjyef[yfr_jzpfonf? (vDeif/ kyf0g'tawG@
t}uHKa0zefa&;rS)
qufvufI kyfonf u|efawmfwdk@. tmkHcHpm;aom udk,fcE<m tpdwftydkif;rsm;

ay:wGif jyKrlvkyfaqmif=u&if;/ tmkHcHpm;r_udk xkwfvkyfay;onf? kyf/ obm0/ owW0g/
kyfydkif;qdkif&m (physical) onf rlv t"du yxrjzpf+yD;/ pdwf"mwf/ tod/ tmkHcHpm;r_/ pdwf
txufygusrf;)
ydkif;qdkif&m (emrfydkif;) (Psychical) onf 'kwd,vufatmufcHjzpfonf? (txuf
urBmavmu. kyyf u
kH m;csyo
f nf ky.
f jyKrlvy_ &f mS ;jcif;ESihf ky.
f awG;ac: jcif; wd@k .
txufygusrf;)
kyfyHkum;csyfjzpfonf? (txuf
txufygusrf;)
OD;aESmufonf tawG;tac:. taqmufttHk cE<mudk,fjzpfonf? (txuf
(*) urBmavmuESifh if;.w&m;rsm;udk odem;vnfEdkifr_udk jiif;y,f+yD;/ u|efawmfwdk@.
todynmtay: rSDcdktm;xm;&r_udk r,Hk=unfbJ/ yuwdtrSefw&m;udk todtrSwfrjyKbJ/
urBmavmuonf ody`Hynmu b,fawmhrS rod&SdEdkifaom vHk;0 rdrdbmom&Sdaom t&m
rsm; (things in themselves) jzpfonf[k ,lqonfh pdw0f g'ESihf qef@usipf mG yif rmhupf f yk 0f g'
tbd"rRmu cH,x
l m;onfrmS urBmavmuESihf if;.w&m;rsm;udk tjynft
h 0 od&edS m;vnfEikd f
onf? u|efawmfwdk@. oabmw&m;qdkif&m todynmonf tawG@t}uHKESifh vufawG@.
prf;oyfppfaq;r_udk cH,lxm;onfhtwdkif; rSDcdktm;xm;&aom yuwdtrSefw&m;vuQ%m
aqmifaom todynmjzpfonf? urBmavmuY rodEikd af omt&m[lI r&S?d rodjrifao;aom
t&mrsm;om &Sdaeao;aomfvnf; ody`HynmESifh vufawG@}udK;yrf;r_rsm;u azmfxkwfod&SdEdkif
ygvrd rhf nf?
urBmavmuonf rod&SdEdkifbJ/ rod&SdEdkifaomrdrdbmom&Sdaeaomt&mrsm;

jzpfonf[k ppfwrf;xkwfxm;onfh uef@ (Kent) ESifhwjcm;pdwf0g'Drsm;udk a0zef&if;/ u|efawmf
wdk@. todynmonf rSDcdktm;xm;&aom todynmjzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;onfh kyf0g'ppfwrf;
udk umuG,fum tdef*,fu a&;om;cJhonfrSmtbd"rRmqdkif&m xl;qef;onfhtawG;rsm; tm;vHk;udk tjywfom;qHk;acsy&efrSm vuf
awG@jzpfonf? qdv
k o
kd nfrmS vufawG@prf;oyfrE_ iS hf pufrv
_ yk if ef;jzpfonf? obm0jzpfpOftay:
u|eaf wmfw@kd xifjrif,q
l csu.
f rSeu
f efru
_ kd u|eaf wmfw@kd bmomvkyaf qmif+yD; oufaojyEdik f
ygu/ obm0tajctaersm;rS xkwfEkwf,lum/ u|efawmfwdk@ &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk tvkyft
au|; jyKapEdik yf gu/ uef@0g'rD sm;. em;rvnfEikd af om rdrb
d mom&Sad omt&mrsm;onf vrf;
qHk;oGm;ayrnf? =o*Jepf"mwkaA' (organic chemistry) u wck+yD;wck pwif xkwf,ljy
oonftxd/ tyifrsm;ESifh owW0grsm;. cE<mudk,frsm;rS xkwfvkyfonfh "mwkj'yfrsm;onf
rdrdbmom&Sdaeaomt&mrsKd; qdkonfom jzpf+rJjzpfaecJhygonf? xdktcsdefusrS rdrdbm
om&Sad eaomt&monf u|eaf wmfw@kd twGuf t&m0wKjzpfvmonf? Oyrm ta&mifq;kd aq;
t,fvu
D &ifukd EG,yf ifwrsK;d rS&&SEd ikd af omfvnf;/ EG,yf ifukd 'kucQ rH pdu
k yf sK;d awmhbJ ydrk akd ps;ayg+yD;/
oufompGm&&SdEdkifonfh uwW&m;ap;rS xkwf,l&&SdEdkifvmonf? udkyg;eD;uyfpf. aep=um0Vm
pepfonf tESpf(300)wdkifwdkifrSef;qcsuf (hypothesis)w&yfomjzpfcJh+yD;/ tvGef@tvGef
jzpfcJonfh rSef;qcsufw&yfom jzpf+rJjzpfcJhonf? odk@aomf Tpepfu xkwf,lay;vdkufonfh
pm&if;Z,m;rsm; tultnDjzifh vmAm;&D;,m; (Leverrier) u xdkumv txd rod&SdcJhaom
+*dK[fwck&&dS rnfukd oufaojykrH u/ &S&d rnfah e&mudyk g wGucf sujf yonft
h cg/ *Jvaf v; (Galle)
u xdk+*dK[fudk wu,fyif awG@&Sdvmonfhtcg/ udkyg;eD;uyfpf.pepfonf oufaojy+yD;jzpf
um;vfrmhufpf vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom armfpudk 46/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm- 368
oGm;ygonf? (um;vf
368)
abmh'g;aemhAf/ bmZma&mhAf/ ,lpuD;ApfcsfESifh wjcm;rwfcsf.aemufvdkufrsm;udk zD;'D;0g'
(Fideism) (ody`Hynmxuf ,Hk=unfr_udk OD;pm;ay;aom azmufjyefonfhoabmw&m;
bmomjyefol) tjzpfpGyfpGJum/ u|efawmfwdk@. obm0w&m;qdkif&m ody`Henf;us todynm
onf rSDcdktm;xm;&aom todynmjzpf+yD;/ ody`Hynmw&m;onf yuwd trSefw&m;udk
udk,fpm;jyKonfqdkonfh xif&Sm;vSaom kyf0g'pmwrf;udk umuG,f&if; vDeifajymcJhonfrSmrsufarSmuf zD;'D;0g'onf ody`Hynmudk a,bk,srypfy,f/ ypfy,fonfrSm ody`Hynm
. csJ@um;xm;aom tcdkiftrmajymqdkcsufrsm;/ qdkvdkonfrSm yuwdtrSefw&m;tay:
tcdkiftrm ajymqdkcsufrsm;udkom jzpfonf? tu,fI (kyf0g'Drsm;pOf;pm;ovdk) yuwdtrSef
w&m; wnf&Sdaeygu/ vlom; tawG@t}uHKwGif jyifyurBmudk a&mifjyef[yf&if; obm0
odyyH` nmonfomv#if u|eaf wmfw@kd ukd yuwdtrSew
f &m; ay;Edik pf rG ;f &Syd gu/ zD;'D;0g'tm; vH;k udk
vDeif/ kyf0g'ESifh tawG@t}uHK0g'a0zefa&;/ pmrsufESm- 123/ 124
tuGif;rJhacszsuf+yD; jzpfonf? (vD
124)
txufygrsm;onf twdkcsKyftm;jzifh rmhufpfkyf0g'tbd"rRm. xl;jcm;xif&Sm;onfh
vuQ%mrsm;jzpfonf?
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;b0 avhvma&;ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ordkif; avhvma&;wdk@wGif kyf0g'tbd

"rRm. rlrsm;udk wdk;csJ@jyef@yGm;vkdufr_. }uD;rm;vSaom ta&;yg t&ma&mufr_ESifh vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;ordkif;ESifh ypPnf;rJhygwD. vufawG@v_yf&Sm;r_wdk@wGif Trlrsm;udk toHk;csvdkufr_.
}uD;rm;vSaom ta&;ygt&ma&mufr_udk tvG,fwul em;vnfEdkifygonf?
obm0tjcif;t&mESifh if;wkd@. tjyeftvSefrSDckdr_t=um; qufpyfr_onf obm0
jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_. w&m;jzpfygu/ vlrla&; b0tjcif;t&m. qufpyfr_ESifh tjyeftvSefrSDckdr_
onfvnf; a&SmifwcifudpP&yfr[kwfbJ/ vltzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. w&m;om jzpfygvdrfh
rnf?
xdk@a=umifh vlr_a&;b0/ vltzGJ@pnf;ordkif;onf a&SmifwcifudpPrsm; pk+yHKaygif;pyfxm;
jcif; r[kwfawmhbJ/ ykHrSefw&m;rsm;ESifhtnD vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ ordkif;jzpfvm+yD;/
vltzGJ@tpnf;ordkif; avhvma&;onf ody`Hynm&yfwpfckjzpfvmay+yD?
xd@k a=umifh ypPn;f rJyh gw.
D vufawG@vyk if ef;onf xl;c|eo
f nfyh *k Kd~ vfrsm;. pdwaf pwem
aumif;rsm;ay:wGifvnf;aumif;/ta=umif;jycsuf/wpfavmuvHk;qkdif&m usifh0wf
pojzifhwdk@. trdef@=oZmrsm;ay:wGifvnf;aumif;/ tajccHjyK&rnfr[kwfbJ vltzGJ@tpnf;
jzpfay: wdk;yGm;r_w&m;ESifh if;w&m;udk pl;prf;avhvmr_rsm; tay:wGif tajccH&rnf?
xdk@tjyif urBm}uD;onf od&Sdem;vnfEdkif+yD;/ obm0jzpfay:wdk;wufr_w&m;tay: u|ef
awmfwdk@. todynmonf rSDcdktm;xm;&aom todynmjzpfum/ yuwdtrSefw&m; t
"dym` ,faqmifygu/ if;rS&&SEd ikd o
f nfrmS vlra_ &;b0/ vltzG@J tpnf;jzpfay:wk;d yGm;r_w@kd onf vnf;
od&Sdem;vnfEdkifum vltzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_w&m;ESifhywfoufonfh ody`Hynm.
tcsut
f vuf ude;f *%ef;rsm;onf od&edS m;vnfEikd o
f nfh tcsut
f vuf ude;f *%ef;rsm; (data)
jzpfum yuwdtrSefw&m;rsm;tjzpf cdkifrmr_&SdcJhygonf?
xdk@a=umifh vltzGJ@tpnf;ordkif;. ody`Hynmonf vlr_a&;b0tjcif;t&m _yfaxG;r_
trsK;d rsK;d &Sad pumrl/ qd=k uygp@kd / ZD0aA'uJo
h @kd wdusonfh odyyH` nm&yfjzpfvmEdik u
f m vltzG@J tpnf;
jzpf a y:wk d ; yG m ;r_ w &m;rsm;uk d vuf a wG &nf & G , f c suf r sm;twG u f v nf ; toH k ; csEk d i f p G r f ;
vnf;&Sdayonf?
xkda=umifh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;ygwDonf rdrd. vufawGvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;wGif a&Smif
wcifta=umif;rsm; (Casual motives) . vrf;nefr_ukdrcHoifhbJ/ vltzGJtpnf;jzpfay:
wkd;yGm;a&;w&m;rsm;ESifh if;w&m;rsm;rS vufawG@ed*kH;csKyfcsufrsm;. vrf;!efr_udkom cH,loifh
onf?
xkda=umifh qkd&S,fvpf0g'onf vlom;rsm;. ykdrkd om,maom tem*wftdrfrufw&yfrS
odyyH` nmw&yftjzpfo@kd ajymif;vJomG ;onf? xkad =umifh odyyH` nmESihf vufawG@aqmif&u
G cf suf
rsm;t=um;/ oabmw&m;ESihf vufawG@t=um; qufo,
G rf /_ if;wk@d . nDnw
$ rf w
_ @dk onf ypPn;f rJh
vlwef;pm;ygwDw&yf. vrf;!ef=u,fwHcGef jzpfoifhygonf?
xkd jyif obm0/ owW0g/ kyu

f rBmavmuonf rlvtp jzpf+yD;/ todtawG;tac:onf
'kw,
d vufatmufct
H &mjzpfygu/ kyu
f rBmavmuonf yuwdtrSejf zpf+yD;/ vlrsm;. todrS
trSDckduif;pGm wnf&Sdaeum/ todonfvnf; yuwdtjzpfrSef. a&mifjyef[yfcsufjzpf ygu/
vltzGJ@tpnf;kyfb0/ if;.jzpfwnfr_onfvnf; rlvtpjzpfum/ if;. pdwfykdif;b0 onf
'kwd, vufatmufcHt&m jzpfvdrfhrnf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; kyfb0onf yuwdtrSef jzpf+yD;/
vlrsm;. pdwfqENESifh uif;uGmpGm wnf&Sdaeum/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. pdwfykdif;b0onf
TyuwdtjzpfrSef. a&mifjyef[yfcsuf/ owW0g.a&mifjyef[yfcsufaywnf;//
xk@d a=umifh vl@tzG@J tpnf;. pdwyf idk ;f b0wnfaqmufjcif;. rlvtp/ vlra_ &;tawG;rsm;/
vlr_a&;oabmw&m;rsm;/ EkdifiHa&;tjrifrsm;ESifh EkdifiHa&; taqmufttkHrsm;. rlvZpfjrpfudk
tawG;rsm;/ oabmw&m;tjrifrsm;ESifh EkdifiHa&;taqmufttkHrsm;xJwGifom &SmazGjcif;
rjyKoifhbJ/ TtawG;rsm;/ oabmw&m;rsm;tjrifrsm; ponfwkd@u a&mifjyef[yfjyaeonfh
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;/ kyfb0ta=umif;tcsufrsm;/ vlr_a&;b0wkd@wGif &SmazG&rnf?
xkd a=umifh vl@tzG@J tpnf;orkid ;f . rwlaomumvrsm;wGif rwlaom vlra_ &; tawG;rsm;/
oabmw&m;rsm;/ tjrif r sm;/ Ek d i f i H a &;taqmuf t tk H r sm;uk d vk d u f e musif h o k H ; &ygu
aus;u|efpepfatmufwGif vlr_a&;tawG;rsm;/ oabmw&m;rsm;/ tjrifrsm;ESifh EkdifiHa&;
taqmufttkHuwrsKd;/ ya'o&mZfpepfatmufwGif wrsKd;ESifh t&if;&Sifpepf atmufwGif
tjcm;wrsKd;ukd u|efawmfwkd@awG@ae&ygu/ obm0 ESifh tawG;rsm;/ oabmw&m;rsm;/
tjrifrsm;ESifh EkdifiHa&; taqmufttkHukd,fYwkd@. ykdifqkdifonfhypPnf;rsm; (properties) wkd@u
&Sif;vif;jyo&ef r[kwfbJ/ vlr_jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_. rwlaomumvrsm;&Sd vltzGJ@tpnf;kyfb0
. rwlaomta=umif;tcsufrsm;u &Sif;vif;jyoygvdrfhrnf?
vltzGJ@tpnf;. obm0onf rnfokd@yifjzpfaeygap/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;kyfb0. t
a=umif;tcsufrsm;onf rnfokd@yifjzpfaeygap/ Tonfrsm;onf xkdvltzGJ@tpnf;. t
awG;rsm;/ oabmw&m;rsm;/ EkdifiHa&;tjrifrsm;ESifh/ EkdifiHa&;taqmufttkHrsm; jzpfonf//
TtcsufESifhywfoufI rmhufpfajymonfrSm vlwkd@.todu if;wkd@.b0 (being)
ukdqkH;jzwfvkdufonfr[kwf/ qef@usifbuftm;jzifh if;wkd. vlr_a&;b0u if;wkd@.todukd
um;vfrmhufpf/ vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-300
qkH;jzwfvkdufjcif;jzpfonf? (um;vf
-300)
xkda=umifh ay:vpDwGif trSm;rjyKrd&ef/ pdwful;,Oftdyfruf rufaeolrjzpf&ef/ ypPnf;rJh
ygwDonf rdrd.vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ukd taumiftxnfrJhaom vlom;rsm;.ta=umif;
jycsufrlrsm;ukd (principle of human reson) tay:tajcrcH&bJ/ vlr_jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_.
tqkH;tjzwfay;aom tiftm;tjzpf vltzGJ@tpnf;kyfb0 tckdiftrm ta=umif;tcsufrsm;
ay: tajccH&rnf? }uD;jrwfaomolrsm;. apwemaumif;rsm;ay:wGif tajcrcHbJ/
vltzGJ@tpnf; kyfb0jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. wu,fhvdktyfcsufrsm;tay: tajccH&rnf?
ema&m'fepf0g'Drsm;/ rif;rJhrsm;ESifh qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; tygt0if pdwful;
,Oform;rsm; usqHk;oGm;&jcif;rSm wjcm;ta=umif;rsm;tjyif/ olwkd@onf vltzGJ@tpnf;jzpf
ay: wk;d yGm;r_wiG f vlr_ yk b

f 0ta=umif;tcsurf sm;. t"duyg0if&mtcef;udk todtrSwrf jyKbJ/
pdwf0g'wGif oufqif;usqif;um/ olwdk@. vufawG@vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk vltzGJ@tpnf;
kyfb0jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_. vdktyfcsufrsm;tay: tajcrcHbJ/ xdkvdktyfcsufrsm;rS trSDcdkuif;pGm
qef usif p G m yif vl tzG J @ tpnf ; wu,f h b 0rS uif ; uG m aeonf h pH j ypD r H u d e f ; rsm;ES i f h
tm;vHk;t}uHK;0ifonfh pDrHcsufrsm;tay: tajcjyKcJh=uaoma=umifhwnf;?
rmhufpf/ vDeif0g'. pGrf;tm;ESifh &Sifoefaer_rSm rdrdvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk vltzGJ@tpnf;
kyfb0jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. vdktyfcsufrsm;tay:wGif tajccH+yD;/ vltzGJ@tpnf; wu,fhb0
ESifhrnfonfhtcgr# ruif;uGmaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
odk@aomfvnf; rmhufpfpum;rsm;t& vlr_a&;t,ltqrsm;/ oabmw&m;rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;
tjrifrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;taqmufttHkrsm;onf vltzGJ@tpnf;b0tay: rnfonfht"dy`m,frS
r&S[
d v
k nf;aumif;/ if;wd@k onf vlrb
_ 0tay:/ vltzG@J tpnf;kyb
f 0 ta=umif;tcsurf sm;.
jzpfay:wk;d yGm;r_tay: tjyeftvSet
f m;jzifh tusK;d oufa&mufrr_ &S[
d k vnf;aumif; rqdv
k adk y?
u|efawmfwkd@ ,ckxdajymqdkae=uonfrSm vlr_t,ltqrsm;/ oabmw&m;rsm;/ tjrifrsm;ESifh
EdkifiHa&;taqmufttHkrsm;. rlvtp/ if;wkd@ay:xGufvmonfhenf;/ vltzGJ@tpnf;.
pdwfydkif;b0onf if;.kyfb0ta=umif;tcsufrsm;. a&mifjyef[yfcsufjzpfonfqdkonfh t
csufjzpfonf? vlr_t,ltqrsm;/ oabmw&m;rsm; tjrifrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;taqmufttHk.
t"dy`m,fESifhywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ ordkif;twGif;&Sd if;wdk@. tcef;uESifhywfoufI
vnf;aumif;/ ordkif;kyf0g'onf rypfy,fkHru/ vltzGJ@tpnf;b0wGifvnf;aumif;/ if;.
ordkif;wGifvnf;aumif;/ Ttcsufrsm;. ta&;}uD;aom tcef;uESifht"dy`m,fudk tav;
xm;aazmfjyvdkufonf?
vlr_t,ltqrsm;ESifh oabmw&m;rsm;onf trsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHk rwluGJjym;pGm&Sd=uonf?
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. aotHhqJqJ tiftm;pkrsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk tvkyftau|;jyK+yD;/ acwfukef
oGm;+yDjzpfaom t,ltqa[mif;rsm;ESifh oabmw&m;a[mif;rsm;&Sdonf? if;wdk@. t"d
y`m,frSm if;wkd@onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_/ a&S@odk@wkd;wufr_wdk@udk qkwfqdkif;aponf?
xdk@tjyif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. wkd;wufaomtiftm;pk. tusLd;pD;yGm;udk tvkyf tau|;jyKonfh
a&S@wef;a&mufaom t,ltqopfrsm;ESihf oabmw&m;opfrsm; &So
d nf? if;wd@k . t"dym` ,frmS
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_/ a&S@odk@wdk;wufr_wkd@udk vsifjrefacsmarmap+yD;/ vltzGJ@tpnf;
kyfb0jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ vkdtyfcsufrsm;udk ydkrdkwduspGm a&mifjyef[yfEdkifonfESifhtr# if;wdk@.
t"dy`m,fonfvnf; ydkrdk}uD;rm;ayonf?
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif vl@tzGJ@tpnf; kyfb0jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_u tvkyfwm0efopfrsm;udk
csrw
S v
f yk af qmifvmrSomv#i/f opfviG af omvlrt
_ ,ltqrsm;ESihf oabmw&m;rsm;ay:xGuf
vmEdkifonf? odk@aomf TuJhodk@ay:xGufvmonfESifhw+ydKifeuf/ vltzGJ@tpnf; kyfb0jzpf
ay:wkd;yGm;r_u csrSwfvkyfaqmifonfhtvkyfwm0efopfrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif
vsifjrefoufom vG,fulacsmarmaponfh tpGrf;t&SdqkH; tiftm;pktjzpfvnf;aumif;/ vl

tzGJ@tpnf;.a&S@odk@wkd;wufr_udk vsifjrefacsmarG@aponfh tiftm;pkrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;
a&muf&o
dS mG ;ayonf? Tae&monf twdtustm;jzihf opfviG af om t,ltqrsm;/ opfviG f
aom oabmw&m;rsm;/ opfviG af om Edik if aH &;tjrifrsm;ESihf opfviG af om Edik if aH &; taqmuf
ttHkrsm;. }uD;rm;vSaom pnf;kH;/ v_Haqmf/ jyKjyifajymif;vJEdkifonfh wefzdk;udk txift&Sm;
azmfjyEdik af omae&myifwnf;? opfviG af om vlrt
_ ,ltqrsm;ESihf oabmw&m;rsm; ay:xGuf
vmjcif;rSm if;wkd@udk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGuf vdktyfaoma=umifhom jzpf+yD;/ if;wdk@. pnf;kH;/
v_Haqmf/ jyKjyifajymif;vJypfaom v_yf&Sm;r_rSdbJ? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; kyfb0jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_.
avmavmq,f vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifEdkifrnf r[kwaf oma=umifhvnf;jzpfonf?
vl@tzGJ@tpnf; kyfb0jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_u csrSwfvdkufonfh wm0ef0wW&m;opfrsm;rS xGufay:
vmonfh opfvGifaom vlr_t,ltqrsm;ESifh oabmw&m;rsm;onf rdrdvrf; rdrdxGifum
vlxku ydkifqdkifoGm+yD;/ vltzGJ@tpnf;. aotHhqJqJtiftm;pkrsm;udk qef@usifwkdufcdkuf&ef
vlxkudk pnf;kH;odrf;oGif; v_Haqmfvkdufonf? Tenf;jzifh vltzGJ@tpnf;. kyfb0jzpfay:
wd;k yGm;r_ukd qkwq
f ikd ;f wk@H aES;aponf? Ttiftm;pkrsm;udk jzKwfcs&mwGif vsijf refv,
G u
f al ponf?
vl@tzGJ@tpnf; kyfb0jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. avmavmq,f vkyfief;wm0eftajccHay:rS
ay:xGufvmonfh vlr_t,ltqrsm;/ oabmw&m;rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;taqmufttHkrsm;ESifh
vlr_b0jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_wkd@onf vlr_b0ESifh vltzGJ@tpnf;kyfb0tay: wkH@jyefa&mifjyef[yf
+yD;/ vltzGJ@tpnf;kyfb0. avmavmq,fwm0efrsm; qHk;cef;wdkifatmif taumifxnfazmf
&efvnf;aumif;/ if;. qufvufjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_jzpfEdkif&efvnf;aumif;/ vdktyfonfh
ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udk zefwD;ay;vdkufonf?
TtcsufESifhywfouf+yD; rmhufpfuoabmw&m;onf vlxkudk qkyfudkifrdvdkufonfESifh w+ydKifeuf kyf0wKtiftm;w&yf
rmhufpf/ tdef*,fusrf; twGJ 11)
jzpfvmonf (rmh
xdk@a=umifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf; kyfb0ta=umif;tcsufrsm;tay: =oZm*,ufdkufap&efESifh
if;wdk@. jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ESifh wdk;wufaumif;rGefr_wdk@udk t&Sdefjrifhap&ef ypPnf;rJhygwDonf vl@
tzGJ@tpnf; kyfb0wdk;yGm;r_. vdktyfcsufrsm;udk rSefuefpGm a&mifjyef[yfonfh vlr_oabm
w&m;/ vlr_t,ltqtay: rDScdk&rnfjzpf+yD;/ odk@rSomv#if us,fjyef@vSaomvlxk}uD;udk v_yf
&Sm;apEdkif+yD;/ }uD;jrwfvSaom ypPnf;rJhygwD. wyfrawmf}uD;w&yftjzpf if;wdk@udk v_Haqmf
pnf;kH;odrf;oGif; EdkifpGrf;&Sd+yD;/ azmufjyefaomtiftm;pkrsm;udk acsr_ef;&efESifh vltzGJ@tpnf; .
wdk;wufaomtif;tm;pkrsm;twGuf vrf;&Sif;ay;&ef jyifqifEdkifayrnf?
pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh rif&SDApfrsm;usqHk;&jcif;rSm wjcm;ta=umif;rsm;tjyif olwdk@onf
wd;k wufaomoabmw&m;/ wd;k wufaomt,ltqrsm;. v_H aqmf/ pnf;k;H jyKjyifajymif;vJEikd f
onfh tcef;uudk todtrSwfrjyKbJ/ odrf;zsif;aomkyf0g'wGif oufqif;epfjrKyfum/ T
tcsufrsm;.tcef;uudk oknodk@a&mufvkeD;yg;xd av#mhcsum Tenf;jzifh ygwDudk rwuf

ruGESifh acgif;yg;iwfrGwfatmif vkyfvdkufaoma=umifhvnf; jzpfayonf?
rmhufpf/ vDeif0g'. pGrf;tm;ESifh &Sifoefaer_rSm vl@tzGJ@tpnf;kyfb0 jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_.
vdktyfcsufrsm;udk rSefuefpGma&mifjyef[yfonfh wkd;wufonfh oabmw&m;tay: rSDcdkjcif;/
oabmw&m;udk a&muf&Sdonfha&csdeftxdjrifhwifum Toabmw&m;. v_Haqmfpnf;kH;/
jyKjyifajymif;vGJEdkifonfh pGrf;tm;udk tjynfht0toHk;cs&efrSm rdrdwm0eftjzpf,lqjcif;qdkonfh
tcsufrS &&Sdonf?
TonfrSm vlr_b0ESifhvlr_todwkd@. qufqHr_/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;kyfb0 jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_
ta=umif;tcsufrsm;ESifh pdwfydkif;b0 jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_wdk@. qufqHr_wdk@. jy\emtay:
ordkif;kyf0g'u ay;tyfonfhtajzjzpfayonf?
3? ordkif;kyf0g'
,ck&Sif;vif;&ef usef&Sdaomjy\emrSm aemufqHk; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmr_t& vltzGJ@tpnf;.
toGiftjyif/ if;. t,ltqrsm;/ tjrifrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;taqmufttHkrsm; tp&Sdonfwdk@udk
tqH;k tjzwfay;onfh vltzG@J tpnf; kyb
f 0 ta=umif;tcsurf sm; qdo
k nfrmS ordik ;f ky0f g'
tjrift& bmudkqdkvdkygoenf;?
aemufqHk;wGif T vltzGJ@tpnf;kyfb0 ta=umif;tcsufrsm;u tb,fenf;? if;
wdk@. xl;jcm;onfh vuQ%mrsm;um; tb,fenf;?
vltzGJ@tpnf; kyfb0ta=umif;tcsufrsm;qdkonfh,lqcsufwGif yxrtm;jzifh vl@
tzGJ@tpnf;udk 0dkif;&Hxm;onfh obm0ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;kyfb0wGif rvGwfwrf;&Sd&rnfh wnf
wef@cikd +f rJaom ta=umif;tcsuv
f nf;jzpf/ xd@k a=umifyh if vl@tzG@J tpnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ tay:
=oZmt&Sdefvnf;&Sdaom yx0Dywf0ef;usifwdk@ yg0ifonfrSm oHo,&Sdp&mrvdkay? yx0D
ywf0ef;usifonf vltzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_wGif rnfonfhtcef;u yg0ifygoenf;? yx0D
ywf0ef;usifonf vltzGJ@tpnf;. toGiftjyif/ vlom;wdk@. vlr_pepf. vuQ%m/ pepfwck
rS pepfwckodk@ul;ajymif;r_wdk@wGif tqHk;tjzwfayonfh t"dutiftm;pk jzpfygovm;?
orkdif;kyf0g'u Tjy\emtay: qef@usifbuftajzay;vkdufonf//
yx0Dywf0ef;usifonf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_. wnfwef@ckdif+rJaom rvGwf
wef;&Sd&rnfh ta=umif;tcsufw&yfjzpfonfrSm rjiif;ombJ/ xkd@a=umifhyif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_tay: =oZm*,ufoufa&mufapum/ if;.wkd;yGm;r_ukd t&Sdefjrefapjcif;/
ok@d r[kwf aES;auG;apjcif; jzpfEidk af yonf? ok@d aomf if;.=oZm*,ufrmS tqH;k tjzwfay;onfh
=oZm*,uf r[kwfyg? ta=umif;rSm vl@tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ESifh ajymif;vJr_rsm;onf
yx0Dywf0ef;usif jzpfay:wk;d yGm;r_EiS hf ajymif;vJrr_ sm;xuf r,SOo
f mavmufatmif vsijf refw;dk
wufaoma=umifjh zpfonf? ESpaf ygi;f ok;H axmifumvtwGi;f Oa&myY rwljcm;em;onfh vlrp_ epf
3 ck/ a&S;bkHpepf/ aus;u|efpepfESifh ya'o&mZfpepf qufwkduf tpm;xkd; ajymif;vJ cJhonf?

Oa&myta&S@yidk ;f ESihf qkAd ,
D ufjynfaxmifpw
k iG f vlrp_ epfav;ckr#yif tpm;xk;d ajymif; vJco
hJ nf?
odk@aomf xkdumvtwGif; Oa&my. yx0Dtajctaeonf vkH;0rajymif;vJwmaomf
vnf;aumif; okd@r[kwf yx0Du *krjyKrdonfhtao;tzGJ ajymif;vJr_r#aomfvnf;aumif;
jzpfcJhonf? TonfrSmvnf; obm0usayonf? ta&;ygonfh yx0Dtaetxm; tajymif;
tvJrsm; ay:ayguf&ef ESpfoef;aygif;rsm;pGm vkdtyfaomfvnf; vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;pepfwGif
ta&;}uD;onfh ajymif;vJr_rsm;jzpfap&efrSm ESpf&mtcsKd odk@r[kwf tESpf ESpfaxmifcef@r#jzifh
vHkavmufayonf?
TtcsufrS odEdkifonfrSm yx0Dywf0ef;usifonf vlr_jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_. t"dut
a=umif;t&if;/ tqH;k tjzwfay;onfh ta=umif;t&if; rjzpfEikd ?f ta=umif;rSm ESpf axmif aomif;
csDaeonfhumvtwGif; rajymif;rvJ wnf&SdaeEdkifaomt&monf ESpf&mtenf;i,f twGif;
t&if;tjrpfrS ajymif;vGJoGm;Edkifonfht&m. jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. t"duta=umif; t&if;
rjzpfEdkifaoma=umifhaywnf;?
xk@d tjyif vltzG@J tpnf; kyb
f 0ta=umif;tcsurf sm; .,lqcsuw
f iG f vlO;D a&wk;d yGm;rl/
vlOD;a&odyfonf;r_wkd@ yg0ifaeonfrSmvnf; oHo,&Sdp&mrvdkay? ta=umif;rSm vlrsm;onf
vl@tzG@J tpnf; kyb
f 0ta=umif;tcsurf sm;. r&Srd jzpf tpdwt
f ydik ;f w&yfjzpf+y;D / tedrq
hf ;kH vlO;D a&
twdtusta&twGuf r&Sb
d /J vl@tzG@J tpnf;kyb
f 0 r&Sad oma=umifh jzpf onf? vlO;D a&wk;d yGm;r_
onf vl o m;rsm;. vl a er_ p epf v uQ % mud k tqH k ; tjzwf a y;onf h t"d u tif t m;pk
r[kwfygavm?
orkdif;kyf0g'u Tjy\emtay:wGifvnf; qef@usifbuftajzay;vkdufjyefonf?
trSeyf if vlO;D a&wd;k yGm;r_u vltzG@J tpnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_tay: =oZm*,ufu
kd f Edik +f yD;/
vltzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_udk vsifjrefacsmarG@apjcif;/ odk@r[kwf aESmifhaES;apjcif;rsm;
jzpfapEdkifaomfvnf;/ if;onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. t"dutif;tm;pk rjzpfEdkifbJ/
vltzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_tay: if;.=oZm*,ufonf tqHk;tjzwfay;onfh =oZm
*,ufr[kwaf cs? tb,fa=umifq
h akd omf vlO;D a&wd;k yGm;r_ yifu,
kd u
f wpkw
H pfcak om vlrp_ epf
udk tb,fa=umifh tjcm;aompepfwck r[kwb
f /J Tod@k aom opfviG o
f nfh vlrp_ epfu tpm;
xd;k 0ifa&mufvmonfuv
kd nf;aumif;/ a&S;bHpk epfu aus;u|epf epfo@kd omvnf;aumif;/ aus;
u|efpepfu ya'o&mZfpepfokd@omvnf;aumif;/ ya'o&mZfpepfu t&if;&Sifpepfodk@om
vnf;aumif; ajymif;vGJoGm;+yD;/ tjcm;pepfrsm;odk@ tb,fa=umifh rajymif;vJ&onfudkvnf;
aumif; &Sif;jyEdkifonfh oJvGefpudkyif ray;Edkifaoma=umifhyifjzpfonf?
vlO;D a&wd;k yGm;r_onf vlrj_ zpfay:wd;k yGm;r_. tqk;H tjzwftiftm;pk jzpfygu vlO;D a& ydrk kd
jrifrh m;odyo
f nf;r_u if;wk@d EiS hf avsmn
f aD om ydrk jkd rifrh m;onfh vlrp_ epftrsK;d tpm;udk r vGrJ aoG
ay:xGufap&ayrnf? odk@aomf TuJhodk@ u|efawmfwdk@rawG@&ay? wkwfjynf. vlOD;
a&odyfonf;r_onf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkxuf av;qjrifhaomfvnf; vlr_jzpfay:wdk;yGm;
r_E_ef; t&qdk&if tar&duefu wkwfjynfxufjrifhaeayonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf wkwf

jynfwGif ya'o&mZfwydkif;pepfu v$rf;rdk;aeqJjzpf+yD;/ tar&duefurl t&if;&Sifpepf jzpf
ay:wd;k yGm;r_. tjrifq
h ;Hk pepfo@kd a&mufaeonfrmS umv&Sn=f um&Scd +hJ yD;jzpfonf? b,fvf *s,
D .
H
vlOD;a&odyfonf;r_onf tar&duefxuf 19 q &SdcJh+yD;/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkxuf26 q
jrifhrm;aeonf? odk@aomf vlr_jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_E_ef;xm;t& b,fvf*sD,Honf tar&duef xuf
edrfhusae+yD;/ qdkAD,ufESifhrl ordkif;acwfumv wckvkH; aemufusaeayonf? ta=umif;rSm
b,fvf*sD,HwGif t&if;&Sifpepf v$rf;rdk;ae+yD;/ qdkAD,ufwGifrl t&if;&Sifpepf tqkH;owfoGm;+yD;/
qkd&S,fvpfpepf wnfaqmufxm;+yD; jzpfaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
Tonfudk=unfhygu vlOD;a&;wdk;yGm;r_onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. t"du
tiftm;pk/ vlr_pepf.vuQ%m vl@tzGJ@tpnf;.toGiftjyifudk tqkH;tjzwfay;onfh tif
tm;pk [kwfvnf;r[kwfcJh/ jzpfvnf;rjzpfEdkif qdkonfyifjzpfygonf?
(u) TuJhodk@qdkygu vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toGiftjyif/ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;. vuQ%mESifh
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;pepftwGif; pepfwckrSwckodk@ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_udk tqkH;tjzwfay;onhf vl@tzGJ@
tpnf; kyfb0ta=umif;tcsufpepfwGif t"dutiftm;pkrSm tb,fenf;?
ordkif;kyf0g'u ,lqxm;onfrSm Ttiftm;pkonf vlom;rsm;. touf&SifwnfSdr_
twGuf vdktyfaom b0qdkif&mypPnf;rsm; &&Sdapaomenf;em (method of procuring the
means of life)/ tpma&pm/ t0wftxnf/ zdeyf/ aetdrf/ avmifpm/ xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,m
tp&Sad om vl@tzG@J tpnf;ESijhf zpfay:wd;k wufrt
_ wGuf r&Srd jzpf vdt
k yfaom ky0f wK"eOpPmrsm;
. xkwfvkyfa&;enf;em (mode of production of material values)wkd jzpfonf?
touf&Sifaexdkifzdk@twGuf vlrsm;onf tpm/ t0wf/ zdeyf/ aetdrf/ avmifpm tp
&Sdonfwdk@&Sd&rnf? Tkyf0wK "eOpPmrsm;&&Sd&ef vlrsm;onf if;wdk@udk xkwfvkyf&rnf? T
onfrsm;udk xkwfvkyf&ef vlom;rsm; tpm/ t0wf/ zdeyf/ aetdrf/ avmifpm tp&Sdonfwdk@
xkwv
f yk Ef ikd o
f nfh xkwv
f yk af &;ud&,
d mrsm; &S&d rnf? olwdk onf Tud&,
d mrsm;ukd xkwv
f yk Ef ikd f
pGrf;/ tokH;csEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnf?
kyf0wK"eOpPmrsm;udk xkwfvkyfay;Edkifonfh xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mrsm; wpkHw&maom
xkwv
f yk af &;tawG@t}uKH ESihf tvkyu
f |r;f usirf w
_ @dk a=umif/h xkwv
f yk af &;ud&,
d mrsm;udk udik f wG,f
vkyfaqmif+yD;/ kyf0wK"eOpPmxkwfvkyfa&;rsm;udk qufvufvkyfudkifaeonfh vlrsm;/
Ttpdwftydkif;rsm;tm;vkH;onf waygif;wpnf;wnf;yif vltzGJ@tpnf;. xkwfvkyfa&;
tiftm;pkrsm; (productive force) jzpfonf?
odk@aomf xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pk}uD;onf xkwfvkyfa&;. bufwzufomjzpfonf? kyf
0wK"eOpPmrsm; xkwv
f yk &f ef tok;H jyKonfh t&m0wKrsm;ESihf obm0tiftm;pkrsm;ESihf vlw@kd .
qufqHr_udk azmfjyonfh xkwfvkyfa&;enf;em. bufwzufomjzpfonf? xkwfvkyfa&;.
tjcm;bufwzuf/ xkwv
f yk af &;enf;em. tjcm;bufwzufonf xkwv
f yk af &;jzpfpOftwGi;f /
vlwOD;ESifh wOD;t=um;qufqHa&;/ vlrsm;. xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_ (mens relations of
production) jzpfonf? vlrsm;onf wOD;ESiw

hf OD;uif;uGm+yD;/ wOD;csi;f yk*K~ v
d t
f aejzifh r[kw=f u
bJ twlwuG wpkwpnf;wnf;jzifh tkyfpkrsm;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;taeESifh obm0udk wdkufyGJ

qif=u+yD;/ kyfb0"eOpPmrsm; xkwfvkyf&ef obm0udk tokH;cs=uonf? xdk@a=umifh xkwfvkyf
a&;qdkonfrSm tcsdefwdkif;/ ta=umif;tcsufwdkif;Y vlr_xw
k v
f yk af &; (social) jzpfonf? kyf
0wK"eOpPmrsm;xkwv
f yk &f mwGif vlrsm;onf xkwv
f yk af &;twGi;f tjyeftvSeq
f ufqrH _ wrsK;d
r[kwfwrsKd;wGif 0ifa&mufyg0ifvm=uonf? xdkqufqHa&;rsm;onf aoG;pkyfr_uif;aom
ylaygif;aqmif&Gufr_ESifh tjyeftvSefulnDaom qufqHa&;aomfvnf;aumif;/ pkd;rkd;vGrf;rkd;r_ESifh
emcH&jcif;. qufqHa&;aomfvnf;aumif;/ aemufqkH;tm;jzifh xkwfvkyfr_ qufqHa&;omef
wckrSwckokd@ ul;ajymif;aom qufqHa&;aomfvnf;aumif; jzpfayvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf rnfodk@
aom xkwfvkyfr_qufqHa&; vuQ%myifjzpfap t+rJojzifhESifh pepfwdkif;wGif if;wdk@onf
vltzGJ@tpnf;. xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkuJhodk@yif xkwfvkyfa&;wGif r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfonhf t
pdwftydkif; jzpfaeayrnf?
rmhufpfuajymonfrSm- xkwfvkyfa&;wGif vlrsm;onf obm0ESifh omru/ wOD;ESifh
wOD;vnf; jyKrlvy_ &f mS ;=uonf? olw@kd onf wpkw
H ckaom enf;vrf;t& yl;aygi;f vkyaf qmifum
if;wdk@. vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk tjyeftvSef zvS,f=ujcif;jzifhomv#if xkwfvkyfa&;udk vkyf
Edkif=uonf? xkwfvkyfEdkif&eftwGuf olwdk@onf wOD;ESifhwOD;qufoG,fr_/ qufqHr_wdk@ twd
tus &Sd&rSmjzpf+yD;/ Tvlr_qufoG,fr_rsm;ESifh qufqHr_rsm; twGif;rSmomv#if obm0 tay:
um;vf rmhufpf vuf a&G;pifusrf;/
if;wdk@. jyKrlvkyfaqmifcsuf/ xkwfvkyfa&;wdk@ &SdaeEdkifonf? (um;vf
twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-211
-211)
tusKd;quftm;jzifh xkwfvkyfa&;/ xkwfvkyfa&;enf;emonf vl@tzGJ@pnf;xkwfvkyfa&;

tiftm;pkrsm;ESihf vlw@dk .xkwv
f yk af &;qufqrH _ 2 ckpvk;H udk v$r;f +cHKxm;+yD;/ Tenf;jzifh ky0f wK
"eypPnf;rsm; xkwfvkyfa&;jzpfpOfwGif if;wdk@. nD!Gwfr_udk tckdiftrmazmfjyonf?
(c) xkwfvkyfa&;. yxr xl;jcm;onfhvuQ%mmrSm/ if;onf wae&mwnf;wGif umv
&Sn=f umpGm rnfonft
h cgr# raebJ/ tpOft+rJ ajymif;vJjzpfay:wd;k yGm;aeonft
h jyif/ xkwv
f yk f
a&;enf;emtwGif; ajymif;vJr_rsm;u vlr_pepfwckvkH;/ vlr_t,ltqrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;tjrifrsm;/
EdkifiHa&;taqmufttkHrsm;twGif; ajymif;vJr_rsm;udk rvGJraoG awmif;qdkvmonf? vlr_ESifh
Edik if aH &; taetxm;wckv;Hk udk jyKjyifwnfaqmuf&ef awmif;qdv
k monf? rwlaom jzpfay:wd;k
yGm;r_ tqifhtoD;oD;wGif vlwdk@onf rwlonfh xkwfvkyfa&;enf;emrsm;udk tokH;jyK=uonf?
odk@r[kwf t=urf;tm;jzifhqdk&aomf b0ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd; jzwfcJh&onf? a&S;bkHpepfwGif xkwfvkyf
a&; enf;emwrsKd;/ aus;u|efpepfwGif aemufxkwfvkyfa&; enf;emwrsKd;/ ya'o&mZfpepfwGif
xkwfvkyfa&;enf;em wwd,wrsKd;tp&Sdojzifh jzpfonf? aemufvlwkd@. vlr_pepfESifh avsmfnD
pGmyif if;wdk@. pdwfydkif;b0/ if;wdk@. tjrifrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&; taqmufttkHrsm;onfvnf;
trsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;aeayonf?
vltzGJ@tpnf;. xkwfvkyfa&;enf;em rnfodk@yifjzpfapumrl t"durSm vltzGJ@tpnf;

udk,fwdkifESifh if;.t,ltqrsm;ESifh oabmxm;rsm;/ if;.EdkifiHa&;tjrifESifh taqmufttkH
rsm;jzpfonf? odk@r[kwf t=urf;tm;jzifhqdk&aomf vlwdk@. b0ykHomeftwdkif;yif vlwdk@.
awG;ac:r_yo
Hk mef&o
dS nf? qkv
d o
dk nfrmS vl@tzJ@G tpnf;jzpfay:wk;d yGm;r_onf tjcm;ta=umif;
rsm;tjyif xkwfvkyfa&;jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_.orkdif;/ ESpf&mpkrsm;twGif; wckukdwck tpm;xkd;cJh
aom xkwv
f yk af &;enf;em.orkid ;f xkwv
f yk af &;tif;tm;pkrsm;ESihf vlw@dk . xkwv
f yk af &; quf
qHr_ jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_orkdif;yif jzpfonf?
xkd@a=umifh vlr_jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_orkdif;onf wcsdefwnf;wGif kyf0wK"eOpPmrsm;ukd xkwf
vkyfolrsm;.orkdif; vl@tzGJ@tpnf; wnfwHha&;twGuf vkdtyfaom kyf0wK"eOpPmrsm; xkwf
vkyfa&;wm0efukd xrf;aqmif+yD;/ xkwfvkyfa&;jzpfpOfwGif t"dutiftm;jzpfonfh tvkyfo
rm;xkrsm;.orkid ;f jzpfonf?
xkd@a=umifh orkdif;ody`Hynmukd ppfrSefaomody`Hynm&yf wckjzpfvkdygu vlr_jzpfay:wkd;
yGm;r_orkdif;ukd &Sifbk&ifrsm;ESifh ppfAkdvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;. jyKrlv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ EkdifiHrsm;. atmif
Ekdifolrsm;ESifh odrf;ykdufolrsm; . jyKrlv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGifom uef@owfrxm;bJ tjcm;t
a=umif;rsm;xuf kyf0wK"eOpPm xkwfvkyfolrsm;.orkdif;/ tvkyform;xk.orkdif;/ jynfol
vlxk.orkdif;wGifom pl;pkduf=u&rnf?
xkda=umifh vltzGJ@tpnf;orkdif;qkdif&mw&m;rsm; avhvma&;oJvGefpukd vlrsm;.pdwf
rsm;rSvnf;aumif;/ vltzGJ@tpnf;. tjrifrsm;ESifh t,ltqrsm;rSvnf;aumif; &SmazG&ef
r[kwb
f /J wpkw
H ckaom orkid ;f umvtwGi;f &Sd vl@tzG@J tpnf;wGif usio
hf ;Hk cJo
h nfh xkwv
f yk af &;
enf;emwGif/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. pD;yGm;a&;b0wGif &SmazG=u&rnf?
xkd@a=umifh orkdif;ody`Hynm.xdyfwef;wm0efrSm xkwfvkyfa&;w&m;rsm;/ xkwfvkyfa&;
tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_rsm;. jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_w&m;rsm;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;pD;yGm;
a&; jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_w&m;rsm;ukd avhvmazmfxkwf&efjzpfayonf?
xk@d a=umifh ypPn;f rJyh gwo
D nf ppfreS af omygww
D &yf jzpfvydk gu wjcm;ta=umif;rsm; tjyif
xkwv
f yk af &; jzpfay:wk;d yGm;r_w&m;rsm; vl@tzG@J tpnf;. pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:wk;d yGm;r_w &m;rsm;.
todynm&Sdzkd@ vkdtyfygonf?
xk@d a=umifh ay:vpDrrSm;&ef ypPn;f rJyh gwo
D nf if;.vkyif ef;pOfrsm;ukd a&;qG&J mwGijf zpfap/
vufawG@vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;wGifjzpfap/ t"dutm;jzifh xkwfvkyfa&; jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_w&m;/
vl@tzJG@tpnf;pD;yGm;a&; jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_w&m;rsm;rS tpcsD&rnf?
(*) xkwfvkyfa&;. 'kwd,xl;jcm;onfhvuQ%mmrSm if;.ajymif;vJr_rsm;ESifh jzpfay:
wk;d yGm;r_rS xkwv
f yk af &;tiftm;pkrsm;. ajymif;vJrr_ sm;ESihf jzpfay:wk;d yGm;r_rS t+ro
J jzifh tpcscD +hJ y;D /
OD;pGmtm;jzifh xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mrsm;. ajymif;vJr_rsm;ESifh jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_u pwifayonf?
xk@d a=umifh xkwv
f yk af &;wGif xkwv
f yk af &;tiftm;pkrsm;onf tv_y&f mS ;qk;H ESihf tawmfveS q
f ;Hk
aomtpdwt
f ykid ;f jzpfonf? yxrwGif vl@tzG@J tpnf; xkwv
f yk af &;tiftm;pkrsm;u ajymif;vJ+y;D /
jzpfay:wkd;yGm;+yD;aemuf xkdajymif;vJr_rsm;tay: trDSjyKvsuf/ if;wkd@ESifh tnD vlwkd@. xkwf

vkyfa&;qufqHr_/ if;wkd@.pD;yGm;a&;qufqHr_rsm; ajymif;vJvmonf? okd@aomf Tonfu
xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_rsm;onf xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkrsm;. jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_tay: =oZm
oufa&mufrr_ &S/d wzefxw
k v
f yk af &;tif;tm;pkrsm; jzpfay:wk;d yGm;r_onf xkwv
f yk af &;qufqrH _
rsm;tay: trSrD jyK[krqkv
d ydk g? xkwv
f yk af &;tif;tm;pk jzpfay:wk;d yGm;r_tay: trDjS yKjzpfay:wk;d yGm;
vmaom xkwv
f yk af &;qufqrH r_ sm;onf wzefxw
k v
f yk af &; tiftm;pkrsm; jzpfay:wk;d yGm;r_tay:
jyefvnfw@Hk jyefum if;ukt
d &Sed jf refapjcif; ok@d r[kwf aES;auG;aESmifah ES;apjcif;jyKonf? Ttcsuf
wGif owdjyKoifhonfrSm xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_onf xkwfvkyfa&;tif;tm;pk }uD;xGm;vmr_.
aemufwGif tvGeftrif;=umpGm aemufusrusef&pfbJ/ if;ESifhvnf; ydyuQ jzpfraeay?
xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_onf xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkrsm;. vuQ%mtqifhtwef;ESifh qDavsmf
oifjh rwfvm+yD;/ ifw@kd .jzpfay:wd;k wufru
_ kd tpGr;f ukecf iG jhf yKrSomv#if xkwv
f yk af &;tiftm;pk
rsm;onfvnf; tjynft
h 0 wd;k wufjzpfay:rnfjzpfaoma=umifyh ifwnf;? xd@k a=umifh xkwv
f yk af &;
qufqHr_rsm;onf xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkrsm; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_aemuf rnfr#yif aemufusap
umrl if;wd@k onf taES;ESit
hf jref xkwv
f yk af &;tiftm;pkrsm;. jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_tqif/h xkwv
f yk f
a&;tiftm;pkrsm;.vuQ%mESifh udkufnDvm&onf? trSefyifudkufnDoGm;&rnfjzpfonf? odk@
f yk af &;pepfwiG f xkwv
f yk af &;tiftm;pkEiS hf xkwv
f yk af &;qufqrH w
_ @kd . nD!w
G f
r[kwyf gu xkwv
r_ukd tajccHtm;jzifh azmufzsurf /_ xkwv
f yk af &;wckv;Hk udk jzwfawmufr/_ xkwv
f yk af &; tusyf
twnf;/ xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkrsm;udk zsufqD;r_rsm;udk u|efawmfwdk@ awG@}uHK&ayrnf?
xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_rsm;ESifh xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkvuQ%mwdk@ rudkufnDbJ/ if;wdk@
t=um; twdu
k t
f cHjzpfaeonfh Oyrmw&yfrmS t&if;&SiEf ikd if rH sm;Sd pD;yGm;a&;uyfqu
kd rf r_ sm; jzpf+y;D /
xdkwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif xkwfvkyfa&;ypPnf;rsm;udk t&if;&Sif yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_pepfu xkwf
vkyfa&;jzpfpOf. vlr_vuQ%mESifhvnf;aumif;/ xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pk. vuQ%mESifh
vnf;aumif;/ tvGet
f rif;rqDravsmf jzpfaeygonf? Tonfu pD;yGm;a&;tusyt
f wnf;rsm;
udjk zpfay:ap+yD;/ xdrk w
S qifh xkwv
f yk af &;tiftm;pkrsm;. zsuq
f ;D r_o@kd qdu
k af &mufomG ;ap onf?
xd k tjyif TrqD a vsmf j zpf r _ r sm; ud k , f w d k i f y if v #if vl r _ a wmf v S e f a &;. pD ; yG m ;a&; t
ajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfae+yD;/ TawmfvSefa&;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm wnfSdaeqJ xkwfvkyfa&;qufqH
r_rsm;udk zsuo
f rd ;f &efEiS hf xkwv
f yk af &;tiftm;pkvuQ%mESihf udu
k n
f o
D nfh xkwv
f yk af &; quf
qHr_topfudk zefwD;&efjzpfonf?
qef@usifpGmyif xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_rsm;ESifh xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkrsm;. vuQ%mESifh
vk;H 0udu
k n
f aD om OyrmrSm qdAk ,
D ufjynfaxmifp&k dS qd&k ,
S v
f pftrsK;d om;pD;yGm;a&;wGif awG@jrif
Edkif+yD;/ xkwfvkyfa&;ypPnfrsm;udk vlr_ydkifqdkifr_pepfu xkwfvkyfa&;jzpfpOf. vlr_vuQ%mESifh
tjynfht0udkufnD+yD;/ if;a=umifhyif pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;rsm; xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkrsm;
. zsufqD;r_wdk@ r&SdEdkifacs?
tusK;d quftm;jzifh xkwv

f yk af &;tiftm;pkrsm;onf xkwv
f yk af &;wGif tv_y&f mS ;qk;H ESihf
tawmfvSefqkH;aom tpdwftydkif;jzpfonfomru xkwfvkyfa&;jzpfay:wdk;wufr_wGif tqkH;
tjzwfay;aom tpdwftydkif;vnf;jzpfayonf?
xkwv
f yk af &;tiftm;pk&o
dS nfh twdik ;f yif xkwv
f yk af &;qufqrH v
_ nf;&S&d rnf jzpfay onf?
vlrsm;vkdtyfonfh kyf0wK"eOpPmrsm; xkwfvkyf&mwGif rnfonfhxkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,m
rsm;udk tokH;jyKoenf;qkdaom ar;cGef;udkjynfpkHatmif xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pk tajctaeu
ajym=um;aepOf/ xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_ tajctaeu wjcm;ar;cGef;wckudk jynfhpkHatmif
ajz=um;ygonf? xkwfvkyfa&;ypPnf;rsm; (ajr,m/ opfawm/ a&/ "mwfowWK/ ukef=urf;/
xkwfvkyfa&; ud&d,m/ taqmuftOD;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;ESifh qufoG,fa&;ypPnf;rsm;
tp&Sdonf) udk rnfolu ydkifqdkif+yD;/ xkwfvkyfa&;ypPnf;rsm;udk rnfolu csKyfudkifxm;oenf;?
tjcm;olrsm;/ tpkrsm;/ vlwef;pm;rsm;udk aoG;pky&f ef Tt&mrsm;udk tok;H csorl sm;rSm vl@tzG@J
tpnf;wckvkH; odkr[kwf wOD;wa,muf/ tpkrsm; odk@r[kwf vlwef;pm;rsm;avm?
TonfrSm a&S;acwfrS ,ae@txd xkwfvkyfa&;jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. ykH=urf;jzpfonf?
ausmufkdif;ud&d,mrsm;rS av;ESifhjrm;odk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;onfhESifhrwl/ trJvdkufb0rS wd&dp>mef
arG;jrLa&;ESihf a&S;usaom u|/J EGm;arG;jrLa&;od@k ul; ajymif;oGm;jcif;/ ausmufvufeufu&d ,
d mrS
owWKud&d,m (oHaygufqdef/ oHx,foGm;wyfqifxm;aom opfom; v,ffxGefud&d,mrsm;
ponfwkd@) okd@ ul;ajymif;r_ESifhtnD v,f,mxGef,ufpdkufysKd;r_odk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;jcif;/ kyf0wK
ypPn;f rsm; jyKvkyaf &;twGuf owWKud&,
d mrsm; ydrk akd umif;rGev
f mjcif;/ yef;yJzrkd sm; jzpfay: vmjcif;/
tkd;cGufvkyfief;rsm; jzpfay:vmjcif;ESifhudkufnDaom vufr_ynm jzpfay:wdk;wufvm jcif;/
v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;rS vufr_vkyfief;rsm; uGJjym;oGm;jcif;/ vGwfvyfaom vufr_ynm vkyfief;/
xk@d aemuf vufru
_ ek yf pPn;f xkwv
f yk af &;rsm; jzpfay:vmjcif;/ vufru
_ &d ,
d mrsm;rS pufrsm;tjzpf
ul;ajymif;+yD; vufr_vkyfief;ESifh ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfa&;udk pufr_vkyfief;tjzpf ul;ajymif;jcif;/
pufrp_ epfo@kd ul;ajymif;+yD;/ acwfopft}uD;pm; pufrv
_ yk if ef; ay:ayguv
f mjcif;/ Tonfw@kd onf
ordkif;wav#muf vltzGJ@tpnf; xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkrsm;. jzpfay:wdk; yGm;vmykH.
a,bk,sEiS hf tvGerf jynfph o
Hk nfh yku
H m;csyf jzpfvmonf? xkwv
f yk af &; ud&,
d m jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_EiS hf
wd k ; wuf a umif ; rG e f r _ w k d @ onf xk w f v k y f a &;ES i f h quf o G , f a eonf h vl o m; rsm;u
jyKvkyfvdkufjcif;jzpf+yD;/ vlrsm;ESifh trSDtcdkuif;pGm jzpfay:cJhjcif; r[kwfonfrSm &Sif;ae ayonf?
tusKd;quftm;jzifh xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mrsm;. ajymif;vJr_/ jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ESifh twl
xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkrsm;wGif ta&;}uD;qkH; tpdwftydkif;jzpfonfh vlrsm;onfvnf;
ajymif;vJjzpfay:wkd;yGm;um/ if;wdk@. xkwfvkyfa&;tawG@t}uKH/ tvkyfu|rf;usifr_ESifh xkwf
vkyfa&;ud&d,mrsm;udk udkifwG,fEdkifpGrf;rsm;vnf; ajymif;vJjzpfay:vmonf?
ordik ;f wav#muf vl@tzG@J tpnf; xkwv
f yk af &;tiftm;pkrsm; ajymif;vJjzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_EiS hf
avsmfnDudkufnDpGm vlwdk@. xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_rsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ vlwdk@. pD;yGm;a&;
qufqHr_rsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ ajymif;vJjzpfay:wdk;yGm;cJhayonf?
ordkif;wGif xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_ t"duig;rsKd; &SdcJhonf? a&S;bHkpepf/ aus;u|efpepf/ y

a'o&mZfpepf/ t&if;&SifpepfESifh qdk&S,fvpfpepfwdk@jzpfonf?
a&S;bHkpepf&Sd tajccHxkwfvkyfa&; qufqHr_rsm;rSm xkwfvkyfa&;y&dabm*rsm;udk vl@
tzGJ@tpnf;u ydkifqdkifonf? TonfrSm t"dutm;jzifh xdkumv. xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pk
vuQ%mESifh udkufnDonfh ausmufud&d,moHk;pGJr_ESifh aemufydkif; av;jrm;ay:vmr_a=umifh
wOD;wa,mufwnf; obm0tiftm;pkEiS hf om;&Jw&d p>mefukd wdu
k yf q
JG if&efrjzpfEikd ?f awmxJrS
opfOopfzkqGwfcl;&ef/ ig;r#m;&ef/ aetdrfwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf vnf;aumif;/ iwfrGwfIjzpf
ap/ om;&Jwd&p>mefrsm;. odk@r[kwf teD;tem;&Sd toif;tpkrsm;. om;aumifb0o@dk jzpfap
rus&efaomfvnf;aumif;/ vlrsm;onf trsm;ESifhtwl tvkyfvkyf&ayrnf? trsm;qdkif&m
tvkyfu xkwfvkyfa&;y&dabm*rsm;ESifhwuG xkwfvkyfa&;rS toD;tyGifhrsm;udk trsm;ydkifqdkif
r_pepf jzpfay:aponf? om;&Jwd&p>mefwdk@ab;rS umuG,fEdkifonfh ypPnf;rsm;tjzpf wcsdef wGif
tokH;jyKEdkifonfh xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mtcsKd@udk wOD;csif;ydkifqdkifr_uvGJI xkwfvkyfa&; y&d
abm*rsm;udk yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_pepf t,ltqrsm; r&Sdao;acs/ Tae&mwGif aoG;pkyfr_vnf;
r&Sd/ vlwef;pm;vnf; r&Sdacs?
aus;u|efpepfatmufwGif tajccHxkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_rSm aus;u|efydkif&Sifonf
xkwfvkyfa&;y&dabm*rsm;udk ydkifqdkifonfhtjyif xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfom; aus;u|efrsm;udkvnf;
ydkifqdkifum/ if;wdk@udk u|JEGm;rsm;yrm a&mif;Edkif/ 0,fEdkif/ owfjzwfEdkifayonf? TuJhodk@aom
xkwv
f yk af &;qufqrH r_ sm;onf xdu
k mv qufqaH &;tiftm;pk tajctae ESihf tajccHtm;jzifh
avsmfnDudkufnDayonf? ausmufvufeufrsm;tpm; ,cktcg vkyfom;rsm;onf owWKud
&d,mrsm; vufxJa&muf&Sdvmay+yD? wd&p>mefarG;jrLa&;ESifh xGef,ufpdkufysKd;a&;udk em;rvnf
cJhonfh trJvdkufrkqdk;rsm;. qif;&JrGJawvSaom a&S;usonfhpdkufysKd;a&;tpm; wd&p>mefarG;jrL
a&;/ xGe,
f ufpu
kd yf sK;d a&;/ vufry_ nmrsm;ESihf Txkwv
f yk af &;tzG@J rsm;twGi;f tvkycf aJG 0r_ rsm;u
0ifa&mufvmonf? vlwOD;csi;f ESihf toif;tpkrsm;t=um; xGuu
f ek rf sm; vJv,
S Ef ikd rf /_ vlwcsK@d .
vufxJ OpPm"epkyHkvmEdkifr_ wdk;xGufvmum xkwfvkyfa&;y&dabm*rsm;udk tenf;pk.
vufxw
J iG f wu,fyifpyk v
kH mcJ+h yD;/ tenf;pku trsm;pkukd vufatmufcH jyKvmEdik f r_EiS hf trsm;
pkukd u|et
f jzpfu;l ajymif;apEdik rf w
_ @kd jzpfvmygonf? Tae&mwGif xkwv
f yk af &; jzpfpOfY vl@tzG@J
tpnf;0iftm;vH;k . vGwv
f yfaom trsm;ydik q
f ikd o
f nfh tvky[
f I
l r&Sd awmhay? Tae&mwGif
tvkyfrvkyfaom aus;u|efydkif&Sifrsm;. aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,fjcif;cH&aom aus;u|efrsm;. t"rR
tvkyfvGrf;rdk;aeonf? xdk@a=umifh Tae&mwGif xkwfvkyfa&;y&dabm*rsm;ESifh xkwfvkyfa&;.
txGufypPnf;rsm;tay: trsm;ydkifqdkifr_vnf; r&Sdawmhay?
Tae&mwGif yk*v
~ u
d ydik q
f ikd rf u
_ tpm;xd;k vdu
k o
f nf? Tae&mwGif aus;u|eyf ikd &f iS o
f nf
yxrESifh t"duydkifqdkifol tjynfht0 ydkif&Sifjzpfvmonf?
csrf;omolESifh qif;&Jol/ aoG;pkyfolESifh aoG;pkyfcH/ tcGifhta&;jynfhpHkolESihf tcGifhta&; r

&SdolESifh if;wdk@t=um; jyif;xefonfh vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ - Tonfum; aus;u|efpepf. yHk
um;csyfaywnf;?
ya'o&mZfajr&Sipf epfatmufwiG f tajccHxw
k v
f yk af &;qufqrH r_ mS ya'o&mZfajr&Siu
f
xkwfvkyfa&;y&dabm*rsm;udk ydkifqdkif+yD;/ xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfom;/ v,fu|efudk rowfEdkif
awmhaomfvnf; a&mif;Edkif0,fEdkifonfh rjynfh0onfh ydkif&Sif jzpfaeayonf? ya'o&mZfajr
&SifpepfESifh ,SOfwGJ+yD;/ v,form;ESifh vufr_ynmonfwdk@. xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mrsm;tay:
wOD;csi;f ydik q
f ikd rf E_ iS hf ud,
k yf ikd t
f vkyt
f ay: tajccHonhf yk*v
~ u
d pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;wd@k &Sv
d may+yD?
TuJhodk@aom xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_onf xdktcsdefumvtwGif;&Sd xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pk
tajctaeESifh tajccHtm;jzifh avsmfnDayonf? oH&nf}udKvkyfief;/ oHxnfvkyfief;rsm; ydkrdk
aumif;rGefvmr_rsm;/ oHx,foGm;ESifh vuf&ufuef;rsm; us,fjyef@vmr_/ O,smOfpdkufysKd;r_/ t
&ufcsufvkyfief;ESifh EGm;Edk@xkwfvkyfa&;/ vufr_ynmonf tvkyfHkrsm;ESifhtwl ukefypPnf;
xkwv
f yk af om tvkyf rkH sm; ay:ayguv
f mjcif;/ Tonfrsm;onf xkwv
f yk af &;tiftm;pk tajc
tae. xl;jcm;onfh vuQ%mrsm;wnf;?
xkwv
f yk af &;tiftm;pkopfrsm;u tvkyo
f rm;udk xkwv
f yk af &;wGif wpHw
k &m OD;aqmif
EdkifpGrf;&Sd+yD;/ tvkyfY pdwfyg0ifpm;r_udk azmfjy&ef awmif;qdkvdkufavonf? xdk@a=umifh
ya'o&mZfajr&Sifonf tvkyfwGif pdwfr0ifpm;bJ vHk;0OD;raqmifEdkifol aus;u|efudk pGef@v$wf
ypfvdkuf+yD;/ ajr,mwGif xGef,ufpdkufysKd;um/ if;.oD;ESHwpdwfwydkif;udk oD;pm;cay;&ef/ wpHk
w&m pdwf0ifpm;wufuGr_&Sd+yD;/ rdrdwGif udk,fydkifv,f,mvkyfief;/ xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mrsm;
ydkifqdkifonfh ajru|efudk oabmuscJhayonf?
TwGif yk*v
~ u
d ydik q
f ikd rf o
_ nf qufvufjzpfay:wd;k yGm;vmonf? aoG;pkyrf o
_ nf tenf;
i,fr#om avsmhyg;oGm;aomfvnf; aus;u|efpepfeD;yg;yif jyif;xefqdk;0g;onf? aoG;pkyfolESifh
aoG;pkyfcHt=um; vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJonf ya'o&mZfajr&Sifpepf. tajccHvuQ%m jzpfonf?
t&if;&SifpepfatmufwGif tajccHxkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_rSm t&if;&Sifonf xkwfvkyf
a&;y&dabm*rsm;udk ydik q
f ikd af omfvnf; xkwv
f yk af &;vkyo
f m;/ tcpm;tvkyo
f rm;rsm;udk rydik yf g?
t&if;&Sirf sm;u if;wd@k ukd rowfEikd /f ra&mif;Edik af cs? olw@kd onf yk*K~ v
d t
f & vGwv
f yfaomfvnf;
xkwfvkyfa&;y&dabm*rsm; r&Sdr_a=umifh iwfIrao&ef/ rdrd.vkyftm;udk t&if;&SifxH a&mif;
pm;&+yD;/ aoG;pkycf &H r_ xrf;yd;k atmufo@kd a&muf&o
dS mG ;&onf? xkwv
f yk af &; y&dabm*rsm;tay:
t&if;&Sifydkifqdkifr_ESifhtwl yxrwGif ajru|efr[kwfawmhonfh v,form;rsm;ESifh vufr_ynm
onfrsm;. yk*~vdutvkyftay: tajccHonfh yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ESihf if;wdk@. xkwfvkyfa&;
y&dabm*rsm;tay: v,form;ESifh vufr_ynmonfrsm;. yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_rsm;udk tus,f
tjyef@ awG@Edkifonf? vufr_ynm tvkyfHkESifh vufr_ESifh pufr_wydkif; vkyfief;ae&mwGif puf
rsm; wyfqifxm;aom puf}kH uD;rsm;ESihf tvkyf }kH uD;rsm; ay:ayguv
f monf? v,form; rsm;u
a&S;a[mif;ud&d,mrsm;jzifh xGef,ufpdkufysKd;aom rSL;rsKd;rwfEG,fydkif ajruGuf}uD;rsm; ae&mwGif
,ck t cg od y ` H e nf ; rsm;ES i f h v,f , mpuf , E W & m;rsm;ud k toH k ; jyKonf h t&if ; &S i f v ,f
,mvkyfcif;}uD;rsm; ay:xGufvmonf?
xk w f v k y f a &;tif t m;pk o pf r sm;u xk w f v k y f a &;tvk y f o rm;rsm;ud k tod y nm
acgi;f yg;vSonfh eif;jym;ajru|erf sm;xufyI
kd ynmwwfxufjruf&ef awmif;qd+k yD;/ pufu&d ,
d m
ta=umif;udk odem;vnf+yD;/ aumif;pGmudkifwG,fwwf&ef vdkayonf? xdk@a=umifh t&if;&Sifrsm;
onf v,fu|eftaESmiftzGJ@rS vGwfajrmuf+yD;/ pufud&d,mrsm;udk Edkifeif;pGmudkifwG,fwwf
atmif ynmwwfajrmufxm;onhf tcpm; tvkyform;udk ydkrdk vdkvm;vm=uonf?
odk@aomf xkwfvkyfa&;tif;tm;pkrsm;udk tvGef}uD;rm;vSaom twdkif;twmtxd
jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vdkuf+yDjzpfI t&if;&Sifpepfonf rajzSif;Edkifaom ydyuQrsm;jzifh _yfaxG; oGm;
ayonf? ukefpnfta&twGuf trsm;tjym; ydkI ydkIxkwfvkyfvm+yD;/ if;wdk@. aps;E_ef;udk
avsmhusapum/ t&if;&Sifpepfonf +yKdifqdkifr_udk jyif;xefapayonf? ti,fpm;/ tvwfpm;
yk*v
~ u
d ydik &f iS rf sm;udk ysupf ;D ap+yD;/ if;wd@k ukd ypPn;f rJrh sm; jzpfapvdu
k u
f m if;wk@d 0,ftm;vnf;
avsmhusoGm;onf? tusKd;tm;jzifh xkwfvkyf+yD;onfhukefpnfrsm; a&mif;xGufa&;rSm rjzpf
Edkifawmhacs? wzufwGif xkwfvkyfa&;udk wdk;csJ@+yD;/ oef;ESifhcsDaom tvkyform;rsm;udk }uD;
rm;vSaom pufkHtvkyfkHrsm;wGif pkpnf;xm;vdkufjcif;jzifh t&if;&Sifpepfonf xkwfvkyf
a&;jzpfpOfudk vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;vuQ%maqmifap+yD;/ Tenf;jzifh rdrd.tajccH tkwfjrpfudk
tiftm;csnfheJ@ apvkdufayonf// tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf xkwfvkyfa&;jzpfpOf. vltzGJ@t
pnf;vuQ%mu xkwfvkyfa&;y&dabm*udk vltzGJ@tpnf;u ydkifqdkif&ef awmif;qdkvmonf?
odk@aomf xkwfvkyfa&; y&dabm*rsm;udk yk*~vdut&if;&Sif ydkifqdkif+rJ ydkifqdkifae+yD;/ TonfrSm
xkwfvkyfa&;jzpfpOf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;vuQ%maqmifvmr_ESifh rudkufnD rtyfpyf awmhay?
xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkvuQ%mESifh xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_rsm;t=um;/ Taphpyf
nD!GwfI r&Edkifaom ydyuQrsm;onf tcsdefumvtvdkuf xkwfvkyfa&; ydkv#Haomuyfrsm;
qdkufa&mufap+yD;/ t&if;&Sifrsm;onf if;wkd@a=umifhyif jynfolvlxk rGJjymus+yD;/ if;wdk@ ukef
ypPnf;rsm;udk0,f,l&ef xda&mufonfhenf;vrf; rawG@aomtcg/ ukefrsm;udk rD;_d@/ xkwfvkyf
+yD;om; ypPnf;rsm;udkzsufpD;/ xkwfvkyfa&;udk av#mhcs/ xkwfvkyfa&;tif;tm;pkrsm;udk zsuf
qD;jypf=uonf? xdktcsdefwGif vloef;aygif;rsm;pGmwdk@onf r&SdonfhtwGuf r[kwfbJ/
ukeyf pPn;f rsm; ydv
k #rH a_ =umifh tvkyv
f ufrjhJ zpfrw
_ @kd EiS hf iwfrw
G rf q
_ o
D @kd twif;tusyf wGe;f yd@k jcif;
cHvu
kd &f onf?
Tonfu t&if;&Sifpepf xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;xkwfvkyfa&; tif
tm;pktajctaeESihf udu
k n
f o
D ifah wmfjcif;r&Sad wmhbJ if;wd@k EiS hf aphpyfnEd i_d ;f Ir&aom yd yuQo@kd
a&muf&Sdvm+yD[k qdkvdkayonf?
Tonfu t&if;&Sifpepfonf awmfvSefa&;ESifh jynfh0ae+yD;/ awmfvSefa&;. wm0efrSm
wnf&adS eonfh xkwv
f yk af &;y&dabm*rsm;tm; t&if;&Sirf sm; ydik q
f ikd rf u
_ kd qdk ,
S v
f pfyikd q
f ikd rf E_ iS hf
tpm;xdk;&rnf[k qdkvkdayonf?
Tonfu t&if;&Sifpepf. t"duvuQ%monf aoG;pkyfolESifh aoG;pkyfcHt=um; t

jyif;xefqHk;aom vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJjzpfonf[k qdkvdkayonf?
qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGifom wnfaxmifxm;&aom qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmuf&Sd
tajccHxkwfvkyfa&; qufqHr_rSm xkwfvkyfa&;ypPnf;rsm;udk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u ydkifqdkifjcif;jzpf
onf? Tae&mwGif aoG;pkycf aH &m/ aoG;pkyo
f al &m r&Sad wmhacs? tvkyrf vkyo
f l rpm;& [laom
rlay:wGif xGuv
f maomypPn;f rsm;udk tvkyt
f & cGaJ 0onf? Tae&mwGif xkwv
f yk af &; jzpfpOf&dS
vlrsm;. tjyeftvSeq
f ufqrH u
_ dk aoG;pkyrf r_ S vGwu
f if;aom tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. &JabmfozG,f
ylaygif;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;ESifh qdk&S,fvpf tjyeftvSefulnDr_wdk@jzihf azmfjyayonf? Tae&mwGif
xkwfvkyfa&; qufqHr_rsm;onf xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pk tajctaeESifh t jynfht0
avsmf n D a yonf ? ta=umif ; rS m xk w f v k y f a &;jzpf p Of . vl tzG J tpnf ; vuQ % muk d
xkwfvkyfa&;y&dabm*rsm;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ydkifqdkifr_u xyfrHtm;jznfhay;vdkufjcif;a=umifh jzpf
onf?
Tta=umif;a=umifhyif qdkAD,ufjynfawmifpk&Sd qkd&S,fvpfxkwfvkyfa&;wGif xkwfvkyf
a&;ydkv#Hr_ umvtvdkuf uyfqdkufr_rsm;ESifh if;ESifhtwlygvmonfh uarmufur jzpfr_rsm;
r&Sdjcif;jzpfonf?
Tta=umif;a=umifhyif Tae&mwGif&Sdaom xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkrsm;onf vsifjref
aomt&Sdeft[kefESifh jzpfay:wdk;yGm;cJhonfhta=umif;rSm if;wdk@ESifh oifhavsmfudkufnDaom
xkwv
f yk af &;qufqrH r_ sm;u TuJo
h @kd aom jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ tjynft
h 0jzpfap&ef tm;ay;vdu
k f
onf?
TonfrmS vlordik ;f wav#muf vlom;rsm;. xkwv
f yk af &;qufqrH r_ sm;/ jzpfay:wd;k yGm;
vmr_. kyfyHkum;csyf aywnf;?
TonfrSm xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_u vltzGJ@tpnf; xkwfvkyfa&;tif
tm;pk jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ESifh t"dutm;jzifh xkwfvkyfa&;y&dabm*rsm; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_tay:
trSDjyKjcif; jzpf+yD;/ xdkodk@ trSDjyK&jcif;a=umifhyif xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkrsm; ajymif;vJjzpfay:
wdk;yGm;r_rsm;u taES;ESifhtjref if;wdk@ESifh vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfaom xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_
ajymif;vJjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_rsm;qDodk@ a&S@_oGm;cJhayonf?
rmhufpfuajymcJhonfrSmtvky.
f ud&,
d mrsm; (instrument of labour)8udk toH;k jyKjcif;ESihf wDxiG jf cif; wd@k onf
wcsK@d aomwd&p>mefrsK;d rsm;wGif tptersm;S=d uaomfvnf;/ vlom;rsm;. tvkyjf zpfpOf (labour
- process) . xl;jcm;csuf twdtusjzpf+yD;/ xdk@a=umifh z&ifhuvif (Franklin) u vlukd
ud&d,mvkyfaomowW0g (tool making animal) [k owfrSwfonf? kyfuGif;tdk;pkrsm;u
8? tvkyf.ud&d,mrsm; (instrument of labour)[k qdk&mY rmhufpfonf t"dutm;jzifh xkwfvkyfa&;
u&d,mrsm; (instrument of production) udk qdkvdk&ifjzpfonf?
uG,af ysmufomG ;aom wd&pd m> efrsK;d pkrsm;udk owfrw

S af y;ouJo
h @kd a&S; acwf tvkyu
f &d ,
d mrsm;.
tarGtESpu
f se&f pfonfh tptersm;uvnf; uG,af ysmufomG ;aom vltzG@J tpnf; pD;yGm;a&;
omefrsm;udk pHpk rf;avhvm&eftwGuf tvm;wlta&;ygr_ &Sad yonf? rwlaom pD;yGm;a&;acwf
umvrsm;udk u|Eyfk w
f @dk cjJG cm;Ekid af ponft
h &mrS xkwv
f yk v
f u
kd o
f nfh ypPn;f rsm;r[kwb
f /J TypPn;f
rsm;udk rnfo@kd xkwv
f yk o
f nf/ rnfonfh ud&,
d mrsm;u xkwv
f yk o
f nfqo
kd nfh tcsujf zpfonf?
tvkyu
f &d ,
d mrsm;onf vlom; tvkyrf &S &Scd o
hJ nfh jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ tqif'h *D &D twdik ;f txGmjykH
ru tqdyk g tvkyv
f yk af qmifco
hJ nfh vlra_ &;ta=umif;tcsurf sm;udv
k nf; azmfjyonfu
h &d ,
d m
um;vf rmhufpf/ t&if;usrf;/ vef'ef-1908/ twGJ(1)/ pmrsufESm-159
rsm;jzpfonf? (um;vf
-159)
xdk@tjyif qufvufIvlr_qufqHa&;rsm;onf xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh eD;pyfpGm aygif;pnf;zGJ@pnf;
xm;onf? xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkrsm; &,l&mwGif vlwdk@onf rdrdwdk@. xkwfvkyfa&;enf;em
rsm;udk ajymif;vJ&onf? rdrdwkd@ xkwfvkyfa&;enf;emrsm;udk ajymif;vJ&mwGif rdrdwdk@. touf
arG;0rf;ausmif;r_udk ajymif;vJ&mwGif vlwdk@onf rdrdwdk@. vlr_qufqHa&;rltm;vHk;udkvnf;
ajymif;vJ&onf? vufvSnfhpufonf ya'o&mZfajr&Sif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk&&Sdap+yD;/ a&aEG;
um;vfrmhufpf/ tbd"rRm qif;&Jjcif;/
aiG@pufonf pufrt
_ &if;&Sif vl@tzJ@G tpnf;udk &&Sad ponf? (um;vf
t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk/ 1935/ pmrsufESm-92
-92)
xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkrsm; }uD;xGm;vmr_/ vlr_qufqHa&;rsm; ysufpD;r_/ t,ltqrsm;

zGJ@wnfvmr_wkd@. tqufrjywfv_yfSm;r_wnfSdae+yD;/ wckwnf;aom rajymif;vJonfh t&m
txufyg usrf;)
rSm v_yf&Sm;r_oabmw&m; (Abstraction of movement) omjzpfonf? (txuf
uGefjrLepfygwD a=unmmpmwrff;wGif pepfwus azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif; ordkif;
kyf0g'ta=umif; azmfjy&mwGif tdef*,fuordkif;acwfumvwkdif;. pD;yGm;a&;xkwfvkyfr_ESifh if;rS rkcsrv$JraoG ay:ayguf&onfh
vlr_taqmufttHkonf tqdkygacwfumv. EdkifiHa&;ESifh todynmqdkif&mordkif;twGuf
tajccHtw
k jf rpfjzpfa=umif;/ od@k jzifh (ajr,mtay: a&S;OD;ydik q
f ikd rf _ +ydKuGo
J mG ;+yD;uwnf;u) ordik ;f
wckv;kH onf vlrw
_ ppwd;k yGm;r_ (evolution) tqifh toD;oD;&Sd vlwef;pm;wdu
k yf rJG sm;. ordik ;f /
aoG;pkyo
f El iS hf aoG;pkycf t
H =um;/ tkypf ;dk ole@J tyk pf ;kd cH t=um;&Sd wdu
k yf o
JG rdik ;f jzpfcahJ =umif;/ od@k aomf
TwdkufyGJonf ,cktcg aoG;pkyfzdESdyfcH&aomvlwef;pm; (ypPnf;rJh) u vltzGJ@tpnf; wck
vH;k udk aoG;pkyrf /_ zdEySd rf E_ iS hf vlwef;pm;wdu
k yf rJG sm;rS xm0pOf vGwu
f |wo
f mG ;atmif wcsed f wnf;rSm
rvkyaf qmifEikd v
f #if rdrt
d ay: aoG;pkyzf Ed ySd af om vlwef;pm; ("e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;) vufatmufrS
rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf; vGwfajrmufEdkifrnf r[kwfawmhonfhtqifhodk@ a&muf&Sd vma=umif;/
uGefjrLepfygwDa=unm pmwrf;/ *smref bmomtwGuf trSmpm/ um;vfrmhufpf/ vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 1/
(uG
101)
pmrsufESm 100/ 101
(C) xkwfvkyfa&;. wwd, xl;jcm;onfhvuQ%mmrSm ay:xGufvmaom xkwfvkyfa&;

tiftm;pkopfrsm;ESifh if;wdk@ESifh avsmfnDonfh xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_rsm;onf pepfa[mif;rS
uif;uGmpGm/ pepfa[mif;uG,af ysmuf+yD;aemufrS r[kwb

f /J pepfa[mif;twGi;f rS ay:ayguv
f m
jcif;jzpfonf? if;wdk@onf vlwkd@. qifjcifwdkif;xGm+yD;/ tod&SdpGm vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;a=umifh
ay:aygucf &hJ onf r[kwb
f /J vlw@dk . pdwq
f ENEiS hf trSt
D cdu
k if;pGm/ toduif;pGm tvdt
k av#muf
jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf? vlwkd@. pdwfqENESifh trSDtcdkuif;pGm ay:ayguf&onfrSm ta=umif;
ESpcf su&f o
dS nf?
yxrtcsuf- vlrsm;onf xkwfvkyfa&;enf;emwckckudk a&G;cs,f&mwGif rvGwfrvyf
aoma=umifjh zpfonf? rsK;d qufopf[o
l r# vl@b0wGi;f a&muf&v
dS monfEiS hf vGecf ahJ omrsK;d quf
. vkyfief;a=umifh wnf&Sd+yD;jzpfaeonfh xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;
pkrsm;udk jrifawG@&+yD;/ xdk@a=umifh OD;pGmtm;jzifh kyf0wKypPnf;rsm; xkwfvkyfEkdif&ef/ xkwfvkyfa&;
e,fy,fwGif; awG@&Sd&aom &Sd+yD;om;t&m&mudk vufcH+yD;/ rdrdtaetxm;us qDavsmfatmif
jyKvkyf&aoma=umifh jzpfonf?
'kw,
d tcsurf mS - xkwv
f yk af &;ud&,
d mwckc/k xkwv
f yk af &;tiftm;pk tpdwt
f ydik ;f wckck
udk wdk;wufaumif;rGefatmifjyKvkyf&mY TuJhodk@aom wdk;wufaumif;rGefr_rsm;u vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;tay: rnfuJhodk@aomtusKd;rsm; jzpfay: apEdkifrnfudk vltrsm; rod/ em;rvnf rpOf;
pm;bJ olwdk@pOf;pm;onfrSm olwdk@.ae@pOf tusKd;pD;yGm;/ olwdk@. tvkyfayghyg; vG,fulapr_ESifh
olw@kd twGuf wdu
k f u
dk Ef iS hf xda&mufonfh tusK;d &&Sad &;udo
k mv#if jzpfay:aoma=umifjh zpf onf?
a&S;bHt
k zG@J 0iftcsK@d onf ausmufvufeufu&d ,
d mrS oHxnfu&d,mod@k wjznf;jznf;ESihf
prf;w0g;0g; ajymif;vJtoH;k jyKpOfu olw@kd onf Ttopfwx
D iG rf u
_ vl@tzG@J tpnf;tay: rnfuhJ
od@k aom tusK;d pD;yGm;rsm; oufa&mufapEdik o
f nfqo
kd nfukd odvnf;rod/ pOf;vnf;rpOf; pm;acs?
owWKud&d,mrsm;odk@ ajymif;vJr_onf xkwfvkyfa&;wGif awmfvSefa&;t"dy`m,faqmifa=umif;/
if;u a&&Snw
f iG f aus;u|epf epfo@kd a&mufo
dS mG ;apEdik af =umif;udk em;rvnf/ rod&=dS uay? rdrw
d @kd
tvkyf vG,u
f al ygyh g;ap&efEiS hf vwfwavmxda&mufonfh tusK;d &&Sad &; twGuo
f ufoufjzpf
onf? olw@kd . tod&&dS dS vkyaf qmifcsuo
f nf rdrw
d @kd . wOD;csi;f ae@pOf tusK;d pD;yGm;. usO;f ajrmif;
aomabmifwGif uef@owfxm;onf?
ya'o&mZfajr&Sipf epf acwfumvY Oa&mywGif ay:aygucf gp"e&Sirf sm;onf tao;pm;
vufry_ nmtvkyf /Hk t}uD;pm; tvkyf rHk sm;ESit
hf wl pwifwnfaqmuf+yD;/ Tenf;jzifh vltzG@J
tpnf; xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkrsm;ukd wdk;wufapvkdufaomtcsdefwGif olwkd@onf Ttopf
wDxiG rf u
_ vltzGJ@tpnf;tay: rnfodk@aomtusKd;rsm; oufa&mufapEdkifonf qkdonfukd
odvnf;rod/ pOf;vnf;rpOf;pm;acs? Ttopfwx
D iG rf _ uav;u olw@kd jrifrh m;pGm wefz;kd xm;
onfh bk&ifhtm%mudka&m/ olwdk@. xdyfqHk;udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf r=umc% ukd,fpm; jyKcJhonfh
rif;nDrif;om;/ rSL;rwftv$mudyk g qef@usio
f nfh awmfveS af &;tjzpf tqH;k owf aprnfh vltzG@J
tpnf; tiftm;pkrsm; jyefvnfppk nf;r_qo
D @kd a&muf&o
dS mG ;apEdik af =umif;ukv
d nf; rodem;rvnf
Edkifacs? ukefpnfxkwfvkyfr_E_ef;u tukeftus oufomap&ef tm&SwkdufESifh r=umrDuawG@&Sd
aom tar&duwdkufaps;uGufodk@ ukefypPnf;rsm; tajrmuftjrm;wifydk@&efESifh tjrwfrsm;rsm;

&a&; oufouftwGuf jzpfonf? olw@dk . tod&&dS v
dS yk af qmifcsuo
f nf Td;k aeaom omref
vufawG@&nf&G,fcsuf. usOf;ajrmif;aomabmifwGif uef@owfxm;onf?
k&Sm;t&if;&Sifrsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;om;t&if;&Sifrsm;ESifhtwl k&Sm;Y acwfrDpufr_vkyfief;
t}uD;pm;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;udk tifwdkuftm;wdkuf xlaxmif+yD;/ Zmbk&ifpepfudk ajc&mvuf&m
rysux
f m;&S+d yD;/ v,form;rsm;ukd ajr&Sif rsm;xHwiG f xifovdjk yKrl&ef xd;k tyfcphJ Ofu olw@kd onf
TuJhodk@aom xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pk us,fjyef@pGm}uD;xGm;r_u vltzGJtpnf;tay: rnfokd
aom tusKd;oufa&mufEkdifrnfukd odvnf;rod pOf;vnf;rpOf;pm;? Tokdaom vltzGJt
pnf; xkwfvkyfa&;e,fy,fwGif }uD;rm;onfh ckeful;r_onf vltzGJ@tpnf; tiftm;pkrsm; jyef
vnf pkpnf;aeum/ Tjzpf&yfu ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;udk v,form;vlwef;pm;ESifh aygif;pnf;
ap+yD;/ atmifEdkifaom qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; jzpfay:apEdkifonfudkvnf; olwkd@onf
em;vnf;rvnf/ odjrifjcif;vnf;rSday? olwkd@onf pufr_xkwfvkyfa&;ukd tpGrf;ukefwkd;csJ@+yD;
}uD;rm;vSonfh jynfwGif;aps;uGufukd csKyfukdifum vuf0g;}uD;tkyfvdkolrsm; jzpfvdk+yD;/ trsKd;
om;pD;yGm;a&;rS &Edik o
f r# tjrwfrsm;udk npx
f w
k ,
f v
l =dk ukH oufoufr#omjzpfonf? olw@kd .
tod&&dS dS vkyaf qmifcsuo
f nf olw@kd . omrefvufawG@ tusK;d pD;yGm;a&; oufoufxuf rydak y?
TtcsufESifh udkufnDpGm rmhufpfub0qdik &f m vlrx
_ w
k v
f yk af &;twGi;f (qdv
k o
dk nfrmS vlb0twGuf vkt
d yfaom ky0f wK
kd if;pGm (u|Eyfk .
f
"eypPn;f rsm; xkwv
f yk af &;-t,f'w
D m) vlw@dk onf rdrw
d @kd . pdwq
f ENEiS hf trScD u
rsOf;om;csufjzpfonf- t,f'Dwm) ESifh rv$Jra&SmifpGmjzifh wdusaom qufqHa&;wGif;odk@ 0if
a&muf=u&+yD;/ Txkwv
f yk af &;qufqrH r_ sm;onf ky0f wKxkwv
f yk af &;tiftm;pkrsm; jzpfay:wk;d
um;vfrmhufpf/ vufa&G;pif 11)
yGm;r_. wdusaomtqifhwqifhESifh avsmfnDayonf? (um;vf
od@k aomf xkwv
f yk af &;qufqrH r_ sm;twGi;f ajymif;vJrr_ sm;/ xkwv
f yk af &;qufqrH _ a[mif;
rsm;rS qufqrH o
_ pfrsm;od@k ul;ajymif;r_onf acsmarmajyjypf+yD;/ xdyw
f u
kd af wG@rr_ sm;/ tHk uGayguf
uGJr_rsm;r&Sd[k rqdkvdkay? qef@usifpGmyif Todk@aom ul;ajymif;r_rsKd;onf t+rJwrf;vkdvkdyif
xkwv
f yk af &;qufqrH a_ [mif;udk +zdKcsum/ xkwv
f yk af &;qufqrH o
_ pfudk xlaxmifonfh awmfveS f
a&;vrf;yifjzpfonf? wpkHwckaomumvtxd xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pk jzpfay:wkd;yGm; jcif;ESifh
xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_ e,fy,ftwGif; ajymif;vJjcif;wdk@onf a&Smifwcifjzpf+yD;/ vlwdk@. qENrS
trSt
D cdu
k if;ayonf? od@k aomf TonfrmS vnf; xkwv
f yk af &;tiftm;pkopfrsm; jzpf ay:wk;d yGm;r_
onf oifah wmfonfh &ifu
h suaf omtqifx
h d wpHw
k &maom umvtxdom jzpfonf? xkwv
f yk f
a&;tiftm;pkopfrsm; &ifu
h suv
f m+yD;aemuf wnfq
dS J xkwv
f yk af &;tif tm;pkrsm;ESihf if;wd@k ukd
qkyfudkifxm;onfh tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;rsm;onf rausmfvGefEdkifaom twm;tqD;w&yf
jzpfoGm;ayonf? Ttwm;tqD;udk vlwef;pm;opfrsm;. tod&Sdaom v_yf&Sm;r_/ T vlwef;
pm;rsm;. t=urf;zufvyk &f yfjzpfaom awmfveS af &;jzifo
h m ausmef if;Edik af yonf? Tae&mwGif
xkwv
f yk af &;qufqrH a_ [mif;udk t=urf;zufzsuo
f rd ;f &ef wm0ef&adS om vlra_ &;t,ltqopf
rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;taqmufttHkopfrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;tm%mopfwdk@. }uD;rm;vSaomtcef; (the

tremendous role) onf txl;ay:vGifxif&Sm;ayonf? xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkopfESifh xkwf
vkyaf &;qufqrH a_ [mif; t=um; xdyw
f u
kd af wG@ra_ =umifEh iS hf vl@tzG@J tpnf;pD;yGm;a&; awmif;qdrk _
rsm;a=umif/h vlrt
_ ,l tqopfrsm;ay:xGuv
f m+yD;/ t,ltqopfrsm;u vlxu
k kd pnf;k;H odr;f
oGif;v_Haqmfum/ EdkifiHa&;wyfrawmfopfwGif pkpnf;ay;vdkufonf? awmfvSefa&;tm%mopf
xlaxmifEdkif+yD;/ xkdtm%mudktokH;jyK+yD; xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_ pepfa[mif;udk t=urf;zuf
+zdKcsum pepfopfukd cdik rf mpGmwnfaxmifonf? jzpfay:wd;k wufr.
_ a&SmifwcifjzpfpOfukd vlw@kd .
tod&Sd&Sdv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; uvnf;aumif;/ +idrf;csrf;pGmjzpfay:wkd;yGm;ae&mrS t=urf;zufaom
tkH uGrj_ zifv
h nf;aumif;/ wpwpajymif;vJa&;rS awmfveS af &;od@k vnf;aumif;/ tpm;xd;k ae&m
,lvu
kd o
f nf?
rmhufpfu- ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk qef@usifonfh wdkufyGJwGif
vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf tajctae. wGef;aqmfr_t& zGJ@pnf;vm&+yD;? awmfvSefa&;enf;jzifh
rdrdudk,fudk tkyfcsKyfolvlwef;pm;jzpfapum/ Tenf;jzifh xkwfvkyfa&; tcsuftvufa[mif;
uGefjrLepfygwDa=unmpmwrf;/ um;vfrmhufpf vuf
rsm;udk t=urf;zuf zsufodrf;vdkufonf?(uG
a&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-131
-131)
qufvufIypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;onf if;.Edik if aH &;tiftm;pk }uD;rm;v$r;f rd;k r_ukd tok;H jyKum/ "e&Sif
vlwef;pm;xHrS t&if;tESD;tm;vkH; wqifh+yD;wqifh odrf;,l&efjzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHawmfvufxJwGif
qdv
k o
kd nfrmS tkypf ;kd aom vlwef;pm;tjzpf pkpnf;xm;aom ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;. vufxw
J iG f
xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mtm;vkH;udk A[dkrS pkpnf;csKyfudkifxm;&efjzpfum/ xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pk
txufygusrf;/ pmrsufESm 129
pkpkaygif;tm;vkH;udk jrefEdkifor#jrefpGm wdk;yGm;&ef jzpfayonf? (txuf
129)
t=urf;zufr_onf topfoaE<wnfaeaom vltzGJ@tpnf;a[mif;wdkif;. 0rf;qGJ
um;vfrmhufpf/ t&if;usrf;twGJ 11)
onfjzpfonf? (um;vf
ordkif;kyf0g'tESpfom&ESifhywfouf+yD; 1859 ckESpf/ rmhufpfu if;.xifSm;aom
Edik if aH &;abm*aA'a0zefcsuf pmtky.
f ordik ;f wGiaf omed'ge;f wGif xufjrufvaS om t"dym` ,f
zGifhqdkcsufudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;cJhonf?
b0qdkif&m vlr_xkwfvkyfa&;twGif; vlwdk@onf rdrdwdk@.pdwfESifh trDStcdkuif;pGmESifh
rv$Jra&SmifpGmjzifh wdusaomqufqHa&;twGif;odk@ 0ifa&muf=u&+yD;/ Txkwfvkyfa&;qufqH
r_rsm;onf kyf0wWKxkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pkrsm; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. wdusaomtqifhwqifhESifh
avsmfnDayonf? Txkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_rsm;. pkpkaygif;onf wu,fhtajccHtkwfjrpf
jzpfaom vl@tzG@J tpnf;. pD;yGm;a&; taqmufttHjk zpfonf? if;tkwjf rpfay:wGif w&m; Oya'
qdik &f mESihf Edik if aH &;qdik &f m txuftaqmufttHk (Superstructure) ay: xGuv
f mum wdus
aom vlra_ &;todomefrsm;ESihf avsmn
f aD yonf? kyb
f 0 xkwv
f yk af &;enf;emonf a,bk,s
tm;jzifh vlra_ &;/ Edik if aH &;ESihf todynmydik ;f qdik &f m b0jzpfpOfrsm;udk owfrw
S af y; onf? vlw@kd .
toduif;wd@k .bm0 (being) udq

k ;kH jzwfay;onf r[kwb
f J qef@usipf mG yif olw@kd .vlra_ &;b0
u olw@kd .todukd qH;k jzwfay;onf? wpHw
k ckaom jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ tqift
h wGi;f vl@tzG@J tpnf;
ky0f wKxkwv
f yk af &; tiftm;pkrsm;onf wnf&q
dS J xkwv
f yk af &;qufqrH r_ sm; od@k r[kwf Tt&m
udkyif w&m;Oya't& azmfjycsufESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ ,cifu if;wdk@twGif;rSmyif vkyfukdif
aqmif&GufaecJhaom ydkifqdkifr_qufqHa&;rsm;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ ydyuQjzpfvmonf? T
qufqaH &;rsm;onf xkwv
f yk af &;tiftm;pkrsm; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ twGuf yHo
k mefrsm; tjzpfrS
if;wd@k . twm;tqD;rsm;tjzpf ajymif;oGm;onf? TwGif vlra_ wmfveS af &; acwfumv pwif
a&muf&Sdvmonf? pD;yGm;a&;tajccHtkwfjrpf ajymif;vJr_ESifhtwl }uD;rm;vSonfh txuf
taqmufttkHwckvHk; tenf;ESifhtrsm; tvsiftjreful;ajymif;oGm;onf? TuJhodk@aom
ul;ajymif;r_rsm;ud=k unf&h mwGif obm0odyyH` nmwdusrj_ zifh tqH;k tjzwfay;Edik af om xkwv
f yk f
a&;wGi;f / pD;yGm;a&;ta=umif;tcsurf sm;. ky0f wK ul;ajymif;r_EiS hf w&m;Oya'/ Edik if aH &;/ bmom
_ kd vlrsm;u tod&dS
a&;/ tvSaA' (acsthetic) ESihf tbd"rRmtwdck sKyfq&dk aomf TydyuQjzpfru
vm+yD;/ wdkufyGJqifvmaom t,ltqa&;&m omefrsm;udk tpOft+rJ cGJjcm;xm;&ygrnf?
vlwOD;wa,muftay: u|eaf wmfw@kd .tjrifonf ol@bmom pOf;pm;onft
h ay: tajcrcHonfh
enf;wl/ ul;ajymif;onfhacwfumvudk u|efawmf wdk@tuJjzwf&mwGifvnf; if;. udk,fydkif
todjzifh rjzpfEikd af cs? qef@usipf mG yif Ttodukd kyb
f 0 ydyuQrsm;rSvnf;aumif;/ xkwv
f yk af &;
tiftm;pkEiS hf xkwv
f yk af &;qufqrH t
_ =um; wnf&q
dS J ydyuQrsm;rSvnf;aumif; &Si;f vif;jy&efvdk
ygonf? xkwv
f yk af &;tiftm;pktm;vk;H ysupf ;D roGm;rD rnfonfh vl@tzG@J tpnf; taetxm;rS
tcsdefapmpGm aysmufuG,foGm;jcif;r&SdEdkifyg? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf if;wdk@jzpfay: wdk;wuf&ef
tcef; &Sad ejcif;a=umifjh zpfonf? xd@k tjyif opfviG jf rifrh m;onfh xkwv
f yk af &;qufqrH o
_ nf vl@
tzG@J tpnf;a[mif;xJwiG f oaE<&ifrh n
S v
hf monfh ky0f wK ta=umif;tcsurf sm;xuf rnfonfh
tcgr# apm+yD;ray:xGwfvmEdkifacs? xdk@a=umifhvlom;rsm;onf if;wdk@ajz&Sif;Edkifonfh vkyfief;
wm0efrsK;d udo
k m t+rJojzifh pDpOfvyk af qmifonf? ydI
k eD;uyfpmG avhvm=unfyh gu if;wd@k ajz&Si;f
&ef vdktyfonfh kyf0wKta=umif;tcsufrsm; &Sdae+yD;aomtcg odk@r[kwf tenf;qkH; zGJ@wnf
aeaomjzpfpOfwiG &f adS omtcgwiG o
f m vkyif ef;wm0efay:xGuv
f ma=umif;udk t+ro
J jzifah wG@Eikd yf g
onf? (um;vf rmhufpfvufa&G;pif/ t*FvdyfbmomtwGJ1/ pmrsufESm 300/ 301
301)
Tonfum; vltzG@J tpnf;b0/ vltzG@J tpnf;ordik ;f wGif vufawG@usio
hf ;kH csrw
S f onfh
rmhupf 0f g'ky0f g'jzpfonf?
Tonfum; tEkydavmrESifh ordkif;kyf0g'wkd@. t"duvuQ%mrsm; jzpfonf?
TonfrS awG@&EdS ikd o
f nfrmS vDeifu ygwt
D wGuf jyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm;rsm;ESihf opPm
azmufrsm;. wdkufcdkufr_rsm;rS umuG,fcJhonfh oabmw&m;a&;&m bmwdkufESifh u|ef
awmfwdk@ygwDwkd;yGm;r_twGuf vDeif. kyf0g'ESifh tawG@t}uHKa0zefa&; pmtkyf ay:xGuf
vmr_. ta&;ygr_wkd@ jzpfayonf?
3? pwdkvDyif azmufjyefa&;umvtwGif;u abmf&SDApfESifhrif&SDApfrsm;? zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh

atmhZdkApfrsm;tm; qef@usifonfh abmf&SDApfrsm;.wdkufyGJrsm;?
azmufjyefa&;ESpfrsm;twGif; ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. vkyfief;onf awmfvSefa&;jzpfay:
wdk;yGm;aeonfh ,cifumvxuf ydkrdkcufcJaeygonf? ygwD0ifOD;a&onf t}uD;tus,f
usqif;oGm;onf? ygww
D iG ;f "e&Siaf ygupf wc&D;wnf;oGm;ol trsm;tjym;/ txl;ojzifh ynm
wwfrsm;onf Zmbk&iftpd;k &. zrf;pD;ESyd pf ufr&_ efuadk =umufojzifh ygwu
D kd pGe@f cGmoGm;=uonf?
vDeifu TuJo
h @kd aom tcsed rf sK;d wGif awmfveS af &;0g'rD sm;onf if;wk@d .odjrifru
_ kd jynf0h
ukefvHkapoifhonf[k axmufjyonf? awmfvSefa&; 'Da&wufcsdefwGif rnfuJhodk@ a&S@csDwuf
rnfudk if;wdk@ oif=um;wwfajrmufcJhonf? azmufjyefa&;umvwGif rnfuJhodk@pepf wus
qkwfcGmoifhonf/ rnfuJhodk@ajratmufv#Kdoifhonf/ w&m;r0ifygwDudk rnfuJhodk@ xdef;odrf;
awmifhwif;apoifhonf/ vlxkESifh qufqHa&; awmifhwif;cdkifrmap&ef wnf&SdqJ/ txl;ojzifh
vlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh w&m;0iftcGifhta&;/ w&m;0iftm;vHk;udk rnfodk@toHk;cs oifhonf
wdk@ukd wwfajrmufatmif oif=um;&rnf?
rif&SDApfrsm;onf awmfvSefa&;'Da&jrifhwuf jzpfay:vmEdkifonfudk r,Hk=unfbJ tvef@
w=um; qkwfcGmoGm;=uonf? if;wkd@onf *k%foduQmrJhpGm ygwD. awmfvSefa&;auG;a=umf
oHrsm;ESifh vkyfief;pOf. awmfvSefa&; awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk pGef@vGwfvdkuf=uonf? olwkd@onf
w&m;r0ifaom awmfveS af &;ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;ygwu
D kd zsuo
f rd ;f vku
d =f uonf? xdk ta=umif;
a=umifh TuJhodk@aom rif&SDApftrsKd;tpm;udk zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm; (Liquidators) [k trnf
wGifonf?
abmf&SDApfrsm;url rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh rwlbJ aemifvmrnfh ESpftcsKd@twGif; awmfvSefa&;
'Da&jrifhvmrnfudk rkcs ,Hk=unf+yD;/ TawmfvSefa&; 'Da&jrifhopftwGuf vlxkudkjyifqif&efrSm
ygwD.wm0efjzpfonf[k =unfhjrifonf? awmfvSefa&;. tajccHjy\emrsm;udk rajz&Sif;&
ao;acs? v,form;rsm;onf ajr&Sifwdk@. v,fajrrsm;udk r&&Sdao;/ tvkyform;rsm;onf
&Spfem&D tvkyfcsdefr&ao;/ jynfolvlxk. tvGef&GH&Sm pufqkyfjcif;cH&aom Zmbk&if oufOD;
qHydkifpepfonf +zdKcsrcH&ao;? xdktjyif 1905 ckESpfu jynfolvlxku npf,lxm;onfh
toifhtwifh EdkifiHa&; vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udkyif jyefvnfzdESdyfwm; qD;vmjyefonf? xkd@a=umifh
1905 ckESpf awmfvSefa&;udkjzpfapcJhonfh ta=umif;&if;rsm; &Sd+rJ&Sdvsufyif? Tta=umif;
a=umifhyif abmf&SDApfrsm;u awmfvSefa&;v_yfSm;r_twGif; 'Da&jrifhopfay:xGufvmrnfudk rkcs
,H=k unf=u+yD;/ TtwGujf yifqifum tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm; tiftm;pkrsm;udk pnf;k;H cJo
h nf?
abmf&SDApfrsm;u awmfvSefa&;'Da&jrifhopf rv$Jra&Smifomay:&rnf[laom if;wdk@.
,kH=unfcsufudk 1905 ck awmfvSefa&;onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk vlxkvuQ%maqmif
aom awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJwGif rdrdwdk@tcGifhta&;udk wdkuf,l&rnf[k oif=um;ay;vkdufonfh
tcsufrSvnf; &&Sdayonf? azmufjyefa&;umvtwGif; t&if;&Sifrsm;u xdk;ppfqifpOf tvkyf
orm;rsm;onf 1905 ckESpfrS Toifcef;pmrsm;udk arhIr&acs? vDeifxHa&;onfh tvkyf

orm;rsm;. pmxJwGif pufkHydkif&Sifrsm;/ olwdk@udk rnfuJhodk@ xyfrHzdESdyf&ufpufonfh ta=umif;
rsm;yg0if+yD; aeESifhOD;aygh/ aemufxyf 1905 vmvdrfhr,f vdk@vnf; yg&Sdygonf?
abmf&SDApfrsm;. tajccHEdkifiHa&;&nf&GufcsufrSm 1905 ckESpfwkH;u twkdif;yif wnf&Sd +rJ
jzpfonf? qkdvkdonfrSm Zmbk&ifpepfukd jzKwfcs&ef/ "e&Sif'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&;ukd tqkH;
xdvkyfaqmif&efESifh qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;okd@ quf&efjzpfonf? T&nf&G,fcsufukd abmf
&SDApfrsm;onf wpfpuUef@r# rarhcJhbJ/ vlxka&S@arSmufokd@ 'Drkdua&pDorRwEkdifiH/ v,fajrrsm;
odrf;,la&;/ tvkyfcsdef 8 em&Dqkdonfh t"du awmfvSefa&;auG;a=umfoHrsm;ukd qufvuf
wifjycJhayonf?
ok@d aomf ygwD.enf;y&d,m,frsm;ukdrl 1905 ckawmfvSefa&;. 'Da&jrifhumvtwGif;
u twkdif; qufvufxm;&Sd&efrjzpfacs/ Oyrm r=umrDtem*wftwGif; vlxkukd taxGaxG
EkdifiHa&;oydwfarSmuf&efaomfvnf;aumif;/ okd@r[kwf vufeufukdifykefuef&efaomfvnf;
aumif; v_H aqmfygu rSm;ayvdrrhf nf// tb,fa=umifq
h adk omf awmfveS af &;v_yf mS ;r_onf tus
zuf a&mufae+yD;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf tvGeftrif; armyef;aeum/ azmufjyefa&;
vlwef;pm;rsm;uvnf; tawmftoifh tiftm;awmifhwif;vmaoma=umifh jzpfonf? ygwD
onf tajcaeopfudk xnfo
h iG ;f wGucf su&f rnf? xk;d ppfomef enf;y&d,m,frsm;ukd cHppfenf;
y&d,m,frsm;/ tiftm;rsm;ukd pkpnf;onfh enf;y&d,m,frsm;/ au'grsm;ukd ajratmuf v#K;d ap+y;D /
ajratmuf r S ygwD v k y f i ef ; rsm;uk d quf v uf v k y f a qmif o nf h enf ; y&d , m,f r sm;/
w&m;r0ifonfv
h yk if ef;ESihf w&m;0if tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm; tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;ESihf aygi;f pyfonfh
enf;y&d,m,frsm;ESifh tpm;xkd;&rnf?
abmf&SDApfrsm;onf Twm0efukd atmifjrifpGmxrf;aqmifEkdifa=umif; jyoEkdifcJhonf?
u|efawmfwkd@onf awmfvSefa&;rwkdifrD ESpf&Snfvrsm;twGif; rnfuJhokd@ vkyfaqmif
&rnfukd odcJh=uonf? u|efawmfwkd@ukd ausmufpkdifausmufom;uJhokd@ ckdifrmonf[kajymqkd
=uonfrSm tvum;r[kwfacs? qkd&S,f'Drkdu&uffrsm;onf yxrt}udrf vufeufukdifwkdufyGJ
&_H;edrfhr_a=umif pdwfysufjcif;r&Sd/ xdwfxdwfjymjymrjzpfbJ/ pGef@pm;cef;rsm;. o,faqmif&mokd@
ygroGm;onfh ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;ygww
D &yfudk wnfaxmifc=hJ uonf[k vDeifu a&;om;cJh onf?
(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/twGJ(1)pmrsufESm-467)
abmf&SDApfrsm;onf w&m;r0ifygwDtzGJtpnf;rsm;ukd xdrf;odrf;&efESifh tiftm;awmifh

wif;vmap&ef }udK;yrf;tm;xkwfcJh=uonf? okdaomf wcsdefwnf;rSmyif olwkdonf w&m;0if
tcGifhta&;wkdif;ukd toHk;cs+yD;/ w&m;0if wHcg;aygufwkdif;ukd jynfolvlxkESifh qufoG,fa&;
twGuf xdef;odrf;um Tenf;jzifh ygwDtiftm;awmifhwif;vmap&ef vkdtyfonf[k ,l
q=uonf?
TumvrSm usaemfwkdygwDu Zmbk&ifpepfukd qefusifonfh ajAmifawmfvSefa&;
wkdufyGJukd a0hvnfa=umifywfwkdufyGJrsm;okd/ w&m;0iftcGihfta&;wkdif;ukd toHk;csjcif;okd
tjyeftvSef tultnDay;onfh tpnf;tHk;rsm;ukd 'l;rm;v$wfawmfokd ajymif;vkdufonfh

umv jzpfonf? TumvrSm 1905 ck awmfvSefa&;H_;edrfh+yD;aemuf/ aemufqkwfonfhumv
jzpfonf? TvSnfhajymif;r_u u|efawmfwkd tiftm;pkrsm;ukd pnf;Hk;&efESifh Zmbk&ifpepfukd
qefusifonfh ajAmifawmfvSefa&;wkdufyGJ jyefazmf&eftwGuf wkdufyGJenf;emopfrsm; wwf
urf ; zk d &m u|ef a wmf w k d tay: wm0ef u sa&muf a ponf ? (a*s/ pwmvif / 15}ud r f
ajrmufygwDuGef*&uf. tpD&ifcHpmtjynfhtpHk? k&Sm;bmom/ pmrsufESm 366/ 367 - 1935)
w&m;0ifuse&f adS eaom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf ygw.

D ajratmuftzG@J tpnf;rsm; t wGuf
uvef@umrsm;jzpfum/ vlxEk iS q
hf ufo,
G af &; xde;f odr;f xm;onfh enf;vrf;rsm;vnf; jzpfonf?
vlxkESifh qufoG,fa&;udk xdef;odrf;&eftwGuf abmf&SDApfrsm;onf tvkyform; or*~rsm;ESifh
wjcm;w&m;0ifwnf&SdqJ trsm;qdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ Oyrm- emrusef;olrsm; axmufyHha&;
tzGJ@tpnf;/ tvkyform;or0g,r tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ uvyfrsm;/ ynma&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh
jynfo@l a*[mrsm; ponfw@kd ukd tok;H jyK=uonf? abmf&ADS pfrsm;onf Zmbk&iftpd;k &. ay:vpDukd
zGifhcs&ef/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH 'Drdku&ufrsm;udk zGifhcs&efESifh ypPnf; rJhrsm;twGuf v,form;rsm;.
axmufcrH u
_ &kd &efw@dk twGuf Edik if aH wmf 'l;rm;pifjrifu
h kd tok;H csco
hJ nf? w&m;r0ifonfh ygwt
D zG@J
tpnf;udk xdef;odrf;xm;r_ESihf wjcm;EdkifiHa&;vkyf ief;omeftm;vkH;udk TtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS
wqifh !ef=um;Edkifr_a=umifh ygwDukd rSefuefonfhvrf;pOfodk@ vdkufemapEdkif+yD;/ awmfvSefa&;
'Da&jrifhtwGuf jyifqif&mwGif tiftm;pkrsm;udk pnf;kH;EdkifapcJhonf?
abmfSDApfrsm;onf ppfrsufESmESpfckwGif wkdufyGJqif&if;/ if;wdk@. awmfvSefa&;vrf;pOfudk
azmfaqmifc=hJ uonf? Twdu
k yf o
JG nf ygww
D iG ;f u tacsmif0g' 2 rsK;d 2 pm;udk qef@usi&f jcif;jzpf
onf? wrsK;d rSm ygwu
D dk ajAmifqef@usio
f l rsm;jzpfonf? zsuo
f rd ;f a&;0g'rD sm;udk qef@usi&f onfh
wdu
k yf jJG zpf+yD;/ wrsK;d rSm ygw.
D zk;H uG,af eaom &eforl sm;jzpfaom atmhZAkd pfrsm;udk wdu
k &f onfh
wdkufyGJ jzpfonf?
vDeifESifh abmf&SDApfrsm;onf Ttacsmiform; wdrf;apmif;r_ ay:xGufv#if ay:xGufcsif;
zsuo
f rd ;f a&;0g'udk qef@usio
f nfh wdu
k yf u
JG kd r!mrwm qifEcJG o
hJ nf? vDeifu zsuo
f rd ;f a&;0g'D
rsm;onf ygwDwGif;&Sd vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;. olv#Kdrsm;jzpfonf[k axmufjycJhonf?
1908 ck/ 'DZifbmwGif R.S.D.L.P . yr}udraf jrmuf (k&mS ;jynfv;Hk qdik &f m) uGezf &ifu
h kd
yJ&pfwGif usif;yonf? vDeif. OD;aqmifv_Haqmfr_jzifh TuGefz&ifhu zsufodrf;a&;0g'udk _wfcs
vdkufonf? zsufodrf;a&;0g'qdkonf rSm R.S.D.L.P . wnfSdqJtzGJ@rsm;udk zsufodrf;+yD;/
Tae&mwGif rnfonfhenf;ESifhrqdk/ ygwD. vrf;pOfenf;y&d,m,fESifh tpOftvmrsm; vkH;0
pGef@v$ufzdk@vdkyguvnf; pGef@v$wf+yD;/ w&m;0ifv_yf&Sm;Edkifonfh ykHyef;rSd/ yHkyef;rusonfh tpnf;
tkH;wckESifh tpm;xdk;&efqkdonfh ygwD. ynmwwftpdwftydkif; (rif&SDApf)wpk. }udK;yrf;
csufrsm;udkqdkvdkonf?(C.P.S.U (B) .qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;/ k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 1/ pmrsufESm- 128)
uGefz&ifhu ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;tm;vkH;ukd zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;. }udK;yrf;r_rsm;udk qef@
usifonfhwdkufyGJudk cdkifrmjywfom;pGmqifEGJzdk h v_Haqmfvdkufonf?
od@k aomf rif&ADS pfrsm;onf uGezf &if.

h Tqk;H jzwfcsuu
f kd vdu
k ef mjcif;rjyKbJ/ zsuo
f rd ;f a&;
0g'udk ydrk v
dk yk af qmifvmum awmfveS af &;udk opPmazmuf+yD;/ zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfy'Hk rD u
kd &ufrsm;ESihf
ydkrdk yl;aygif;vm=uonf? rif&SDApfrsm;onf ypPnf;rJhygwD. awmfvSefonfhvkyfief;pOfrsm;/ 'Drdk
ua&pDorRwEdik if /H tvkycf sed f 8 em&D/ v,fajrrsm;udk odr;f ydu
k af &; awmif;qdck surf sm;udk ydI
k ydI
k
ajAmifuspGm pGef@v$wfvm=uonf? olwdk@onf ygwD. vkyfief;pOfESifh enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk
pGe@f vw
$ v
f u
kd jf cif;jzifh tzd;k tctaeESihf Zmbk&iftpd;k &xHrS ajAmifw&m;0if tac:tm;jzifh t
vkyform;ygwD w&yfwnf&SdcGifhudk vdkcsif=uonf? olwdk@onf pwdkvDyiftkyfpdk;r_ESifh aphpyf
+idrf;csrf;+yD;/ tvdkufoifh/ tvsm;oifhaeoGm;&ef jyifqif+yD;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifhyif zsufodrf;
a&;0g'Drsm;;udk pwdkvDyif tvkyform;ygwD[lIvnf; ac:qdk=ujcif; jzpfonf?
rm;awmhAf (Martov)/ xa&mhpuDESifh wjcm;rif&SDApfrsm;. tultnDjzifh 'ef (Dan)/
tZmva&mh'f (Axelrod)ESihf ydx
k &ufpaf qmhAf (Potressov)wd@k OD;aqmifonfh awmfveS af &;.
ajAmif &efolrsm; jzpfaom zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;udk r!mrwm wdkufyGJqifae&onfhtjyif
abmf&SDApfrsm; onf rdrdwdk@. tacsmif0g'udk vuf0Jpum;vkH;rsm;jzifh zkH;v$rf;xm;onfh
cdk;a=umifcdk;0Suf zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;jzpfonfh atmhZdkApfrsm; (Otzovists) ESifhvnf; wdkufyGJ
qif&ao;onf? atmhZdkApfqdkonfh trnfrSm 'l;rm;v$wfawmfrS tvkyform;udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm;udk jyefac:,l+yD; (Otzyo=Recall-jyefac: ) w&m;0if&Sd+yD;om; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS vkyf
ief;rsm;udyk g wcgwnf; jzwfypf&ef awmif;qdo
k nfh ,cifabmf&ADS pftcsK@d ukd ay;xm;onft
h rnf
jzpfonf?
1908 ckESpfwGif abmf&SDApftcsKd@u 'l;rm;v$wfawmfrS qdk&S,f'Drdku&uf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
udk jyefac:,l&ef awmif;qdk=uonf? xdk@a=umifh ifwdk@udk atmhZdkApfrsm;[k ac:onf? atmhZAkd pf
rsm;onf rdrdwdk@tkyfpk(abmh'gaemhAf/ vlemcsmpuD;/ tufvufZifpuD; (Alexinsky)/
ydkua&mhAfpuD; (Pokrovsky)/ abmhaemhAf (Bubnov) ESifhtjcm;vlrsm;) udkzGJ@+yD;/ vDeifESifh
vDeifvrf;pOfudk pwifwdkuf=uonf? atmhZdkApfrsm;onf tvkyform;or*~rsm;ESifh tjcm;
Oya'wGif; tpnf;tkH;rsm;wGif 0ifa&mufvkyfudkif&ef acgif;rmrmESifh jiif;qdk=uonf? TuJhodk@
jyKvkyjf cif;jzifh tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. ta&;awmfyu
Hk kd }uD;rm;pGm xdcu
dk ef pfemapcJo
h nf? atmhZAkd pf
rsm;onf ygwDESifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;t=um; oyfv#dK+yD;/ ygwDESifh if;. ygwDjyifyrS vlxk
ESifh qufoG,fa&;rsm;udk jywfawmufapcJhonf? olwdk@onf ajratmuftzGJ@tpnf;wGif;
at;aq;vk+H cHKpGm aecsi=f uaomfvnf; wcsed w
f nf;rSmyif w&m;0iftumtuG,u
f dk tok;H csr_
tcGit
hf a&;ukd jiif;qkjd cif;jzifh Tonfudk ab;ruif; rvk+H cHKr_udk jzpfaponf? abmf&ADS pfrsm;onf
'l;rm;wGi;f rS vnf;aumif;/ 'l;rm;rSwqifv
h nf;aumif;/ v,form;xkukd =oZm*,ufu
dk af pEdik f
+yD; Zmbk&if. ay:vpDESihf v,form;rsm; rdrdwdk@aemufygvma&;twGuf uvdef^m%fqifae
onfh zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfy'Hk rD u
kd &ufrsm;.ay:vpDukd azmfxw
k f zGichf sEikd af =umif;udk atmhZAkd pfrsm;u
em;rvnfEikd cf ahJ cs? atmhZAdk pfrsm;onf awmfveS af &; a&S@csw
D ufa&; topftwGuf tiftm;rsm;
pkpnf;&mwGif twm;tqD; taESmifht,Suf jzpfapcJhonf? xkd@a=umifh atmhZdkApfrsm;ukd t
wGif;tjyif zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm; (liquidators inside-out) [kac: qk=d uonf? olw@dk onf

w&m;0if wnf&SdqJtzGJ@tpnfrsm;ukd tokH;csEkdifacs&Sdr_udk zsufqD;&ef t}uD;tus,f}udK;pm;cJh
=u+yD;/ wu,fawmh us,fjyef@vSaom ygwDyrSvlxk. ypPnf;rJhacgif;aqmifr_ukd pGef@v$wfjcif;/
awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk pGef@v$wfjcif;omjzpfonf?
1909 ckESpfrSm atmhZkdApfrsm;. vkyf[efrsm;ukd aqG;aEG;&ef qifhac:cJhaom abmf&SDApf
owif;pm (proletary) . wdk;csJ@t,f'DwmbkwftzGJ@ uGefz&ifhu if;wdk@udk _wfcscJhonf?
abmf&SDApfrsm;u atmhZdkApfrsm;ESifh if;wdk@bmrSrqdkifbJ/ if;wdk@udk abmf&SDApftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS
xkwfy,fypfvdkufa=umif; a=unmonf?
zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;a&m/ atmhZkdApfrsm;yg ESpfrsKd;pvHk;onf ypPnf;rJhrsm;ESifh if;ygwD.
"e&Sifaygufp c&D;oGm;zufrsm;omjzpfonf? ypPnf;rJhrsm;twGuf cufcJonfhtcsdeftcga&muf
vmonhftcg zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh atmhZkdApfrsm;. wu,fhvuQ%mrSefonf txl;&Sif;
vif;pGm ay:xGufvmonf?
4? xa&mhpuD0g'tm; wdu
k cf u
kd &f onfh abmf&ADS pfw@kd . wdu
k yf rGJ sm; ygwq
D ef@usio
f nfh =o*kwv
f
tkyfpk?
abmf&SDApfrsm;u zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;/ atmZdkApfrsm;udk ppfrsufESmESpfzufESifh tjyif;
txefwdkufyGJqif+yD; ypPnf;rJhygwD. r,drf;r,dkifcdkifrmonfhvrf;pOfudk umuG,faepOf xa&mh
puD (Trotsky) onf rif&SDApfzsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;udk axmufcHcJhonf? ol@udk vDeifu *sL'g;pf
xa&mhpuD9 [ktrnfay;cJhonfrSm TumvwGifjzpfygonf? xa&mhpuDonf pma&;q&m
tkypf w
k pkukd AD,ifem (=op}wD;,m;) wGipf pk nf;+yD; *d%
k ;f *ercG[
J q
k x
kd m; aomf vnf;/ trSerf mS
rif&SDApfowif;pmudkxkwfa0cJhonf? xdktcsdefu vDeifu xa&mhpuD onf pufqkyfzG,f
taumif;qHk; tacsmiform;ESifh *dk%f;cGJa&;orm;uJhodk@ jyKrlcJhonf olonf ygwDukd yg;pyfu
avmuGwfpum;rsm; ajymaomfvnf; tqkd;qHk;aom *kd%f;cGJa&;orm;uJhokd@ jyKrlcJhonf[k
a&;om;cJhonf?
aemufyikd ;f 1912 ckwiG f xa&mhpuDonf abmf&ADS pfrsm;udk qef@usio
f nfh tpkrsm; tm;vH;k
udpk +k yD;/ =o*kwv
f tkypf k (August Bloc) udk zG@J pnf;um vDeifEiS hf abmf&ADS pfygwu
D kd qef@usi&f ef
a&S@_cJhonf? zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh atmhZkdApfrsm;onf Tabmf&SDApfqef@usifonfh tkyfpkESifh
pnf;vHk;nDnGwfoGm;+yD; aqGrsKd;awmfpyfr_udk azmfxkwfjyvkdufonf? xa&mhpuDESifh ol.aemuf
vdkufrsm;onf tajccHjy\emtm;vHk;wGif zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;. &yfwnfr_udk cH,l=uonf?
od@k aomf xa&mhpuDonf ol. zsuo
f rd ;f a&;0g'udk tv,ftvwf0g' (Centrism) qdo
k nfEiS hf
zH;k uG,x
f m;onf? qdv
k o
kd nfrmS jzefajzaphpyfa&;0g' (concilionism) jzpfonf? olu olonf
9? *sL'g;pf xa&mhpuD (JudasTrotsky)- *sL'g;pfrmS c&pfawmftm; opPmazmufonfh aemufvu
kd &f [ef;jzpfonf?
Tonfudk tpGJjyK+yD; qdk;0g;vSonfh opPmazmufudkac:onf? (bmomjyefol)
abmf&ADS pfvnf;r[kw/f rif&ADS pfvnf;r[kwb

f J olw@kd udk jyefvnfaphpyfay;&ef }uKd ;pm; ay;aeonf
[kqdkonf? TonfESifhywfouf+yD; vDeifu xa&mhpuDonf ajAmifzsufodrf;a&; 0g'Dxuf ydkI
,kwfrm+yD;/ ydktE &W m,f}uD;onf [kqo
kd nf? tb,fa=umifq
h adk omf olonf wu,fwrf;wGif
rif&ADS pfrsm;udk tjynft
h 0axmufcaH eaomfvnf; tvkyo
f rm;rsm;u ol@udk *d%
k rf sm;txuf
rSm [kxifvmap&ef vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;aejcif;a=umifh jzpfonf? xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;onf
tv,ftvwf0g' udk arG;jrLzGH@+zdK;aponfh t"dutpkjzpfonf?
&Jabmfpwmvif (Stalin) u tv,ftvwf0g'onf Edik if aH &;cH,cl suf jzpfonf? if;.
tawG;tac:rSm ypPn;f rJrh sm;. tusK;d pD;yGm;udk wckwnf;aom bHyk gww
D iG ;f &Sd "e&Siaf ygupf wk@d .
tusK;d pD;yGm;ESihf oifw
h ifah vsmufywfatmif jyKvkyjf cif;/ vufatmufcjH yKjcif;omv#if jzpfonf?
TtawG;tac:onf vDeif0g'ESihf roufqikd b
f J vDeif0g'udpk ufqyk &f &HG mS ayonf? (a*s/ pwmvif/
vDeif0g'jy\emrsm;/ k&Sm;bmom/ twGJ-9 /pmrsufESm(379) [k a&;om;cJhonf?
TumvwGif uJrDeufAf (Kamenev)/ ZDEdkApf (Zinoviev)ESifh dkifaumhAf (Rykov) wd@k
onf trSefpifppf xa&mhpuD. ykef;v#Kdaeonfh olv#Kdrsm;jzpfonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf
olw@kd onf vDeifukd wku
d cf u
kd &f eftwGuf xa&mhpuDukd r=umc%ulncD o
hJ nf? ZDEAkd pf/ umrDeufA/f
dik ;f aumhAEf iS w
hf jcm; xa&mhpuD. yke;f v#Kad eaom r[mrdwrf sm;.tultnDjzifh vDeif. awmif;
qdkcsufESifhqef@usifpGm/ 1910 Zefe0g&DwGif A[dkaumfrwDpHknD tpnf;ta0; ac:qdkusif;yonf?
xdt
k csed u
f abmf&ADS pftcsK@d tzrf;cHxm;&r_a=umifh A[dak umfrwD. zG@J pnf;r_rmS ajymif;vJomG ;+yD;/
,drf;,dkifonfh tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk vDeif0g' qef@usifonfh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;vufcH&ef zdtm;
ay;jcif;cHvu
kd &f onf? xd@k a=umihf Ttpnf;ta0;rS abmf&ADS pfowif;pm (proletary) udk ydwyf pf
&efEiS hf AD,ifemYxkwaf 0aom xa&mpuDowif;pm (Pravda) y&mAwmudk bma&; axmuf
yH&h efq;kH jzwfvu
kd =f uonf? umrDeufAu
f xa&mhpuD. owif;pmt,f'w
D mbkwt
f zG@J EiS hf yl;aygi;f
oGm;+yD;/ ZDEdkApfESifhtwl if;udk A[dkaumfrwD. tmabmfjzpfatmif }udK;yrf;cJhonf?
vDeif. wdkufwGef;r_a=umifhomv#if/ Zefe0g&D A[dkaumfrwDtpnf;ta0;u zsufodrf;
a&;0g'ESifh atmhZkdApf0g'wdk@udk jypfwif_wfcsonfh qHk;jzwfcsufudk vufcHtwnfjyKaomfvnf;/
Tae&mwGif ZDEAkd pfEiS hf umrDeufAw
f @kd u xa&mhpuD. wifjycsujf zpfaom zsuo
f rd ;f a&;0g'D rsm;udk
TemrnfESifh r&nf!ef;&ef/ vufcH&efwdkufwGef;cJhonf?
vDeif }udKwifjrifcJh+yD;/ }udKwifowday;cJhonfhtwdkif; jzpfvmygonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;om
v#if A[dkaumfrwDpHknDtpnf;ta0;. qHk;jzwfcsufudkemcH+yD;/ rdrdwdk@.owif;pm proletary
udk ydwfay;cJhaomfvnf;/ rif&SDApfrsm;onf if;wdk@*dk%f;rS zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;. owif;pm
(qdk ,
S 'f rD u
kd &ufrsm;.toH Voice of the Social Democrat) udk qufvufxw
k af 0cJo
h nf?
vDeif.taetxm;udk &Jabmfpwmvifu tjynft
h 0 axmufccH o
hJ nf? olu qd&k ,
S 'f rD kd
u&uf (Sotcial Demokrat) trSwf 11 wGif txl;aqmif;yg; a&;om;+yD;/ xdktxJwGif olu
xa&mhpuD0g'}uH&mygrsm;. vkyf[efudk _wfcs+yD;/ umrDeufAf/ ZDEdkApfESifh kdifaumhAfwdk@. opPm
azmufvkyf&yfa=umifh abmf&SDApftkyfpktwGif; ay:aygufvmonfh rSefwef;rusonfh tajc
taersm;udk tqH;k owfypf&ef vdt

k yfa=umif; wifjyonf? aqmif;yg;u aemufyikd ;f ya&mh*yf gwD
uGefz&ifhwGif taumiftxnfazmfcJhonfh vwfwavmwm0efrsm;udkvnf; wifjyxm;onf?
if;wdk@rSm taxGaxGygwD uGefz&ifhw&yf ac:qdk&ef/ w&m;0ifxGufonfh ygwDowif;pmw&yf
xkwfa0&efESifh k&Sm;Y w&m;r0if vufawG@vkyfief;twGuf ygwDA[dkw&yf xlaxmif&efwdk@ jzpf
onf? &Jabmfpwmvif. aqmif;yg;rSm vDeifukd tjynft
h 0 axmufco
H nfh bmul; aumfrwD.
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tay: tajccHonf?
zsuo
f rd ;f a&;0g'rD sm;ESihf xa&mhpuD0g'rD sm;rStp/ atmZkAd pfEiS hf bk&m;wnfaqmuforl sm;
(god builders) tqHk; ygwDqef@usifonfh tpdwftydkif;rsm; oufoufcsnf; pkpnf;xm;onfh
xa&mhpuD. ygwq
D ef@usio
f nfh =o*kwv
f tkypf u
k kd wefjyefwu
kd cf u
dk &f ef ygwt
D yk pf o
k nf w&m;
r0ifypPnf;rJhygwDudk xdef;odrf;+yD;/ awmifhwif;cdkifrmatmif jyKvkyfcsifonfholrsm; yg 0ifonf?
TtkyfpkwGif vDeifacgif;aqmifonfhabmf&SDApfrsm;ESifh yvufuaemhAf acgif;aqmifonfh
ygwDvdkvm;aom rif&SDApftenf;i,f yg0ifonf? yvufuaemhAfESifh ol. ygwDvdkvm;aom
rif&SDApftkyfpkonf wzufuvnf; jy\emwcsKd@wGif rif&SDApf&yfwnfr_udk xdef;odrf;xm;+yD;/
wzufrSmvnf; =o*kwfv tkyfpkzsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh jywfjywfom;om; av;av;eufeuf
uif;uGmxm;+yD;/ abmf&SDApfrsm;ESifh oabmwlr_&,l&ef }udK;pm;=uonf? vDeifonf yvuf
uaemhAf. tqdkudk vufcH+yD;/ olESifh ygwDtwGuf ta&;omap+yD;/ zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;udk
ysufpD;apEdkifaom ,m,DtkyfpkzGJ@+yD;/ ygwDqef@usifa&; tpdwftydkif;udk wdkufcdkuf&ef oabm
wlvu
kd o
f nf?
&Jabmfpwmvifu Ttkyfpkudk vHk;0 axmufcHonf? olonf xdktcsdefu jynfESif'%f
cHae&+yD;/ xdkrS vDeifxHodk@ pma&;om;vdkufonfrSmu|eaf wmft
h jrift& Ttkypf k (vDeif-yvufuaemhA)f .vrf;pOfomv#if rSeu
f ef onf?
1? Tvrf;pOfESifh if;wckwnf;uom wu,fh ygwDtpdwftydkif;tm;vHk; pnf;Hk;=u&ef
awmif;qdkonfh k&Sm;vkyfief;rsm;. wu,fhtusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh udkufnDaeonf?
2? Tvrf;pOfESifh if;wckwnf;uom rif&SDApftvkyform;rsm;ESifh zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;
t=um; uGJuGJjym;jym; rsOf;qGJ+yD; tpkvdkufcGJ+yD; zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;udk xkwfypfvdkufjcif;jzifh
w&m;0iftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;. xrf;ydk;atmufrS vGwfajrmufa&;jzpfpOfudk
vDeifESifhpwmvif/ k&Sm;bmom/ twGJ(1)/ pmrsufESm 529-30
vsifjrefapEdkifrnf? (vD
529-30)
w&m;r0ifESifh w&m;0ifvkyfief;rsm;udk u|rf;usifvdrfrmpGmaygif;pyfEdkifr_a=umifh abmf&SD
Apfrsm;onf w&m;0if tvkyo
f rm;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;wGif xda&mufonhf tiftm;pkw&yf jzpfvm
Edik cf o
hJ nf? Ttcsuu
f kd ta=umif;tm;avsmpf mG / xdt
k csed u
f usi;f ycJah om w&m;0if uGe*f &uf
av;ck/ jynfo@l wuUov
kd rf sm; uGe*f &uf/ trsK;d orD;uGe*f &uf/ pufo
kH rm;awmfrsm; uGezf &ifEh iS hf
t&ufaopma&Smif=uOfolrsm; (Temperance) uGefz&ifhwdk@wGif/ abmf&SDApf tvkyform;tkyfpk
rsm;tay: v$r;f rd;k cJo
h nfh }uD;rm;vSonf=h oZm*,ufwiG f awG@jrifEikd o
f nf? TuGe*f &uf rsm;wGif
abmf&ADS pfrsm; ajym=um;cJo
h nfh rde@f ceG ;f rsm;onf Edik if aH &;t& tvGet
f zd;k wefum/ wjynfv;kH od@k
wyfveS @f E;d_ aqmfay;onf? Oyrm jynfo@l wuUov

kd rf sm; uGezf &ifw
h iG f abmf&ADS pf tvkyo
f rm;ud,
k f
pm;vS,t
f zG@J u tEkynm,Ofaus;r_vy_ &f mS ;csurf sm;tm;vH;k udk ydwq
f @kd xm;onfh Zmbk&iftpd;k &
. y:vpDuzkd iG chf s+y;D / wdik ;f jynfwiG f Zmbk&iftpd;k &udk jzKwfrcsrjcif;/ rnfonfh ppfreS o
f nfh tEkynm
wdk;wufr_udkr# &&SdEdkifrnfr[kwfa=umif; tcdkiftrmajym qdk=uonf? pufHkorm;awmfrsm;.
uGezf &ifw
h iG f tvkyo
f rm; ud,
k pf m;vS,t
f zG@J u tvkyf orm;rsm; aexdik t
f vkyv
f yk af e=u&onfh
a=umufrufzG,faumif;atmif usef;rma&;ESifhrnD!Gwfonfh tajctaersm;udkajymjy+yD; Zm
bk&ifpepf jyKwfrusrjcif;/ pufHkoef@&Sif;a&;tmrcHcsufr&Sda=umif; ed*Hk;csKyfjyonf?
abmf&SDApfrsm;onf w&m;0iftjzpf&Sifoefaeao;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;trsKd;rsKd;twGif;&Sd
zsuo
f rd ;f a&;0g'rD sm;udk wjznf;jznf; wGe;f xkwcf o
hJ nf? yvufuaemhAf ygwv
D v
kd m;onfh tkypf Ek iS hf
wyfaygif;pkzGJ@vdkufonfh xl;jcm;onfh enf;y&d,m,fa=umifh abmf&SDApfrsm;onf rif&SDApf
tvkyo
f rm;tzG@J tpnf;rsm; (Adik af bmh*cf dik /f tDumwD&ED pdk vmAf ponfw@kd &)dS tcsK@d ukd pnf;H;k Edik f
cJhonf?
TcufcJonfhumvwGif abmf&SDApfrsm;u w&m;0ifvkyfief;rsm;ESifh w&m;r0ifvkyf
ief;rsm;udk rnfodk@aygif;pyf&rnfudk erlemjycJhayonf?
5? ya&mh*fygwDuGefz&ifh- 1912/ abmf&SDApfrsm; rmhufpfygwD oD;jcm;xlaxmifjcif;?
zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;/ atmZdkApfrsm;/ xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;ESifh wdkuf&onfhwdkufyGJrsm;u
abmf&SDApfrsm;twGuf abmf&SDApftm;vHk;udk pnf;vHk;nD!Gwf+yD;/ oD;jcm;abmf&SDApfygwD xl
axmif&ef ta&;w}uD;vdktyfvmr_ESifh &ifqdkif&ygawmhonf? Tonfu tvkyform; vl
wef;pm;udk tuGJuGJtjym;jym;jzpfaponfh ygwDtwGif;rS tacsmiform; wdrf;apmif;r_rsm;udk
tqH;k owfypfap&ef omru/ tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;. tiftm;pkrsm;udk pnf;H;k onfv
h yk if ef;
+yD;ajrmufap&efESifh 'Da&jrifhopftwGuf jyifqif&ef vHk;0vdktyfcsufjzpfayonf?
odk@aomf Twm0efudk +yD;pD;atmifjrifatmif raqmif&GufrD ygwDonf tacsmiform;
rif&SDApfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;ypf&efvdkonf?
rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh wygwDwnf; qufvufaexdkif&ef rnfonfh abmf&SDApfrS rpOf;pm;&Jawmh
atmif jzpfvmonf? pwdv
k yD if azmufjyefa&;umvtwGi;f rif&ADS pfrsm;. opPmazmufvyk &f yf/
ypPn;f rJyh gwu
D kd zsuo
f rd ;f +yD;/ jyefvnfjyKjyifa&; ygwo
D pf xlaxmif&ef }udK;yrf;r_rsm;u olw@kd EiS fh
vrf;cGJ&ef rvJ$ra&Smifom jzpfvmygonf? rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh wygwDwnf; qufvufaejcif;jzifh/
abmf&SDApfrsm;onf wenf;r[kwfwenf; rif&SDApfrsm;. tjyKtrlrsm;tay: pdwf"mwft&
wm0ef&Sdr_udk vufcH&efrSm rdrdwdk@udk,fwdkif ygwDESifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk opPmazmufcsif
ol rsm;rSvGJI rpOf;pm;0@Hacs?
xdak =umifh rif&ADS pfrsm;ESihf wygww
D nf; aygi;f aejcif;onf tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;ESihf if;.
ygwDudk opPmazmufonfh vuQ%maqmifaeayonf? tusKd;quftm;jzifh rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh
wu,fh cGcJ mG r_ukd tqH;k wkid jf yKvky&f ef jzpfvmygawmhonf? w&m;0ifpnf;H;k a&; cGcJ mG r_EiS hf ygwrD S
rif&SDApfrsm;udk xkwfypf&efjzpfygonf?
Tenf;vrf;wckwnf;uom vkyfief;pOfwckwnf;/ enf;y&d,m,fwckwnf;ESifh vlwef;
pm;tzGJ@tpnf;wckwnf;&Sdaom awmfvSefa&; ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;ygwDukd jyKjyifxdef;odrf;
wnfaqmufEdkifrnf?
Tenf;vrf;wckwnf;uom rif&SDApfrsm; zsufqD;cJhonfh wu,fhppfrSefonfh (omef
r[kwf) ygwDpnf;vHk;a&;udk jyKjyifxdef;odrf; wnfaqmufEdkifrnf?
Twm0efudk qrt}udrfajrmuf taxGaxGygwDuGefz&ifhu xrf;aqmif&efjzpf+yD;/ T
twGuf abmf&SDApfrsm;u jyifqifcJh=uonf?
odk@aomf TonfrSm jy\em. bufwzufomjzpf.? rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh w&m;0ifcGJcGm+yD;/
oD;jcm;abmf&SDApfygwD xlaxmifa&;onf trSefyif tvGefta&;}uD;onfh EdkifiHa&;wm0efw&yf
jzpfonf? odk@aomf abmfSDApfrsm;tzdk@ ydkI ta&;}uD;onfh tjcm;wm0efw&yfESifh &ifqdkifvm
&onf? abmf&SDApfrsm;. wm0efrSm rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh cGJcGm+yD;/ oD;jcm;ygwDw&yfaxmifHkr#om
r[kwb
f /J wjcm;t&mtm;vH;k xuf rif&ADS pfrsm;ESihf cGcJ mG +yD;aemuf/ taemufEikd if rH sm;rSm &Sad eus
qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pDygwrD sm;ESihf uGjJ ym;jcm;em;onfh trsKd;tpm;opfygw/D ygwopf
Dopfw&yf/ tacsmif
orm;tpdwfydkif;rsm; uif;pif+yD;/ tm%m&&Sda&;wdkufyGJwGif ypPnf;rJhrsm;udk acgif;aqmifr_ay;
Edkifonfh ygwDw&yfwnfaqmuf&ef jzpfonf?
abmf&SDApfrsm;udk wdkufcdkuf&mrSm tZmva&mh'f/ rmwDaemhAfESifh xa&mhpuD txdaom
rif&SDApf ta&miftaoG;pHk tm;vHk;wdk@onf taemufOa&my qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;. vufeuf
wdkufrS vufeufrsm;udk t+rJojzifh iSm;&rf;toHk;cscJhygonf? if;wdk@onf k&Sm;awG qkdk=uygpdk@?
*smrefESifh jyifopf qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufygwDrsm;ESifh tvm;wl ygwDudk tvdk&SdcJhonf? olwkd@onf
abmf&SDApfrsm;xHwGif taemufEdkifiHrsm;rS qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;ESifhrwl xljcm;onfh topf
tqef;wrsKd; cHpm;od&Sdaoma=umifhomv#if abmf&SDApfrsm;udk wdkufcdkufaejcif;jzpfonf?
xdt
k csed u
f taemufEikd if rH sm;rS qdk ,
S 'f rD u
kd &ufygwrD sm;onf rnfonfukd ud,
k pf m;jyKyg oenf;?
rmhufpf0g'DESifh tacsmiform;0g'Drsm;/ awmfvSefa&;. rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh &efolrsm;/ ygwDrl rsm;udk
axmufcHolrsm;ESifh qef@usifolrsm;/ axmufcHolrsm;u wjznf;jznf; tawG;tac:t& qef@
usio
f rl sm;ESihf yl;aygi;f oGm;+y;D trSepf ifppf if;wd@k . vufatmufcjH zpfomG ;&awmhonf? [if;av;
td;k }uD; jzpfaeygawmh onf? Ttacsmiform;/ awmfveS af &;udk opPmazmuforl sm;ESihf yl;aygi;f
oGm;&jcif;rSm rnfonfhtwGufa=umifhenf;[k abmf&SDApfrsm;u taemufOa&my qdk&S,f'Drdk
ua&pDrsm;udkar;onf? olwdk@u ygwDwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf/ pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&;
twGuf [kajz=uonf? rnfoEl iS phf nf;vk;H nD!w
G af &;enf;? tacsmiform;rsm;ESihf vm;? olw@kd u
[kwfygonf[kajzonf? TuJhodk@aomygwDrsKd;onf awmfvSefa&;ygwDrsm; r[kwfEdkifonfu
awmh &Sif;oGm;yg+yD?
tde*f ,f aoqk;H +yD;aemuf/ taemufOa&my qd&k ,

S 'f rD u
kd a&pDygwrD sm;onf vlra_ wmfveS f
a&;ygwDrsm;tjzpfrS vlr_jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; ygwDrsm;tjzpfodk@ pwif ysufpD;qkwf,kwfae+yD;/
TygwDwdkif;onf tzGJ@tpnf;w&yftjzpf/ acgif;aqmiftiftm;pkw&yfrS if;. ygvDreftkyfpk
tpG,t
f yGm;w&yftjzpfo@kd ajymif;vJomG ;+yjD zpfa=umif;udk abmf&ADS pfrsm;u awG@jrifvm=u onf?
TuJo
h @kd aomygwo
D nf ypPn;f rJrh sm;twGuf rnfonfah umif;usK;d r#r&SEd ikd ?f TuJo
h @kd aom
ygwDonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk awmfvSefa&;odk h OD;aqmifroGm;Edkifqdkonfwdk@udk
abmf&SDApfrsm;u odvm=uonf?
ypPn;f rJrh sm; vdt
k yfonfrmS TuJo
h @kd aomygwrD sK;d r[kwb
f J if;ESirhf wlujJG ym;onfh trsK;d
tpm;ygwD/ ppfrSefonfh rmhufpf0g'ygwDopfw&yf/ tacsmiform;rsm;ESifh aphpyfjcif;rjyKbJ/
"e&Sifrsm;tay: awmfvSefum/ cdkifcdkifrmrm uspfuspfvpfvpf wpkwpnf;wnf; zGJ@aESmifxm;
onfh vlr_awmfvSefa&;ygwDw&yf/ ypPnf;rJh tm%m&SifygwDw&yf jzpfa=umif;udk abmf&SDApfrsm;
u odvm=uonf?
abmf&SDApfrsm;vkdcsifonfrSm TuJhodk@aom ygwDtrsKd;tpm;opfw&yf jzpfonf? abmf
&SDApfrsm;onf TuJhodk@aomygwDudk wnfaqmuf&efvkyfaqmif=uonf? pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;/
rif&SDApfrsm;/ xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;/ atmfZkdApfrsm;ESifh ykHtrsKd;rsKd;ESifh pdwf0g'Drsm;rS tawG@
t}uHKa0zefa&;0g'Drsm;txd qef@usifwdkufyGJ0ifcJh&onfh ordkif;wckvHk;onf TuJhodk@aom
ygwDwnfaqmufa&;ordkif;jzpfonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;onf wu,fhppfrSefonfh awmfvSefaom
rmhufpf0g' ygwDw&yfudk vdkcsifolrsm;twGuf pHjyjzpfEdkifonfh abmf&SDApfygwD/ ygwDopfw&yfudk
wnfaxmifvdkcJh=uonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;onf tpPu&mta[mif;tcsdefrSp+yD; TuJhodk@aom
ygwDrsKd;wnfaqmuf&ef }udK;pm;vmcJhayonf? olwdk@onf TtwGuf rnfonfh t&mrsm;&Sd&Sd/
acgif;rmpGm/ ckdifrmjywfom;pGm }udK;pm;cJhonf? Tvkyfief;wGif vDeif. u|efawmfwkd@ bm
vkyf=urnfenf;? enf;y&d,m,f ESpfoG,f ponfha&;om;csufrsm;u tajccHESifh tcdkif
trmtcef;u yg0ifayonf? vDeif. u|efawmfwdk@ bmvkyf=urnfenf;onf TuJhodk@
aomygwDtwGuf tawG;tac:a&;&m jyifqifr_jzpfonf? vDeif. a&S@wvSrf;wdk;/ aemuf
ESpfvSrf;qkwfonf ygwDtwGuf pnf;Hk;a&;&mjyifqifr_ jzpfonf? vDeif. 'Drdkua&pD
awmfvSefa&;twGif; qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;. enf;y&d,m,fESpfoG,f onf TuJhodk@aomygwD
twGuf EdkifiHa&;t& jyifqifr_jzpfonf? aemufqHk;vDeif. kyf0g'ESifh tawG@t}uHK a0zef
a&; onf TuJhodk@aom ygwDtwGuf oabmw&m;a&;&m jyifqifcsuf jzpfonf?
abmf&SDApftkyfpkuJhodk@ ygwDw&yfzGJ@pnf;&ef tjynfhtpHk jyifqifonfh EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkordkif;
wGifr&SdcJh[k taotcsm qdkcJhygonf?
xdk@a=umifh tajctae tcsuftvufrsm;u abmf&SDApfrsm;twGuf ygwDw&yfzGJ@pnf;
xlaxmif&ef jynfhpHk&ifhrSnfhae+yD jzpfonf?
rif&DSApfrsm;udk xkwfy,f+yD;/ abmf&SDApfygwD/ ygwDopfw&yf/ w&m;0ifzGJ@pnf;wnfaxmif

a&;. vkyfief;t+yD;owf jynfhpHkap&efrSm qrt}udrfajrmufygwDuGefz&ifh. vkyfief;wm0ef
jzpfayonf?
k&mS ;jynfv;kH qdik &f m qrt}udraf jrmuf ygwu
D eG zf &ifu
h kd 1912 ck/ Zefe0g&w
D iG f ya&m@*Yf
usif;ycJhonf? ygwDtzGJ@tpnf; ESpfq,fausmfrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; apv$wfcJhonf? xkda=umihf
uGefz&ifhonf rSefwef;ygwDuGef*&uf. t"dy`m,f&Sdonf?
uGezf &if.
h a=unmcsuw
f iG f ygw.
D uGjJ ym;aeaom A[dt
k aqmufttHrk sm;udk jyefvnf
zGJ@pnf;+yD;/ A[dkaumfrwD zGJ@pnf;vdkufa=umif; a=unmum/ k&Sm;qkd&S,f'Drdku&ufygwD taeESifh
wdusonfh tzGJ@tpnf;omef ,lonfhtcsdefrSp+yD; azmufjyefa&;umv/ tcuftcJqHk;aom
umvjzpfonf[kvnf; a=unmonf? zdEdSyfnOf;yef;r_rsm;=um;rS/ jyifyrS jyif;xefonfh
xdk;ESufcsufrsm;/ twGif;rS tacsmif0g' opPmazmufr_rsm;ESifh awGa0,drf;,dkifr_rsm;=um;rSyif/
ypPnf;rJhygwDonf if;.tvHESifh tzGJ@tpnf;udk tyGef;tyJhr&Sd xdef;odrf;xm;EdkifcJhonf?
k&Sm; qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwD. tvHr#omru/ if;.vkyfief;pOfESifh awmfvSefa&;tpOf
tvmrsm;onf qufvuf&SifoefaeqJjzpfonf? odk@aomf if;.tzGJ@tpnf;rSmrl/ zdESdyfnOf;
yef;r_rsm;a=umifh tm;enf;csKd@wJhoGm;aomfvnf; vHk;0zsufqD;ypfvdkufEdkifjcif; r&Sdyg [k a=u
nmcsuu
f a=unmonf?
uGezf &ifu
h k&mS ;&Sd tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm; v_yf mS ;r_'aD &jrifo
h pfEiS hf ygwv
D yk if ef;jyef vnf
touf0ifvmr_wdk@. yxrqHk;aomvuQ%mudk rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf?
a'otzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u wifjyonfhtpDt&ifcHpmrsm;tay: if;.qHk;jzwfcsufwGif
uGefz&ifhu w&m;r0ifonfh a'oqdkif&m qdk&S,f'Drdku&uftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh tpkrsm;
tiftm;awmifhwif;vmap&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh qdk&S,f'Drdku&uf tvkyform;rsm;t=um;
ae&mwumwGif tvGew
f ufuo
G nfh vkyif ef;rsm; vkyaf qmifvsu&f o
dS nf [krw
S cf sucf schJ onf?
uGezf &ifu
h aemufqw
k o
f nfh umvtwGi;f abmf&ADS pf enf;y&d,m,f. ta&;}uD;aom
pnf;urf;qdo
k nfrmS w&m;0ifwnfqJ tvkyo
f rm;tpnf;tk;H ESihf or*~trsK;d rsK;d wd@k wiG f w&m;
0ifvkyfief;rsm;ESifh w&m;r0ifvkyfief;rsm; aygif;pyfjcif;udk a'otm;vHk;wGif vdkufem&rnf[k
rSwfcsufcscJhonf?
ya&mh*fuGefz&ifhu vDeif/ pwmvif/ tdk*sKdeDupfZD; (Ordjonikidze)/ qAm;'favmhAf
(Sverdlov)/ pyef'g&if (Spandayan)/ *kv
d q
kd ufcsu
f if(Goloshchekin)ESihf tjcm;vlrsm;yg0if
onfh ygwD. abmf&SDApfA[dkaumfrwDudk a&G;aumufcJhonf? pwmvifESifh qAm;'favmhAfrSm
xdktcsdefu jynfESifh'%fcHae&ojzifh if;wdk@r&SdbJ A[dkaumfrwD ta&G;cH&jcif;jzpfonf? ta&G;cH
&onfh t&efA[dkaumfrwDrsm;t=um; &JabmfumvDeif (Kalinin) vnf; yg0ifayonf?
k&mS ;Y awmfveS af &;vkyif ef;!e=f um;&ef vufawG@vyk if ef;twGuf A[dk (A[dak umfrwD.
k&Sm;AsLdk) udkxlaxmifygonf? if;AsLkdukd pwmvifu OD;aqmif+yD; &Jabmf 0kdif qAm;'favmhAf/
tufpf pyef'g&if/ tufpf tkd*sdKeDupfZD;/ trf umvDeifESifh *kdvkdqufcsfuifwkd@jzifh zGJ@pnf;cJhonf?
rif&SDApfrsm;udk ygwDrSxkwfypf&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf? rif&SDApfrsm;udk ygwDrSxkwfypfvdkufjcif;

jzifh ya&mh*fuGefz&ifhonf abmf&SDApfygwD woD;wjcm;wnf&Sdr_udk w&m;0if zGifhvSpfvdkufonf?
rif&ADS pfrsm;udk tawG;tac:a&;&mESihf pnf;k;H a&;&mt& wdu
k cf u
kd Ef rdS ef if;+yD;/ ygwD rSxw
k yf pf
vd k u f + yD ; aemuf abmf & S D A pf r sm;onf R.S.D.L.P ygwD . tvH a [mif ; ud k xd e f ;
odr;f umuG,cf o
hJ nf? xd@k a=umifyh if abmf&ASD pfygwo
D nf 1918 ckEpS t
f xd rdru
d ,
kd rf rd d R.S.D.L.P
[kyif ac:cJh+yD;/ abmf&SDApf[laom pum;vHk; uGif;puGif;ydwfESifh xnfhxm;onf?
1912 ck tpydkif;/ a*:uDqDokd@ ya&mh*fuGefz&ifh. tusKd;rsm;udk pma&;&mY vDeifuaemufqHk;rSmawmh zsufodrf;a&0g'D*sydk;rsm;&SdvsufESifhyif ygwDESifhA[dkaumfrwDudk umuG,f
xde;f odr;f jyKjyif wnfaqmuf&mrSm u|eaf wmfw@kd atmify&JG cJyh gw,f? Ttcsuaf y: cifAsm;vnf;
vDeifusrf;aygif;pHk/
u|efawmfwdk@ESifhtwl 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om&Sdvdrfhr,fvdk@ ar#mfvifhygw,f? (vD
k&Sm;bmom/twGJ-26/ pmrsufESm-19
-19)
ya&mh*fuGefz&ifh. ta&;ygonfht"dy`m,fudk ajym=um;&mY &JabmfpwmvifuTuGezf &ifo

h nf u|eaf wmfw@kd ygw.
D ordik ;f Y ta&;}uD;qH;k jzpfonf? if;u abmf&ADS pf
ESifh rif&SDApft=um; e,ferdwfpnf;a=umif; a&;qGJcJh+yD;/ wjynfvHk;&Sd abmf&SDApftzGJ@tpnf; tm;
vHk;udk pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfonfh abmf&SDApfygwDtjzpf aygif;qufcJhjcif;a=umifh jzpfonf? (C.P.S.U
(B) yruGef*&uf tpDt&ifcHpm tjynhftpHk/ k&Sm; bmom/ pmrsufESm 361/ 362)
abmf&SDApfrsm;. woD;wjcm;ygwD. zGJ@pnf;ykHpnf;rsOf;Oya'ESifh rif&SDApfrsm;udk xkwfy,f

D nf rdrt
d wGi;f rS tacsmif
ypfra_ =umifh abmf&ADS pfygwo
D nf ydrk ckd ikd rf m awmifw
h if;vmonf? ygwo
orm; tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk xkwfy,fypfvdkufjcif;jzihf rdrdwdk@tiftm; awmifhwif;cdkifrm vm
aponf? TonfrSm 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f. qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwDrsm;rS tajccHtm;jzifh
uGJjym;jcm;em;onfh trsKd;tpm;opfygwD/ abmf&SDApfygwD. vufudkif qdkkd;pum; (Maxim)
wyk'f jzpfonf? 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f. ygwDrsm;u if;wdk@udk,fif;wdk@ rmhufpfygwDrsm;[k
ac:qd=k uaomfvnf;/ trSepf ifppfrmS rl if;wd@k xw
J iG f twdtvif;0efcx
H m;onfh tacsmiform;
rsm;/ rmhufpf0g'. &efolrsm;udk onf;cHcGifhv$wfxm;+yD;/ if;wdk@udk 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,fudk
zsuq
f ;D ypf&ef cGijhf yKcJah yonf? qef@usipf mG yif abmf&ADS pfrsm;onf tacsmiform;rsm;udk t=uif
emuif;pGm qef@usifwdkufyGJ0if+yD;/ ypPnf;rJhygwDudk tacsmif0g'nGeftwGif;rS vGwfajrmufap+yD;/
aemufyikd ;f wGif ypPn;f rJt
h m%m&Sipf epfudk atmifjrifpmG qGwcf ;l cJo
h nfh trsK;d tpm;opf vDeif0g'D
ygwDudk atmifjrifpGmxlaxmifEdkifcJhonf?
ypPnf;rJhygwDtwGif; tacsmiform;rsm; usef&Sdaeygu/ abmf&SDApfygwDonf vGwfvGwf
u|wfu|wf us,fjyef@pGmc&D;ESif+yD;/ ypPnf;rJhrsm;udk acgif;aqmifEdkifrnfr[kwf/ tm%mudkodrf;
,l+yD;/ ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepfudk xlaxmifEdkifrnfr[kwf/ jynfwGif;ppfwGif atmifyGJcH+yD; qdk
&S,fvpf0g'ukd wnfaxmifEdkifrnfr[kwfacs?
ya&mh*fuGefz&ifhu ygwD. tedrfhqHk;vkyfief;wGif yg0ifonfh awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk t"du

vufwavmEdkifiHa&; awmif;qdkcsufrsm;tjzpf wifoGif;&ef qHk;jzwfcJh=uonf? if;wdk@rSm 'Drdk
ua&pDorRwEdkifiH/ tvkyfcsdef 8 em&DESifh v,fajrtm;vHk; odrf;ydkufa&; jzpfonf?
abmf&SDApfrsm;tm;vHk;onf pwkw EdkifiHawmf'l;rm; a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifh qufpyf&mwGif
TawmfvSefa&; auG;a=umfoHrsm;atmufwGif rdrdwdk@.v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk jyKvkyfaqmif&GufcJh=u
onf?
TauG;a=umfoHrsm;onf 1912-14 ckESpfrsm;wGif ay:xGufcJhonfh tvkyform; vl
wef;pm; vlxk}uD;. awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ 'Da&jrifhopfudk OD;aqmifvrf;jycJhonf?
tusOf;csKyf
1908-12 ckEpS rf sm;onf awmfveS af &;vkyif ef;rsm;twGuf tcuftcJq;kH umvjzpfonf?
awmfvSefa&; _H;edrfhoGm;+yD;aemuf awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; usqif;oGm;+yD;/ vlxku
yifyef;EGrf;e,foGm;pOf abmf&SDApfrsm;onf if;wdk@. enf;y&d,m,frsm;ukd ajymif;vJvdkuf+yD;/
Zmbk&ifpepfudk wdkufkdufqef@usif wdkufyGJqifae&mrS a0hvnfa=umifywf wdkufyGJrsm;qifvm
onf? pwdkvDyif azmufjyefa&;umvtwGif; cufcJonfh tajctaewGif abmf&SDApfrsm;onf
vlxkESifh qufoG,fa&;udk xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif&ef tao;qkH;aom w&m;0if tcGifhta&;udkyif
tok;H jyKcJ=h uonf? (emruse;f olrsm;/ axmufyahH &;tpnf;tk;H ESihf tvkyo
f rm;or*~rsm;rStp
'l;rm;v$wfawmftxd) abmf&SDApfrsm;onf ravsmhaom ZGJvkH@vjzifh awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_
'Da&jrifhtwGuf tiftm;rsm;udk pkpnf;vkyfaqmifcJh=uonf?
awmfvSefa&;_H;edrfhr_/ twdkuftcHtpkrsm; tiftm;+ydKuGJoGm;jcif;/ awmfvSefa&;tay:
pdwf"mwfusjcif;ESifh ygwDukd pGef@cGmoGm;onfh ynmwwfrsm; (abmh'g;aemhAf/ bmZma&mhAfESifh
tjcm; olrsm;) . oabmw&m;a&;&mtajccHrsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqif&ef wd;k wuf}udK;yrf;r_rsm;
a=umifh cufcJvmonfh tajctaersm;atmufwGif abmf&SDApfrsm;onf ygwD. tvHudk vdyf
rypfonfh ygwv
D yk if ef;pOftay: opPm&S+d rJ&o
dS nf? rmhupf 0f g'oabmw&m; tay: a0zefa&;.
xd;k ESuf wdu
k cf u
kd rf r_ sm;udk ESrd ef if;ypfonfh ygww
D iG ;f &Sd wckwnf;aom tiftm;pkrsm;onf (vDeif.
kyf0g' ESifh tawG@t}uHKa0zefa&;) ygwDESifh if;. awmfvSefa&;rl0g'rsm;udk umuG,fxdef;odrf;
&mwGif vDeifywfvnfY0ef;&Hxm;aom abmf&ADS pfrsm; acgi;f aqmifr_ A[drk dKifukd rnfonfu
tultnDay;cJhoenf; qdkaomf TA[dkrdKifonf rmhufpf0g'/ vDeif0g' tawG;tac:wdk@jzifh
oHr%dcw
J ifxm;+yD;/ awmfveS af &;tvm;tvmudk vnf; qkyu
f ikd x
f m;onf? u|eaf wmfw@kd ukd
ausmufpikd af usmufom;uJo
h @kd cdik rf monf[k ajymqdo
k nfrmS tvum;r[kwaf cs [k vDeifu
abmf&SDApfrsm;udk !ef;qdk&mwGif ajym=um;onf?
rif&SDApfrsm;onf xdktcsdefwGif awmfvSefa&;rS a0;onfxuf a0;oGm;=uonf? if;wdk@
onf ypPnf;rJhrsm;. w&m;r0ifonfh awmfvSefa&;ygwDudk zsufodrf;ypf&ef awmif;qdk&if;
zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm; jzpfvm=uonf? olwdk@onf ygwD.vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk ydkI ajAmifuspGm
pGef@ypfvm=uonf? awmfvSefa&; &nfrSefcsufrsm;/ ygwD.auG;a=umfoHrsm;udk ydkI pGef@v$wf
vm=u+yD;/ tvkyform;rsm;u pwdkvDyiftvkyform;ygwD [ktrnfay;xm;aom if;wdk@
udk ud,
k yf ikd jf yKjyifajymif;vJa&; ygww
D &yfukd xlaxmif&ef }udK;yrf;tm;xkwcf o
hJ nf? xa&mhpuD
onf pum;vkH;t& ygwDaoG;pnf; nD!Gwfa&; auG;a=umfoHudk uef@vef@umtjzpf t
okH;jyK+yD;/ zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;udk axmufcH+yD;/ trSefwu,frSmrl zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh aoG;
pnf;nD!w
G af &;udk qdv
k akd yonf?
wzufwGifvnf; Zmbk&ifudk wdkufcdkuf&mwGif a0hvnfa=umifywfenf;opfrsm; tokH;
jyK&ef vdktyfr_udk em;rvnfonfh abmf&SDApftcsKd@u w&m;0iftcGifhta&;rsm; tokH;rjyK&efESifh
EdkifiHawmf'l;rm;rS tvkyform;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;jyefac:&ef awmif;qdk=uonf? T atmhZkd

Apfrsm;onf ygwDudk vlxkESifh tquftoG,fjywfoGm;ap&ef a*smufwGef;+yD;/ awmfvSefa&;
'Da&jrifo
h pftwGuf tiftm;pkrsm; pkpnf;&mwGif taESmift
h ,Suf t[ef@twm; jzpfapay onf?
vuf0Jpum;vkH;rsm;udk uef@vef@umtjzpf tokH;jyK+yD; atmhZdkApfrsm;onf zsufodrf;
a&;0g'Drsm;uJhodk@yif tESpfom&tm;jzifh awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJudk pGef@cGmoGm;=uonf?
xa&mhpuDpnf;kH;zGJ@pnf;onhf =o*kwfvtkyfpk[kac:wGifaom vDeifqef@usifonfh bkH
tkyfpkwGif zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh atmhZdkApfrsm;pnf;vkH; yl;aygif;oGm;=uonf?
zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh atmZdkApfrsm;udk qef@usifonfhwdkufyGJESifh =o*kwfvtkyfpkudk
qef@usifonfhwdkufyGJwGif abmf&SDApfrsm;onf tay:pD;&&Sd+yD; w&m;r0if ypPnf;rJhygwDudk um
uG,fa&;wGif atmifjrifcJhonf?
TumvwGif xl;jcm;xif&Sm;onfhtjzpftysufrSm R.S.D.L.P . ya&mh*fuGefz&ihf
(Zefe0g&D/ 1912) jzpfygonf? TuGefz&ifhwGif rif&SDApfrsm;udk ygwDrS xkwfy,fypfvdkuf+yD;/
abmf&SDApfESifh rif&SDApfwdk@. ygwDwcktwGif; omeft& pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfaer_/ t+yD;wdkif tqkH;
owfypfvdkufygonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkwck tjzpfrS w&m;0iftm;jzifh
woD;wjcm;jzpfaom k&Sm;qkdS,f'Drdku&uf tvkyform;ygwD (abmf&SDApf) [lI zGJ@pnf;jzpf
ay:vmonf? ya&mh*fnDvmcHonf vDeif0g'.ygwD/ abmf&SDApfygwD trsKd;tpm;topfygwD
w&yfukd xlaxmifay;vku
d o
f nf?
ypPnf;rJhygwDtwGif;rS tacsmiform; rif&SDApfrsm;udk ya&mh*fuGefz&ifhwGif xkwfy,fypf
vdkufjcif;onf ygwDESifh awmfvSefa&;twGuf qufvufjzpfay:vmonfh jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_tay:
tvGefta&;yg+yD;/ jywfom;onfh =oZm*,ufrsm; oufa&mufapcJhonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;onf
tvkyo
f rm;ta&;awmfyt
Hk ay: opPmazmuforl sm;jzpfonfh aphpyfa&;orm;rif&ADS pfrsm;udk ygwrD S
rxkwyf ,fcyhJ gu ypPn;f rJyh gwo
D nf 1917 ckEpS w
f iG f ypPn;f rJt
h m%m&Sipf epf twGuf wdu
k yf 0JG if&ef
vlxkudk v_HaqmfEdkifrnfr[kwfacs?
tcef; (5)
yxre,fcsJ ph pfrwdik rf D tvkyo

f rm;vlwef;pm;v+y&f mS ;r+'aD &jrifo
h pftwGi;f u
abmf&ADS pfygwD (1912=1914)
1? 1912-1914 ckESpftwGif; awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_'Da&jrifh?
pwkdvDyif azmufjyefa&;atmifyGJonf oufwrf;wdkcJhygonf? jynfolvlxktm; =um
yGwfESifhacgif;jzwfpufuvGJvdk@ wjcm;ay;&ef r&Sdonfhtpkd;&tzdk@ a&&SnfrcHEdkifacs? zdESdyfonfh
enf;emrsm;onf tvGerf sm;jym;vGe;f +yD;/ tavhtx tusiu
hf o
hJ @kd jzpfomG ;ojzifh jynfol rsm;u
ydkI a=umufvef@jcif; r&Sdawmhacs? awmfvSefa&;_H;edrfhoGm;+yD;aemuf csufcsif;vdkvdk ESpf
rsm;twGif;u tvkyform;rsm;. armyef;EGrf;e,fr_rSmvnf; wjznf;jznf; oufomaysmuf
uif;pjyKvmay+yD? tvkyform;rsm;onf wdkufyGJrsm;udk jyefvnfpwifvmonf? awmfvSefa&;
'Da&jrifhopfonf rvGJra&Smif jzpfay:vmvdrfhrnfqdkonfh abmf&SDApfrsm;. }udKwifrSef;qcsuf
onf rSeu
f efa=umif;awG@vm&onf? 1911 ckEpS w
f iG f oydwaf rSmufol ta&twGurf mS 100000
xuf a usmf v G e f c J h a omf v nf ; if ; t&if E S p f r sm;rS m ES p f p Of 50000 od k @ r[k w f 60000
xufrausmv
f eG af y? 1912 Zefe0g&v
D wGif usi;f ycJo
h nfh ya&mh*yf gwu
D eG zf &ifo
h nf tvkyo
f rm;
vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_ jyefvnftouf0ifvmjcif;. tpjyKcsufudk txdrf;trSwf jyKayonf?
odk@aomf awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_. wu,fh'Da&jrifhrSm 1912 {+yDESifharvwGif p wifcJh+yD;/
vDema&$wGif;rsm;rS tvkyform;rsm;udk ypfowfr_ESifh qufpyf+yD; vlxkEkdifiHa&;oydwfyGJ rsm;
jzpfay:vmcsed w
f iG jf zpfonf?
1912 {+yD 4 &uf qdu

k af A&D;,m; vDem a&$wiG ;f oydww
f iG f Zmbk&ihf vufeufuikd t
f &m&Sd
rsm;. trde@f t& tvkyo
f rm; 500 ausmf aoqk;H od@k r[kwf '%f&m& jzpfcyhJ gonf? tkycf sKyfol
rsm;ESihf +idr;f csr;f pGm aqG;aEG;wdik yf if aphpyf&ef csw
D ufvmonfh vufeufrhJ vDemrdik ;f tvkyo
f rm;
rsm;udkypfowfr_onf wjynfvkH;udk v_yf&Sm;oGm;aponf? Zmbk&ifoufOD;qHydkifrsm;.
TaoG;pGef;onfh vkyf&yfopfonf rdkif;tvkyform;rsm;. pD;yGm;a&;oydwfudk +zdKcGJ&efjzpf+yD;/
Tenf;jzifh vDema&$wGif;rsm;. t&Sifocif +Adwdo# t&if;&Sifrsm;udk rsufESmvdktm;& vkyf
jcif;jzpfonf? +Adwdo#t&if;&Sifrsm;ESifh if;wdk@. k&Sm;taygif;tyg tpkpyfrsm;onf vDem
a&$wGif;wGif tvkyform;rsm;udk t&Suftuif;rJhqkH; aoG;pkyfum ESpfpOf lb,f 7 oef;ausmf
tvGef}uDrm;onfh tjrwftpGef;udk &&Sdaeonf? olwdk@onf tvkyform;rsm;udk tvGefenf;
yg;vSonfh vcrsm; ay;um/ pm;&efroifah wmfonfh tpmtykyt
f od;k rsm;udk axmuf yHah y;onf?
zdESdyfr_ESifh &ufpufapmfum;r_wdk@udk rcHEdkifonfhtqkH;Y vDema&$wGif;rS tvkyform; 6000
oydwfarSmufvkdufonf?
pde@f yw
D mpbwf/ armfpudEk iS hf wjcm;pufrv
_ yk if ef;Xmersm;ESihf a'orsm;rS ypPn;f rJrh sm;onf
vlxkoydwfyGJrsm;/ qENjyyGJrsm;/ tpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;yjcif;jzifh vDem ypfowfyGJudk wkH@jyef
vkdufonf?
u|efawmfwdk@onf tvGeftrif; xdyfvef@wkefv_yf rl;rdkufoGm;onfhtwGuf kwfw&uf
csucf si;f u|eaf wmfw@kd . cHpm;r_ukd azmfjy&efpum;vk;H &SmrawG@yg? u|eaf wmfw@kd rnfuo
hJ @kd aom
uef@uGufr_awG/ qENjyr_awG jyKvkyfaomfvnf;/ Tonfrsm;rSm u|efawmfwkd@tm;vkH;. toJES
vkH;wGif awmufavmifaeonfh a'gorsm;. enf;yg;vSaom azmfjycsufav;r#om jzpfygonf?
pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfonfh vlxkwdkufyGJuvGJvdk@ u|efawmfwdk@. rsuf&nfrsm;uaomfvnf;aumif;/
qENjyuef@uGufyGJrsm;u aomfvnf;aumif;/ rnfonfht&mr# u|efawmfwdk@udk ulnDEdkifrnf
r[kwfyg[k pufkHtvkyform; tkyfpkwpku if;wdk h.qkH;jzwfcsufwGif a=unmcJhonf//
EdkifiHawmf'l;rm;twGif; qdk&S,f'Drdku&uftkyfpku vDem tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf vlowfr_
jy\emtay: ajzqd&k iS ;f vif;&ef Zmbk&if tpd;k &0ef}uD; rmuma&mhAf (Makarov) udk awmif;qdk
ojzifh/ xdkvlu [kwfygw,f 'DvkdyJ jzpfcJhygw,f? aemifvnf; 'DvdkyJ jzpfygvdrfhr,f [k r
axrJhjrif apmfum;armfum; ajym=um;vkdufaomtcg tvkyform;rsm;. a'goykefxr_onf
ydrk }kd uD;oGm;yg onf? vDem tvkyo
f rm;rsm; aoG;acsmif;pD;owfjzwfru
_ kd qef@usio
f nfh Edik if aH &;
uef@uGufoydwfyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifolrsm;rSm 300000 xdwdk;wwfvmcJhonf?
vDem tjzpftysufonf pwdkvDyiftkyfpku zefwD;xm;onfh +idrf;csrf;a&;avxkudk
+zdKcGzJ suq
f ;D vdu
k af om avrkew
f ikd ;f tvm; jzpfco
hJ nf? TonfEiS hf qufpyf+yD; 1912 ck pdef yw
D m
pbwf/ abmf&SDApfowif;pm ZmAufZ'g (Zvezda-rdk;aomuf=u,f)wGif &Jabmfpwmvifu
a&;om;cJhonfrSmvDemypfcwfr_u at;aq;+idrfowfr_ a&cJxkudk +zdKcGJvdkuf+yD;/ vlxkv_yfSm;r_ jrpfjyif
onf pwifp;D qif;cJah y+yD/ a&cJuawmhuo
JG mG ;yg+yD? ,ckvufdS tkypf ;kd r_twGi;f u raumif;qk;d 0g;
tE W&m,f[lor#udk jyif;xefpGmcHae&onfh k&Sm;. tedmkH[lor#onf vDem tjzpft

ysu[
f al om tcsuw
f ckwnf;wGio
f m tmkpH ;l pdu
k af e=uonf? xd@k a=umifyh if vDem ypfcwfru
_
oydwfrsm;ESifh qENjyyGJrsm;twGuf tcsufjyozG,f jzpfcJh&jcif;jzpfonf?
zsuo
f rd ;f a&;0g'rD sm;ESihf xa&mhpuD0g'rD sm;. awmfveS af &;udk jrKyEf yHS pfa&; }uHpnf}udK;yrf;f
csufrsm;onf tcsnf;ESD;aywnf;? vDem tjzpftysufrsm;u awmfvSefa&;. tiftm;pkrsm;
onf &Sifoefvsuf&Sdao;a=umif;/ awmfvSefa&;pGrf;&nf tiftm;onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;
wGif t}uD;tus,f pk+yHKodkavSmifxm;a=umif; jyovdkufayonf? 1912 ara';oydwfwGif
tvkyo
f rm; 4 ode;f cef@ yg0ifco
hJ nf? Toydwrf sm;onf xl;jcm;xif&mS ;onfh Edik if aH &;vuQ%m
aqmif+yD;/ abmf&ADS pfrsm;. awmfveS af &;auG;a=umfojH zpfaom 'Dru
kd a&pDorRwEdik if /H tvkycf sed f
8 em&D/ ajr,mrsm;udk jynfolydkifjyKvkyfa&;qdkonfrsm;atmufwGif usif;ycJhjcif;jzpfonf? ouf
OD;qHyikd pf epftay: awmfveS af &;rkew
f ikd ;f twGuf us,jf yef@aom tvkyo
f rm;xk}uD;ukd omru/
v,form;ESiphf pfom;rsm;udyk g pnf;vH;k nD!w
G v
f map&eftwGuf Tt"du auG;a=umforH sm;udk
xkwfazmfjcif;jzpfonf?
awmfvSefa&;'Da&jrifh qkdonfhaqmif;ygwGif vDeifu a&;om;cJhonfrSmk&Sm;wjynfvHk;&Sd ypPnf;rJhrsm;. }uD;rm;vSonfh ara';oydwfESifhtwlqifEGJcJhonfh
vrf;rsm;ay:rS qENjyyGJrsm;/ awmfvSefa&;a=unmcsufrsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;pka0;&mwGif
ajym=um;cJo
h nfh awmfveS af &;rdef ceG ;f rsm;u awmfveS af &; tqifjh rifh wckqo
D @kd 0ifa&mufvm+yD
vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk/ 47jzpfa=umif; &Sif;vif;pGmjyovkdufonf? (vD
twGJ(1)pmrsufESm- 537
537)
tvkyform;rsm;. awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwfudk vef@zsef@um zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;onf

oydwfv_yfSm;r_udk qef@usif&ef xGufay:vm=ujyefonf? olwdk@uoydwftzsm;a&m*g[k
ac:a0: orkwf=uonf? zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh olwdk@.r[mrdwf xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;onf
ypPnrf rhJ sm;. awmfveS af &;wdu
k yf u
JG kd toem;cHvy_ &f mS ;r_ ESihf tpm;xd;k vdk =uonf? olw@kd u
tvkyo
f rm;rsm;udk pm&Guw
f &Gurf #omjzpfaom toem;cHpmwGif vufrw
S af &;xk;d &ef zdwaf c:
onf? xdkpmwGif tcGifhta&;rsm;(tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; zGJ@pnf;cGifh/ oydwfarSmufcGifh ponf
rsm;tay: csKyfcs,fr_rsm;udk zsufodrf;&ef) ay;&ef awmif;qdkxm;+yD;aemuf EdkifiHawmf 'l;rm;odk@
ydk@ay;&efjzpfonf? zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;onf axmifaomif;csDaom tvkyform;rsm;/
abmf&SDApfwdk@. auG;a=umfoHrsm;udk axmufcHaepOf vufrSwfxdk;ol 1300 udkom pkaqmif;
Edik v
f u
kd o
f nf?
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf abmf&SDApfrsm; !efjyonfhvrf;ukd vdkufcJh=uayonf?
xdkumvu wdkif;jynfwGif;Sd pD;yGm;a&;tajctaerSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf?
1910 ckwGif pufr_vkyfief; xdkif;rd_if;pkykHr_onf jyefvnftouf0if &Sifoefvm+yD;/ pufr_
vkyfief;cGJ}uD;rsm;wGif xkwfvkyfa&;rsm; csJ@xGif}uD;xGm;vmygonf? oHpdrf;xGuf&Sdr_onf 1910
ckwGif 186000000 *ydk'f(poods)10/ 1912 ckwGif 256000000/ 1913 ckwGif 283000000

wd@k jzpfvmonf? ausmufr;D aoG;txGuEf e_ ;f rSm 1910 ckwiG f 1522000000 yd'k rf S 1913 ckwiG f
2,214,000,000 odk@wufvmonf?
pufr_vkyfief;}uD;rsm; us,fjyef@vmr_ESifhtwl ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onfvnf; tvGef
vsifjrefpGm }uD;xGm;vmygonf? pufr_vkyfief; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. xl;jcm;onfh vuQ%mrSm
}uD;rm;vSaom pufrHk sm;wGif xkwv
f yk af &; ydrk pkd pk nf;vmr_yifjzpf onf? 1901 ckEpS w
f iG f tvkyf
orm; 500 ESit
hf xufdS puf}Hk uD;rsm;&Sd tvkyo
f rm;OD;a&onf pkpak ygi;f tvkyo
f rm;tm;vH;k
aygif;. 467 &mckdifE_ef; &SdcJhaomfvnf;/ 1910 ckESpfwGif xdkta&twGufonf 54 &mckdifE_ef;
okd@r[kwf pkpkaygif; tvkyform;xuf0ufodk@ a&muf&Sdvmonf? TuJhodk@aom pufr_vkyfief;
pkpnf;r_tqifhrSm ,cifur&SdcJhbl;acs? tar&duefuJhokd@ pufr_wdk;wufxGef;um;onfh Edkif
iHrsm;rSmyif xdkumvu pufkH}uD;rsm;&Sd tvkyform;OD;a&rSm tvkyform;pkpkaygif; oHk;yHk wpf
yHck ef@r#omjzpfonf?
ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm; }uD;xGm;vm+yD;/ pufv
Hk yk if ef;}uD;rsm;Y pkpnf;vmr_onf awmfveS af &;
ygww
D &yftjzpf abmf&ADS pfygw&D adS er_EiS hf aygi;f pyfvu
kd af omtcg k&mS ; tvkyo
f rm;vl wef;pm;udk
wdik ;f jynf. Edik if aH &;b0wGif t}u;D tus,q
f ;kH aom tiftm;pktjzpf ajymif;vJ ay;apvdu
k o
f nf?
tvkyf rHk sm;Y tvkyo
f rm;rsm;tay: jyKusio
hf nfh kid ;f pdik ;f &ufpufvo
S nfh aoG;pkyrf e_ nf;emrsm;
ESifhtwl Zmbk&ifhtaptyg;rsm;/ ykvdyfrsm;. onf;cHEdkifzG,frSdaom tkyfpdk;r_wdk@u oydwf}uD;
wdik ;f ukd Edik if aH &;vuQ%m ay:vGiaf &muf&adS pygonf? xd@k tjyif pD;yGm;a&;ESihf Edik if aH &;wdu
k yf rJG sm;udk
a&maxG; &Sufvdrfvdkufr_u vlxkoydwfrsm;udk xl;jcm;onfh awmfvSefa&;tiftm;udk ay;tyf
vku
d yf gonf?
awmfvSefa&;tvkyform; vlwef;pm;v_yfSm;r_c&D;wGif pdefyDwmpbwfrS ol&Jaumif;
ypPnf;rJhrsm; csDwwfvm=u+yD;/ if;wdk@aemufrS abmvfwpfjynfe,frsm;/ armfpudkESifh armfpudk
jynfe,f/ aAmfvf*ga'oESifhk&Sm;awmifykdif;wdk@ vdkufygvm=uonf? 1913 ckESpfwGif v_yf&Sm;r_
onf taemufyikd ;f a'o/ ydv
k efEiS hf aumhau;&So@kd ul;pufysEH @HS omG ;onf? tm;vH;k wGif w&m;0if
udef;*%ef;t& tvkyform; 725000/ ydkrdk jynfhpHkaom pm&if;t& tvkyform; 1000000
wd@k onf 1912 ckoydwrf sm;wGif yg0if+yD;/ w&m;0ifued ;f *%ef;rsm;t& 861000/ ydrk kd jynfph akH om
pm&if;tif;t& 1272000 wkd@onf 1913 ck oydwfrsm;wGif yg0ifcJh=uonf? 1914 ck
yxrESpf0ufwGifyif oydwfarSmufolrSm 1500000 jzpfvmay+yD?
Tenf;jzifh 1912-14 awmfvSefa&;'Da&jrifh/ oydwfv_yf&Sm;r_t&Sdefonf wdkif;jynfwGif
1905 ckawmfvSefa&;}uD;tpydkif;wGif wnf&SdcJhaomtajctaeESifh wlnDaom tajctaeudk
zefw;D vdu
k o
f nf?
10? ydk'f ] k&Sm;tav;csdef] 36113 aygif (bmomjyefol)
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. awmfvSefaom vlxkoydwfrsm;onf jynfolw&yfvHk;. v_yfSm;r_

jzpfonf? olw@kd onf oufO;D qHyikd pf epfukd wdu
k f u
kd q
f ef@usi+f y;D / tvkyo
f rm; vlxt
k rsm; pk}u;D .
pmemaxmufcHr_udk &&SdcJhonf? xkwfvkyfolrsm;u tvkyform;rsm;tay: tvkyfkHrsm;
ydwfvdkufjcif;jzifh vufpm;acsvkdufonf? 1913 ckESpfwGif armfpukdjynfe,fY t&if;&Sifrsm;u
t0wftxnfpufkH tvkyform; 50000 udk vrf;ay:odk@ armif;xkwfypfvdkufonf? 1914
rwfvwGif pdefyDwmpbwfY w&ufwnf;wGiftvkyform; 70000 udkxkwfypfvdkufonf?
wjcm;pufkHrsm;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;cGJrsm;rS tvkyform;rsm;onf oydwfarSmufolrsm;ESifh
tvkyfxkwfcH&onfh &JJabmfrsm;udk tvSLaiGaumufcHay;jcif;ESifh wcgw&H pmemaxmufcHonfh
oydwfrsm;jzifh tultnDay;=uonf?
jrifhrm;vSonfh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh vlxkoydwfrsm;uvnf;/ v,fo
rm;rsm;udk v_HaqmfEdk;=um;ap+yD;/ wdkufyGJtwGif;odk@ qGJoGif;vmonf? v,form;rsm;onf
ajr&Sifrsm;udk aemufxyfwzef qef@usif&ef pwif xuGvm+yD;/ ajr&Sif.ydkifeufrsm;ESifh ul;vwf
.ajr/ v,fajrrsm;udk zsufqD;ypf=uonf? 1910-14 ckESpfrsm;twGif; v,form;rsm;. raus
eyfr_/ tkHuGr_ 13000 ausmfay: aygufcJhonf?
vufeufudkiftiftm;pkrsm; twGif;wGifvnf; awmfvSefa&;tkHuGr_rsm; ay:aygufvm
onf? 1912 ckwGif wmuDpwef (Turkestan) &SdwyfzGJ@rsm;twGif; vufeufudkifykefuefr_
ay:aygucf o
hJ nf? abmvfwpf a&wyftwGi;f ESihf qrm;pwdak ygvw
f iG v
f nf; ykeu
f efrr_ sm; tpysK;d
aeayonf?
abmf&SdApfygwD OD;aqmifonfh awmfvSefa&;oydwfv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh qENjyyGJrsm;u tvkyf
orm;vlwef;pm; wdkufcdkufaeonfrSm wpdwfwydkif;aomawmif;qdkcsufrsm; jyKjyifa&;
rsm;twGufr[kwfbJ/ Zmbk&ifpepfrS jynfolrsm; vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf jzpfonf? wdkif;
jynfonf awmfvSefa&;opfqDodk@ OD;wnfaeay+yD?
1912 ck aEGwGif vDeifonf k&Sm;ESifh ydkrdkeD;uyfvm&ef/ yJ&pfrS *gvDpD;,m; (,cif=op}wD;
,m;) odk@ a&$@ajymif;vmonf? Tae&mwGif olonf A[dkaumfrwDrsm;ESifh acgif;aqmifygwD
vkyfom;rsm; yg0ifonfh uGefz&ifh 2 &yfudk OD;pD;usif;ycJhonf? wckrSm 1912 ck ukefcgeD; u&m
aumY usi;f ycJ+h yD;/ aemufwckrmS 1913 ck aqmif;OD;wGif um&maum teD;&Sd ydk ekd ED +kd rdK@ uav;Y
usif;ycJhonf? TuGefz&ifhrsm;rS tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_rS ta&;}uD;onfh jy\em
rsm;tay: qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfEdkifcJhonf? awmfvSefa&; v_yf&Sm;r_'Da&jrifh/ oydwfESifh quf
pyf+yD; ygw.
D vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;/ w&m;r0iftzG@J tpnf;rsm; awmifw
h if;cdik rf ma&;/ 'l;rm;wGi;f &Sd
qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd &uftyk pf /k ygwyD EkH ydS w
f u
kd f tvkyo
f rm; tmrcHvy_ &f mS ;r_ponfh jy\emrsm; jzpfonf?
2? abmf&SDApfowif;pm y&mA'g? pwkwt}udrfEdkifiHawmf'l;rm;twGif;&Sd abmf&SDApftkyfpk

abmf&ADS pfygwu
D if;. tzG@J tpnf;rsm; awmifw
h if;cdik rf m+yD;/ vlxt
k =um; =oZmysEH HS &ef
tok;H jyKonfh tpGr;f xufonfv
h ufeufrmS abmf&ADS pf ae@pOfowif;pm y&mAm'g (trSew
f
&m;) jzpf+yD;/ pdef@yDwmpbwfrSm ykHESdyfxkwfa0onf? Towif;pmudk vDeif. !ef=um;csufESifh
tnD/ pwmvif/ tdkrifpuD (Oleminsky)ESifh ydkvDwm&@JAf (Poletayev) wdk@.OD;aqmifr_ESifh
wnfaxmifcJhonf? y&mA'gonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; vlxkowif;pmjzpf+yD;/ awmfvSef
a&; v_yf&Sm;r_'Da&jrifhopfESifhtwl w+ydKifwnf; ay:xGufvmjcif;jzpfonf? 1912 {+yD 22 &uf
(jyuQ'defopf/ ar 5) wGif trSwf 1 xGufvmonf? Tae@onf tvkyform;rsm;twGuf
wu,fyh aJG wmf usi;f y&rnfah e@ jzpfygonf? y&mA'g ay:xGuv
f mjcif;udk *k%f jyKaomtm;jzifh
xdktcsdefrSpI arv 5 &ufae@udk tvkyform;rsm; owif;avmuae@ (press day) tjzpf
usif;y&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf?
y&mA'grxGufrDtcsdefu abmf&DSApfrsm;wGif wdk;wufonfh tvkyform;rsm;twGuf
&nf&G,fonfh ZAufZwm (Zvezda) tywfpOfowif;pm&Sd+yD; jzpfygonf? ZAuf
Zwmonf vDem ta&;tcif;umvu ta&;}uD;onft
h cef;rS yg0ifco
hJ nf? if;pmapmifwiG f
tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;udk wdu
k yf w
JG iG ;f 0ifa&mufvm&ef v_H aqmfco
hJ nfh vDeifEiS phf wmvifw@kd .
xufjrufajymifajrmufvSaom EdkifiHa&;aqmif;yg;rsm; xnfhoGif;azmfjycJhonf? odk@aomf
awmfvSefa&; 'Da&jrifhcsdefwGif tywfpOfowif;pmonf abmf&SDApfygwD vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh
rudkufnDawmhay? tus,fjyef@qHk;aom tvkyform;tpdwftydkif;rsm;twGuf ae@pOf vlxk
EdkifiHa&;owif;pm vdktyfvmygonf? y&mA'gonf TuJhodk@aom owif;pmrsKd;wnf;?
y&mA'gonf TumvwGif txl;wvnf ta&;}uD;onfhtcef;u yg0ifonf?
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. us,fjyef@vSaomxk}uD;twGif; abmf&SDApf0g'axmufcHr_udk &&SdapcJh
onf? qifqmtzGJ@u }udKufESpfoufEdkifjcif;r&Sdonfh aqmif;yg;rsm;/ pmwrf;rsm;udk yHkESdyfxkwf
a0r_twGuf ykvdyf. tqufrjywf nOf;yef;ESdyfpufr_/ '%fdkufr_ESifh owif;pmrsm;udk awG@&m
ae&m odrf;ypfr_wdk@a=umifh/ y&mA'gonf wdk;wufonfh tvkyform; axmifaomif;wdk@.
wufuGpGm axmufcHr_a=umihfom &yfwnfEdkifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? y&mA'g onf tvkyform;
rsm;t=um; tvaiGaumufcHa=u; trsm;tjym;&&Sdxm;r_a=umifhomv#if }uD;rm;vSonfh
'%faiGuakd qmifEikd jf cif;jzpfonf? r=umc%yif todr;f cH&aom y&mA'gowif;pm tcsK@d onf
enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh pmzwfolrsm;vufokd@ a&muf&SdcJh=uonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ydkrdk
wufuGonfh tvkyo
f rm;rsm;onf nrsm;wGiyf if yHEk ydS &f mod@k a&muf&v
dS m+yD; owif;pmrsm;udk
o,f,loGm;=uonf Zmbk&iftpdk;&onf ESpfESpfcGJumvtwGif; y&mA'gudk &Spf}udrf zdESdyfcJh
onf? od@k aomf t}udrw
f ikd ;f yif tvkyo
f rm; rsm;. ulnaD xmufcrH j_ zifh emrnfopfEiS hf jzpfaomf
vnf;/ wlnDonfhtrnfrsm; Oyrm Zmy&mA'g (trSefw&m;twGuf)/ ylwfy&mAwd (Put
Pravdy trSefw&m;vrf;a=umif; )/ xl;'dkA&m (tvkyform;rsm;. trSefw&m;) ponfh
trnfrsm;jzifh jyefvnfay:xGufvmonf?
y&mA'g.ysr;f r#apmifa&rSm wae@ 40,000 &Sad ecsed w
f iG f rif&ADS pfrsm;. owif;pm vl@&fS
(a&mifjcnf) apmifa& rSm 15,000/ 16,000 xuf rausmfacs?
tvkyform;rsm;u y&mA'gudk if;wdk@.udk,fydkifowif;pmtjzpf owfrSwfxm;+yD;/
if;tay: tvGef,Hk=unfum if;. qifhac:oHrsm;udkvnf; tvGef*kpdkuf wk@HjyefcJhonf?
pmapmifwdkif;onf wvufrS wvufodk@ajymif;+yD;/ pmzwfolrsm;tjym;u zwf=u+yD;/ if;wdk@.
vlwef;pm;Edk;=um;r_udk wnfaqmufay;onf? if;wdk@udk pnf;Hk;odrf;oGif;+yD;/ wdkufyGJwGif;
0ifvm&ef qifhac:cJhonf?
y&mA'gu rnfonfrsm;udk a&;om;cJhygoenf;?
tvkyo
f rm;rsm;u if;wd@k .b0rsm;udk azmfjyxm;csurf sm;/ t&if;&Sirf sm;/ refae*sm rsm;ESihf
tvkyform;acgif;aqmifrsm;vufwGif cHpm;ae&aom jyif;xef&ufpufonfh aoG;pkyf r_rsm;ESifh
zdESdyfnOf;yef;onfh enf;emtrsKd;rsKd;wdk@udk azmfjyonfhpmrsm; trsm;tjym;udk pmapmifwdkif;wGif
awG@Edkifonf? Tonfrsm;onf t&if;&Siftajctaersm; tay: ajymifajrmuf xda&mufaom
w&m;pGJqdkcsufrsm;jzpfonf? y&mA'gonf r=umc% tvkyf&Sm&ef ar#mfvifh csuf
ysufjym;oGm;onfh tvkyfvufrJhESifh iwfrGwfaeonfh tvkyform;rsm;. rdrdudk,frdrd
owfaoonfh tr_rsm;udkvnf; azmfjyay;onf?
y&mA'gu puft
kH rsK;d rsK;d ESihf pufrv
_ yk if ef;iSmecGrJ sm;rS tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. vdt
k yf csuEf iS hf
awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk a&;om;+yD;/ if;wdk@ awmif;qdkr_rsm;twGuf tvkyform;rsm; rnfuJhodk@
wd k u f c d k u f a e=uonf u d k v nf ; ajymjyonf ? pmapmif w d k i f ; vd k v d k y if puf H k t rsKd ; rsKd ; rS
oydwftpD&ifcHpmrsm; yg0ifonf? a&&Snfoydwf}uD;rsm;wGif owif;pmrS wjcm;tvkyfHkESifh
pufr_vkyfief;cGJ tvkyform;rsm;t=um; tvSLaiGaumufcHay;+yD;/ oydwfudk ulnDaxmufcH
ay;cJhonf? wcgw&H oydwf&efyHkaiGtjzpf lb,faomif;tcsKd@ &SdcJh+yD;/ tvkyform;trsm;pk
wpfae@v#if 70-80 udkAufxuf ydkr&aom xdkumvtwGif; T*%ef;rSm tvGefrsm;jym;
vSygonf? Tonfu tvkyform;rsm;t=um; ypPnf;rJh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;pdwf"mwfESifh
tvkyform;tm;vHk;. tusKd;pD;yGm;nD!Gwfa&; todpdwf"mwfudk zG@H+zdK;apcJhonf?
tvkyform;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;tjzpftysufwdkif;/ atmifjrifr_ odk@r[kwf _H;edrfhr_wdkif;ukd
y&mA'gay;pm;rsm;/ qkawmif;arwWmydk@pmrsm;/ qef@usifuef@uGufv$mrsm; tp&Sdonfwdk@
yd@k ay;jcif;jzifw
h @Hk jyef=uonf? y&mA'g aqmif;yg;rsm;wGif tvkyo
f rm; vlwef;pm;v_y&f mS ;r_.
vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk cdkifrmonfhabmf&SDApf&yfwnfr_rS azmfjyxm;onf? w&m;0if xkwf
a0aeonfh owif;pmwGif Zmbk&ifpepf jzKwfcs&ef ajymifv_Haqmf&ef rjzpfEdkifyg? t&dyf
trGufr#om azmfjyEdkifaomfvnf; vlwef;pm;tod&Sdonfh tvkyform;rsm;onf aumif;rGef
pGmem;vnf+yD;/ vlxkudk jyefvnf&Sif;vif;jyygonf? Oyrm y&mA'gu ckepf-ig; .
jzwfawmufjcif;rjyKaom awmif;qdkcsuf tjynfhrsm;[k a&;om;vdkufaom tcg TonfrSm
Zmbk&ifpepfukd jzKwfcsa&;/ 'Dru

kd a&pDorRwEdik if x
H al xmifa&;/ ajr,mrsm;udk jynfoyl ikd f odr;f a&;/
tvkyfcsdef 8 em&D owfrSwf a&;qdkonfh abmf&SDApfrsm;. awmfvSefa&;auG;a=umf oHrsm;udk
qdkvdka=umif; tvkyform;rsm;u em;vnfod&Sd=uonf?
y&mA'gonf pwkw' ;l rm; a&G;aumufyJG t}udKumvwGif wd;k wufonfh tvkyo
f rm;
rsm;udk pnf;Hk;cJhonf? pwdkvDyiftvkyform;ygwD/ rif&SDApfrsm;. a&S@ae/ vpfb&,f"e&Sif
rsm;ESihf oabmwlnrD _ &,lvo
kd rl sm;. opPmazmufvyk &f yfukd zGichf sco
hJ nf? y&mA'gu ckepfig;. jzwfawmufjcif;rjyKaom awmif;qdkcsuftjynfhrsm;udk &,lvdkolrsm;/ qdkvkdonf rSm
abmf&SDApfrsm;udk rJay;&ef tvkyform;rsm;udk wdkufwGef;vdkufonf? a&G;aumufyGJrsm;
udkoG,f0dkufpGm tqifhqifhusif;y=uonf? yxrtvkyform; tpnf;ta0;rsm;u udk,f
pm;vS,frsm;udk a&G;cs,f=uonf? Tudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u rJay;Edkifoludk a&G;cs,f+yD;/ T rJay;
Edik o
f rl sm;uomv#if 'l;rm;od@k tvkyo
f rm;trwf a&G;aumufyw
JG iG f yg0ifciG &hf o
dS nf? rJay;Edik o
f u
l kd
a&G;cs,fonfh a&G;aumufyGJae@wGif y&mA'gu abmf&SDApftrwfavmif;rsm;. pm&if;udk
a=unm+yD;/ tvkyo
f rm;rsm;udk Tpm&if;udk rJay;&ef axmufccH suaf y;onf? pm&if;rSmygorl sm;
tzrf;cH&rnfh tE W&m,fSdonfhtwGuf apm+yD; Tpm&if;udkxkwfjyefEdkifjcif; rjyKEdkifacs?
y&mA'gonf ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;. vlxv
k yk if ef;rsm;udk pnf;k;H &mY ulncD o
hJ nf? 1914
aEGO;D umv pde@f yw
D mpbwf tvky&f iS rf sm;. wefjyefoydwt
f csed w
f iG f vlxo
k ydw}f u;D a=unm&ef
roifhawmfonfhtcsdefwGif y&mA'g u pufkHrsm;wGif vlxktpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;yjcif;/
vrf;rsm;ay:wGif qENjyyGrJ sm; usi;f yjcif;ponfh wjcm;wdu
k yf yJG pHk rH sm;udk jyKvky&f ef E_;d aqmfco
hJ nf?
Tonfudk owif;pmxJwGif ajAmifa&;om;&ef rjzpfEdkifyg? odk@aomf tvkyform;rsm;onf
vDeifa&;om;onfh tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_omefrsm;[k oifhwifhpGmacgif;pOfyg
aqmif;yg;udk zwf&aomtcg oabmaygufoGm;+yD;/ xdktxJwGif ,ck vuf&SdtcsdefwGif
oydwrf sm;onf tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm; v_y&f mS ; r_. ydrk jkd rifah omomefo@kd a&muf&adS p&rnf
[kqdkxm;+yD;/ tpnf;ta0;rsm;/ qENjyyGJrsm;ac:qdk usif;y&efqdkvdkayonf?
TuJhodk@aomenf;jzifh abmf&SDApfwdk@. w&m;r0ifaom awmfvSefa&;v_yfSm;r_rsm;udk
y&mAm'grS wqifh tvkyform;vlxkrsm;udk v_Haqmfpnf;kH;onfh w&m;0ifomefrsm;ESifh
aygi;f pyf=uonf?
y&mA'gonf tvkyform;rsm;.b0/ if;wdk@. oydwfrsm;ESifh qENjyyGJrsm;udkom a&;
om;azmfjyaeonf r[kwfbJ/ v,form;rsm;.b0/ if;wdk@cHpm;ae&onfhuyfab;ESifh
ya'o&mZfajr&Sifrsm;. aoG;pkyfr_rsm;udkvnf; rSefrSefazmfjyavh&Sdonf? pwdkvDyif jyK
jyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;. tusKd;a=umifh ul;vwfv,form;rsm;onf v,form;rsm;vufrS
taumif;qkH;ajrrsm;udk rnfuJhodk@ vk,ufoGm;a=umif;udkvnf;azmfjyonf? y&mA'gu
vlwef;pm;tod&dSaom tvkyform;rsm;/ aus;vufawm&Gm&Sd waiG@aiG@ avmifaeonfh t
us,ftjyef@ rauseyfr_rsm;udk *kyvm&ef qGJaqmifcJhonf? 1905 ck awmfvSefa&;. &nf
rSe;f csuyf ef;wdik o
f @kd ra&muf&adS o;a=umif;ESihf awmfveS af &;opf ay:ayguv
f mrnfjzpf a=umif;udk
ypPn;f rJrh sm;tm; oif=um;jyoay;onf? T 'kw,

d awmfveS af &;wGif ypPn;f rJv
h l wef;pm;onf
vl x k . wu,f h a cgif ; aqmif E S i f h vrf ; ! e f o l t jzpf aqmif & G u f r nf j zpf a =umif ; ES i f h
TawmfvSefa&;wGif awmfvSefonfh v,form;xkuJhodk@aom tiftm;}uD;rm;aom r
[mrdwf&Sdrnf jzpfa=umif;udkvnf; oif=um;jyoay;onf?
rif&SDApfrsm;onf ypPnf;rJhrsm;. awmfvSefa&;t}uHudk pGef@v$wf&ef/ jynfolrsm;twGuf/
iwfrGwfaeonfh v,form;rsm;twGufESifh bvuf[ef'&uf ya'o&mZfajr&Sifrsm;. pdk;rdk;r_
wd@k ukd rpOf;pm;awmh&efEiS hf vGwv
f yfpmG pnf;k;H zG@J pnf;cGi&hf &efEiS hf xdt
k wGuf Zmbk&iftpd;k &xH
toem;cHpmwifoGif;&eftwGufom wdkufcdkuf&ef }udK;yrf;cJh=uonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;onf
tvkyform;rsm;udk Trif&SDApfrsm;. awmfvSefa&;pGef@v$wfonfh v,form;rsm;ESifh r[mrdwf
zG@J a&;udk pGe@f vw
$ o
f nfw
h &m;rsm;onf "e&Sirf sm;. tusK;d pD;yGm;ay:wGio
f m rlwnfxm; a=umif;
&Si;f vif;jy+yD;/ tvkyo
f rm;rsm;onf v,form;xkukd r[mrdwzf @JG Eikd rf o
S mv#if Zm bk&ifpepfukd
rkcsacsre_ ;f Edik rf nfjzpf+yD;/ rif&ADS pfuo
hJ @kd od;k xde;f orm;vlq;dk rsm;udk awmfveS af &;. &eforl sm;tjzpf
armif;xkwf&rnf[k &Sif;vif;ajymjyonf?
v,form;b0qdkonfhuwGif y&mA'gu bmawGa&;cJhoenf;?
Oyrmtjzpf 1913 ckEpS u
f kd azmfjyonfh pmtrsm;tjym;udk =unfh y_ gu atmufygtwdik ;f
awG@Edkifonf?
ajr,mtr_[kacgif;pOfwyfxm;onfh qrm&mrS pmwapmifwGif bllvfrm;cdkif/
EdkAdkcg;pfbl;vwfaus;&Gm&Sd v,form; 45 a,mufonf trsm;ydkifajrrsm;udk bHktzGJ@rS E_wf
xGufrnfh v,form;rsm;twGuf tuGufcsvkyfaqmifay;aeonfh ajrwdkif;pma&;udk aESmifh
,Sufr_jzifh w&m;pGJcH&+yD;/ trsm;pkrSm axmifESpf&SnfusoGm;a=umif; owif;ydk@xm;yg onf?
ywfpaumhAfjynfe,frS pmwdkav;wapmifwGif yppfpm&Gm (ZmAm&JvfblwmteD;) rS
v,form;rsm;onf aus;&Gmykvdyfrsm;udk vufeufESifhckcHumuG,fonfh vltrsm;tjym;
'%f&m&onf? ajr,mtjiif;tcHka=umifh ydyuQ ay:&jcif;jzpfonf? aus;&Gmykvdyfrsm;udk
yppfpmodk@ apv$wf+yD;/ 'kwd,bk&ifcHESifh w&m;ol}uD;wdk@rSmvnf; &Gmodk@oGm;aeygonf
[ka&;om;xm; onf?
OD;Amjynfe,frSpmwapmifwGif v,form;rsm;. ajruGufrsm; trsm;tjym; a&mif;
csvdkuf&+yD;/ uyfab;'kuQrsm;ESifhv,form;rsm; &GmbHktzGJ@rS xGufcGifhjyKonfh Oya'u v,f
orm;trsm;tjym;udk ajr,mrsm; vufrjhJ zpfomG ;apvku
d yf gonf? bd&k aD qmhAu
f m Gm i,fav;udk
=unfhyg? v,form;tdrfaxmifpk 27 tdrfaxmif&Sd+yD;/ if;wdk@wGif pdkufysKd;Edkif aomajr 543
dessiatins (dessiatin- kmS ;ajrtwdik ;f txGm-2.7{u) ydik q
f ikd x
f m;onf? uyf ab;twGi;f
ig;tdrfaxmifu 31 dessiatin udk 1 dessiatins v#if 25ESifh 33 lb,f t=um;aps;E_ef;ESifh
a&mif;cscJh&onf? ajrrSm Twefzdk;xuf 3 qrS 4 qtxd wefonf? T&GmwGif v,form; 7
OD;rSm pdkufysKd;Edkifaomajr 177 dessiatins aygif;ESH xm;&+yD;/ xkdajrudk ajcmufESpftwGuf 1
dessiatin udk 18-20 lb,fEe_ ;f jzifh wESpf 12 &mckid Ef e_ ;f om&ayonf? vlx.
k qif;&JErG ;f yg;r_EiS hf
rw&m;twdk;}uD;pm;jcif;wdk@ xnfhoGif;wGufcsufygu twdk;}uD;pm; rsm;.vufodk@ txufyg

ajr.xuf0ufrSm rkcs a&muf&SdoGm;ayrnf? tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf auG;,lolrsm;xJrSm
Tr#}uD ; rm;vS o nf h a iG u d k ajcmuf E S p f t wG i f ; jyef q yf & ef r S m vl x uf 0 uf r #yif
wwfEikd rf nfr[kwaf y?
k&mS ;&Sad jr&Si}f uD;ESihf v,form;uav;rsm;. ajr,mydik q
f ikd rf _ [k acgi;f pOfwyfx
f m;aom
y&mA'g rS aqmif;yg;wapmifwGif vDeifu uyfyg;ajr&Sifrsm; vufxJwGif rnfr#rsm;jym;
vSonfh ajr,mypPn;f rsm;a&muf&adS ea=umif;udk tvGeo
f o
d mxif&mS ;pGm jyocJo
h nf? ajr&Si}f uD;
oHk;aomif;xJu ydkifqdkifr_rSm ajr 70,000,000 dessiatins jzpfygonf? TonfESifh nDr#onfh
ajr,mudk v,form;tdrfaxmifpk 10,000,000u a0r#&&Sdxm;onf? ysrf;r#qdkv#if
ajr&Sif}uD;wOD;v#if 2,300 dessiatins &Sd+yD;/ ul;vwftygt0if v,form; tdrfaxmifrSm
wOD;v#if 7 dessiatins r#omjzpfonf? xdk@jyif v,form;av; tdrfaxmif 5,000,000
qdkvkdonfrSm v,form;xk. xuf0ufydkifqdkifr_onf wOD;v#if 1 odk@r[kwf 2 dessiatins
xufrydkay? T*%ef;rsm;u v,form;wdk@. qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_ESifh xyfjyefwvJvJ usa&muf
aeaom uyfab;wdk@. t&if;tjrpfrSm ajr,mydkifqdkifr_}uD;rsm;ESifh aus;u|efpepf quf
vuf&Sifoefaer_wdk@a=umifhjzpfa=umif; jyoae+yD;/ TonfrS vGwfajrmuf&efrSm v,form;
rsm;twGuf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; OD;aqmifonfh awmfvSefa&;uom jzpfEdkifayonf?
aus;vufESifhtquftoG,f&Sdonfh v,form;rsm;rSwqifh y&mA'gonf aus;vuf
rsm;twGif; 0ifa&mufum/ EdkifiHa&;t& wdk;wufonfh v,form;rsm;udk awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJ
wGif;odk@0ifa&mufvmap&ef v_HaqmfcJhayonf?
y&mA'gudw
k nfaxmifpOfu w&m;r0if qd&k ,f'rD u
kd &uf tzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf abmf&DS
Apfrsm;. !ef=um;r_atmufwGif vkH;0wnf&Sdonf? wzufwGifvnf; tzGJ@tpnf;. w&m;0if
omefrsm;/ Oyrm 'l;rm;tkyfpk/ ykHESdyfwdkuf/ rusef;rmolrsm;axmufyHhonfh tpnf;tkH;rsm;/
tvkyo
f rm;or*~rsm;wGirf l rif&ADS pfrsm;xHrS vk;H vk;H &,lEikd jf cif; r&Sad o;acs? abmf&ADS pfrsm;onf
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. w&m;0ifwnf&SdqJ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif;rS zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;udk
armif;xkwf&ef ydkif;ydkif;jzwfjzwf wdkufyGJqifE$J&onf? y&mA'g. aus;Zl;a=umifh tqkH;wGif
atmifyGJ&cJhonf?
y&mA'gonf ygwD.rlrsm;twGuf/ vlxk/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm; vlwef;pm; awmf
vSeaf &;ygww
D &yf wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf wdu
k yf AJG [dw
k iG f a&muf&adS eygonf? y&m A'gonf
abmf&ADS pfygw.
D w&m;r0if A[dck surf rsm;ywfvnfwiG f w&m;0if&q
dS J tzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk 0dik ;f &Hap
+y;D / tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;v_y&f mS ;r_ukd awmfveS af &;twGuf jyifqifjf cif;qdo
k nfh wckwnf;aom
wdusonfh&nf&G,fcsufodk@ !ef=um;cJhonf?
y&mA'gwGif tvkyform;owif;axmuf trsm;tjym; &Sdonf? wESpftwGif;rSmyif
tvkyo
f rm;rsm;xHrS pmaygi;f aomif;wpfaxmifausmf ykEH ydS cf o
hJ nf? y&mA'gu tvkyo
f rm;
vlwef;pm;vlx}k uD;ESihf tquftoG,&f dS xm;onfrmS pmrsm;ESio
hf mruyg// pufrHk sm;rS tvkyf
orm;trsm;tjym;onf ae@pOft,f'DwmkH;odk@ vma&mufvnfywf=uonf? y&mA'g.

t,f'DwmtzGJ@kH;wGif ygwD. pnf;kH;a&;vkyfief;trsm;ydkif; pkpnf;cJh&mjzpfonf? Tae&mwGif
tpnf;ta0;rsm;udk ygwt
D jrKaw ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf pDpOfusi;f ycJ=h u+yD;/ puf/Hk tvkyf Hk rsm;rS
ygwDvkyfief; tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udkvnf; vufcH&&SdcJhonf? x@dkjyif Tae&mrSyif pdef@yDwmp
bwfaumfrwDESifh ygwDA[dkaumfrwDwdk@. !ef=um;csufrsm;udk ydk@ay;cJhayonf?
awmfveS af &; tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm; vlxyk gww
D &yfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf zsuo
f rd ;f
a&;0g'rD sm;udk ZGeJ bJaumif;pGm ESpEf pS cf w
JG w
d d wku
d yf q
JG ifonft
h usK;d a=umif/h 1914 ck aEGumvwGif
abmf&ADS pfrsm;onf abmf&ADS pfygwED iS hf y&mA'genf;y&d,m,frsm;twGuf k&mS ; &Sd Edik if aH &;t&
wufuGaom tvkyform;rsm; ig;ykHav;ykH. axmufcHtm;ay;r_udk &&SdcJhayonf? Tonfudk
Oyrmtm;jzifh atmufygtcsufwGif awG@Edkifonf? 1914 ck tvkyform; owif;pOf twGuf
tvSLaiGaumufco
H nfh tvkyo
f rm;tzG@J aygi;f 7000 wGif abmf&ADS pfowif;pm t wGuf tzG@J
5600 u aiGpk aqmif;ay;cJ+h yD;/ rif&ADS pfowif;pmtwGuf tzG@J aygi;f 1400 uom pkaqmif;ay;
cJhonf? odk@aomf tjcm;wzufwGifvnf; rif&SDApfrsm;Y vpfb&,f"e&SifESifh "e&Sifynmwwf
rsm;t=um; csrf;omuG,f0onfhrdwfaqG tajrmuftjrm;&Sd+yD;/ rif&DSApf owif;pm vnf
ywfEdkifa&;twGuf vkdtyfonfh &efykHaiGxuf0ufausmfudk }udKwifay;xm;EdkifcJh ayonf?
xkdtcsdefu abmf&SDApfrsm;ukd y&mA'g0g'Drsm; (Pravdists) [kac:=uonf? awmfveS f
onfh ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;. rsK;d qufwckv;Hk ukd y&mA'g uarG;jrLcJ+h yD;/ TrsK;d qufonf aemif
wGif atmufwkdbm qkd&S,fvpfawmfa&;ukd vkyfaqmifcJholrsm;jzpfonf? tvkyform; &maygif;
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmonf y&mA'g ukdaxmufcHcJh=uonf? awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ 'Da&jrifh
vmcsed w
f iG f 1912-1914 vlxk abmf&ADS pfygwt
D wGuf tckid t
f rmtkwjf rpfcs+y;D jzpf+y;D / Ttkwjf rpf
ukd e,fcsJ@ppfyGJtwGif; Zmbk&ifpepf. ESdyfpufzdESdyfr_rsm;u zsufqD;Ekdifjcif; r&Sday?
1912 ckEpS .
f y&mA'gonf 1917 ck abmf&ADS pf0g' atmifyt
GJ wGuf tajccHtcsu}f uD;
jzpfonf? (pwmvif)
ygw.
D w&m;0if v_y&f mS ;aeonfh A[kt
d mabmf aemufwckrmS pwkwE idk if aH wmf';l rm;wGi&f dS
abmf&SDApftkyfpkjzpfonf?
(1912) wGif tpkd;&u pwkw'l;rm; twGuf a&G;aumufyGJrsm; owfrSwfay;onf?
u|efawmfwkd@ygwDu a&G;aumufyGJwGif yg0if,SOf+ydKifa&;ukd ta&;w}uD;xm;cJhygonf? 'l;rm;
qkd&S,f'Drkdua&pDtkyfpkESifh y&mA'g onf vlxkt=um;/ wkdif;jynftES@H w&m;0if v_yf&Sm;ae
onfh awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;. t"dutajccHpcef;rsm; jzpfcJhayonf?
abmf&ADS pfygwo
D nf 'l;rm;a&G;G aumufyw
JG iG f rdrw
d @dk uk,
d yf idk af uG;a=umforH sm;atmuf wGif
vGwv
f w
G v
f yfvyf trSt
D cku
d if;pGm vkyaf qmifc+hJ y;D / w+yKd ifeufwnf;rSmyif tpk;d &ygwrD sm; ukad &m/
vpfb&,f"e&Sif (zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH'Drkdu&uf) rsm;ukdyg wkdufckdufcJhonf? a&G;aumufyJG
w&m;yGJrsm;wGif abmf&SDApfwkd@. auG;a=umfoHrSm 'Drkdua&pDorRwEkdifiH/ tvkyfcsdef 8 em&DESifh
ajr,mtm;vkH;ukd odrf;,la&;wkd@yifjzpfonf?
pwkw 'l;rm;twGuf a&G;aumufyu

JG dk 1912 aqmif;OD;wGif usi;f ycJo
h nf? atmufwb
dk m
tpykdif;wGif pdef@yDwmpbwf a&G;aumufyJGrsm;ukd rausreyfjzpfaeonfhtpkd;&onf pufkH}uD;
tcsKd@rS tvkyform;rsm;. rJay;cGifhukd kyfodrf;/ pGufzuf&ef }udK;pm;cJh=uonf? wkH@jyefonfh
taejzifh &Jabmfpwmvif. t}uHay;csut
f & ygw.
D pde@f yw
D mpbwfaumfrwDrS puf}Hk uD;rsm;
rS tvkyo
f rm;rsm;ukd w&ufoydwaf rSmuf&ef qifah c:vku
d o
f nf? tpk;d &rSm tcwftcJ tusyf
twnf;awG@omG ;+yD;/ rv$rJ a&Smifomvku
d af vsm&um tvkyo
f rm;rsm;onf tpnf;ta0;rsm;
wGif rdrw
d @dk }uKduEf pS o
f ufou
l dk a&G;cs,cf iG &hf cJo
h nf? tvkyo
f rm;trsm;pk}u;D onf if;wk@d uk,
d pf m;
vS,rf sm;ESihf trwfavmif;rsm;ok@d &Jabmfpwmvif a&;qJx
G m;onfh trde@f tm%m (Mandate)
twGuf rJay;cJ=h uonf? pde@f yw
D mpbwftvkyo
f rm;rsm;rS if;wk@d . tvkyo
f rm;uk,
d pf m;vS,f
(trwf) twGuf trdef@tm%m wGif 1905 ck r+yD;qkH;aomwm0efrsm;ukd *kjyK&ef awmif;qkd
xm;onf?
trdef@tm%mwGif &S&Sm;onf vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;. t}udKumvwGif a&muf&Sdae+yD;/
Tonf 1905 ckESpfuxuf ydkrdkeuf_dif;aumif; euf_dif;vdrfhrnf[k u|efawmfwkd@ xifjrifonf?
1905 ckEpS w
f ek ;f uvdyk if/f Tv_y&f mS ;r_rsm;. wJrG sm;ay:wGiu
f m; k&mS ;vl@tzJ@G tpnf;. a&S@wef;
ta&mufq;Hk vlwef;pm;/ k&mS ;ypPn;f rJrh sm;yifjzpfonf? ol. wOD;wnf;aomr[mrdwrf mS qif;&J
'kuQwGif; usaeonfh v,form;xk}uD;jzpf+yD;/ if;wkd@onf k&Sm;jynfvGwfajrmufa&;wGif ao
a&;&Sifa&;wr# tmkHpkduf pdwf0ifpm;vsuf&Sdonf?
trde@f tm%mwGif tem*wfjynfov
l x
l .
k v_y&f mS ;r_udk ppfrsuEf mS ESpzf ufwiG f wku
d yf JG
omefaqmif&rnf? wckrSm Zmbk&ifpepfukd wkduf&efjzpf+yD;/ aemufwzufrSm Zmbk&ifESifh
tay;t,l vkyfaeonfh vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;ukd wkduf&efjzpfonf?
tvkyform;rsm;ukd awmfvSefa&;wkdufyGJwGif;okd@ v_Haqmfay;onf? trdef@tm%mtay:
vDeifonf ta&;w,lxm;onf? tvkyform;rsm;onf if;wkd@.qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif Tv_H
aqmfcsufukd wkH@jyefonf?
abmf&ADS pfrsm;onf aG;aumufyw
JG iG f atmify&JG &S+d yD;/ pde@f yw
D mpbwf tvkyo
f rm;rsm;u
&Jabmfbm'g&@JAf (Badayev) ukd 'l;rm;okd@ a&G;cs,fvkdufonf?
'l;rm;aG;aumufyGJwGif tvkyform;rsm;onf vlxk.wjcm;tpdwftykdif;rsm;rSvnf;
oD;jcm;rJay;cJhao;onf? (Tonfukd tvkyform;aumifpD (curia)11 [kvnf;ac:onf?)
tvkyform;aumifpDrS ta&G;cH&onfh ukd,fpm;vS,ftrwf 9 OD;wGif ajcmufOD;rSm abmf&SDApf
ygwD0ifrsm;jzpfonf? bm'g&@JAf/ yDxa&mhAfpuD; (Petrovsky)/ rl&maemhAf (Muranov)/ qrGKid ;f
avmhAf (Smoilov)/ &Sma*gAh f (Shagov)ESihf rmvifaemhpuD; (Malinovsky) (xko
d rl mS aemufyidk ;f
wGif twGif;olvsKdjzpfoGm;onf)wkd@jzpf=uonf? abmf&SDApfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ukd tvkyform;
vlwef;pm; ig;ykaH v;ykx
H uf renf;pka0;aeonfh pufrv
_ yk if ef;Xme}u;D rsm;u a&G;aumufvu
dk jf cif;
11? tv,facwf tjrifhqkH;aumifpD
jzpfonf? wzufwGif ta&G;cH&onfhzsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;onf tvkyform;aumifpDrS if;wkd@.

trde@f tm%mrsm;&&Sx
d m;jcif;r&Sad y? qkv
d o
dk nfrmS if;wk@d rmS tvkyo
f rm;rsm;u a&G;aumufjcif;
r[kwaf y? tusK;d &&Scd surf mS 'l;rm;wGif zsuo
f rd ;f a&;0g'D 7 OD;&S+d yD;/ abmf&ADS pfrmS 6 OD;om jzpfonf?
tpyxrwGif abmf&SDApfESifh zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;onf 'l;rm;wGif yl;wGJqkd&S,f'Drkdu&uftzJG@ukd
zG@J pnf;cJo
h nf? 1913 ck atmufwb
dk mwGif abmf&DS Apfrsm;. awmfveS af &;vkyif ef;ukd aESmif,
h u
S f
onfh zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;ukd tjyif;txef wkdufckduf+yD; aemufwGif abmf&SDApftrwfrsm;onf
ygwDA[kdaumfrwD!ef=um;r_jzifh yl;wGJ qkd&S,f'Drkdu&uftzGJ@rS E_wfxGuf+yD;/ vGwfvyfonfh
abmf&SDApftkyfpkukd zGJ@pnf;vkdufonf?
abmf&ADS pftrwfrsm;onf 'l;rm;wGif awmfveS af &;rde@f ceG ;f rsm;ay;+yD;/ oufO;D qHyidk pf epfudk
zGifhcsum tvkyform;rsm;tay: zdESdyfonfhtr_rsm;/ t&if;&Sifrsm;. tvkyform;rsm;tay:
vlrqefaom aoG;pkyfr_tay: ajz&Sif;jy&ef tpkd;&tm; awmif;qkdonf?
olw@dk onf 'l;rm;xJwiG f ajr,mjy\emukv
d nf; wifjyajymqk+d y;D / ya'o&mZfajr&Sirf sm;udk
wku
d cf u
dk &f ef v,form;rsm;ukd v_H aqmf+yD;/ ajr,mjynfoyl idk o
f rd ;f I v,form;rsm; udak 0iS&ef
qef@usifonfh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk 'Drdku&ufygwDudkvnf; zGifhcsonf?
abmf&SDApfrsm;onf EdkifiHawmf'l;rm;odk@ tvkyfcsdef 8 em&DowfrSwfa&; Oya'=urf;udk
wifoGif;cJhonf? Tbvuf[ef'&uf 'l;rm;u vufcHjcif;rjyKaomfvnf; tvGef}uD;rm;onfh
v_Haqmfcsufw&yfjzpfcJhonf?
'l;rm;&Sd abmf&SDApftkyfpkonf ygwDA[kdaumfrwDESifha&m/ vDeifESifhyg eD;eD;uyfuyf quf
oG,fxm;+yD;/ vDeifxHrS !ef=um;csufrsm;udk vufcH&&Sdonf? olwdk@udk &Jabmfpwmvifu
pdef@yDwmpbwfY ae, aepOf wdkufdkuf!ef=um; acgif;aqmifcJhonf?
abmf&SDApftrwfrsm;onf if;wdk@. vkyfief;rsm;udk 'l;rm;twGif;wGifom uef@owf
rxm;bJ/ 'l;rm; tjyifbufwGifvnf; wufuGpGmv_yf&Sm;cJhygonf? olwdk@onf pufHkrsm;/ t
vkyfHkrsm;ESifh wdkif;jynfwGif;&Sd tvkyform;vlwef;pm; csufra'orsm;odk@ vSnfhvnfoGm;
a&muf=u+yD;/ rdef@cGef;rsm;ay;jcif;/ vsKd@0Suf tpnf;ta0;ac:qdkjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfum ygwD. qHk;
jzwfcsufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;ajym=um;+yD;/ ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;opfrsm;udk xlaxmif=uonf? udk,f
pm;vS,ftrwfrsm;onf w&m;0ifv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh w&m;r0if ajratmufvkyfief;rsm;udk
u|rf;usifvdrfrmpGm aygif;pyfvkyfaqmif=uonf?
3? w&m;0ifwnfSdaeaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif;rS abmf&SDApfrsm;.atmifyGJ? e,fcsJ@ppfyGJ.
t}udK awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ qufvufjrifhwufvmjcif;?
TumvtwGi;f abmf&ADS pfygwo
D nf ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;. wdu
k yf aJG cgi;f aqmifrt
_ cef;udk
omeftm;vHk;ESifha&m/ azmfjycsufrsm;wGifa&m pHjyvkyfaqmifjycJhonf? if;onf w&m;r0if
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk wnfaxmifcJhonf? w&m;r0if pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk a0iScJhonf?
vlxkt=um; v#dK@0Suf awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; vkyfaqmifcJhonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif

tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. w&m;0ifwnf&SdqJ tzGJ@tpnf;trsKd;rsKd;twGif; wjznf;jznf;
acgif;aqmifr_ &&Sdvmonf? ygwDonf tvkyform;or*~rsm;udk pnf;Hk;Edkifum/ jynfol@tem;
pcef;rsm; (peoples Houses) naecif; wuUov
kd rf sm;/ uvyfrsm;/ emruse;f olrsm; axmufyhH
a&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif =oZm}uD;rm;vmonf? Tw&m;0if wnf&Sdonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk
umv=um&Snf=umrsm; zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm; cdkv_H&mjzpfcJhonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;onf w&m;0if
wnf&o
dS nfh tzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk ygw.
D trmcHrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJypf&ef tjyif;txef }udK;pm;
wdkufyGJ0ifcJhonf? w&m;r0ifvkyfief;ESifh w&m;0ifvkyfief;wdk@udk u|rf;usifpGmaygif;pyfjcif;jzifh
abmf&SDApfrsm;onf +rdK@}uD; 2 ck/ pdef@yDwmpbwfESifh armfpudk&Sd tvkyform;or*~ tzGJ@tpnf;
trsm;pkukd pnf;H;k &&Sv
d u
kd o
f nf? 1913 ck pde@f yw
D mpbwf owWK tvkyo
f rm;or*~ tr_aqmif
aumfrwDa&G;yGJwGif &&SdcJhaomatmifyGJonf txl;ajymifajrmufvSonf? tpnf;ta0; wuf
a&mufol owWKtvkyo
f rm; 3000 teuf/ zsuo
f rd ;f a&;orm;0g'rD sm;udk rJay;olrmS 150 r#om
jzpfayonf?
xdk@twlyif pwkwEdkifiHawmf 'l;rm;wGif;&Sd qdk&S,f'Drdku&uftkyfpkrSmvnf; tvGefta&;
ygonfh w&m;0iftzGJ@tpnf;w&yf jzpfayonf? 'l;rm;wGif rif&SDApf udk,fpm;vS,f 7 OD;ESifh
abmf&ADS pf 6 OD;om&Sad omfvnf; tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm; r[kwo
f nfh ckid rf sm;rS ta&G;cH&onfh
rif&SDApf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; ig;yHkwyHkr#om tEdkifEdkif udk,fpm;jyK
Edkif+yD;/ abmf&SDApf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rSmrlum; wdkif;jynf. t"du pufr_vkyfief;Xme}uD;rsm;
(pdef@yDwmpbwf/ armfpudk/ tdkifAmEdkAdk-AdkpfeufpJefuf/ aumhpxdkrm/ tDumwD&DEdkpvAfESifh
cg;aumhAf)rS ta&G;cH&+yD;/ wwdkif;jynfvHk;&Sd tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. ig;yHkav;yHkausmfudk udk,f
pm;jyKygonf? tvkyform;rsm;onf olwdk@. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf rif&SDApf 7 a,muf udk
r[kwfbJ/ abmf&SDApf 6 OD; (bm'g&@JAf/ yDxdkpuD;ESifh tjcm;olrsm;) udkom owfrSwfonf?
abmf&S DApfrsm;u w&m;0if wnf&SdqJtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk pnf;Hk;atmifjrifEdkif&jcif;
ta=umif;rSm Zmbk&iftpdk;&. =urf;=uKwf&ufpufaom zdESdyfnOf;yef;r_ESifh zsufodrf;a&;0g'D
rsm;ESifh xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;. tm;remypum;rsm; t=um;rSyif olwdk@onf w&m;r0ifygwDudk
vH+k cHKpGm xde;f odr;f umuG,x
f m;Edik +f yD;/ olw@kd t=um; wif;usyo
f nfh pnf;urf;rsm;udk xde;f odr;f
xm;um/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk jywfjywfom;om; umuG,f+yD;/ vlxk
ESifheD;eD;uyfuyfqufoG,fum tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_. &efolrsm;ESifh raphpyfpwrf;
wdkufyGJqifr_a=umifh jzpfygon?f
Todk@jzifh w&m;0ifwnfSdqJ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif; awmufav#mufyif abmf&SDApfrsm;
atmifyGJqif+yD;/ rif&SDApfrsm; _H;edrfhoGm;&ayonf? 'l;rm;pifjrifhay:rS v_Haqmfa&;vkyfief;rsm;
a=umifv
h nf;aumif;/ tvkyo
f rm;owif;pOfEiS hf wjcm;w&m;0ifwnfqJ tzG@J tpnf;rsm;a=umifh
vnf;aumif;/ rif&ASD pfrsm;onf aemufwef;od@k wGe;f yd@k jcif;cHvu
kd &f onf? awmfveS af &;v_yf mS ;r_
onf tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;twGi;f tcdik t
f rm tjrpfw,
G v
f mum olw@kd onf abmf&AdS pfrsm;
ywfvnfwiG f jywfjywfom;om; pkpnf;vm=u+y;D / rif&ADS pfrsm;udk ab;od@k wGe;f z,fypfvu
kd f onf?
ed*Hk;csKyf&mwGif rif&SDApfrsm;onf trsKd;om;jy\emESifhywfoufIvnf; c|wf+cKHusae
a=umif;awG@&onf? k&Sm; e,fpyfa'orsm;rS awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u trsKd;om;jy\em
tay:&Sif;vif;onfhvrf;pOf&Sdzkd@ awmif;qdkonf? odk@aomf rif&SDApfrsm;wGif rnfolr# rauseyf
Edik o
f nfh bef;.,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m ud,
k yf idk t
f yk cf sKyfa&; (cultural autonomy) qdo
k nf uvGJ
vdk@ wjcm;vrf;pOfr&SSdyg? abmf&SDApfrsm;wGifom trsKd;om;jy\emtay: rmhufpf0g' vrf;pOf
&Sd+yD;/ &Jabmfpwmvif. aqmif;yg; rmhufpf0g'ESifh trsKd;om;jy\em ESifh vDeif. trsKd;
om;rsm;. udk,fydkifqkH;jzwfcGifh ESifh trsKd;om;jy\emtay: a0zefa&;rSwfpkrsm;wGif azmf
jy+yD;jzpfygonf?
rif&ADS pfrsm; TuJo
h @kd ;_H edro
hf mG ;+yD;aemuf =o*kwv
f tkypf k pwif+ydKuGv
J m&onfrmS txl;
tqef;r[kwfawmhay? tpdwftydkif; trsKd;rsKd;tpm;pm; aygif;pyfr_a=umifh/ abmf&SDApfwdk@.
tjyif;txef xdk;ESufwdkufcdkufjcif;udk rcHEdkifbJ pwif+ydKuGJvm&ygonf? abmf&SDApf0g'udk qef@
usif wdkufcdkuf&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh wnfaxmifcJhaom =o*kwfvtkyfpkonf abmf&SDApfrsm;.
xd;k ESucf suaf tmufwiG f r=umrDyif tpdwpf w
d t
f r$mr$m jzpfomG ;awmhonf? xdt
k yk pf rk S yxrqH;k
xGuo
f mG ;olrsm;rSm Apfyga&mhrsm; (vperyodites) (abmh'g;aemhA/f vlemcsmpuD;ESihf wjcm;vlrsm;)
jzpf+yD;/ xdk@aemuf vufwpfrsm; (letts) ESifhusefvlrsm;vnf; aemufuvdkufoGm;=uonf?
zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;onf abmf&SDApfrsm;ESifh wdkufonfhwdkufyGJwGif H_;edrfhoGm;+yD;aemuf/
'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,fodk@ tultnD awmif;vdkufonf? 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,fu olwdk@
tm; tultnDay;vdu
k o
f nf? abmf&ADS pfEiS hf zsuo
f rd ;f a&;0g'rD sm;t=um; jzefajzaphpyfol tjzpf
vkyaf qmif+yD;/ ygww
D iG ;f +idr;f csr;fa&;wnfaqmuf&ef[al om [efjypum;rsm;jzifh 'kw,
d tif
wmae&Sife,fu zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;. aphpyfa&;ay:vpDtay: a0zefaer_rsm;udk abmf&SDApf
rsm;tm; &yfypf&ef awmif;qdkvdkufonf? odk@aomf abmf&SDApfrsm;u jyefvnfaphpyf&ef vuf
rcHb/J tacsmiform; 'kw,
d tifwmae&Sief ,f. qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk vdu
k ef m&efjiif;qd+k yD;/ rnf
onfh aphpyfa=uat;r_r# rvkyf&ef oabmwlvdkuf=uonf?
abmf&ADS pfrsm;. w&m;0ifwnf&q
dS J tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;twGi;f atmifycJG rH o
_ nf rawmfwq
wkdufqkdifr_w&yf [kwfvnf;r[kwfcJh? [kwfvnf;r[kwfEkdifacs? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf abmf
&SDApfrsm;onf rdrdwkd@wOD;wnf;om rSefuefonfh rmufhpf0g'oabmw&m;/ &Sif;vif; jywfom;
onfh ay:vpDEiS hf wku
d yf t
JG wGi;f oHr%dcw
J ifxm;aom awmfveS af &;ypPn;f rJyh gwD w&yf&dS rHk #ru
abmf&SDApfrsm;.atmifyGJonf awmfvSefa&;'Da&jrifhudk a&mifjyef[yfaoma=umifhvnf; jzpfyg
onf?
tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_onf wjznf;jznf; wk;d wufjzpfay:ae+yD;/ w+rdK@rS
w+rdK@okd@/ a'owckrSwckokd@ ys@HES@Haeygonf? 1914 cktpykdif;wGif tvkyform;oydwfrsm;
,kwfavsmhoGm;&efa0;pG/ t&Sdeft[kefopf &&Sdvmygonf? olwkd@onf ykdIykdI jyif;xefrm
ausmvmum tvkyo
f rm;OD;a&rSmvnf; ykI
d ykI
d rsm;jym;vmygawmhonf? Zefe0g&D 9 &ufwiG f
tvkyform;aygif; 250000 oydwfarSmufcJh+yD;/ pdef@yDwmpbwfwGif 140000 &SdcJhonf? arv
w&ufwiG f tvkyo
f rm; 500000 ausmf oydwaf rSmufvm=u+yD;/ pde@f yw
D mpbwfwiG f 250000
ausmf&Sdayonf? tvkyform;rsm;onf oydwfrsm;wGif r}uKHpzl;aom pGJ+rJckdifrmr_ukd
jyocJhayonf? pdefyDwmpbwf&Sd tkdblacghAfvkyfief;oydwfonf ESpfvausmf=umcJh+yD;/ vufpf
emvkyif ef;oydww
f iG rf l ok;H veD;yg;=umcJo
h nf? pde@f yw
D mpbwf puf&t
Hk csK@d rS tvkyo
f rm; trsm;
tjym;ukd tqdycf wfr_ (Whole sale poisoning) onf tvkyo
f rm; 115000 oydwaf rSmuf&
onfh ta=umif;t&if;jzpf+y;D qENjyyGrJ sm;yg usi;f yvm=uonf? v_y&f mS ;r_onf qufvufys@EH @S o
H mG ;
cJo
h nf? 1914 ck yxr ESp0f ufwiG f (Zlvidk v
f tapmykid ;f tyg) pkpak ygi;f tvkyo
f rm; 1425000
oydwrf sm;wGiyf g0ifco
hJ nf?
arvwGif bmul;Y ay:aygucf ahJ om a&eHtvkyo
f rm;rsm;. taxGaxGoydwo
f nf k&mS ;&Sd
ypPn;f rJw
h &yfv;Hk . tmHpk u
dk &f mjzpfvmonf? oydww
f u
dk yf o
GJ nf pnf;k;H nD!w
G o
f nfh enf;jzifh
vkyfaqmif=uonf? ZGef 20 &uf bmul;wGif tvkyform; 20000 . qENjyyGJusif;y onf?
ykvdyfrsm;u bmul;tvkyform;rsm;ukd &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfonfhenf;jzifh +zdKcGJESdrfeif; onf?
armfpukdY Tonfukd uef@uGufqENjyonfhtaeESifha&m bmul;tvkyform;rsm;ESifh aoG;pnf;
nD!Gwfa&;ukdjyonfh taeESifha&m oydwfarSmufcJh=u+yD;/ wjcm;ckdifrsm;okd@ ys@HES@HoGm; onf?
Zlvkdif 3 &ufae@Y pdef@yDwmpbwf jyLwDavmhAfvkyfief;Y bmul;oydwfESifh qufpyf+yD;
tpnf;ta0;w&yf usif;ycJhonf? ykvdyfrsm;u tvkyform;rsm;ukd ypfcwfcJhonf? pdef@yDwm
pbwfypPnf;rJhrsm;onf tvGeftrif;a'goxGufcJh=uonf? Zlvkdif 4 &ufae@ pdef@yDwmpbwf
ygwDaumfrwD. v_Haqmfcsuft& pdef@yDwmpbwf tvkyform; 90000 onf uef@uGufaom
taejzifh tvkyfrvkyfyJae=u+yD;/ Zlvkdif 7 &ufwGif 130000 jzpfvmum/ Zlvkdif 8 &ufwGif
150000 jzpfvm+yD;/ Zlvkdif 11 &ufwGif 200000 jzpfvmonf?
r+idrfrouftkHuGr_rsm;onf tvkyfkHrsm;tm;vkH;okd@ ys@HES@HoGm;+yD;/ ae&mwumwGif
tpnf;ta0;rsm;/ qENjyyGJrsm;usif;y=uonf? tvkyform;rsm;onf cHuwkwf/ twm;tqD;
rsm;awmif pwifjyKvky=f uonf? bmul;ESihf avmh'pf w
f iG v
f nf; cHuwkwrf sm; jyKvkyv
f m=u onf?
ae&m tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif ykvdyfrsm;u tvkyform;rsm;ukd ypfcwf=uonf? tpkd;&u
v_yf&Sm;r_ukd zdESdyf&ef ta&;ay:trdef@ a=unm+yD;/ +rdK@awmfukd vufeufukdifpcef;tjzpf
ajymif;vJvkdufonf? y&mA'g ukdydwfypfvkdufonf?
okd@aomf xkdtcsdef EkdifiHwum tcsufopfw&yf ay:aygufvmonf? TonfrSm tjzpf
tysuf wpk;H vk;H udk ajymif;vJaprnfh e,fcs@pJ pfyyJG ifwnf;? Zlvidk v
f awmfveS af &; jzpfay:wk;d yGm;r_
twGif; jyifopforRw yGdKifuJ,m; (Poincare) onf r=umcifpwifawmhrnf ppfyGJta=umif;
udk Zmbk&ifEiS hf aqG;aEG;wdik yf if&eff pde@f yw
D mpbwfo@kd a&mufvmonf? aemuf&uf tcsK@d twGi;f
*smreDonf k&Sm;udk ppfa=unmvdkufonf? Zmbk&ifpdk;&onf abmf&SDApftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk
acsre_ ;f &efEiS hf tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;v_y&f mS ;r_ukd +zKd zsu&f ef ppfyt
JG cGit
hf aumif;udk ,lvu
kd o
f nf?
awmfvSefa&;a&S@wufr_udk urBmppfu jzwfawmufvdkuf+yD;/ Zmbk&iftpdk;&onf ppfyGJtwGif;

awmfvSefa&;rS vGwfajrmufa&;&oGm;onf?
tusOf;csKyf
awmfvSefa&;'Da&jrifhumvtwGif; 1912-14 abmf&SDApfygwDonf tvkyform; vlwef;
pm;v_y&f mS ;r_ukd OD;aqmif+y;D / abmf&ADS pfau;G a=umforH sm;atmufwiG f awmfveS af &;opfw&yf qDo@kd
acgif;aqmifcJhonf? ygwDonf w&m;r0ifvkyfief;ESifh w&m;0ifvkyfief;udk u|rf;usifpGm
aygif;pyfcJhonf? zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh if;wdk@. rdwfaqGrsm;jzpfaom xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;ESifh
atmfhZdkApfrsm;. ckHcHr_udk acsr_ef;&if; ygwDonf w&m;0if v_yf&Sm;r_omeftm;vkH;wGif acgif;
aqmifr_udk &&SdcJh+yD;/ w&m;0if wnf&SdqJtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk ygwDawmfvSefa&;vkyfief;. tajccH
pcef;rsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJapcJhonf?
tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. &efolrsm;ESifh if;wdk@. olv#Kd
rsm;udk wdkufyGJqif&if;/ ygwDonf rdrdwdk@tcsif;csif;t=um; ydkrdkodyfonf;cdkifrm uspfvpfapum
tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;ESihf qufo,
G rf u
_ kd ydrk kd wd;k cs@J Eikd cf o
hJ nf? 'l;rm;udk awmfveS af &; v_H aqmf&m
pifjrift
h jzpf us,u
f s,jf yef@jyef@ tok;H jyK+y;D / tvGew
f ef;zd;k &Sv
d o
S nfh vlxk tvkyf orm;owif;pm
y&mA'gudk wnfaxmifum ygwDonf awmfvSefa&; tvkyform; rsKd; qufopf y&mA'g0g'D
rsm;udk avhusifharG;jrLay;onf? e,fcsJ@ppfyGJumvtwGif; T tvkyf orm;tpdwftydkif;onf
Edik if w
H mum0g'ESihf ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;tvHtay: opPm&Scd =hJ uonf? olw@kd onf aemufyikd ;f wGif
1917 ck atmufwdkbm awmfvSefa&;twGif; abmf&SDApfygwD. A[dk rdKifjzpfonf?
e,fcs@J ppfyJG t}udKumvwGif ygwo
D nf if;. awmfveS af &;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif tvkyo
f rm;
vlwef;pm;udk acgif;aqmifcJhonf? if;wdk@onf wyfOD;v_yfSm;r_rsm;jzpfum e,fcsJ hppfyGJ. jzwf
awmufjcif;cHvu
kd &f aomfvnf;/ aemuf 3 ESpt
f =umwGif Zmbk&ifpepf acsre_ ;f a&;wGif jyefvnf
ay:aygufvmonf? abmf&SDApfygwDonf ypPnf;rJhEdkifiHwumtvHudkv$ifh+yD;/ e,fcsJ@ppfyGJ.
cufcJvSaomumvudk 0ifa&mufjzwfoef;vmcJhonf?
tcef; (6)
e,fcsJ ph pfyu
JG mvwGi;f rS abmf&ADS pfygwD
&k&mS ;Edik if H 'kw,
d awmfveS af &;umv (1914=1917/ rwfv)
1? e,fcsJ@ppfyGJ ay:aygufvmjcif;ESifh ta=umif;&if;rsm;?
1914ck/ Zlvdkif 14&uf (jyuQ'defopf 27)wGif Zmbk&iftpkd;&u taxGaxG ppfa&;jyifqif
v_Haqmfonfhtrdef@ xkwfjyefcJhonf? Zlvdkif 19 &uf (jyuQ'defopf =o*kwf 1&uf) wGif *smreDu
k&Sm;udk ppfa=unmvdkufonf?
k&Sm; ppfxJ0ifvmay+yD?
ppfyGJ wu,fay:aygufrvmrD =um&Snf=umrsm;uyif abmf&SDApf vDeifonf TppfyGJrSm
rv$Jra&Smifoma=umif; }udKwifjrifcJhonf? EkdifiHwum qkd&S,fvpfuGef*&ufrsm;Y vDeifu ppf
yGJjzpfay:vmr_wGif qkd&S,fvpfrsm;. awmfvSefa&;vrf;pOf vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufr_ukd qkH;jzwf&ef
&nf&G,fcsufjzifh t}uHay;csufrsm;wifjycJhonf?
vDeifu ppfyGJonf t&if;&SifpepfESifh t+ydKif ra&Smifv$JEkdifa=umif; axmufjycJhonf? Ekdif
iHjcm;e,fajrukd wkdufckdufodrf;ykdufjcif;/ ukdvkdeDrsm;ukd vk,ufzsufqD; wkdufckdufodrf;ykdufjcif;
rsm;ESifh aps;uGufopfodrf;ykdufjcif;rsm;onf t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGmyif t&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm;. qifEGJ
cJhJaom atmifyGJcH ppfyGJrsm;. ta=umif;&if;rsm;jzpfcJh+yD; jzpfonf? t&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm;twGuf
ppfyGJonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ukd aoG;pkyftjrwfxkwfr_ uJhokd@aom t&mrsm;twGuf
obm0usonfh w&m;0if ta=umif;tcsufw&yfuJhokd@ jzpfaeayonf?
ppfyGJrsm;onf 19 &mpktukef/ 20&mpktp t&if;&Sifpepfu if;. tjrifhqkH;ESifh

aemufq;Hk tqifh e,fcs@J pepfo@dk rkcs0ifa&mufomG ;csed w
f iG f txl;ojzifh ra&Smifrv$o
J m jzpfvmyg
onf? e,fcs@pJ epfatmufwiG f tiftm;}uD;aom t&if;&Sit
f pnf;tk;H rsm; (vuf0g;}uD;tkyrf sm;
Monoplies) ESihf b%fwu
dk rf sm;onf t&if;&SiEf idk if rH sm;.b0wGif v$r;f rk;d onfh tqifah e&mok@d
a&muf&Sdvmonf? bmt&if;tESD;onf t&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm;. t&Sifocif jzpfvmonf?
bma&; t&if;tESD;u aps;uGufopfrsm;. ukdvkdeDrsm;odrf;ykdufa&;/ t&if;tESD;wifykd@&ef
e,fy,fopfrsm;/ ukef=urf;ypPnf;rsm;vm&m a&aomufjrpfrsm;ukd awmif;qkdvkdufygonf?
ok@d aomf 19 &mpkuek cf ge;D wGif urBmajrjyifwckv;Hk udk t&if;&SiEf idk if rH sm;t=um; cJaG 0xm;+yD;
jzpfygonf? ok@d aomf e,fcs@pJ epfacwftcgwiG f t&if;&Sipf epfjzpfay:wk;d yGm;r_onf tvGet
f rif;
rnDrnmjzpfum ckefysHjcif;rsm;ESifh wkd;wufaeygonf? ,cifu a&S@qkH;wef;wGif&SdcJhaom wcsKd@
EkdifiHwkd@. pufr_vkyfiefwdk;wufr_rSm ,cktcgY E_dif;,SOfcsuft& aES;auG;oGm;+yD;/ ,cifu
aemufuscJhonfh wjcm;EdkifiHrsm;onf tvGefvsifjrefpGmjzifh if;wdk@udk ausmfwuftEdkif,loGm;
=uonf? e,fcsJ@EdkifiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ppfa&;tiftm; tcsKd;tpm; E_dif;,SOfr_rsm;wGif
tajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfay: vsu&f o
dS nf? xdrk S urBm}uD;tm; jyefvnfcaJG 0&ef }udK;yrf;tm;xkwf
r_ ay:aygufvm+yD;/ TjyefvnfcGJa0a&;wdkufyGJu e,fcsJ@ppfyGJudk rvGJra&Smifom jzpfapvdkufyg
onf? 1914 ck ppfyGJonf urBm}uD;wGif =oZmv$rf;rdk;&me,fy,frsm; jyefvnfcGJa0&eft
wGufjzpfaom ppfyGJjzpfonf? e,fcs@JEkdifiHrsm;tm;vkH; TtwGufjyifqifaecJhonfrSm =umay+yD?
EkdifiHtm;vkH;rS e,fcs@Jorm;rsm;onf TppfyGJtwGuf wm0ef&Sd=uonf?
okd@aomf txl;ojzifh TppfyGJtwGuf jyifqifolrsm;rSm wzufwGif *smreDESifh =op}wD;
,m;jzpf+yD;/ wzufwiG f jyifopf/ t*Fvyd Ef iS hf &k mS ;wk@d jzpfonf? k&mS ;rSm jyifopfEiS hf t*Fvyd t
f ay:
rSDckd&oljzpfonf? t*Fvdyf/ jyifopf/ k&Sm;/ r[mrdwfwkd@. 3 EkdifiHpmcsKyfukd 1907 ckwGif csKyf
qkdcJhonf? *smreD/ =op}wD;,m;/ [efa*&DESifh tDwvDwkd@onf wjcm;e,fcs@J r[mrdwftzJG@ zGJ@
vku
d o
f nf? ok@d aomf 1914 ck ppfyjJG zpfay:vmcsed w
f iG f tDwvDonf if;r[mrdwt
f zG@J rS xGu+f yD;/
aemufyidk ;f wGif ok;H Ekid if EH iS hf vmaygi;f onf? *smreD/ =op}wD;,m;/ [efa*&Dudk blvaf *;&D;,m;ESihf
wl&uDwkd@u axmufcHtm;ay;onf?
*smreDonf t*Fvyd Ef iS hf jyifopfw@dk xrH S ukv
d edk rD sm;/ k&mS ;xHrS ,lu&de;f / ykv
d efEiS hf abmvf
wpfjynfe,frsm;ukd vk,l&efykHpHjzifh e,fcs@JppfyGJukd jyifqifcJhonf? buU'ufrD;&xm;vrf;ukd
wnfaqmufjcif;jzifh *smreDonf ta&S@t&yf&dS t*Fvyd w
f @dk . pk;d rk;d r_udk +cdr;f ajcmufco
hJ nf? +Adwo
d #
t*Fvdyfwkd@onf *smreD. a&wyftiftm;}uD;xGm;vmr_ukd a=umuf&GH@vmayonf?
Zmbk&if k&mS ;u wl&uDucdk aGJ 0,l&ef uGepf wifwED ydk v
J Ef iS hf yifv,feufrS ajrxJyifv,fo@dk
oGm;onfh a&vuf=um; (the Dardanell2es) uk&d &ef pdwu
f ;l ,Ofc=hJ uonf? Zmbk&ifh tpk;d &.
pDru
H ed ;f wGif =op}wD;,m; - [efa*&D tpdwt
f ykid ;f wckjzpfonfh a*vD&mS ;ukd odr;f yku
d &f efvnf;
yg0ifaeayonf?
*&dwf+Adwdefonf ppfyGJenf;emjzifh if;. tE W&m,f}uD;vSaom+ydKifbuf *smreDukdacsr_ef;

&ef }udK;yrf;vmonf? ppfyGJrwkdifrDu *smreD. ukefypPnf;rsm;onf +Adwdo#ukefypPnf;rsm;ukd
urBmhaps;uGufrS wjznf;jznf; wGef;xkwfypfcJhonf? xkd@tjyif *&dwf+Adwdefonf wl&uDxHrS
rufqydk adk w;rD;,m;ESihf ygvufpwkid ;f ukd odr;f ,l&efEiS hf tD*spYf ckid rf monfh tajccH&&ef &nf&,
G cf hJ
onf?
jyifopft&if;&Sirf sm;onf *smreDxrH S uG,0f vSaomausmufr;D aoG;ESihf oHidk ;f a'o ESpcf k
jzpfonfh qmbmqifESifh tmvfquf - avmf&drf;a'orsm;ukd odrf;,lEkdif&ef }udK;pm;vm+yD;
avm&drf;rSm 1870-71 ppfwGif;u jyifopfxHrS *smreDu odrf;,loGm;jcif;jzpfonf?
Tenf;jzifh e,fcs@JppfyGJonf t&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm;. tkyfpkESpfckt=um; euf_dif;vSaom
ydyuQrsm;a=umifh jzpfyGm;vmcJh&onf?
urBm}uD;ukd jyefvnfcaJG 0&efjzpfonfh TavmbaZmwku
d o
f nfph pfy}JG uD;onf e,fcs@EJ idk if H
tm;vkH;. tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;ukd xdckdufap+yD;/ *syef/ tar&duefESifh wjcm;EkdifiHrsm;vnf; tusKd;
quftm;jzifh aemufykdif;wGif ppfyGJokd@ qGJoGif;cH&ygonf?
ppfyGJonf urBmhppfyGJ}uD; jzpfvmyg+yD?
e,fcsJ@ppfyGJtwGuf jyifqifr_rsm;ukd "e&Sifrsm;onf if;jynfolrsm;ukd txl;v#dK@0Suf
xm;ygonf? ppfyGJjzpfay:vmonfhtcg e,fcsJ@tpdk;&wdkif;u if;wdk@u tdrfeD;em;csif;rsm;ukd
wdu
k cf u
kd jf cif;r[kwb
f J if;wk@d uom tdr;f eD;em;csi;f rsm;. twdu
k t
f cdu
k cf &H jcif; jzpfa=umif;udk
oufaojy&ef t}uD;tus,f }udK;pm;=uygonf? "e&Sifrsm;onf ppfyGJ. wu,fhppfrSefonfh
&nf&G,fcsufESifh if;. e,fcsJ@wdk;csJ@ odrf;ydkufvdkonfhomefudk zkH;uG,f+yD;/ jynfolrsm;udk
vdrn
f mcJo
h nf? e,fcs@J tpk;d &wdik ;f rdrEd ikd if u
H kd umuG,zf @kd ppfyq
JG ifE&JG a=umif; a=unmcJ=h uonf?
'kw,
d tifwmae&Sief ,frS tacsmiform;rsm;onf jynforl sm;udk vdrn
f m&ef "e&Sirf sm;
tm;ulnDcJhonf? 'kwd, tifwmae&Sife,frS qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;onf qdk&S,fvpfpepf ta&;
awmfy/Hk ypPn;f rJrh sm;. Edik if w
H um aoG;pnf; nD!w
G rf _ ta&;awmfyu
Hk kd ,kwrf mpGm opPmazmuf
=uonf? ppfyu
JG q
kd ef@usizf @kd a0;pG/ ppfyjJG zpfymG ;aeonfh wdik ;f jynfrsm;&Sd tvkyo
f rm;ESihf v,form;
rsm;udk tzEkid if aH wmf umuG,&f efqo
kd nfh awmif;qdck suEf iS hf wOD;ESiw
hf OD; &efwu
kd v
f H_ aqmfay;&m
wGif "e&Sifrsm;udk olwdk@uulnDcJh=uonf?
k&mS ;u r[mrdwEf ikd if rH sm; (Entente) bufrS jyifopfEiS hf *&dw+f Aw
d ed b
f ufrS e,fcs@J ppfyw
JG iG ;f
0ifa&mufvmonfrSm rawmfwq wdkufqkdifr_r[kwfyg? 1914 ckrwdkifrD k&Sm;pufr_ vkyfief;.
ta&;t}uD;qkH;vkyfief;cGJrsm;rSm t"dutm;jzifh jyifopf/ *&dwf+AdwdefESifh b,fvf*sD,H ponfh
EdkifiHjcm;t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;. vufxJwGif&Sdonfudk owdjyK&ygrnf? xdkEdkifiHrsm;rSm r[mrdwf
pmcsKyf0ifEdkifiHrsm;jzpfonf? k&Sm;. ta&;}uD;qkH;owWKvkyfief;rSm jyifopft&if;&Sif rsm;.
vufwiG jf zpfonf? tm;vk;H xJrmS av;ykH ok;H ykH (72 &mcdik ;f E_e;f ) aom owWKvkyif ef;onf Edik if jH cm;
t&if;tESD;tay: rSDcdk&onf? 'kdeufpf csKdifh0Srf;&Sd ausmufrD;aoG;vkyfief;rSmvnf; xdkenf;
vnf;aumif;yif jzpfonf? +Adwdo#ESifh jyifopf t&if;tESD;u ydkifqdkifonfh a&eHajrrSm wdkif;jynf
a&eHxu
G .
f xuf0ufe;D yg;r#jzpfonf? k&mS ;pufrv
_ yk if ef;rS tjrwfawmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf t"du
jyifopfEiS hf t*Fvyd pf onfh Edik if jH cm;b%frsm;xJo@kd pD;0ifomG ;cJo
h nf? jyifopfEiS hf +Adwd o#w@dk xrH S
Zmbk&ifu acs;aiGtjzpf ,lxm;onfh oef;axmifaygif;rsm;pGmESifh 'Dtajctae tm;vkH;u
Zmbk&ifpepfudk +Adwdo#ESifh jyifopfe,fcsJ@pepfESifh wwGJwnf; csnfaESmifvdkuf+yD;/ k&Sm;udk
xkdEdkifiHrsm;. vufatmufcH/ udkvdkeDwydkif;EdkifiHb0odk@ a&muf&Sdapvkdufonf?
k&mS ;"e&Sirf sm;u if;wd@k .tajctaersm; wd;k wufaumif;rGev
f map&ef &nf&,
G cf suEf iS hf
ppfyGJwGif;0ifa&muf cJhjcif;jzpfonf? aps;uGufopfrsm;&&ef/ ppfyGJuefxkdufrsm;rS }uD;rm;onfh
tjrwftpGef;rsm;&&e/f wcsdefwnf;rSm ppfyGJtajctaeudk tcGifhaumif;,l+yD; awmfvSefa&;v_yf
&Sm;r_udk acsr_ef;&efwdk@jzpfonf?
Zmbk&if k&Sm;EdkifiHonf ppfyGJtwGuf tqifoifhrjzpfacs? k&Sm; pufr_vkyfief;onf w
jcm;t&if;&SiEf ikd if rH sm;xuf tvGeaf emufusaeygonf? a[mif;EGr;f aeonfh puf,E &W m;rsm; ESihf
acwfrrDawmhaom puft
Hk vkyf rHk sm;om jzpfygonf? aus;u|ew
f ydik ;f pepftay: tajccH onfh
ajr,mydik q
f ikd rf p_ epf wnf&adS er_EiS hf qif;&JraJG waeaom v,form;xk trsm;tjym;wd@k a=umifh
v,f,mvkyfief;onfvnf; a&&SnfppfyGJtwGuf cdkifrmonfh pD;yGm;a&;tajccHrjzpf Edkifay?
Zmbk&if. t"du tm;udk;tm;xm;rSm ya'o&mZfajr&Sif}uD;rsm; jzpfygonf? bvuf
[ef'&uf ajr&Sif}uD;rsm;onf "e&Sif}uD;rsm;ESifh r[mrdwfzGJ@I wdkif;jynfESifh EdkifiHawmf'l;rm;udk
v$rf;rdk;xm;onf? olwdk@onf Zmbk&if. jynfwGif;jynfyay:vpDrsm;udk tjynfht0 axmuf
cH=uonf? k&Sm;e,fcsJ@"e&Sifrsm;onf Zmbk&if oufOD;qHydkifpepftay: ar#mfvifhcsufrsm; pkykH
xm;um/ if;wzufwGif aps;uGufopfrsm;/ e,fajropfrsm;udk &&SdapEkdif+yD;/ wzufwGifvnf;
tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;. awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ukd acsr_ef;Ekdifayvdrfhrnf?
vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;. ygwD zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH 'Drkdu&ufygwDonf twkduftcH [efxkwf
vkdufaomfvnf;/ Zmbk&iftpkd;&. EkdifiHjcm;ay:vpDukd ajymifajymifyif axmufcHvkdufonf?
ppfypJG pcsi;f / "e&Siaf ygupf ygwrD sm; qk&d ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;ESihf rif&ADS pfrsm; onf
qkd&S,fvpftvHukd uef@vef@umtjzpf tokH;jyKum ppfyGJ. e,fcs@J vk,ufodrf;ykdufonfh
vuQ%mukd zkH;uG,f+yD;/ jynfolukdvdrfvnf&mwGif "e&Sifrsm;ukd ulnDcJhonf? olwkd@u "e&Sif
tzEkid if H ukd y&yf&mS ;"m;jyrsm;ab;rS umuG,x
f ed ;f odr;f &ef vkt
d yfa=umif; a[majym=u+yD;/
jynfwGif; +idrfcsrf;a&;ay:vpDukd axmufcHum/ Tenf;jzifh k&Sm; Zmbk&iftpkd;& ppfyGJ0ifEkdif
&ef ulnDcJhonf? *smref qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufrsm;u *smref ukdifZmtpkd;&ukd k&Sm;"m;jyrsm;tm;
ppfjyKEkdif&ef ulnDouJhokd@yifjzpfonf?
abmf&SDApfygwD wckwnf;omv#if }uD;jrwfonfh awmfvSefaom EkdifiHwumh0g' ta&;
awmfykHtay: opPmapmifhodusef&pf+yD;/ Zmbk&ifh oufOD;qHykdifpepfukd qef@usifonfh/ ajr&SifESifh
t&if;&Sifrsm;ukd qef@usifonfh/ e,fcs@JppfyGJukd qef@usifonf@/ }uHhcdkifjywfom;onfh wkdufyGJ.
rmhufpf0g' taetxm;ukd ckdifrmpGm pGJukdifxm;ygonf?
ppfypJG pcsi;f abmf&ADS pfygwu

D TppfypJG wifcjhJ cif;rSm wkid ;f jynfumuG,zf @dk r[kwyf /J Ekid if jH cm;
e,fajrrsm;ukd odr;f yku
d zf @dk / ajr&Sirf sm;ESihf t&if;&Sirf sm;. tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuf Ekid if jH cm; wkid ;f jynf
rsm;ukd vk,ufzsufqD;zkd@/ tvkyform;rsm;u 'DppfyGJtay: ykdif;jzwfcsuf&Sd&Sd wkdufyGJ0if&ef aqmf
=ocJhonf? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;u abmf&SDApfygwDukd axmufcHcJhonf?
trSefygbJ/ ppfyGJtapmykdif;wGif ynmwwfrsm;ESifh v,form;xJrS ul;vwftpdwftykdif;
rsm;u "e&Sifw,loefrsKd;cspf0g'ukd azmfjycJh+yD;/ if;wkd@u tvkyform; tpdwftykdif;tcsKd@okd@
ul;pufcyhJ gonf? ok@d aomf Tolrsm;rSm k&mS ;jynfo@l tzG@J csKyfrS tzG@J 0if vlayvlawrsm; jzpf+yD;/
wcsK@rd mS qk&d ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;ESihf rif&ADS pf=oZmrsm; v$r;f rk;d cHae&onfh tvkyo
f rm;
tcsK@djzpfonf? obm0uspGmyJ olwkd@wawG[m tvkyform;vlwef;pm;&@J cHpm;csufrsm;ukd
uk,
d pf m;vnf;rjyKbl;? uk,
d pf m;vnf;rjyKEkid yf gb;l ? ppfyt
JG apmykid ;f ae@&uf rsm;twGi;f Zmbk&if
tpkd;&u zefwD;cJhwJh "e&Sifrsm;&@J rsKd;cspfqENjyyGJrsm;rSm yg0ifcJholrsm;[m Ttpdwftykdif;rsm;
jzpfygonf?
2? 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,frS ygwDrsm;/ if;wkd@.e,fcs@Jtpkd;&rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;oGm;jcif;/
oD;jcm;qkd&S,fa&SmfAifygwDrsm;tjzpfokd@ 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f ysufjyKef;oGm;jcif;
vDeifu 'kw,
d tifwmae&Sief ,f. tacsmif0g'ESihf if;acgi;f aqmifrsm;. ,dr;f ,kid o
f nfh
oabmxm;rsm;tay: r=umc% owday;cJyh gonf? 'kw,
d tifwmae&Sief ,f acgi;f aqmifrsm;
onf ppfqef@usifa&;ukd yg;pyfuom ajymae=u+yD;/ ppfjzpfvmygu if;wkd@ oabmxm;rsm;ukd
ajymif;vJ+yD;/ e,fcs@Jt&if;&SifrsmxH ajy;0ifum/ ppfaxmufcHolrsm; jzpfvmvdrfhrnf[k vDeifu
t+rJajym=um;cJhonf? ppfyGJ. yxr&ufrsm; twGif;rSmyif vDeif }udKwifajymqkdcJhr_rsm; rSef
uefa=umif; awG@vm&onf?
1910 'kwd, tifwmae&Sife,f. ukdyifa[*ifuGef*&ufwGif ygvDreftwGif;&Sd qkd&S,f
vpfrsm;onf ppfyGJtokH;pm;&dwfrsm;udk qef@usifrJay;&ef qkH;jzwfcJhonf? 1912 abmfvfuif
ppfyGJwGif 'kwd, tifwmae&Sife,f. bmqJvf (Basle) urBm@uGef*&ufu EkdifiHtm;vkH;&Sd
tvkyform;rsm;onf t&if;&Sifrsm;. tjrwfwkd;rsm;apa&;twGuf wOD;ESifhwOD; ypfcwfv#if
jypfru
_ sK;vGeo
f nf[k oabmxm;rnf[k a=unmcJo
h nf? TonfrmS olw@dk ajymcJo
h nfh pum;/
ol@wkd@ qkH;jzwfcsufxJrSm auG;a=umfcJhcsufrsm; jzpfygonf?
okd@aomf rkefwkdif;usa&mufcJh+yD; e,fcs@JppfyGJ}uD;ay:aygufvm+yD;aemuf TqkH;jzwfcsuf
rsm;ukd taumiftxnfazmf&ef tcsdefusa&mufvmonfhtcg 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,frS
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ypPnf;rJhrsm;ukd opPmazmuf+yD;/ "e&Sifrsm;ukd tusKd;jyKonfh opPm
azmufavmufaumifrsm;tjzpfo@dk qku
d af &mufomG ;ygonf? olw@dk onf ppfyu
JG dk axmufcH olrsm;
jzpfvm=uonf?
1914 =o*kwf 4 &ufae@wiG f ygvrD ef&dS *smref qk&d ,

S 'f rD u
dk &ufrsm;u ppfo;Hk p&dwt
f wGuf
rJay;cJh=uonf? olwkd@onf e,fcs@JppfyGJwGif axmufcHrJay;cJh=uonf? jyifopf/ *&dwf+Adwdef/
b,fv*f s,
D EH iS hf wjcm;Ekid if rH sm;&Sd qk&d ,
S v
f pf trsm;pk}uD;onfvnf; xdek nf;vnf;aumif; vkycf hJ
onf?
'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f &yfqdkif;oGm;cJhay+yD? trSefrSmrl if;onf wOD;ESihfwOD; ppfyGJ
qifEGJaeonfh oD;jcm; qdk&S,fa&SmfAifygwDrsm;tjzpf +yKduGJoGm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf?
qdk&S,fvpfygwDrsm;. acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ypPnf;rJhrsm;udk opPmazmufum/ qdk&S,f
a&SmfAif0g' taetxm;udk vufcHusifhokH;+yD; e,fcsJ@t&if;&Sifrsm;udk umuG,fcJhonf? olwdk@
onf e,fcsJ@tpdk;&rsm;u tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk vdrfnm+yD; trsdK;om;pdwf tqdyft
awmufoifah tmifvyk &f mY ulncD o
hJ nf? tzEdik if u
H kd umuG,&f efqo
kd nfh auG;a=umfou
H t
kd ok;H
jyK+yD; Tqdk&S,fopPmazmufrsm;onf jyifopftvkyform;rsm;udk qef@usif&ef *smreftvkyf
orm;rsm;udk v_Haqmf+yD;/ *smreftvkyform;rsm;udk qef@usif&ef jyifopfESifh t*Fvdyf tvkyf
orm;rsm;udk v_HaqmfcJh=uonf? 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,frS rxif&Sm;vSonfh tenf;pk uom
EdkifiHwum0g'Dtaexm;udk xdef;odrf;xm;+yD; a&pD;udkqefcJh=uonf? trSefyif olwdk@onf vHk
avmufaom,Hk=unfr_ESifh jywfom;r_r&SdcJhaomfvnf; a&pD;udkawmhqefcJhonf?
abmf&SDApfygwDomv#if tvsiftjrefcsufjcif;ESifh awGa0,drf;,dkifjcif;r&SdbJ/ e,fcJs@ppfyGJ
qef@usifonfh jywfom;aomwdkufyGJtvH v$ifhcJhonf? 1914 ck aqmif;OD;wGif vDeif a&;om;cJh
aom ppfyGJpmwrf;Y 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f usqHk;r_onf rawmfwqwdkufqdkifr_r[kwf [k
axmufjycJo
h nf? 'kw,
d tifwmae&Sief ,fonf tacsmiform;rsm;. zsuq
f ;D +zdKzsujf cif; cH&+yD;/
if;wd@k tay: awmfveS o
f nfh ypPn;f rJrh sm;. a&S@wef;ta&mufq;kH ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;u tawmf
apmapmuyif owday;cJh+yD; jzpfonf?
'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,frS ygwDrsm;twGif; ppfyGJrwdkifrDuyif tacsmif0g'u ul;puf
jyef@yGm;ae+yDjzpfonf? tacsmiform;rsm;u awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJrsm;udk pGef@v$wf&ef ajrmufyifh
ajymqdkae+yD;jzpfonf? olwdk@u t&if;&SifpepfrS qdk&S,fvpfpepfodk@ +idrf;csrf;pGmul;ajymif;
a&;oabmw&m;udk a[majymae+yD;jzpfonf? 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,fonf tacsmif0g'udk
wdkufcdkufcsifpdwfr&Sday? tacsmif0g'ESifh +idrf;csrf;pGmaecsif+yD;/ if;udk cdkifrmpGm&yfwnf vmEdkif
atmifcGifhjyKcJhonf? tacsmif0g'ESifh aphpyfa&;aemufvdkuf+yD;aemuf/ 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f
onf if;udk,fwdkif tacsmiform;jzpfvmcJhonf?
tvkyform; rif;pdk;&mZmrsm;[k ac:qdkavh&Sdonfh u|rf;usifonfhtvkyform; txuf
v$mukd e,fcsJ@"e&Sifrsm;onf jrifhrm;onfh vpmaiGrsm;ESifh wjcm;pm;uGif;pm;usefrsm;jzifh p
epfwus vmbfxdk;cJhonf? udkvdkeDrsm;rSvnf;aumif;/ acwfaemufusonfh EdkifiHrsm;udk
aoG;pkyjf cif;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ &&Scd ahJ om tjrwfwpdww
f ydik ;f udk T&nf&,
G cf sut
f wGuf toH;k jyK
cJh=uonf? Ttvkyform; tpdwftydkif;rSonf tvkyform;or*~ESifh or0g,rtzGJ@ acgif;
aqmifrsm;/ jrLeDpy,fESifh ygvDreftzGJ@0ifrsm;/ owif;pmq&mrsm;ESifh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpf tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;rS tr_xrf;t&mxrf;rsm; ay:xGufvmonf? ppfyGJjzpfvmaomtcg tqifhae&m

aysmufqHk;oGm;rnfudk a=umuf&HG@onfh Tolrsm;onf awmfvSefa&;. &efolrsm;jzpfvmum
olw@kd . "e&Sirf sm;/ olw@kd . e,fcs@J tpd;k &rsm;udk twufuq
G ;kH umuG,o
f rl sm;jzpfvm =uyg onf?
tacsmiform;rsm;onf qdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g'Drsm; jzpfvm=uonf?
k&Sm; rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh qkd&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;vnf; yg0ifonfh qkd&S,fa&SmfAif
0g'Drsm;u jynfwGif;wGif tvkyform;ESifh "e&Sift=um; vlwef;pm;ajy+idrf;a&; azmfaqmif+yD;/
EdkifiHjcm; wjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;tay: ppfcif;&ef a[majym=uonf? olwdk@ppfyGJtwGuf rnfol@wGif
wu,f wm0ef&Sdonfqdkjcif;udk vlxkrodatmif zHk;uG,fvdrfnm+yD;/ rdrdwdk@EdkifiH. "e&Sifrsm;udk
tjypfwif&ef r[kwaf =umif;ajymqd=k uonf? qd&k ,
S af &SmAf if0g'D trsm;tjym;[m olw@kd Eikd if H e,fcs@J
tpdk;&rsm;. 0ef}uD;rsm; jzpfvm=uonf?
tv,ftvwf0g'rD sm; (Centralist) [k ac:qdak vho
dS nfh yke;f atmif;aeaom qd&k ,
S af &Smf
Aif0g'Drsm;xuf ypPnf;rJhta&;awmfyHktwGuf tE W&m,f&Sdolr&Sdyg? tv,ftvwf0g'Drsm;jzpf
aom aumufpuD; (Kautsky)/ xa&mhpuD/ rm;awmhAfESifh wjcm;olrsm;onf ajAmif qdk&S,f
a&SmfAif0g'Drsm;udk umuG,fckcHajymqdkjcif;jzifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;udk opPmazmuf&mwGif qdk&S,fa&Smf
Aif0g'rD sm;ESihf yl;aygi;f vdu
k yf gonf? tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;udk vdrv
f nf&ef &G,cf sujf zifh ppfyu
JG kd
qef@usifwdkufcdkufjcif;ESifh ywfoufonfh vuf0J0g'D a[majymcsufrsm;jzifh if;wdk@ opPm
azmufr_udk zHk;uG,fcJhonf? trSefrSmrl tv,ftvwf0g'Drsm;onf ppfyGJudk axmufcHcJhonf?
ppfyGJtoHk;p&dwfudk qef@usifrJray;bJ/ ysufuGufrJay;&ef omjzpfonfh if;wdk@. qHk;jzwfcsuf
onf ppfyGJudkaxmufcHjcif;rnfayonf? qdk&S,fa&SmfAif 0g'Drsm;uJhodk@yif ppfyGJtwGif; vlwef;
pm;wdkufyGJudk pGef@v$wf&ef olwdk@u awmif;qdk=u+yD;/ olwdk@.e,fcsJ@tpdk;&rsm; ppfyGJqifEJ&mrSm
taESmifht,Suf rjzpfap&ef jzpfayonf? tv,ftvwf0g'D xa&mhpuDonf ppfyGJESifh qdk&S,f
vpfpepf. ta&;}uD;onfhjy\emtm;vHk;wGif vDeifESifh abmf&SDApfygwDudk qef@usifcJhonf?
ppfyGJpwifonfESifhtwl vDeifu tifwmae&Sife,fopf/ wwd,tifwmae&Sife,fudk
zefw;D wnfaxmif&ef tiftm;rsm;udk pwifppk nf;cJyh gonf? 1914 ck/ Ek0d ifbmwGix
f w
k af 0onfh
ppfqef@usio
f nfh a=unmpmwrf;wGif abmf&ADS pfygwD A[kad umfrwDu t&Suw
f uGJ tusLd ; enf;
usq;kH oGm;onfh 'kw,
d tifwmae&Sief ,fae&mwGif wwd,tifwmae&Sief ,f wnf axmif&ef
aqmf=ovdkuf+yD;jzpfygonf?
1915 azazmf&DvwGif r[mrdwfpmcsKyf0ifEdkifiHrsm;rS qdk&S,fvpfrsm;. uGefz&ifhudk vef
h iG f
'efY usi;f ycJo
h nf? vDeif. !e=f um;csut
f & &JabmfvpfAaD emhAf (Litvinov) u uGezf &ifw
b,fvf*sD,HESifh jyifopf"e&Siftpdk;&tzGJ@rS qdk&S,fvpfrsm; (Aef'gvfAJvf'D; Vandervelde /
qJrb
f wf Sembat ESihf *wfp'f ;D Guesde) wd@k E_wx
f u
G +f yD; e,fcs@J orm;rsm;ESihf vH;k 0jywfp&J efEiS hf
ryl;aygif;awmh&ef ajymqdkcJhonf? olu qdk&S,fvpftm;vHk;onf olwdk@. e,fcsJ@tpdk;& rsm;udk
qef@usif+yD; jywfom;onfhwdkufyGJ qifE$Joifha=umif;ESifh ppftoHk;pm;&dwftwGuf rJay;jcif;udk
_wfcscJhonf? odk@ aomf uGefz&ifhwGif vpfADaemhAfudk axmufcHonfh toHwpfoHrS xGufrvm

acs?
1915 ck pufwifbmtpydkif;wGif EdkifiHwum0g'Drsm;. yxruGefz&ifhudk Zifrm0Jvf
(Zimmerwald) Y usif;y=uonf? vDeifu TuGefz&ifhudk ppfqef@usifonfh EdkifiHwum jzpf
ay:wdk;wufr_. yxrajcvSrf;[kac:qdkcJhonf? TuGefz&ifhwGif vDeifu Zifrm0Jvf vuf0J
tkyfpkudk zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? okd@aomf Zifrm0Jvf vuf0JtkyfpkxJrSmyif vDeifOD; aqmifonfh abmf&SD
Apfygwo
D mv#if ppfqef@usio
f nfh rSeu
f efuek pf ifnn
D w
G o
f nfh taetxm;ESihf &yfwnfchJ onf?
Zifrm0Jvf vuf0Jtkyfpku *smrefbmomjzifh qifhac:oH(Herald) udkxkwfa0+yD;/ vDeif u
aqmifyg;rsm;ay;ydk@cJhonf?
1916 ckwiG f Edik if w
H um0g'rD sm;onf cJeo
f mvf (Kienthal) qdo
k nfh qp&f mG av;w&GmwGif
'kwd,uGefz&ifhudk ac:qdkEdkifcJhonf? if;udk 'kwd, Zifrm0JvfuGefz&ifh[k vlodrsm;cJhonf?
Ttcsed w
f iG f Edik if w
H ikd ;f eDyg;Y Ekid if w
H um0g't
D pkrsm; wnfaxmif+yD;jzpfum/ Edik if w
H um0g'D tpdwf
tydkif;rsm;ESifh qdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g'Drsm;t=um; uGJtufr_onf ydkrdk euf_dif;vmonf? odk@aomf
ta&;}uD;qHk;t&mrSm TtcsdefwGif vlxkudk,fwdkif ppfyGJESifh if;.tedmHk*,ufrsm;a=umifh
vuf0t
J yk pf b
k ufo@kd ajymif;vJvmcJo
h nf? cJeo
f mvf uGezf &ifw
h iG f a&;qGcJ o
hJ nfh a=unmpmwrf;
onf qef@usifbuf tkyfpktrsKd;rsKd;t=um; &&SdcJhaom oabmwlnDcsuf&v'f jzpf+yD;/ if;onf
Zifrm0Jvf a=unmpmwrf;xuf a&S@wdk;wufcJhonf?
odk@aomf cJefomvfuGefz&ifhonf Zifrm0JvfuGefz&ifhuJhodk@yif abmf&SDApfay:vpD.
tajccHrlrsm;jzpfaom e,fcsJ@ppfyGJudk jynfwGif;ppftjzpf ul;ajymif;&ef/ ppfyGJwGif rdrdwdk@. e,fcsJ@
tpdk;& _H;edrfhap&ef/ wwd,tifwmae&Sife,fwnfaxmif&efudk vufrcHcJhyg? rnfodk@yif qdkap/
cJefomvfuGefz&ifhonf aemufydkif; uGefjrLepf wwd,tifwmae&Sife,f xlaxmifvmrnfh
EdkifiHwum0g'D tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk ulnDpkpnf;ay;cJhygonf?
vDeifonf vuf0Jqdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;xJrS rcdkif+rJonfh EdkifiHwum0g'Drsm; Oyrm kZd mvlZifbwf (Rosa Luxemburg) ESihf um;vfvpfbef uf (Karl Liebknecht) wd@k . trSm;
rsm;udk a0zefaomfvnf; wcsdefwnf;rSmvnf; rSefuefonfh taetxm;&&Sd&ef/ ulnDcJhonf?
3? ppf/ +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh awmfvSefa&;jy\emrsm;tay: abmf&SDApfygwD. oabmw&m;ESifh
enf;y&d,m,frsm;
abmf&ADS pfrsm;onf vuf0J qk&d ,
S 'f rD u
kd &uftrsm;pk jyKvkyaf eouJo
h @kd +idr;f csr;f a&;udo
k m
ar#mfrSef;wrf;wae+yD;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf 0g'jzef@csDa&;udkom vkyfudkifaeonfh +idrf;csrf;a&;0g'D
oufoufr#omr[kwyf g? abmf&ADS pfrsm;onf &efral om "e&Sief ,fcs@J w@kd . tkypf ;kd r_ukd wGe;f vSef
+zdKcsonft
h qifx
h ad &muf+yD;/ +idr;f csr;f a&;twGuf wufuGaom awmfveS af &;wdu
k yf u
JG kd axmuf
cHtm;ay;olrsm;jzpfonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;rSm +idrf;csrf;a&;ta&;awmfyHkESifh ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;
atmifyGJta&;awmfyHkESifh qufpyfvdkuf+yD; ppfyGJtqHk;owfum/ wdk;csJ@odrf;ydkufjcif;ESifh ppfavsmf

a=u;rsm;r&Sdonfh +idrf;csrf;a&;/ w&m;r#wa&;&&Sda&;twGuf taocsmqHk;vrf;rSm e,fcsJ@"e
&Sifrsm;. tkyfpdk;r_udk wGef;vSefz,fSm;&efjzpfa=umif; udkifpGJxm;cJhonf?
rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh qdkS,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;. awmfvSefa&;udk pGef@v$wf&efESifh
olwdk@.ppfyGJtwGif; jynfwGif;ppfxdef;odrf;&efqdkonfh opPmazmuf auG;a=umfoHudk qef@
usif+yD;/ abmf&SDApfrsm;u e,fcsJ@ppfyGJudk jynfwGif;ppftjzpf ajymif;vJypf&efqdo
k nfh auG;
a=umfoH udk wifcJhonf? TauG;a=umfoHuqdkvdkonfrSm ppf,lepfazmif;0wfqif xm;onfh
vufeufudkif tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm; tygt0if vkyfom;vlxk}uD;onf ppfyGJtqHk;
owf+yD;/ w&m;r#wonfh +idrf;csrf;a&;udk&vdkygu vufeufudk rdrdwdk@"e&Sifrsm;bufvSnfh+yD;/
if;wdk@. tkyfpdk;r_udk z,f&Sm;wGef;vSef&ef jzpfayonf?
abmf&SDApfrsm;onf rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;. "e&SiftzEdkifiH
umuG,fa&;ay:vpDudk qef@usif+yD; e,fcsJ@ppfyGJwGif rdrdwdk@.tpkd;& _H;edrfha&;ay:vpDudk
wifoGif;cJhonf? TonfuqdkvdkonfrSm ppfokH;p&dwfrsm;udk qef@usifrJay;&ef/ vufeufudkif
wyfzGJ@rsm;twGif; w&m;r0if awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;zGJ@pnf;&ef/ a&S@wef;&Sdppfom;rsm;
t=um; a&m0ifqufqHjcif;udk axmufcHtm;ay;&ef/ tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;. ppfqef@
usifa&; awmfvSefa&;v_yfSm;r_rsm;udk pnf;kH;v_Haqmf&efESifh Tv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk rdrdEdkifiH.
e,fcsJ@tpdk;&rsm;udk qef@usifonfh tkHuGr_rsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJypf&efjzpfayonf?
abmf&SDApfrsm;u e,fcsJ@ppfyGJwGif Zmbk&iftpdk;&u ppfa&;t& _H;ESdrfhjcif;onf jynfolvl
xk twGuf qdk;usKd;enf;yg;Edkifonf[k oabmxm;ygonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf Tonfu
Zmbk&ifpepftay: jynfolrsm;. atmifyGJESihf t&if;&Sifaus;u|efpepfESifh e,fcsJ@ppfyGJrsm;rS
tvkyform; vlwef;pm;vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ atmifyGJudk ydkrdkjrefqef apEdkifygonf? rdrdwdk@.
e,fcsJ@tpdk;& _H;edrfha&;twGuf vkyfaqmif&ef ay:vpDu k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;om vkyf
aqmif&efr[kwfb/J &efbufwdkif;jynftm;vkH;&Sd awmfvSefonfhtvkyform;vlwef;pm;
ygwDrsm;uyg vkyfaqmif&efjzpfonf[k vDeifucH,lonf?
abmf&SDApfrsm;u ppfyGJtrsKd;pm;wdkif;udk qef@usifonfr[kwfay? olwdk@qef@usifonfrSm
wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufonfh e,fcsJ@ppfyGJrsm;udkomjzpfonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;u ppfyGJESpfrsKd;ESpfpm;
&So
d nf[ck ,
H o
l nf?
(u) w&m;aomppfyrJG sm;? ? wdu
k cf u
kd o
f rd ;f ydu
k o
f nfh ppfyrJG [kwb
f J vGwaf jrmufa&;ppfy?JG
Edik if jH cm;wdu
k cf u
kd rf r_ sm;ESihf aus;u|ejf yK&ef }uKd ;yrf;vmr_rsm;rS jynforl sm;udk umuG,o
f nfh wdu
k yf JG
odk@r[kwf t&if;&Sifaus;u|efpepfatmufrS jynfolrsm; vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf odk@r [kwf
aemufqkH; e,fcsJ@xrf;ydk;atmufrS udkvdkeDrsm;ESifh trSDcdkEdkifiHrsm; vGwfajrmuf&ef qifEGJonfh
ppfyGJrsm;ESifh
(c) rw&m;onfhppfyJGrsm;? ? wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufonfhppfyGJ? EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;ESifh
vlrsKd;rsm;udk wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkuf u|efjyK&ef qifEGJonfh ppfyGJrsm; [lIjzpfonf?
abmf&SDApfrsm;u yxrtrsKd;tpm; ppfyGJudkaxmufcHcJhonf? 'kwd,trsKd;tpm;ppfyGJudkrl

abmf&SDApfrsm;u rdrdwdk@. e,fcsJ@tpdk;&udk wGef;vSef&efESifh awmfvSefa&;tjrifwdk@jzifh TppfyGJrsKd;
udk qef@usifonfh cdkifrmaom wdkufyGJqifEGJ&rnf[k cH,lxm;ygonf?
urBmh tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;twGuf tvGet
f a&;}uD;onft
h csurf mS ppftwGi;f vDeif
. oabmw&m;usrf; jzpfygonf? 1916 aEGOD;wGif vDeifu t&if;&Sifpepf. tjrifhqkH;tqifh/
e,fcsJ@pepfqdkaom acgif;pOfjzifh pmtkyfwtkyf a&;om;cJhygonf? T pmtkyfwGif olu
e,fcs@J pepfonf t&if;&Sipf epf. tjrifq
h ;Hk tqifjh zpfa=umif;/ wd;k wufaom t&if;&Sipf epfrS
rSDcdkpm;aomuf&aom (uyfyg;) t&if;&Sifpepf/ ysufpD;aeaomt&if;&Sifpepfokd@ ajymif;vJ
oGm;+yDjzpfa=umif;ESihf e,fcsJ@pepfonf aotHhqJqJt&if;&Sifpepf jzpfa=umif; jyqdkcJhonf? T
onfu t&if;&Sifpepfonf ypPnf;rJhrsm;. awmfvSefa&;rygbJ/ ol@tvdktav#muf aoqkH;
oGm;jcif;/ kd;wHay:wGif ykyfokd;oGm;jcif;jzpfrnf[k rqdkvdkay? vDeifu t+rJoif=um;cJhonfrSm
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. awmfvSefa&;rygbJ t&if;&Sifpepfonf +zdKvSJEdkifjcif;r&Sd[k jzpfonf?
xkd@a=umifh e,fcsJ@pepfudk aotHhrl;rl; t&if;&Sifpepf[k azmfjyonfESifh wcsdefwnf; vDeifu
e,fcsJ@pepfonf ypPnf;rJhrsm;. vlr_awmfvSefa&;. t}uKd jzpfa=umif; jyqdkcJhonf?
vDeifu e,fcsJ@acwfumvwGif t&if;&Sifxrf;ydk;onf ydkIydkI zdESdyfvma=umif;/ e,fcsJ@
pepfatmufwGif t&if;&SiftajccHtkwfjrpfrsm;udk qef@usifwdkufyGJ0ifonfh ypPnf;rJhrsm;.
awmfveS af &;rsm; }uD;xGm;vma=umif;ESihf t&if;&SiEf ikd if rH sm;wGif awmfveS af &;ayguu
f rJG t
_ wGuf
tpdwftydkif;rsm; pkpnf;vma=umif;jyqdkcJhonf?
vDeifu e,fcs@J acwfumvwGif udv
k ekd ED iS hf rvGwv
f yfonfh Edik if rH sm;wGif awmfveS af &;rsm;
ydkrdk jyif;xefonf;oefvma=umif;/ e,fcsJ@pepfudk awmfvSefqef@usifonfh tpdwftydkif;rsm;/
e,fcs@J pepfvufatmufrS vGwaf jrmufa&;ppfyJG tpdwt
f ydik ;f rsm; pkpnf;vma=umif; jyqdck o
hJ nf?
vDeifu e,fcsJ@pepfatmufwGif t&if;&Sifpepf. rnDrr# jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ESifh ydyuQ
rsm;onf txl;yif onf;oefjyif;xefvma=umif;/ t&if;tESD;wifydk@&eftwGuf aps;uGufESifh
e,fajr wdkufyGJrsm;/ udkvdkeDESifh o,HZmwypPnf; (ukef=urf;)a&aomufjrpfrsm;twGuf wdkufyGJ
rsm;u urBmudkjyefvnfcGJa0,lrnfh umvtvdkuf e,fcsJ@ppfyGJrsm;udk rv$Jra&Smifom jzpfap
rnfjzpfa=umif; jyqdkcJhonf?
vDeifu t&if;&Sifpepf. TrnDrr#jzpfay:wdk;wufr_uyif e,fcsJ@ppfyGJrsm;udk jzpfay:ap
vdrfhrnfjzpf+yD;/ TppfyGJrsm;uyif e,fcsJ@pepf. tiftm;udk csnfheJ@avsmh&JapEdkifum e,fcsJ@pepf
. wyfO;D udk tm;tenf;qH;k ae&mrS azmufxu
G v
f mjcif;udk jzpfapEdik rf nfjzpfa=umif; jyqdck o
hJ nf?
Ttcsuftm;vHk;rS vDeifu ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufonfrSm ypPnf;rJhrsm;tzkd@ e,fcsJ@wyfOD;udk
wae&m od@k r[kwf ae&m trsm;tjym;rS azmufxu
G Ef ikd af =umif;/ qdk ,
S v
f pfpepfatmifyo
JG nf
yxrEdkifiHtrsm;tjym; odk@r[kwf wEdkifiHwnf;rSmyif wOD;wnf;ESifh atmifyGJcHEdkifacs&Sda=umif;/
t&if;&Sifpepf. rnDrr#jzpfay:wdk;wufr_a=umifh EdkifiHtm;vHk;wGif qdk&S,fvpfpepf w+ydKifeuf
atmifyGJcHa&;rSm rjzpfEdkifa=umif;ESifh qdk&S,fvpfpepfrSm yxr EdkifiHwpfEkdifiH odk@r[kwf EdkifiH
trsm;tjym;wGif atmifyGJcH+yD;/ tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;onf "e&SifEdkifiHrsm;tjzpf tcsdef=um=um quf

&Sd+rJ&SdaeOD;rSm jzpfa=umif;wdk@jzpfygonf?
Ted*Hk;csKyfcsufrSm xl;jcm;ajymifajrmufvS+yD;/ vDeifu e,fcsJ@ppfyGJtwGif;a&;om;cJhaom
aqmif;yg;ESpfapmifwGif atmufygenf;rsm;jzifh wDxGifzefwD;cJhjcif; jzpfygonf?
1? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&; rnDrnmpGmjzpfay:wdk;wufr_rSm t&if;&Sifpepf. tuGif;rJh
w&m; jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh qdk&S,fvpfpepf. atmifyGJonf yxrwGif EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;
odk@r[kwf wEdkifiHwnf;rSmyif wOD;wnf; atmifyGJcHEdkifonf? xdkEdkifiHrS atmifyGJ&ypPnf;rJhrsm;
onf t&if;&Sifrsm;. ypPnf;rsm;udkodrf;,l+yD;/ rdrdwdk@ydkif qdk&S,fvpfxkwfvkyfa&;rsm;udk pnf;Hk;
vkyaf qmifum/ uset
f &if;&Sif urBm}uD;wckv;kH udk qef@usi+f yD;&yfwnfum tjcm;Edik if rH S tzdEydS cf H
vlwef;pm;rsm;udk ta&;awmfyHkodk@ qJGaqmif&rnf? (1915/ =o*kwfvwGif a&;om;onfh Oa&my
jynfaxmifpk auG;a=umfoHaqmif;yg;/ vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk/ 1947/ twGJ-1/
pmrsufESm 619)
2? t&if;&Sifpepf. jzpfay:wdk;wufr_rSm EdkifiHtrsKd;rsKd;wGif tvGeftrif; rnDrnm jzpf

ay:aeygonf? Tod@k r[kwv
f #if ukepf nfxw
k v
f yk af &; pepfatmufo@kd ra&mufEikd af y? T onfrS
rjiif ; qd k E d k i f o nf h t csuf r S m qd k & S , f v pf p epf o nf wd k i f ; jynft m;vH k ; wG i f w+yKd i f w nf ;
atmifyGJr&&SdEdkif qdkjcif;jzpfonf? yxrwGif wEdkifiH odk@r[kwf EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;wGif atmifyGJcH
+yD;/ wjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rSm umvwcsKd@ "e&Sif odk@r[kwf "e&Sift}udKumv jzpfaeygvdrfhrnf?
Tonfu qd&k ,
S v
f pfEikd if rH S atmifycJG yH pPn;f rJrh sm;udk acsre_ ;f &ef/ tjcm;Edik if rH sm;rS "e&Sit
f pdwf
tydkif;rsm;onf ydyuQrsm;udk zefwD;&efomru wdkufdkuf}udK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;rsm; jzpfvm
apayvdrfhrnf? Tae&mrsKd;wGif u|efawmfwdk@bufu ppfyGJonfw&m;ESifhtnD w&m;onfh
ppfyGJjzpfayvdrfhrnf? Tonf qdk&S,fvpfpepftwGufppfyGJ/ "e&Sifrsm;vufatmufrS tjcm;
jynfolrsm;vGwfajrmufaponfh ppfyGJjzpfrnf? (1916/ aqmif;OD;wGif a&;om;onfh ypPnf;
rJhawmfvSefa&;.ppfvrf;pOf vDeif usrf;aygif;pHk/ k&Sm;bmomtwGJ-19 pmrsufESm 325)
TonfrSm qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;. oabmw&m;tpHkESifhtopf jzpfonf? T

oabmw&m;u oD;jcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif qdk&S,fvpfpepf atmifyGJcHEdkifa=umif; twnfjyK+yD;/
TatmifyGJESifh if;.tvm;tvmrsm;. ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udk azmfjyayonf? Toabm
w&m;. tajccHrsm;udk vDeifu 1905 ck avmufuwnf;uyif if;. 'Dru
kd a&pDawmfveS af &;
twGif; qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD. enf;y&d,m,fESpfoG,f wGif azmfjy+yD;jzpfonf?
Toabmw&m;onf e,fcsJ@t}udK t&if;&SifumvtwGif;u rmhufpf0g'Drsm;t=um;
acwfpm;cJhonfhtjrifESifh tajccHrSyif uGJjym;jcm;em;ayonf? xdkpOfu olwdk@onf oD;jcm;wdkif;
jynfwjynfwGif qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmifyGJcH&ef rjzpfEdkifa=umif;ESifh wdk;wuf+yD;/ EdkifiHtm;vHk;wGif
w+ydKifwnf; jzpfay:&rnfjzpfa=umif; cH,lxm;=uonf? ol. rSwfom;zG,fpmtkyf t&if;&Sif
pepf. tjrifhqHk;tqifh e,fcsJ@pepfwGif e,fcsJ@t&if;&SifpepfESifh ywfoufI azmfjyxm;onfh
tcsuftvufrsm;tay: tajccHum vDeifu Ttjrifacwfukef+yD[k z,f&Sm;ypf+yD;/ oabm
w&m;topfudk azmfxkwfcJhygonf? Tonfu jyqdkvdkufonfrSm EdkifiHtm;vHk;wGif qdk&S,fvpf

pepf w+ydKifeufwnf; atmifycJG aH &;rSm rjzpfEikd /f t&if;&SiEf ikd if w
H ckwnf;rSmv#if qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepf
atmifyGJcHEdkifacs&Sdonf[lIjzpfonf?
qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;tay: vDeifoabmw&m;. rcef@rSef;Edkifavmufonfhta&;ygr_
onf rmhupf 0f g'udk oabmw&m;topfjzifh uG,0f ap+yD;/ rmhupf 0f g'udk wd;k wufaponfh tcsuf
wGio
f mru oD;jcm;Edik if jH cm;rS ypPn;f rJrh sm;. awmfveS af &; tvm;tvmrsm;udk zGiahf y;vdu
k +f yD;/
rdrdwdk@EdkifiH. "e&Sifrsm;tay: wdkufcdkufa&;vufOD;r_udkvnf; taESmiftzGJ@rS v$wfay;vdkuf
onfhtcsufay:wGifvnf; wnf&Sdayonf? Toabmw&m;u olwdk@ukd ppfyGJtajctaeudk
tcGifhaumif;,l+yD;/ Twdkufcdkufr_udk v_Haqmfpnf;kH;&ef oif=um;ay;um ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;
atmifyGJtay: ,Hk=unfr_ ydkrdkcdkifrmapayonf?
Tonfrsm;onf ppf/ +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh awmfvSefa&;jy\emrsm;tay: abmf&SDApfrsm;.
oabmw&m;a&;&mESifh enf;y&d,m,f &yfwnfr_jzpfonf?
k&Sm;&Sd if;wdk@. vufawG@vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&mwGif abmf&SDApfrsm;onf T&yf
wnfcsufay:wGif tajccHygonf?
ppfyGJtpydkif;wGif ykvdyfrsm;. jyif;xefaomzdESdyfr_rsm;=um;Yyif 'l;rm;rS abmf&SDApf t
rwfrsm;jzpfaom bm'g&J@Af/ yDxa&mhAfpuD;/ rl&maemhAf/ qrGdKif;avmhAfESifh &Sma*ghAfwdk@onf tzGJ@
pnf; trsm;tjym;odk@ 0ifa&muf=u+yD;/ abmf&SDApf. ppfESifh awmfvSefa&; ay:vpDrsm;udk &Sif;
vif;ajym=um;onf? 1914 ck/ Edk0ifbmwGif EdkifiHawmf'l;rm;&Sd abmf&SDApftkyfpk. uGefz&ifhudk
pwif+yD;/ ppfyGJESifh ywfoufonfhay:vpDudk aqG;aEG;=uonf? uGefz&ifhwwd,ajrmufae@wGif
wufa&mufoltm;vHk; zrf;qD;cH&onf? w&m;kH;u EdkifiHawmf 'l;rm;rS abmf&SDApfrsm;udk tcGifh
ta&;rsm; kyo
f rd ;f ypf+y;D / ta&S@qu
kd af A;&D;,m;od@k e,fEiS 'f %fcsrw
S v
f u
kd o
f nf? Zmbk&if tpd;k &u
olwdk@udk EdkifiHawmfopPmazmufr_ ESifh pGJcsufwifcJhonf?
w&m;kH;wGifazmfjyonfh 'l;rm;tzGJ@0ifrsm; v_yfSm;aqmif&Gufcsuf yHkomefrsm;onf
u|efawmfwdk@ygwDtwGuf *k%foduQmwufapygonf? abmf&SDApf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf &J&ifh
pGm&ifqikd cf +hJ yD;/ Zmbk&ifw&m;H;k udk Zmbk&ifpepf. usL;ausmo
f rd ;f ydu
k af &; ay:vpDukd azmfxw
k f
zGifhcsonfh w&m;a[mpifjrifhtjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJypfvdkufonf?
tawmfjcm;em;onfuawmh uJrDeufAf. vkyfaqmifcsufygbJ// olonfvnf; Ttr_
wGif w&m;pGJqdkjcif; cHxm;&ygonf? ol&Jabma=umifjcif;a=umifh yxrqHk; tE W&m,fESifh
&ifqdkifawG@onfESifh olonf abmf&SDApfygwD. ay:vpDtay: opPmazmufvdkufygonf? uJrD
eufAfu w&m;kH;wGif ppfyGJjy\emtay: abmf&SDApfrsm;ESifh oabmrwlnDa=umif; a=unm+yD;/
Tonfukd oufaojy&ef rif&ADS pf a*sm'f efpuD; (Jordansky) udk oufao tjzpfac:,lay;&ef
awmif;qdkonf?
ppfyGJvdktyfr_rsm;udk xrf;aqmif&ef wnfaxmifcJhaom ppfpufr_vkyfief;aumfrwDtm;
qef@usif&efESifh tvkyform;rsm;udk e,fcsJ@"e&Sifrsm;. =oZmatmufusa&mufap&ef rif&SDApf
rsm;. }udK;yrf;tm;xkwrf r_ sm;udk qef@usi&f mwGif abmf&ADS pfrsm;onf tvGet

f usK;d xda&mufpmG
vkyaf qmifEikd cf o
hJ nf? vlwikd ;f u e,fcs@J ppfyu
JG kd jynfo@l ppfyt
JG jzpf ,k=H unf&efrmS "e&Sirf sm;tzd@k
aoa&;&Sifa&;wr# ta&;}uD;aeygonf? ppfyGJtwGif; "e&Sifrsm;onf EdkifiHawmf ta&;tcif;
rsm;wGif tawmftoifh =oZmv$rf;rdk;vmEdkif+yD;/ wjynfvkH;Y Zrfpawmh (Zemstovs) ckid Ef iS hf
+rdK@rsm;.or*~[k ac:qdkonfh if;wkd@ykdiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk xlaxmifcJhonf? "e&Sifrsm;tzkd@
tvkyform;rsm;udk if;wdk@. acgif;aqmifr_ atmufa&muf&efESifh =oZmanmif;&efvnf;
vkt
d yfao;onf? Tonfuv
kd yk af qmifz@kd twGuf ppfpufrv
_ yk if ef; aumfrwD. tvkyo
f rm;
tkyfpkrsm;zGJ@pnf;jcif;jzifh enf;vrf;&SmcJhonf? Tt}uHOm%fudk rif&SDApfwdk@u qkyfudkifcJhonf?
Tppfpufr_ vkyif ef;aumfrwDrsm;wGif tvkyo
f rm;ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;&&Syd gu "e&Sirf sm; twGuf
tusKd;&Sdayonf? xkdudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u tvkyform;vlwef;pm; vlxk}uD;udk AHk;qef rsm;/
aoewfrsm;/ kdifz,frsm;/ usnfqefrsm;ESifh wjcm;ypPnf;udk xkwfvkyfonfh pufkHrsm;wGif
xkwv
f yk af &;rsm; wd;k jri&hf ef wdu
k w
f eG ;f Ed;_ aqmfay;Edik o
f nf? t&m&m ppftwGu/f t&mtm;vH;k
ppftwGufqdkonfrSm "e&Sifwdk@. auG;a=umfoHjzpfonf? trSefpifppf auG;a=umfoHu
qdv
k &kd if;rSm ppfuefxku
d rf sm;ESihf Edik if jH cm;e,fajrrsm;udk odr;f ,l&mwGif csr;f omor# csr;f om
Edkif&ef [lIyifjzpfonf? rif&SDApfrsm;onf "e&Sifrsm;. TrsKd;cspftwkta,mif pDrHudef;wGif
wufwufuGuG yg0ifcJhonf? ppfpufr_vkyfief;aumfrwDrsm;. tvkyform;tkyfpk a&G;
aumufyGJrsm;wGif tvkyform;rsm; yg0ifvmap&ef jyif;xefonfh rJqG,fyGJrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh
rif&SDApfrsm;onf t&if;&Sifrsm;udk ulnDcJhonf? TtpDtpOfudk abmf&SDApfrsm;u qef@usif
cJh=uonf? olwdk@u ppfpufr_vkyfief;aumfrwDrsm;udk oydwfarSmuf&ef aqmf=o+yD;/ oydwfudk
xdef;odrf;&mwGif atmifjrifcJhonf? odk@aomf aAmhpf'ufAf (Gvozdev) qdkonfh xif&Sm;aom
rif&SDApfESifh twGif;olv#Kd tmba&mpDarmhAf (Abrosimov) wdk@acgif;aqmifonfh tvkyf
orm;tcsKd@onf ppfpufr_vkyfief;aumfrwD. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifjzpfatmif yg0ifvdkufao;
onf? odk@aomf 1915 ck/ pufwifbmvwGif tvkyform; udk,fpm;vS,frsm; awG@qkH+yD;/
ppfpufrv
_ yk if ef;aumfrwD. tvkyo
f rm;tkypf k aemufq;Hk a&G;aumuf&mwGif ud,
k pf m;vS,f
trsm;pkrSm yg0ifvkyfudkifa&;udk qef@usifa=umif;awG@&Sd&onf? tvkyform;udk,fpm;vS,f
trsm;pkonf ppfpufr_vkyfief;aumfrwDwGif yg0ifaqmif&Guf&ef jiif;qdkonfh jywfom; aom
qkH;jzwfcsufudk vufcHusifhokH;+yD;/ tvkyform;rsm;onf olwdk@. &nfG,fcsufudk +idrf;csrf;
a&;twGufESifh Zmbk&ifpepf jzKwfcsa&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf&efjzpfa=umif; a=unmonf?
abmf&SDApfrsm;onf wyfrawmfESihf a&wyfwGifvnf; tifrwefrsm;jym; us,fjyef@onfh
v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk vkyaf qmifaeonfh ppfy.
JG +yKdib
f ufr&Sad om a=umufrufz,
G &f mrsm;ESifh jynfol
rsm;. 'kuQrsm;twGuf rnfolw&m;cH jzpfonfqdkonfudk olwdk@u ppfom;rsm;ESifh oabFm
om;rsm;udk&Sif;vif;ajymjy=uonf? olwdk@u e,fcsJ@om;owfkHrS jynfolrsm; vGwfajrmufEdkif
onfv
h rf; wvrf;wnf;om&Sad =umif;ESihf if;rSm awmfveS af &;jzpfa=umif; &Si;f vif;ajym=uonf?
wyfwGif;ESifha&wyfwGif/ a&S@wef;ESifhaemufwef;wdk@wGif abmf&SDApfrsm;onf tjrKawrsm;jzpf=u

+yD;/ ppfqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJ0if&ef qifhac:onfhpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk jzef@a0=uonf?
ckef;pwufrS abmf&SDApfrsm;onf ygwD. yDxkd*&uf aumfrwDESifh eD;uyfpGm qufoG,f
r_&Sdonfh ckef;pwuf ppfa&;tzGJ@tpnf;. A[dkpkaygif;tzGJ@udkwnfaxmifonf? yDxkd*&uf
ygwDaumfrwD. ppfa&;tzGJ@tpnf;udk ppfwef;vsm;rsm;t=um; vkyfief;rsm;vkyfaqmif&ef xl
axmifvdkufonf? 1916/ =o*kwfvwGif yDxkd*&uf tdku&mem (Okarana) t}uD;tuJu
ckef;pwuf pkaygif;tzGJ@onf tvGefaumif;rGefpGmpnf;kH;xm;+yD; tvGefvsKd@0Sufum/ if;
tzG@J tpnf;0ifrsm;onf tvGeo
f wd}u;D +y;D awrdrsm;jzpf=uonf? pkaygi;f tzG@J wiG f axmufco
H nfh
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;&Sd=uonf?[k owif;ydk@cJhonf?
ygwu
D a&S@wef;ppfrsuEf mS wGif ppfjzpfaeonfh wyfrsm;t=um; ppfom;rsm;/ nDaemifom;
csi;f ozG,f qufqzH @kd v_H aqmfI urBm"h e&Sirf sm;om &efojl zpfa=umif; tav;xm;ajym=um;+yD;/
e,fcsJ@ppfyGJudk jynfwGif;ppftjzpf ajymif;vJum aoewfajymif;0rsm;udk rdrdwdk@ "e&Sifrsm;ESifh
tpd;k &rsm;bufo@dk om vSnahf jymif;rSomv#if ppfyt
JG qk;H owfEikd af =umif; ajymjy=uonf? wyfz@JG
rsm; xdk;ppfqif&eftrdef@udk jiif;qefonfhtr_rsm; ydkIydkI rsm;jym;vmonf? 1915 ckwGif
TuJhodk@aomudpPrsm; ay:aygufae+yD;jzpfum 1916 ckESpfwGif ydkrsm;vmonf?
abmvfwpfjynfe,frsm;&Sd ajrmufydkif;ppfrsufESmrS wyfrsm;twGif;&Sd abmf&SDApfv_yf&Sm;r_
rsm;rSm txl;yifus,jf yef@vo
S nf? 1917 ck tpydik ;f wGif ajrmufyikd ;f ppfrsuEf mS rS wyfrLS ;Adv
k cf sKyf
&mZfpuD;u XmecsKyfodk@ ta=umif;=um;&mrS if;wdk@ppfrsufESmwGif abmf&SDApfrsm;u awmf
vSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; tjyif;txef wdk;wufjzpfay:aeonf[lI jzpfonf?
jynforl sm;.b0/ urBmh tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;rsm;. b0udk ppfyu
JG eufid_ ;f pGm ajymif;
vJ a pvd k u f y gonf ? Ed k i f i H r sm;.uH = urR m / vl r sKd ; rsm;.uH = urR m / qd k & S , f v pf v _ y f S m ;r_ .
uH=urRmwdk@onf wJwJav;om usefygawmhonf? xdk@a=umifh ppfyGJonf rdrdudk,frdrd qdk&S,f
vpf[k ac:qdk=uonfhygwDrsm;ESifh t,ltqtEG,frsm;tm;vkH;udk prf;oyfonfh rSwfausmuf
jzpfonf? TygwDESihf t,ltqEG,frsm;rSm qdk&S,fvpfta&;awmfykHtay: opPm&Sdyghrvm;?
Edik if w
H um0g' ta&;awmfyt
Hk ay: opPm&Syd grh vm;? od@k r[kwf tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;udk opPm
azmufonfhvrf;a&G;+yD; udk,fhtvHudk,fvdyfum udk,fEdkifiH&Sd "e&Sifrsm;. ajc&if;rSm 0yfpif;=u
rvm;? TonfrSm xdktcsdefu ay:xGufvmonfhar;cGef; jzpfayonf?
ppfyGJu 'kwd, tifwmae&Sife,frS ygwDrsm;onf Tprf;oyfr_udk rcHEdkifa=umif;/ olwkd@
onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk opPmazmuf+yD;/ rdrdwdk@wdkif;jynfrS e,fcsJ@"e&Sifrsm; a&S@arSmuf
wGif vufeufcstnHhcHvkdufa=umif; jyovdkufonf?
if;wdk@t=um; tacsmif;orm;0g'udk jyKpkarG;jrL+yD;/ tacsmiform;rsm;/ trsKd;om;a&;
0g'rD sm;ESihf aphpyfajz&Si;f &ef }uD;xGm;vmaom TygwrD sm;onf wjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;udk vdu
k &f ef
vnf; rjzpfEdkifacs?
ppfyGJu abmf&SDApfygwDomv#if Tprf;oyfr_wGif xl;c|efpGmatmifjrifcJhonfh wpfckwnf;

aomygwjD zpfa=umif;/ qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepfta&;awmfy/Hk ypPn;f rJEh ikd if w
H umh0g' ta&;awmfyw
Hk @kd tay:
r,drf;r,kdif worwfwnf; opPm&Sda=umif;wdk@udk jyovdkufonf?
TonfrSmvnf; ar#mfvifhouJhodk@yifjzpfonf? ygwDtrsKd;tpm;opf wpf&yfomv#if
tacsmif0g'udk raphpyfpwrf; wdkufyJG0ifonfh pdwf"mwfudkarG;jrLxm;Ekdifonf? tacsmif0g'ESifh
trsKd;om;a&;0g'uif;pifonfh TuJhodk@aom ygwDwpf&yfomv#if }uD;us,fvSonfh prf;oyfr_
udck EH ikd +f yD;/ tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;ta&;awmfy/Hk qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepfEiS hf Edik if w
H um0g' ta&;awmfykH
wdk@ tay:opPm&Sd+rJ&Sdrnf jzpfayonf?
abmf&SdApfygwDonf TuJhodk@aom ygwDjzpfonf?
4? Zmbk&ihw
f yfrawmfppf;H_ jcif;? pD;yGm;a&;ysupf ;D ,d,
k iG ;f jcif;? Zmbk&ifpepf. tusyt
f wnf;?
ppfyjJG zpfymG ;aeonfrmS ok;H ESp&f o
dS mG ;yg+yD/ oef;ESichf saD omvlxo
k nf ppfyt
JG wGi;f towfcH
&jcif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ '%f&ma=umifh aoqk;H jcif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ ppfyt
JG ajctaea=umifh
jzpfyGm;vmonfh uyfa&m*grsm;a=umifh aoqkH;jcif;aomfvnf;aumif; jzpf&yg+yD? "e&SifESifh
ajr&Sifrsm;onf ppfyGJtwGif;rSm pnf;pdrfOpPmrsm; wkd;yGm;aeonf? okd@aomf tvkyform;ESifh
v,form;rsm;rSm tcuftcJrsm;/ csK@dwJhjcif;rsm; wkd;rsm;vmygonf? ppfyGJonf k&Sm;. pD;yGm;
a&;b0udk csKd@wJhvmaeapygonf? oefrmaom (able-bodied men) vl 14 oef;rSmvnf;
pD;yGm;a&; c|wfjcKHusvmum ppfwyfwGif oGyfoGif;jcif;cH&onf? pufkHESifh tvkyfkHrsm;vnf;
&yfwef@oGm;onf? vkyftm;enf;yg;r_a=umifh pkdufysKd;ajrvnf; avsmhenf;oGm;&onf? jynfol
vlxkESifh a&S@wef;rS ppfom;rsm;onf tpm;tpm iwfrGwfacgif;yg;+yD;/ zdeyfryg/ t0wftpm;
AvmESifh jzpfae=uonf? ppfyGJonf wkdif;jynf. t&if;tjrpf o,HZmwrsm;ukd 0g;+rdKypfvkduf
ygonf?
Zmbk&ifhwyfrawmfonf _H;edrfh+yD;&if; _H;edrfhvmygonf? *smreftajrmufwyfu Zmbk&ifh
wyfrsm;tay: AkH;rkd; &GmcsaepOf Zmbk&ifhwyfrawmfrSm tajrmufESifhtajrmufqefrsm; csK@dwJh
ae+yD;/ kdifz,faoewfawmif &Sm;yg;aeygonf? wcgw&H ppfom;okH;a,mufu kdifz,fwvuf
ukd r#uidk af e&ygonf? ppfyjJG zpfymG ;aepOfrmS Zmbk&ifh ppf0ef}uD; qlcrk v
f aD emhAf (Sukhomlinov)
onf opPmazmufjzpfa=umif; od&Sdvm&ygonf? olonf *smrefolv#Kdrsm;ESifh qufpyfae+yD;/
*smrefolv#KdXme. !ef=um;csufjzpfaom vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmuf axmufyHha&; zkdz&J
jzpfap&efESifh a&S@wef;wGif aoewfESifh kdifz,frsm; jywfvwfap&efqkdonfukd taumiftxnf
azmfaeygonf? tcsK@daom Zmbk&ifh0ef}uD;rsm;ESifh AkdvfcsKyfrsm;onf *smrefwyf atmifjrif
a&;twGuf ckd;a=umifckd;0SufESifh ulnDae=uonf? *smrefESifh tquftoG,f&Sdonfh Zmbk&ifh
rdzk&m;ESifhtwl olwkd@onf *smreDokd@ ppfa&;v#Kd@0Sufcsufrsm;ukd azmfajymaeonf? Zmbk&ifh
wyfrawmf t_;H ESihf &ifqidk &f +yD;/ aemufqw

k v
f m&jcif;rSm tH=h op&mr[kwyf g? 1916 wGif *smref
rsm;onf ykdvefESihf abmvfwpfjynfe,fwpdwfwykdif;ukd odrf;ykduf+yD;jzpfonf?
Tt&mtm;vkH;u Zmbk&ifhtpkd;&tay: tvkyform;/ v,form;/ ppfom;ESifh ynm
wwfrsm;ukd a'gotrsufrkef;wD;r_ jzpfap+yD;/ ppfqef@usifa&;/ Zmbk&ifpepf qef@usifa&;/ awmf
vSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ukd aemufwef;a&m/ a&S@wef;rSmyg jynfrESifh e,fpyfa'otm;vkH;rSmyg
tpysKd;jyef@yGm; wkd;wufaeygonf?
rausreyfjzpfrr_ sm;onf k&mS ; e,fcs@J "e&Sirf sm;t=um;wGiv
f nf;pwif jyef@ymG ;vmyg onf?
vloGrf;vlysufrsm;jzpfonfh &mhpfjyLwif (Rasputin) wkd@vkd *smreDwkd@ESifh oD;jcm;+idrf;csrf;
a&;twGuf txift&Sm; vkyaf qmifco
hJ rl sm;u Zmbk&ifw
h &m;k;H rSm 'gawGajymqkv
d monft
h cg
tvGeftrif; a'gojzpfvm=uygonf? "e&Sifrsm;u Zmbk&ifhtpkd;&onf ppfyGJatmifjrifatmif
rqifEEJ$ idk af =umif; ykI
d ykI
d oabmayguv
f m=uonf? Zmbk&ifph epfonf rdr.
d taetxm;ukd
u,fwifEkdif&ef *smrefrsm;ESifh oD;jcm;+idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfoGm;rnfukd pkd;&drfvm=uonf? xkd@a=umifh
k&Sm;"e&Sifrsm;onf Zmbk&if 'kwd,eDukdvwf (Nicholas II) ukdz,f&Sm;+yD;/ "e&Sifrsm;ESifh
qufpyfaeol nD rku
d u
f ,frdk maemhAf (Michael Romanov) ESihf tpm;xk;d &ef &nf&,
G cf sujf zifh
eef;wGif;tm%modrf;yGJ jyKvkyf&ef pDpOfqkH;jzwfvm=uonf? Tenf;jzifh cJwvkH;wnf;ESifh
iSufESpfaumifowf&ef =uHpnfvm=uonf? yxrrSm rdrdwkd@ukd,fwkdif tm%m&vm+yD; e,fcs@J
ppfyJG qufvufvyk af qmif&efEiS hf 'kw,
d rSm wjznf;jznf; 'Da&jrifv
h monfh vl}udKufrsm;vSonfh
awmfvSefa&;}uD; ay:xGufvmEkdifr_ukd eef;wGif;tm%modrf;yGJav;jzifh wm;qD;xm;&efwkd@
jzpfygonf?
Zmbk&ifhtaejzifh ppfyGJukd qufvuf OD;raqmifEkdifawmha=umif; jrifawG@vmonfh +Adwd
o#EiS hf jyifopftpk;d &wk@d onf Tudpw
P iG f k&mS ;"e&Sirf sm;ukd tjynft
h 0 axmufccH o
hJ nf? olw@dk
u Zmbk&ifonf *smrefrsm;ESihf oD;jcm;+idr;f csr;f a&;vkyu
f m tqk;H owfomG ;rSmukd pk;d &dr=f u onf?
Zmbk&iftpkd;&u *smrefrsm;ESifh oD;jcm;+idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyf csKyfvmygu +Adwdo#ESifh jyifopf
tpkd;&wkd@twGuf jyifopfppfrsufESmokd@ acsmqJGxm;onfh k&Sm;ppfom; trsm;tjym; ydk@ay;ae
onfh ppfr[mrdwq
f ;Hk _;H &um &eforl sm;ukv
d nf; rdrw
d @dk ppfrsuEf mS ok@d OD;vSnahf prnf jzpfyg onf?
xk@d a=umifh +Adwo
d #EiS hf jyifopftpk;d &wk@d onf k&mS ;"e&Sirf sm;. eef;wGi;f tm%modr;f yGJ }udK;yrf;r_
rsm;ukd axmufcHcJhjcif;jzpfygonf?
TuJhokd@jzifh Zmbk&ifonf txD;usefjzpfoGm;cJhonf?
a&S@wef;Y ppfyGJwyGJ+yD;wyJG _H;edrfhaepOf pD;yGm;a&; ysufpD;,kd,Gif;vmr_onfvnf; ykdrkd
jyif;xefvmygonf? 1917/ Zefe0g&DESifh azazmf0g&DwGif tpm;taomuf/ ukef=urf;ypPnf;ESifh
avmifpmaxmufyHhr_/ zkdz&Jjzpfr_ twkdif;twmESifh jyif;xefr_onf txGwftxdyfokd@ a&mufcJh
onf? yDxkd*&ufESifh armfpukdokd@ pm;eyf&duQm axmufyHha&;rsm; &yfqkdif;vkeD; jzpfoGm;onf?
pufkHwpfkH+yD;wpfkH ydwfypfvkduf&+yD;/ Tonfu tvkyfvufrJhjy\emukd jyif;xefaponf?
txl;ojzifh tvkyform;rsm;. tajctaerSm onf;nnf;cHEkdifzG,f r&Sdawmhyg? onf;nnf;cH
EkdifzG,f&mr&Sdonfh tajctaerS wckwnf;aomxGuf&yfvrf;rSm Zmbk&ifh oufOD;qHykdifpepfukd

jzKwfcs&efomjzpfonfqkdonfh ed*kH;csKyfcsufukd &&Sdonfhvlrsm; ykdIykdI wkd;rsm;vm=uonf?
Zmbk&ifhpepfrSm aoavmufonfh tusyftwnf; 'kuQ}uD;ESifh &ifqkdif&onf? "e&Sifrsm;u
eef;wGi;f tm%modr;f yJjG zifh tusyt
f wnf;ukd ajz&Si;f &efpOf;pm;cJ=h uonf? ok@d aomf jynforl sm;
u ol@enf;ol@[efESifh ajz&Sif;cJhonf?
5? azazmf0g&aD wmfveS af &;? Zmbk&ifpepfusq;kH jcif;? tvkyo
f rm;ESiphf pfom; ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;
. qdkAD,ufrsm;wnf
m;wnfaxmifjcif;/ ,m,Dtpdk;&tzGJ@pnf;jcif;? tm%mESpfck?
1917 ckESpfudk Zefe0g&D 9 &ufoydwfjzifh pwif zGifhvSpfvkdufygonf? ToydwfwkdufyGJ
twGi;f yDxk*d &uf/ armfpuk/d bmul;ESihf epfZED *dk &dk wf+rdK@rsm;wGif qENjyyGu
J si;f y=uonf? armfpukd
wGif tvkyform; okH;ykHwykHonf Zefe0g&D 9 &ufoydwfwkdufyGJwGif yg0ifcJhonf? Am;puGJvrf;
us,f}uD;ay: Y qENjyaeaomvl 2000ukd jrif;pD;ykvdyfrsm;u vlpkcJG vkdufygonf? yDxkd*&uf
&yfuGuf (Vyborg Chausse) wckrSm qENjyyGJukd ppfom;rsm;u yl;aygif;vkdufonf?
yDxk*d &ufyv
k yd u
f taxGaxGoydwaf rSmufa&; t}uH^m%fudk vufcv
H mol topfrsm;
wpfae@wjcm;wk;d rsm;vm+yD;/ 1905 ckEpS u
f uJo
h @dk vl}udKufrsm;vm=uonf[k owif; yk@d co
hJ nf?
rif&ADS pfEiS hf qk&d ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;u TawmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_ tpysK;d csuu
f dk
vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm; vkdcsifonfhvrf;a=umif;okd@ ajymif;oGm;ap&ef }udK;pm;cJhonf?
rif&ADS pfrsm;u Ekid if aH wmf';l rm;ok@d tvkyo
f rm;rsm; csw
D ufqENjyrnfah e@udk 'l;rm;zGio
hf nfh
ae@ azaz:0g&D 14 &ufwGif vkyfaqmif&ef wifjyonf? okd@aomf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;
vlxk}uD;onf abmf&SDApfrsm;aemufvkdufI 'l;rm;okd@roGm;cJhbJ qENjyyGJrsm; vkyfaqmifonf?
1917 azaz:0g&D 18 &ufae@Y yDxk*d &uf/ jyLwDavmhvyk if ef;XmeY oydwrf sm; ay:ayguf
vmonf? azaz:0g&D 22 &ufwGif pufHk}uD;trsm;pkrS tvkyform;rsm; oydwfarSmuf=uonf?
urBmt
h rsK;d orD;ae@ azazmf0g&D 23 (rwfv 8&uf)wGif yDxk*d &uf abmf&ADS pfaumfrwD. qifah c:
r_jzifh tvkyform;rsm;onf iwfjywfr_/ ppfyGJESifh Zmbk&ifpepfukd qef@usifqENjy&ef vrf;rrsm;
ay:ok@d xu
G cf o
hJ nf? yDxk*d &uf tvkyo
f rm;rsm;onf tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. qENjyyGu
J dk axmufcH
onfh taejzifh +rdK@tES@Hoydwfv_yf&Sm;r_ vkyfaqmifvkdufonf? EkdifiHa&; oydwfwkdufyGJrsm;onf
Zmbk&ifpepfukd qef@usifonfh taxGaxGEkdifiHa&; qENjyyGJ}uD;tjzpf}uD;xGm;vmonf?
azazmf0g&D 24 &uf (rwfv 9 ) wGif qENjyyGJonf ykdrkd t&Sdeft[kef}uD;vmonf? tvkyf
orm; 2 odef;onf oydwfarSmufae=u+yD;jzpfonf?
azazmf0g&D 25 (rwfv 10) wGif yDxk*d &uf&dS tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;w&yfv;Hk awmfveS f
a&;v_yf&Sm;r_xJ yl;aygif;vmonf? &yfuGufrsm;rS EkdifiHa&;oydwfrsm;onf w+rdK@awmfvkH;.
taxGaxGEkdifiHa&; oydwf}uD;tjzpf yl;aygif; a&m,SufoGm;onf? qENjyyGJrsm;ESifh ykvdyfrsm;
xdyw
f u
dk af wG@rr_ sm;ukd ae&mwumY awG@&onf? Zmbk&ifusq;Hk ygap/ ppfyrJG sm;usq;Hk ygap/
igw@dk aygirf ek @f vcdk siw

f ,fqkad omauG;a=umforH sm;ESihf tvHerD sm;onf tvkyo
f rm; xk}uD;.
acgif;rsm;ay:wGif 0JysHae=uonf?
azaz:0g&D 26 (rwfv 11) reufykdif;wGif EkdifiHa&;oydwfESifh qENjyyGJ}uD;onf 'Da&jrifhykH
omefaqmifvmygonf? tvkyform;rsm;onf ykvdyfESifh &Jrsm;ukd vufeufjzKwf+yD; rdrdwkd@
ukd,frdrd wyfqif=uonf? okd@aomf ykvdyfrsm;ESifh vufeufukdifypfcwfr_rsm;wGif Zmemrif;
pum;&m; (Znamenskaya) &ifjyifqENjyyGu
J dk ypfcwfErdS ef if;vku
d jf cif;jzifh tqk;H owfomG ;yg
onf?
yDxkd*&ufppfa'o. wyfrSL;AkdvfcsKyfcgbmavmhAf (Khabalov) u tvkyform;rsm;
azaz:0g&D 28 (rwfv 13 )&ufae@wGif tvkyfjyefwuf&efESifh jyefrwufygu a&@Swef;okd@ ykd@
rnfjzpfa=umif;a=unmygonf? azaz:0g&D 25 (rwfv 10)wGif Zmbk&ifu AkdvfcsKyf
cgbmavmhAu
f dk +rKd @awmfwiG ;f &Sd r+ird rf oufjzpfrr_ sm;ukd reufjzefxufaemuf rusapbJ &yfypf&ef
trdef@csonf? [ktrdef@rsm; xkwfjyefonf? okd@aomf awmfvSefa&;ukd &yfypf&efrSm
rjzpfEkdifawmhacs?
azaz:0g&D 26 (rwfv 11 )wGif yufAavmhpuD;wyfrS t&efwyf&if;. trSwf 4 wyfcGJ
onf tvkyform;rsm;ukd r[kwfbJ/ tvkyform;rsm;ESifh kef;&if;qefcwfjzpfaeonfh jrif;
pD;ykvdyfrsm;ukd aoewfrsm;ESifh ypfcwfcJhygonf? ppfom;rsm;ukd pnf;kH;odrf;oGif;Ekdif&ef txl;
ojzifh tvkyform;rsm;onf tvGefwufuGpGmESifh ZJGebJ}uD;pGm wkdufwGef; a[majym vkyf
aqmif=uonf? ppfom;rsm;ukd if;wkd@ukd,fwkdif rdef@cGef;rsm;a[majym+yD;/ nDaemif om;csif;
rsm;ozG,f qufqHum rkef;wD;&GH&SmzG,f Zmbk&ifoufOD;qHykdifpepfukd jzKwfcsa&;wGif jynfol
rsm;ukd ulnD&ef awmif;qkd=uonf?
xkdtcsdefu abmf&SDApfygwD. vufawG@vkyfief;rsm;ukd ygwDA[kdaumfrwDAsLkdu !ef
=um;ae+y;D / yDxk*d &ufwiG f Xmersm;&Sad eum/ &Jabmfrv
dk adk wmhAf (Molotov) u acgi;f aqmifaeyg
onf ? azaz:0g&D 26 (rwf v 11)wG i f A[k d a umf r wD A sLk d u Zmbk & if p epf tay:
vufeufuidk w
f u
dk yf JG qufvufqifE&JG efEiS hf ,m,DawmfveS af &;tpk;d & zG@J pnf;&ef awmif;qko
d nfh
a=unmpmwrf; xkwfvkdufonf?
azaz:0g&D 27 (rwfv 12)wGif yDxkd*&ufwyfrsm;u tvkyform;rsm;udkypfcwf&ef
jiif;qef+yD;/ ykeu
f efrw
_ iG f jynfoEl iS hf twly;l aygi;f vku
d =f uonf? azaz:0g&D 27 &uf eHeufyidk ;f wGif
ykefuefr_wGif; yl;aygif;vmonfh ppfom;OD;a&rSm waomif;rausmfaomfvnf; naeykdif;okd@
a&mufvmonfhtcg ajcmufaomif;ausmfoGm;cJhonf?
ykefuefxuGvmonfh tvkyform;ESifh ppfom;rsm;onf Zmbk&ifh0ef}uD;rsm;ESifh AkdvfcsKyf
rsm;ukd pwifzrf;qD;=u+yD;/ axmifrsm;xJrS awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ukd v$wfay;=uonf?
vGwfajrmufvmonfh EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;onf awmfvSefa&;wkdufyGJwGif yl;aygif;vm=u
onf?
vrf;rsm;ay:wGif tdrfacgifrkd;tay:xyfrsm;rS ykvdyfESifh&Jrsm;.pufaoewfESifh tjyef

tvSefypfcwfoHrsm; =um;ae&onf? okd@aomf ppfom;rsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;bufokd@
tvsiftjreful;ajymif;oGm;=u+yD;/ Tonfu Zmbk&ifhoufOD;qHykdifpepf. uH=urRmukd tqHk;
tjzwfay;vku
d yf gonf?
yDxkd*&uf awmfvSefa&;atmifyGJowif;rsm;/ tjcm;+rdK@rsm;ESifha&S@wef;okd@ ys@HES@H a&muf&Sd
oGm;onfhtcg tvkyform;ESifh ppfom;rsm;u ae&mwumwGif Zmbk&ifh t&m&Sdrsm;ukd jzKwf
cs=uonf? azaz:0g&D "e&Sif'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&;um; atmifyGJ&cJhay+yD?
TawmfvSefa&;wGif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf wyfOD;rSaeI +idrf;csrf;a&;/ aygifrkef@
ESifh vGwfajrmufa&; awmif;qkdum ppfom;,lepfazmif; 0wfqifxm;onfh v,form;xk.
v_yf&Sm;r_ukd acgif;aqmifcJhaoma=umifh atmifyGJqifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? awmfvSefa&; atmifyGJukd
tqkH;tjzwfay;vkdufonfrSm ypPnf;rJhrsm;. acgif;aqmifr_jzpfonf?
awmfveS af &;ukd ypPn;f rJrh sm;u vkyaf qmifcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? ypPn;f rJrh sm;onf ol&aJ umif;
0g'ukdjyocJhonf? aoG;ajruscHcJhonf? olESifhtwl tus,fjyef@qkH;aom 'kuQqif;&JwGif;rS vl
rsm;ukd qGJac:,loGm;cJhonf?[k vDeifu tapmykdif;&ufrsm;wGif a&;om;cJhonf? (vDeif/
usrf;aygif;pkH/ k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 20/ pmrsufESm23-24)
yxrawmfvSefa&; 1905 awmfvSefa&;onf 'kwd,awmfvSefa&; 1917 awmfvSefa&;

tvsiftjref atmifyGJcHa&;twGuf jyifqifay;cJhygonf?
vDeifu jyif;xefwhJ vlwef;pm;wku
d yf rJG &Sb
d /J (1905-07) ok;H ESpt
f wGi;f k&mS ; ypPn;f rJrh sm;
azmfjycJo
h nfh awmfveS af &;pGr;f tm;r&Sb
d /J 'kw,
d awmfveS af &;. tpysK;d onfh tqifh &uftcsK@d
? (vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/
twGif;+yD;ajrmufcJh&m/ Tr#jrefjrefqefqef+yD;ajrmuf&efrjzpfEkdifay?
t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpukd/ 1947 twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm 735)
awmfvSefa&;. yxrOD;qkH;aom &ufrsm;twGif;rSmyif qkdAD,ufrsm; ay:xGufvmonf?

atmifycJG aH wmfveS af &;onf tvkyo
f rm;/ ppfom;uk,
d pf m;vS,rf sm;. qkAd ,
D ufrsm;. axmuf
cHr_ay: rlwnfaeonf? ykefuefcJh=uonfh tvkyform;ESifh ppfom;rsm;onf tvkyform;ESifh
ppfom;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;. qkdAD,ufrsm;ukd wnfaxmif=uonf? 1905 ck/ awmfvSefa&;u
qkdAD,ufrsm;onf vufeufukdifykefuefr_. t*F grsm;jzpf+yD;/ wcsdefwnf;rSmvnf; awmfvSef
a&;tm%mopf. oaE<om;jzpfa=umif; jyocJhonf? qkdAD,uft}uH^m%fonf tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;xk}uD;. acgif;xJwGif&SdaecJh+yD;/ Zmbk&iftpkd;& jyKwfusv#if jyKwfuscsif; taumif
txnfazmfcJh=uonf? 1905 ckESifh rwlwJh jcm;em;r_uawmh xkdpOfu wnfaxmifcJhonfrSm
tvkyform;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;. qkdAD,ufr#om jzpf+yD;/ 1917 azazmf0g&DwGif abmf&SD Apfwkd@.
OD;aqmifr_jzifh tvkyform;ESifh ppfom;rsm;. ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;. qkdAD,uf jzpfygonf?
vrf;rsm;ay:wGif abmf&SDApfrsm;u vlxkwkdufyGJrsm;ukd acgif;aqmif!ef=um;aepOf/ aphpyf
jzefajza&;tzGJ@rsm;jzpfaom rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh qkd&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf qkdAD
,ufrsm;wGif ae&mrsm;&,laeum trsm;pkjzpfatmif wnfaqmufae=uonf? Tonfudk
ydrk jkd zpfaponfh wpdww

f ydik ;f aom ta=umif;tcsurf mS abmf&ADS pfygwrD S acgi;f aqmiftrsm;pkrmS
axmifcscH&jcif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfESif'%fcHae&jcif;aomfvnf;aumif; (vDeifrSm jynfy
wGif jynfESif'%f cHae&+yD;/ pwmvifESifh qAm;'favmAfhwdk@rSm qdkufaA;&D;,m;Y e,fESifcHae&
onf) jzpfae+yD;/ rif&ADS pfEiS hf qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;rSmrl yDxk*d &uf vrf;rsm;ay:wGif
vGwv
f yfpmG vrf;ovm; aeEdik =f uonf? tusK;d uawmh yDxk*d &ufqAkd ,
D ufEiS hf if;. tr_aqmif
aumfrwDtwGi;f wGif tav#mah y;aphpyfa&;ygwrD sm; jzpfonfh rif&ADS pfEiS hf qd&k ,
S f vpfawmfveS af &;
orm;rsm;tzGJ@rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; acgif;aqmifaejcif;jzpfonf? armfpudkESifh wjcm;+rdK@wcsKd@
rSmvnf; xdkenf;vnf;aumif;yif jzpfonf? tdkifAifEdkAdk-AkdeufpJefuf/ u&m pEdk&mcfESifh ae&m
tcsKd@wGifom abmf&SDApfrsm;onf puwnf;u qdkAD,ufrsm;wGif trsm;pk jzpfaeygonf?
vufeufuikd jf ynforl sm;jzpfaom tvkyo
f rm;rsm;ESihf ppfom;rsm;onf jynfo@l tm%m
taqmufttkHodk@ apv$wfouJhodk@ rdrdwdk@udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkvnf; qdkAD,ufodk@ apv$wf=u
onf? olwdk@u tvkyform;ppfom;rsm;. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufrsm;onf awmfvSef
aom jynfolrsm;. awmif;qdkcsuftm;vkH;udk vkyfaqmifay;vdrfhrnf? yxrqkH;+idrf;csrf;a&;
&apvdrfhrnf[kxifcJh/ ar#mfrSef;cJh=uonf?
odk@aomf tvkyform;rsm;ESifhppfom;rsm;. olwdk@ESifhrxdkufwefaom ,kH=unfukd;pm;r_
rsm;u olwdk@udk raumif;r_rsm; jyKapcJhonf? qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh rif&SDApfrsm;
onf ppfyGJ&yfpJa&;/ +idrfcsrf;a&; xdef;odrf;&ef pdk;pOfr#r&nf&G,fcJhacs? olwdk@onf awmfvSefa&;udk
tcGifhaumif;,l+yD; ppfyGJqufvufqifE$J&ef pDpOf=uonf? awmfvSefa&;ESifh jynfolrsm;.
awmfveS af &; awmif;qdck surf sm;ESihf ywfoufIrl qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;ESihf rif&ADS pf
rsm;u awmfvSefa&;+yD;qkH;cJh+yD? ,cktcg wm0efrSm pm&if;ydwfvdkuf&efESifh "e&Sifrsm;eJ@ rSef
wrf; zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHrSm twl,SOfwGJaexdkifoGm;a&;jzpfonf[k oabmxm;=uonf? yD
xkd*&ufqdkAD,ufrS qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh rif&SDApfrsm;onf xdk@a=umifh ppf
&yfpJa&;jy\emudk acsmifxdk;&ef/ +idrf;csrf;a&;jy\emacsmifxdk;&efESifh "e&Sifrsm;xH tm%m
v$Jtyf&ef tjyif;txef }uKd;pm;vm=uonf?
1917 azazmf0g&D 27 &uf (rwfv-12)wGif pwkwEdkifiHawmf'l;rm;rS vpfb&,f
tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;ESifh rif&SDApfacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh vufodyfxdk;
oabmwlncD su&f ,l+y;D / 'l;rm;v$waf wmfOuU/ ajr&SiEf iS b
hf &k if0h g'D a&mhwZf kid u
f kd (Rodzyanko)
OD;aqmifonfh Edik if aH wmf';l rm;. ,m,DaumfrwDukd zG@J pnf;vdu
k o
f nf? &uf tcsK@d =um+yD;aemuf
tvkyo
f rm;/ ppfom;ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;. qdAk ,
D uf tr_aqmifaumfrwDrS qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS f
a&;orm;rsm;ESihf rif&ADS pfacgi;f aqmifrsm;onf abmf&ADS pfrsm;udk todray;bJ/ Edik if aH wmf';l rm;.
,m,DaumfrwDESifh k&Sm;.tpdk;&opfudkzGJ@pnf;&ef oabmwlvkdufonf? vaAmhAfrif;om;
(Prince Lvov) OD;aqmifonfh "e&Sif ,m,Dtpd;k &yifjzpfonf? xdo
k rl mS azazmf0g&aD wmfveS af &;
rwdik cf ifuyif 'kw,
d eDuv
kd wfZmbk&ifu ol@tpd;k &. 0ef }uD;csKyftjzpfcef@&ef vkyaf qmifco
hJ jl zpf
onf? ,m,Dtpd;k &wGif zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk 'Dru
kd &ufrsm;. acgi;f aqmif rDvsLaumAfh (Milyukov)/
atmufwb
kd m0g'rD sm;. acgi;f aqmif *gch saf umhAf (Guchkov) ESihf t&if;&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;rS wjcm;
xif&mS ;onfh ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf 'Dru
dk a&pD. ud,
k pf m;vS,t
f jzpf qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;
orm; u&ifpuD (Kerensky) wd@k yg0if=uonf?
TonfrSm qdkAD,uf tr_aqmifaumfrwD. rif&SDApfESifh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;
acgif;aqmifrsm;/ "e&Sif tm%ma&S@arSmufwGif vufeufcsvdkufykHyifjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf;
TudpPudk tvkyform;/ ppfom;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufu od&Sdonfh tcgwGifvnf;
qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;ESihf rif&ADS pfvyk af qmifcsurf sm;udk abmf&ADS pfrsm; uef@uu
G af e
onfh=um;rS trsm;pku w&m;0ifoabmwlnDvdkuf=uygonf?
Tenf;jzifh k&mS ;Y ay:xGwcf ahJ om Edik if aH wmftm%mopfonf vDeifajymcJo
h nft
h wdik ;f
"e&SifESifh "e&Sifjzpfvmonfh ajr&Sifrsm;. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifaeayonf?
okd@aomf "e&Siftpdk;&ESifhtwl ab;csif;,SOfvsuf tvkyform;/ ppfom;udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm;. qdkAD,ufqdkonfh aemuftm%mwck wnf&Sdaeygonf? qdkAD,ufrS ppfom;udk,fpm;
vS,rf sm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh ppfyt
JG wGi;f ppfwyfwiG ;f qGo
J iG ;f jcif;cH&aom v,form;rsm;jzpf
onf? tvkyform;/ ppfom;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufonf Zmbk&if tkyfpdk;r_udkqef@usif
onfh tvkyform;/ v,form; r[mrdwf. taqmufttkH,E W&m;jzpfonf? wcsdefwnf;rSm
vnf; if;wd@k tm%m. taqmufttkH (organ)rSm tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;ESifh v,form;xk
tm%m&Sifpepf. taqmufttkHjzpfonf?
&&Sdcsufuawmh tm%mESpf&yf/ tm%m&SifpepfESpfck xl;jcm;pGm yl;wGJcsdwfqufaejcif;
jzpfonf? ,m,Dtpd;k & uk,
d pf m;jyKonfh "eSipf epfEiS hf tvkyo
f rm;/ ppfom;ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;.
qdkAD,ufudk,fpm;jyKonfh ypPnf;rJhESifh v,form;xk. tm%mpepf 2 rsKd;jzpfaeonf?
tusKd;rSm pif+ydKiftm%m 2 ckyif jzpfonf?
yxrydkif;wGif qdkAD,ufrsm;Y trsm;pkrSm rif&SDApfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; yg0ifaer_udk
rnfuJhodk@&Sif;vif; ajymqdkrnfenf;?
atmifyGJ&&Sdaom tvkyform;rsm;ESifh v,form;rsm;. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ukd rdrd
wdk@pdwfqENtavsmuf tm%mtyfcJhonfudk rnfuJhodk@ &Sif;vif;ajymqdkrnfenf;?
Tonfukd vDeifu &Si;f vif;ajym=um;&mrS oef;ESichf saD omjynforl sm;onf Edik if aH &;wGif
tawG@t}uHKrSb
d J Ekid if aH &;wGif Ed;k =um;vmum/ Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_xJ yg0ifvmcJ=h uonf? olw@kd
wawGrmS rsm;aomtm;jzifh ydik q
f ikd o
f u
l av;rsm;/ v,form;rsm;/ r=umao;cifu v,form;
jzpfcJhaom tvkyform;rsm;jzpf=u+yD;/ "e&SifESifh ypPnf;rJht=um; tv,fvrf;Y &yfaeolrsm;
jzpf=uonf? xdktcsdefu k&Sm;onf Oa&myEdkifiH}uD;rsm; tm;vkH;xJwGif "e&Sifaygufptrsm;
qkH;jzpfonf? TEdkifiHwGif }uD;rmvSonfh "e&Sifaygufp a&vd_if;}uD;u t&m&mwdkif;tay:
v$rf;rdk;oGm;+yD;/ vlwef;pm;tod&Sdonfh ypPnf;rJhrsm;tay: ta&twGuft&omru tawG;
tac:t&yg v$rf;rkd;oGm;onf? qdkvdkonfrSm tvGefus,fjyef@vSonfh tvkyform; t0ef;
vDeif vufa&G;
t0dkif;rsm;twGif; "e&SifEdkifiHa&;tjrifrsm; ul;puf0ifa&muf pdrfh0ifoGm;onf? (vD
pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 1947/ twGJ 2/ pmrsufESm 29
29)
TtajccH "e&Sifaygufpv_dif;}uD;u "e&Sifaygufp rif&SDApfESifh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;

orm; ygwDrsm;udk a&S@wef;odk@ydk@ay;vdkufygonf?
vDeifu tjcm;ta=umif;w&yfudkvnf; axmufjyvdkufygonf? ppfyGJtwGif; jzpfyGm;cJh
onhf ypPnf;rJhrsm;. zGJ@pnf;r_twGif; tajymif;tvJESifh awmfvSefa&;tpydkif; ypPnf;rJhrsm;.
vlwef;pm;todEiS hf pnf;k;H zG@J pnf;ykH rvkaH vmufrw
_ @kd jzpfonf? ppfyt
JG wGi;f ypPn;f rJrh sm; twGi;f
rSmyif }uD;rm;onfh tajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfay:cJo
h nf? ykrH ek t
f vkyo
f rm;rsm;xJrS 40 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f rSm
ppfwyftwGi;f od@k qGo
J iG ;f jcif;cH&onf? ypPn;f rJh pdwo
f abmxm;ESihf uGjJ ym;jcm;em;aom ykid q
f ikd f
oluav;rsm;/ vufry_ nmonfrsm;/ aps;onfrsm;onf ppfwyfu qGo
J iG ;f jcif;rcH&atmif puf
kHrsm;odk@ 0ifa&mufvmonf?
tvkyo
f rm;rsm;xJrS T"e&Siaf ygupf tpdwt
f ydik ;f rsm;onf rif&ADS pfEiS hf qk&d ,
S v
f pfawmf
vSeaf &;orm;/ "e&Sif aygupf Edik if aH &;orm;rsm; }uD;xGm;vma&;twGuf a&cHajrcH jzpfapcJo
h nf?
Tonfa=umifyh if Edik if aH &; tawG@t}uHKyg;r0ao;onfh vltajrmuftjrm;onf tajccH
"e&Siaf ygupf 0J=oCwGi;f arsmygomG ;+yD;/ awmfveS af &;. yxratmifyrJG sm;ESihf ,pfr;l tqdyo
f ifh
um awmfveS af &;. tapmydik ;f vrsm;twGi;f aphpyfajy+idr;f onfyh gwrD sm;. v$r;f rd;k r_atmufrmS
"e&Siftm%monf qdkAD,uf.vkyfief;rsm;udk taESmifhft,SufjyKvdrfhrnf r[kwf[k kd;om;pGm
,kH=unfr_jzifh EdkifiHawmftm%mudk "e&Sifrsm;vufodk@ tomw=unfay;tyfvdkufjcif; jzpfay
onf?
abmf&SDApfygwD &ifqdkifae&aomwm0efrSm ,m,Dtpdk;&. e,fcsJ@vuQ%mudk vlxk}uD;
jrif&atmif rsufpdzGifhay;&ef/ qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;ESifh rif&SDApfrsm;. opPmazmufr_ udk
zGifhcs&ef/ ,m,Dtpdk;&udk qdkAD,uftpdk;&ESifh tpm;xdk;jcif;rjyKbJ +idrf;csrfa&;r&Edkifa=umif;/
Tvkyfief;udk pGrf;tm;tjynfht0jzifh vkyfaqmif&ef abmf&SDApfygwDonf rdrdudk,frdrd wm0ef
ay;tyfcJhonf?
ygwD w&m;0ifpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; xkwfa0jcif;udk jyefvnfpwif vkyfaqmifcJhonf?
azazmf0g&D awmfvSefa&;t+yD; ig;&uft=umwGif yDxkd*&ufY y&mA'g owif;pmxGuf+yD;/
&uftcsLd@t=um armfpukdwGifqkd&S,f'Drkdu&uf xGufvmygonf? ygwDonf vpfb&,f
"e&Sifrsm;/ rif&SDApfrsm;/ qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;tay: ,kH=unfr_avsmhyg;vmonfh
vlxktay: acgif;aqmifr_ jyefvnf&&Sdvmonf? ppfom;ESifh v,form;rsm;udk tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;ESifh yl;aygif;vkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfa=umif; pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf &Sif;jy=uonf? awmf
vSefa&; qufvufjzpfay:wdk;wuf+yD;/ "e&Sif,m,Dtpdk;&udk qdkAD,uftpdk;&eJ@ tpm;xdk;jcif;
rjyKoa&G@ v,form;rsm; +idrf;csrf;a&;odk@r[kwf ajr&&SdEdkifrnfr[kwfa=umif; olwdk@udk &Sif;jy
cJhonf?
tusOf;csKyf
t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;. rnDrr# jzpfay:wdk;wufr_a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ t"du tiftm;rsm;
t=um; csed cf iG v
f #m uajymif;ujyef jzpfomG ;jcif;a=umifv
h nf;aumif;/ ppfyjJG zifh urBmudk jyefvnf
cGJa0&ef csdefcGifv#mtopfzefwD;&ef e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;. vdktyfr_a=umifhvnf;aumif;/
e,fcs@pJ pfyjJG zpfay:vmcJo
h nf?
'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,frS ygwDrsm;onf tvkyform; vlwefpm;ta&;awmfykHudk opPm
razmufcJhv#ifaomfvnf;aumif;/ 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,fuGef*&ufrsm;rS ppfqef@usifonfh
qk;H jzwfcsurf sm;udk razmufzsucf v
hJ #iv
f nf;aumif;/ rdrw
d @kd . e,fcs@J tpd;k &ESihf ppfvv
kd m;ol rsm;udk
qef@usif+yD;/ olwdk@onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk v_Haqmfvkyfaqmif &cJhv#if vnf;aumif;/
TppfyGJonf Tr#zsufqD;EdkifpGrf; odk@r[kwf Tr#aom twdkif;twmxd a&muf &SdEdkif
rnfr[kwyf g?
qdk&S,fvpf0g'ESifh EdkifiHwumh0g'ta&;awmfykHtay: opPmapmifhod+yD;/ rdrdwdk@udk,fydkif
e,fcs@J tpd;k &udq
k ef@usio
f nfh jynfwiG ;f ppfukd pnf;k;H vkyaf qmifco
hJ nfh wckwnf;aom ypPn;f rJh
ygwDrSm abmf&SDApfygwDomjzpfonf? 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,frS wjcm;ygwDtm;vkH;. acgif;
aqmifrsm;onf "e&Sifrsm;ESifh qufpyfae=u+yD;/ e,fcsJ@pepf. v$rf;rdk;r_udk cH&um e,fcsJ@orm;
rsm;bufodk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;=uonf?
ppfyGJonf t&if;&Sifpepf. taxGaxGtusyftwnf;. a&mifjyef[yfcsufjzpf+yD;/
wcsdefwnf;rSmyif Tonfu Ttusyftwnf;udk ydkrdkjyif;xef;ap+yD;/ urBmht&if;&Sifpepfudk
tiftm;csnehf @J apygonf? k&mS ;tvkyo
f rm;ESihf abmf&ADS pfygwo
D nf urBmay:wGif t&if;&SiS pf epf
tm;enf;r_udk tcGifhaumif;,l&mwGif yxrqkH; atmifjrifcJholrsm;jzpf=uonf? olwdk@onf
e,fcs@J wyfO;D udk usK;d ayguaf p+y/D ; Zmbk&ifujkd zKwfcsum tvkyo
f rm;/ ppfom;ud,
k pf m;vS,f rsm;.
qdAk ,
D ufukd wnfaqmufc=hJ uonf?
awmfvSefa&;yxratmifyGJrsm;tay: ,pfrl;um/ rif&SDApfESihf qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;
orm;rsm;. ,cktcsdefrSp+yD; t&m&mtqifajyawmhrnfqdkonfh tmrcHcsufrsm;. rd_if;rd+yD;
aemuf"e&Sifaygufptpdwftydkif;/ ppfom;rsm;/ xdk@twl tvkyform;rsm;onf ,m,Dtpdk;&
tay:,kH=unfr_rsm;ykHatmum axmufcHr_ ay;cJh=uonf?
yxratmifyGJrsm;ESifh,pfrl;aeaom tvkyform;ESifh ppfom;xk}uD;udk awmfvSefa&;
vk;H 0atmify&JG a&;rSm a&&Sno
f mG ;&OD;rnf jzpfa=umif;/ "e&Sif ,m,Dtpd;k &vufxJ tm%m&Sad e
oa&G@ qdkAD,ufrsm;xJwGif aphpyfa&;orm;rsm;jzpfaom rif&SDApfESifh qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;
orm;rsm; v$rf;rdk;aeoa&G@/ jynfolvlxktzdk@ +idrf;csrf;a&; odk@r[kwf aygif rkef@&vdrfhrnfr[kwf
a=umif;/ awmfveS af &;tjynft
h 0 atmifycJG zH @kd ajcwvSr;f wd;k +yD; tm%mudk qdAk ,
D ufo@dk ajymif;
vJay;&rnfjzpfa=umif;wdk@udk &Sif;vif;ajym=um;a&;wm0efrSm abmf&SDApfygwDtay: us
a&mufvmayonf?
tcef; (7)
atmufwb
kd mqd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;
jyifqifcsdeEf iS t
hf aumifxnfazmfonfh umvtwGi;f u abmf&ADS pfygwD
({_yD 1917=1918)
1? azazmf0g&aD wmfveS af &;t+yD; jynfwiG ;f tajctae/ ygwaD jratmufrx
S u
G v
f m+yD; ajAmifEikd if H
a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk qufvufvkyfaqmifjcif;/ vDeifyDxkd*&ufodk@ qdkufa&mufvmjcif;/ vDeif.
{+yDppfwrf;/ ygwD. qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; ul;ajymif;a&;ay:vpD?
tjzpftysurf sm;.jzpfpOfEiS hf ,m,Dtpd;k &. vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;u abmf&ADS pfvrf;pOf rSef
uefa=umif; ae@pOfEiS t
hf r# oufaojyaeygonf? ,m,Dtpd;k &onf jynfov
l x
l t
k wGuf r[kwf
bJ jynfov
l x
l u
k kd qef@usi&f yfwnfaea=umif;/ +idr;f csr;f a&;twGuf r[kwb
f J ppfyJG twGuo
f m
&yfwnfaea=umif;ESihf if;onf vlxu
k kd +idr;f csr;f a&;/ ajr,mESihf aygirf ek @f w@kd ukd ay;&ef pdwv
f nf;
ryg/ ay;vnf;ray;Edik af =umif;wd@k rmS ydI
k xif&mS ;vmygonf? abmf&ADS pfrsm;. &Si;f jyonfh vkyif ef;
rsm;rSm tvGeftusdK;&Sdaeygonf?
tvkyform;rsm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;u Zmbk&iftpdk;&udk jzKwfcs+yD; oufOD;qHykdifpepf.
tjrpfESifh tudkif;tcufrsm;udk okwfoif&Sif;vif;aepOf ,m,Dtpdk;&onf oufOD;qHydkifpepfudk
taotcsmyif xdef;odrf;csifaeayonf? 1917 ck rwfv 2 &ufwGif olwdk@u Zmbk&ifESifh
awG@qkH&ef *ghcsfaumhAfESifh SLvf*sif (Shulgin) udk wdwfwqdwfv#dK@0Suf apv$wfcJhonf? "e&Sif
rsm;u tm%mudk eDudkvwfkdrmaemAfh (Nicholas Romanov) .nD rdkufu,fudk v$Jajymif;
ay;apcsif=uonf? odk@aomf rD;&xm;vkyfom;rsm;. tpnf;ta0;wGif *ghcsfaumhAfu if;.

rde@f ceG ;f udk bk&ifru
kd u
f ,f oufawmf&mausm&f n
S yf gapqdak om pum;rsm;ESihf tqk;H owfvu
kd f
aomtcg tvkyo
f rm;rsm;u *gch saf umhAu
f kd csucf si;f zrf;qD; &SmazGppfaq;&ef awmif; qd=k uonf?
'ef@'vGefjrpf (Horse-radish)u rkefvmO (radish) xufydkrcsdKygbl;[k &GH&Smrkef;wD;pGm
auG;a=umf=uonf? tvkyform;rsm;u oufOD;qHydkifbk&ifpepf jyefvnf wnf aqmuf&efudk
cGifhjyKrSm r[kwfa=umif; xif&Sm;aeygonf?
tvkyo
f rm;rsm;ESihf v,form;rsm; awmfveS af &;twGi;f aoG;ajrusc&H if;/ ppfy+JG yD; qk;H &ef
ar#mfvifhaepOf/ aygifrkef@ESifhajr,mtwGuf wdkufyGJ0if+yD; pD;yGm;a&; t_yftaxG;rsm;udk tqkH;
owf&ef jyif;xefonfh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; awmif;qdkaepOf/ ,m,Dtpkd;&onf jynfolvlxk.
Taoa&;&Siaf &; awmif;qdck surf sm;udk r=um;csiaf ,mifaqmifco
hJ nf? t&if;&SiEf iS ahf jr&Sirf sm;.
xifSm;onfhudk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifaeonfhtwdkif; Ttpdk;&onf ajr,mrsm;udk rdrdwdk@tm;
ay;&ef/ v,form;rsm;.awmif;qkdcsufukd jznfhqnf;ay;&ef vHk;0r&nf&G,fay? xkdtwl
tvkyo
f rm;rsm;tm;vnf; aygirf ek f ay;&ef r&nf&,
G yf g? tb,fa=umifq
h akd omf Tod@k vyk yf gu
olwdk@onf &duQmukefonf}uD;rsm;. tusdK;pD;yGm;udk xdcdkufxdyg;aprnfjzpfum jzpfEdkifor#
enf;tm;vkH; ajr&Sifrsm;/ ul;vwfrsm;xHrS &duQmrsm;udk &,l&rnf? Ttpdk;&onf Tonf
udkawmh rvkyf&Jay? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf olwdk@onf Tvlwef;pm;rsm;. tusdK; pD;yGm;ESifh
qufpyfaejcif;a=umifhjzpfonf? xdk@twl jynfolrsm;udk +idrf;csrf;a&;vnf; ray;Edkifay? +Adwdo#/
jyifopfe,fcsJ@rsm;ESifh tusdK;wljzpfaeonfhtwkdif; ,m,Dtpdk;&onf ppf&yfpJ&ef r&nf&G,facs?
qef@usifpGmyif awmfvSefa&;udk tcGifhaumif;,l+yD; e,fcsJ@ppfyGJtwGif; k&Sm;rsm;. yg0ifr_udk
ydkrdkwufuGvmap+yD; uGefpwifwDEdky,fa&vuf=um;ESifh a*vD&Sm;udk odrf;ydkuf+yD; if;. e,fcsJ@
ykHpHudk azmfaqmif&eftwGuf }udK;yrf;vkyfaqmifvm=uonf?
,m,Dtpdk;&. ay:vpDtay: jynfolvlxk. ,kH=unfr_r=umrD tqkH;owfawmhrnfrSm
&Sif;vmay+yD?
azazmf0g&D awmfvSefa&;t+yD; pif+ydKiftm%mESpf&yf ay:xGufvmjcif;onf a&&Snfjzpf
awmhrnfr[kwfa=umif; ydkIxif&Sm;vmonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf tjzpftysufrsm;. jzpf
pOfu ,m,Dtpd;k & od@k r[kwf qdAk ,
D ufwckwnf;aomtm%mydik rf sm;. vufxw
J iG f tm%m
rsm; pkpnf;xm;&ef awmif;qdkvmonf?
rif&SDApfESifh qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;. aphpyfajy+idrf;a&;ay:vpDudk vlxku
axmufcH+rJ axmufcHvsuf&SdonfrSm trSefyifjzpfonf? tvkyform;tcsdK@ESifh ppfom;ESifh
v,form;tawmfrsm;rsm;onf jynfol@vGwfawmf r=umrD usif;yrnfjzpf+yD; t&m&mudk
+idrf;csrf;onfhenf;jzifh ajz&Sif;ay;rnfudk ,kH=unfqJjzpf+yD; ppfyGJonf &nf&G,fcsufrsm;a=umifh
r[kwfbJ EdkifiHawmfudk umuG,f&efqdkonfh vdktyfr_a=umifh qifEGJae&jcif;jzpfonf[k xifjrif
aewke;f yifjzpfonf? vDeifu TuJo
h @kd aom olrsm;udk &k;d om;pGm rSm;,Gi;f aeaom umuG,af &;
0g'rD sm;[k ac:cJ+h yD; olw@kd onf uwdrsm;ESihf zsm;a,mif;aoG;aqmifrr_ sm;omjzpfonfh rif&ADS pfEiS hf
qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;. ay:vpDudk rSefuefonfhay:vpDjzpfonf[k xifjrif,lq

qJjzpfonf? odk@aomfuwdpum;rsm;ESifh zsm;a,mif;r_rsm;rSm =um&Snf rcHEdkifawmhbJ tjzpf
tysufrsm;. jzpfpOfESifh,m,Dtpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;u qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;
rsm;ESihf rif&ADS pfrsm;. aphpyfa&;ay:vpDonf k;d tolrsm;udv
k rd n
f m+y;D aESmifah ES;qkwq
f ikd ;f aeonfh
ay:vpDomjzpfa=umif; ae@pOfESiftr# azmfjyoufaoxlvsuf&Sdawmhonf?
,m,Dtpd;k &onf awmfveS af &;udk aemufausmu 'g;jzifx
h ;kd &ef }uHpnfprD &H mwGif vlx.
k
awmfvSefa&; v_yfSm;r_rsm;udk cdk;a=umifcdk;0Suf t+rJwdkufcdkufaeonf r[kwfacs? wcgw &H
'Drdkua&pDvGwfvyfa&;rsm;twGuf ajAmifwdkufcdkufr_rsm; jyKvkyf+yD; txl;ojzifh ppfom;rsm;
t=um; pnf;urf;jyefvnfxdef;odrf;&ef tpDpOfwus jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef qdkvdk
onfrSm awmfvSefa&;. vrf;a=umif;udk "e&Sifvdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh udkufnDonfh vrf;a=umif;
ay:a&muf&Sdvm&ef }udK;yrf;=uonf? odk@aomf xdkvrf;a=umif;twGuf }udK;yrf;r_rsm;tm;vkH;
qkH;_H;oGm;+yD; jynfolvlxkonf olwdk@. 'Drdkua&pDvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;jzpfaom vGwfvyfpGm ajym
qdkcGifh/ owif;pmxkwfa0cGifh/ tzGJ@tpnf;zGJ@cGifh/ pkHk;cGifhESifh qENjycGifhrsm;udk wufuGpGmusifh okH;
vsuf&Sdonf? tvkyform;rsm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;onf wdkif;jynf. EdkifiHa&;b0wGif wufuG
aomtcef;rS yg0if&ef tajctaetay: xufxufjrufjrufem;vnf Edkif=u+yD; aemufwqifh
rnfodk@vkyfaqmif&rnfudk qkH;jzwf&eftwGuf rdrdwdk@topfpufpuf &&Sdvmaom 'Drdkua&pD
tcGifha&;rsm;udk tjynfht0tokH;cs&ef tm;oGef}udK;yrf;cJh=uonf?
azazmf0g&D awmfvSefa&;+yD;aemuf Zmbk&ifacwfwGif tvGeftrif;cufcJpGm w&m;r0if
v_yf&Sm;cJh&aom abmf&SDApfygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf ajratmufrSxGufvm+yD; EdkifiHa&;ESifh
pnf;H;k a&; vkyif ef;rsm;wGif ajAmifpwifxal xmif vkyaf qmifvmcJyh gonf? xdt
k csed u
f abmf&ADS pf
ygwD0ifaygif; av;aomif; odk@r[kwf av;aomif;cGJ rausmfcJhyg? odk@aomf olwdk@tm;vkH;onf
wdkufyGJtwGif; oHcJwifxm;onfh/ }uHcdkifonfhawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; jzpf=uonf? ygwD
aumfrwDrsm;onf 'Drdkua&pDA[dkcsKyfudkifr_ rltay:wGif jyefvnfpnf;Hk;zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? ygwD
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;vkH; txufrS atmufodk@ a&G;aumufwifajrmuf=uonf?
ygwDw&m;0if pwif&yfwnfvmonfhtcg ygwD0ifrsm;t=um; uGJjym;csufrsm; xifSm;
odomvmonf? uJrDeufAfESifh armfpudktpnf;tHk;rS tvkyform;trsm;tjym; Oyrm - kdif
aumhAf/ abmhaemhAfESifh Ekd*sif (Nogin)wdk@onf ,m,Dtpdk;&ESifh umuG,fa&; 0g'Drsm;. ay:
vpDudk c|if;csufESifh axmufcHonfh rif&SDApfwydkif; taetxm;udk cH,lxm;onf? e,fESif'%frS
r=umcifuyif jyefa&mufvmonfh pwmvif/ rdkvdkawmhESifh wjcm;olrsm;onf ygwDrS trsm;
pkEiS t
hf wl ,m,Dtpd;k &tay: t,kt
H =unfr&Sd ay:vpDuu
kd ikd pf +JG yD; umuG,af &;0g'udk qef@usif
um +idrf;csrf;a&;twGufESifh e,fcsJ@ppfyGJqef@usifa&;twGuf wufuGpGmwdkufyGJ0if&ef v_@Haqmf
=uonf? tcsdK@ygwDvkyfom;rsm;rSm awGa0,drf;,dkif=uonf? TonfrSmvnf; ESpf&Snfvrsm;
axmifusaer_ESifh e,fESif'%fcHae&r_wdk@a=umifh if;wdk@. EdkifiHa&;aemufusr_. azmfjy
csuo
f mjzpfygonf?
ygwDacgif;aqmif vDeifr&Sdr_udk cHpm;od&Sdae&onf?

=um&Snf=umrsm; e,fESif'%fcHae&+yD;aemuf vDeifonf 1917ck {+yDv 3 (16) &ufae@
wGif k&Sm;odk@jyefa&muf vmcJhonf?
vDeif a&muf&v
dS mr_onf ygwED iS hf awmfveS af &;twGuf tvGet
f rif; ta&;}uD;cJyh gonf?
qGpfZmvefY &SdaepOfuyif awmfvSefa&;. yxrowif;rsm;&+yD;aemuf vDeifu ygwDESifh
k&mS ;. tvkyo
f rm; vlwef;pm;od@k ta0;a&muf ay;pmrsm;udk a&;om;cJ+h yD; xdpk mrsm;xJwiG f
olu tvkyo
f rm;taygi;f wd@k oifw@kd onf Zmbk&ifukd wdu
k cf u
kd o
f nfh jynfwiG ;f ppfrmS ypPn;f
rJhol&Jaumif;0g'/ vlxkol&Jaumif;0g'udk tHhzG,fol&J jyo+yD;jzpfonf? awmfvSefa&;. 'kwd,
tqifhrSm oifwdk@atmifyGJ&a&;vrf;udk jyifqif&ef/ oifwdk@taejzifh tzGJ@tpnf;/ ypPnf;rJh vl
wef;pm;ESihf jynfow
l &yfv;Hk . tzG@J tpnf;&J@ tHzh ,
G o
f &l t
J pGr;f udv
k nf; jyo&tk;H rnf? (vDeif?
vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom / armfpudk 1947/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm 741)
vDeifonf yDxk*d &ufo@kd {+yD 3 &ufnwGif qdu

k af &mufvmonf? axmifaomif;csaD om
tvkyform;/ ppfom;/ a&wyfom;rsm;onf zifvefblwmHkESifh blwmHk&ifjyifwGif ol@udk }udK
qd&k ef pk;kH a&muf&cdS =hJ uonf? vDeif &xm;ay:rS qif;vmpOf olw@kd . pdww
f ufuGru
_ kd azmfjy&ef
yif rjzpfEdkifacs? ol@wdk@onf olwdk@. acgif;aqmifudk ykckH;rsm;ay:wif+yD; blwmHk.{nfhcef;odk@
o,faqmifvm=uonf? xdkae&mwGif rif&SDApfrsm;jzpfaom csufZJh (Chkheidze)ESifh pudkbD
vufAf (Skobelev) wd@k u yDxk*d &uf qdAk ,
D ufu,
kd pf m; }uKd qdk onfrh ed @f ceG ;f rsm; ajym =um;+y;D
olw@kd EiS hf vDeifw@kd wlnw
D o
hJ abmxm; &SmawG@&efar#mv
f ifah =umif; ajym=um;onf? od@k aomf
vDeifu &yfwef@em;axmifjcif;rjyKbJ ausmfoGm;um tvkyform;ESifh ppfom;xk}uD; xHodk@
xGufoGm;cJhonf? olu oHcsyfumum;ay:rSaeI vlxk}uD;udk qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;
atmifyt
JG wGuw
f u
kd &f ef v_@H aqmfaom xif&mS ;ausm=f um;vSonfh rde@f ceG ;f udk ajym=um;cJo
h nf?
=um&Snf=umrsm; e,fESif'%fcHae&+yD;aemufajymaom TyxrqkH;aom rdef@cGef;wGif vDeifu
qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;t"Gef@&Snfygap!qdkaom pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh ed*kH;csKyfcJhonf?
k&mS ;jyefa&muf+yD;aemuf vDeifonf awmfveS af &;vkyif ef;wGif tjyif;txef tm;oGecf eG f
pdu
k f ESpjf rKyfvyk af qmifco
hJ nf? olqu
kd af &muf+yD; aemufae@wiG yf if abmf&ADS pfrsm;tpnf;ta0;Y
ppfyGJjy\emESifh awmfvSefa&;tay: tpD&ifcHcsufwifoGif;+yD; xdkpmwrf;udkyif rif&SDApfa&m/
abmf&SDApfrsm;yg wufa&mufonfh tpnf;ta0;wGif xyfrHwifjycJhonf?
Tonfrsm;rSm vDeif.ausmf=um;vSaom {+yDppfwrf; jzpf+yD; ygwDESifhypPnf;rJhrsm;
twGuf "e&SifrS qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;odk@ ul;ajymif;a&;twGuf &Sif;vif;onfh awmfvSefa&;
vrf;pOfw&yf ay;tyfvdkufonf?
vDeif.ppfwrf;rSm awmfvSefa&;ESifhaemufydkif; ygwD.vkyfief;rsm;twGuf }uD;rm;onfh
t"dy`m,faqmifayonf? awmfvSefa&;onf wdkif;jynf.b0wGif tvGefta&;}uD;aom t
vSnfhtajymif;jzpfonf? Zmbk&ifjzKwfcs+yD;aemuf wdkufyGJ. tajctaeopfrsm;wGif ygwDonf
vrf;pOfopftwdkif; &J&J&ifh&ifhESifh ,kH=unfr_&SdpGmcsDwufa&;twGuf OD;wnfcsuftopf

vdktyfvmonf? vDeif. ppfwrf;u TOD;wnfcsufudk ay;vdkufayonf?
vDeif. {+yDppfwrf;onf "e&Sif'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;rS qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;odk@
yxrtqifhrS 'kwd,tqifh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;tqifhodk@ ul;ajymif;a&;twGuf ajymif
ajrmufvSonfh wdkufyGJpDrHudef;udk ygwDtwGuf csrSwfay;cJhonf? ygwD. ordkif;wckvkH;onf
T}uD;jrwfvSaom wm0eftwGuf jyifqifxm;cJh+yD;jzpfonf? 1905 ckESpfuyifpI vDeifu
ol. 'Dru
kd a&pDawmfveS af &;twGi;f qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pD. enf;y&d,m,fEpS o
f ,
G f pmwrf;wGif
Zmbk&ifukd jzKwfcs+yD;aemuf ypPn;f rJrh sm;onf qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;udk qufvufvyk f aqmif
&rnf[k a&;om;cJh+yD; jzpfonf? Tppfwrf;Y topfyg&SdcsufrSm qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; ul;
ajymif;a&; tpueOD;tqifhtwGuf tcdkiftrmESifh oabmw&m; tajctjrpf&Sdonfh pDrHudef;
yifjzpfonf?
pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,frS ul;ajymif;a&;ajcvSrf;rsm;rSm ajrrsm;tm;vkH; jynfolydkifjyKvkyf+yD;
ajr,mrsm;udk odrf;,ljcif;/ b%frsm;tm;vkH;udk tvkyform;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,uf
csKyfxed ;f r_atmufwiG f trsKd ;om;b%fwckwnf;tjzpf yl;aygi;f ypfjcif;ESihf vlrx
_ w
k v
f yk af &;rsm;
udk csKyfxdef;a&;/ ukefypPnf;rsm;udk jzef@cGJa&;rsm;udk xlaxmifjcif;wdk@ jzpfygonf?
Edik if aH &;e,fy,fwiG f vDeifu ygvrD eforRwEdik if rH S qdAk ,
D uforRwEdik if o
H @kd ul;ajymif; a&;udk
wifoiG ;f t}uHjyKonf? TonfrmS rmuf0h g'. oabmw&m;ESihf vufawG@wiG f ta&; }uD;onfh
a&S@ajcvSr;f w&yfjzpfonf? xdt
k csed x
f d rmuf0h g'oabmw&m;a&;0g'rD sm;u ygvrD ef orRwEdik if H
onf qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepfo@kd ul;ajymif;a&;wGif taumif;qk;H Edik if aH &;omefjzpfonf[k ,lqxm;
onf? ,cktcg vDeifu t&if;&Sipf epfrS qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepfo@kd ul;ajymif;a&;umvtwGi;f qd&k ,
S f
vpforRwEdkifiHonf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;wGif toifhawmfqkH; aomomef
tjzpf ygvDreforRwEdkifiHudk tpm;xdk;&ef awmif;qdkwifjyaejcif;jzpfonf?
ppfwrf;wGif vuf&Sdk&Sm; EdkifiHtajctae. xl;jcm;onfhvuQ%mrSm ypPnf;rJhrsm;.
vlwef;pm;todESifh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. rvkHavmufr_a=umifh tm%mudk "e&Sifrsm;vuftyfcJh
onfh yxrtqifhawmfvSefa&;rS ypPnf;rJhrsm;ESifh v,form;xk. tqif;&JqkH;tv$m vufxJ
odk@ tm%mxnfhay;&rnfh 'kwd,tqifhodk@ ul;ajymif;aer_udk udk,fpm;jyKjcif;jzpfonf?
(txufyg pmapmif twGJ2/ pmrsufESm-18)
xdk@tjyif qufvuf+yD; ygvrD eforRwEdik if u

H t
kd vdrk &Syd g? tvkyo
f rm;ud,
D ufrsm;rS ygvrD ef
orRwEdik if o
H @kd jyefomG ;jcif;onf aemufqw
k o
f nfh ajcvSr;f w&yfjzpfonf? od@k aomf vdck sio
f nfrmS
wwdik ;f jynfv;Hk txufraS tmuftxd tvkyo
f rm;/ v,f,mvkyo
f m;rsm;ESihf v,form;ud,
k f
pm;vS,frsm;. qkdAD,uforRwEdkifiHjzpfonf(txuf ygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm- 18)
vDeifu tpdk;&opf ,m,Dtpdk;& vufatmufwGif ppfyGJonf vk,ufowfjzwfaom
e,fcs@JppfyGJtjzpf qufvufjzpfyGm;aea=umif; ajymqdkcJhonf? Tta=umif;udk vlxktm; &Sif;
vif;ajym=um;&efESifh "e&Sifrsm;+zdKcsjcif; rcH&bJ? ppfyGJudk tvdk&rRuf}uD;aom +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh

r[kwfbJ/ ppfrSefonfh 'Drdkua&pD+idrf;csrf;a&;jzifh tqHk;owf&ef rjzpfEdkifa=umif;udkjyo&efwdk@rSm
ygwD.wm0efyif jzpfawmhonf?
,m,Dtpdk;&ESifh ywfoufI vDeifu ,m,Dtpdk;&udk raxmufcH[laom auG;a=umf
oHwifvu
kd o
f nf?
vDeifu ppfwrf;wGif qufvufaxmufjyonfrSm u|efawmfwdk@ygwDonf qdkAD,ufrsm;
xJwGif tenf;pkom jzpfvsuf&Sdao;a=umif;/ qdkAD,ufrsm;wGif rif&SDApfESifh qdk&S,fvpfawmf
vSeaf &;orm;tkypf rk sm; v$r;f rd;k aea=umif;/ if;wd@k rmS ypPn;f rJrh sm;tay: "e&Siv
f r$ ;f rd;k r_ ud&,
d m
omjzpfa=umif;? xdk@a=umifh ygwD. wm0efrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf?
vlxktm; &Sif;jy&rnfrSm tvkyform;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufrsm;omv#if
awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&. wckwnf;aomjzpfEdkifacsomefjzpfa=umif;? xdk@a=umifh u|efawmfwdk@
wm0efrSm Ttpdk;&u "e&Sif=oZmcHaeoa&G@ if;wdk@enf;y&d,m,f trSm;rsm;udk pdwf&Snf
vuf&n
S f pepfwuscidk rf mpGm &Si;f vif;wifjy&rSmjzpf+yD; &Si;f vif;csurf mS txl;ojzifh vlx}k uD;.
vufawG@vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh qDavsmfudkufnD&rnf? u|efawmfwdk@ tenf;pkjzpfaeoa&G@ trSm;
rsm;udk a0zefziG chf sonfv
h yk if ef;rsm;udk qufvuf vkyaf qmif&rSmjzpf+yD; wcsed w
f nf;wGif tvkyf
orm;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qkdAD,ufrsm;odk@ EdkifiHawmftm%mtm;vkH;udk v$Jajymif;ay;&ef vdk
tyfr_udk a[majym&rnf? (vDeifusrf;aygif;pkH / &k&Sm;bmom / twGJ20/ pmrsufESm-88)
vDeifu xdktcsdefwGif qdkAD,ufrsm;. ,Hk=unfr_udk&&Sdaeonfh ,m,Dtpdk;&udk ykefuef
&ef v_H@aqmfjcif;/ if;udk jzKwfcs&ef awmif;qdkjcif;vnf; rjyKacs? odk@aomf oltvdk&SdonfrSm
&Sif;vif;ajymqdk odrf;oGif;onfhvkyfief;rsm;jzifh qdkAD,ufrsm;xJwGif trsm;pk&a&;/ qdkAD,uf.
ay:vpDuakd jymif;vJa&;ESihf qdAk ,
D ufrsm;rSwqifh tpd;k &.zG@J pnf;r_EiS hf ay:vpDw@kd ukd ajymif;vJEikd f
a&;yifjzpfonf?
TonfrmS awmfveS af &; +ird ;f csr;f pGm jzpfay:wd;k wuf&ef &nf&,
G o
f nfh vrf;pOfyifjzpfonf?
vDeifu qufvufawmif;qdkonfh ayusHaeaomtusudk pGef@ypf&ef/ qdkvdkonfrSm
ygwDonf qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwDqdkaomtrnfudk rokH;awmh&efjzpfonf? 'kwd,tifwmae
&Sife,f ygwDrsm;ESifh k&Sm;rif&SDApfrsm;onf if;wdk@udk,fif;wdk@ qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;[k ac:=u
onf? Ttrnfonf qdk&S,fvpfpepfudk opPmazmufonfh tacsmiform;rsm;a=umifh trnf;
pufxifum *k%foduQmusqif;cJh&onf? vDeifu abmf&SDApfygwDudk rmufhpfESifhtdef*,fu if;
wdk@ygwDudkay;cJhaom trnfjzpfonfh uGefjrLepfygwD[k rSnfhac:&ef t}uHjyKonf? TtrnfrSm
odyH`enf;uspGm rSefuefaeayonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf abmf&SDApfrsm;. aemufqkH; &nf
rSef;csufrSm uGefjrLepf0g'udk &&dS&efjzpfaoma=umifhwnf;? vlom;rsm;onf t&if;&SifpepfrS
wdu
k f u
dk q
f &kd ,
S v
f pfpepfo@kd om oGm;a&mufEikd o
f nf? qdv
k kd onfrmS xkwv
f yk af &; y&dabm*rsm;/
bkyH ikd q
f ikd o
f nfph epfEiS hf txGuyf pPn;f rsm;udk rdrw
d @kd vyk t
f m;tvdu
k f cGaJ 0,lonfph epfo@kd jzpf onf?
vDeifu u|eaf wmfw@kd ygwo
D nf Txuf a&S@o@kd yI
kd oGm;vdo
k nf? qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepfonf rv$rJ a&Smif
om wjznf;jznf;ESifh uGefjrLepfpepf odk@a&muf&Sd+yD; if;. tvHrSm vkyfEdkifoavmufvkyf/ vdk

oavmuf,l [laom aqmifyk'fyifjzpfonf?
vDeifu ol.ppfwrf;wGif aemufq;Hk awmif;qdx
k m;onfrmS tacsmiform;0g'ESihf qd&k ,
S f
a&SmfAif0g' uif;pifonfh wwd, uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,f/ tifwmae&Sife,fopf w&yfudk
wnfaqmufa&;jzpfonf?
vDeif. ppfwrf;onf "e&Sifrsm;/ rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;xHrS
a=umufvef@w=um; atmf[pfuef@uGufoHrsm; ay:xGufaponf?
rif&SDApfrsm;u tvkyform;rsm;xH a=unmcsufw&yfxkwfjyef+yD; awmfvSefa&;}uD;
tE W&m,fusa&mufae+yDqdkonfh owday;pum;ESifh pwifxm;onfh rif&SDApfrsm;. tjrifwGif
tE &W m,frmS abmf&ADS pfrsm;u tvkyo
f rm;/ ppfom;ud,
D ufrsm;od@k tm
%mv$Jajymif;a&; awmif;qkdvmaomtcsufa=umifh jzpfonf?
yvufuaemhAfu ol.owif;pmaoG;pnf;a&;wGif aqmif;yg;wapmifa&;+yD; vDeif.
rdef@cGef;udk a'golykefxajymoGm;aomrdef@cGef;[k trnfwyfcJhonf? olurif&SDApf csufZJh.
pum;jzpfaom vDeif[m awmfvSefa&;tjyifrSm wa,mufwnf;usefaecJhrSmjzpf+yD; u|efawmf
wdk@u udk,fhvrf;udk,f qufav#muf=ur,fqdkonfudk udk;um;vdkufonf?
{+yD 14 &ufwGif yDxkd*&uf+rdK@awmfrSm abmf&SDApfuGefz&ifhudk usif;ycJhonf? uGefz&ifhu
vDeif. ppfwrf;udk vufcHtwnfjyK+yD; if;wdk@. vkyfief;tajccHtjzpf owfrSwfvdkufonf?
tcsdefwdktwGif;rSmyif ygwD. a'otzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uvnf; vDeif. ppfwrf;udk vufcH
twnfjyK=uonf?
uJrDeufAf / kdifaumhAfESifh ysmwmaumhAf (Pyatakov) qdkonfh vltcsdK@wavrSv$JI
wygwDvkH; vDeif. ppfwrf;udk auseyfESpfoufpGm vufcHcJh=uonf?
2 ? ,m,Dtpdk;&. tusyftwnf; pwifvmjcif;/ abmf&SDApfygwD. {+yDuGefz&ifh ?
awmfvSefa&; qufvuf jzpfay:wdk;wufa&;twGuf abmf&SDApfrsm; jyifqifaepOf ,m,D
tpdk;&onf jynfolrsm;udk qef@usifonfhvkyfief;rsm; qufvufvkyfaqmifaeonf? {+yD 18
&uf ,m,Dtpd;k &. Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD; rDvsLaumhAu
f r[mrdwrf sm;od@k ta=umif;=um;&mwGif
jynfow
l &yfv;Hk jywfom;onfh atmify&JG onftxd urBmppfukd qufvufwu
kd &f ef qEN &Sad e+y;D
,m,Dtpd;k &taejzifh u|eaf wmfw@kd . r[mrdwrf sm;tay:xm;&So
d nfh uwd wm0ef 0wW&m;rsm;
tjynfht0 taumiftxnfay:a&;udk &nf&G,fygonf[k qdkxm;onf?
,m,Dtpd;k &onf Tod@k jzifh Zmbk&ifpmcsKyfrsm;tay: if;wd@k . opPmapmifo
h rd u
_ kd tmr
cH+yD; atmifyGJcH tqkH;owfr_ twGuf e,fcsJ@orm;rsm; vkdtyfoavmuf jynfolrsm;
aoG;ajrusa&;twGuf qufvufvkyfaqmif&ef uwdjyKcJhonf?
{+yD 19 &ufae@wGif Tpmwrf; (rDvsLaumhAf pmwrf;) udk tvkyform;ESifh ppfom;rsm;

od&o
dS mG ;=uonf? {+yD 20 &ufwiG f abmf&ADS pfygwAD [dak umfrwDonf vlxt
k m; ,m,Dtpd;k &.
e,fcsJ@ay:vpDudk qef@usifqENjy&ef qifhac:vdkufonf? 1917 {+yD 20 -21 (ar 3 - 4) &ufwiG f
rDvsLaumhApf mwrf;a=umifh a'goyl ek x
f aeaonfh wode;f xufravsmah om tvkyo
f rm;ESihf
ppfom;rsm;onf qENjyyGw
J iG f yg0ifvmonf? olw@kd u vsKd 0u
S pf mcsKyfrsm; today;/ppfyu
JG s
qkH;ygap/tm%mtm;vkH;qdkAD,ufudktyfqdkonfh auG;a=umfoHrsm; udkifpGJvm=uonf?
tvkyo
f rm;ESiv
hf ,form;rsm;onf +rdK@jyifrsm;rS ,m,Dtpd;k &H;k xdik o
f nfh +rdK@v,fo@kd csw
D ufvm
f yk pf rk sm;ESihf xdyw
f u
kd f
=uonf? eufzpuD; (the Nevsky) vkyif ef;XmeESihf ae&mtcsKd @wiG f "e&Sit
awG@r_rsm; jzpfay:vmcJhonf?
AdkvfcsKyfaumfeDavmhAf (Konilov) uJhodk@ ydkrdkajAmifusonfh wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;
rsm;u qENjyolrsm;udk aoewfESifhypf&ef awmif;qdk+yD; TuJhodk@vkyfaqmif&efyif trdef@xkwfcJh
onf? odk@aomf wyfzGJ@rsm;u trdef@udkremcHcJhacs?
qENjyyGJtwGif; yDxkd*&uf ygwDaumfrwDrS aumfrwD0iftenf;tyg; (buf'wf&J@Af
Bagdatyev ESihf tjcm;olrsm;) u ,m,Dtpd;k & csucf si;f jzKwfcs&ef awmif;qdo
k nfh auG;a=umf
oHudk xkwfjyefvdkufonf? abmf&SDApfygwD A[kdaumfrwDu Tvuf0JpGef@pm;a&;0g'Drsm;.
vkyaf qmifcsuu
f kd jywfjywfom;om; _wcf svu
kd +f y;D Tau;G a=umfoo
H nf tcsed rf wdik b
f J rSm;,Gi;f
aea=umif;/ qdAk ,
D ufrsm;wGif trsm;pk&vma&;udk }udK;yrf;aeonfh ygw.
D vkyaf qmif csurf sm;udk
taESmifht,SufjyKonfh auG;a=umfoHjzpfa=umif;ESifh ygwD. vrf;pOfjzpfonfh awmfvSefa&;udk
+idrf;csrf;pGm jzpfay:wdk;wufa&;qdkonfESifh rudkufnDa=umif;jzifh ,lqonf?
{+yD 20 -21 &uf tjzpftysufrsm;u ,m,Dtpdk;& tusyftwnf; pwifvmjcif;udk
azmfjyygonf?
TonfrSm rif&SDApfESifh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;. aphpyfa&;ay:vpDtwGif;
yxrqkH; jzpfvmonfh }uD;rm;onfh tufa=umif;jzpfonf?
1917 arv 2 &ufwGif vlxk. zdtm;a=umifh ,m,Dtpdk;&rS rDvsLaumhAfESifh *ghcsfaumhAf
wdk@udk xkwfypfvdkuf&onf?
yxrqkH; n$ef@aygif;,m,Dtpdk;&udk wnfaxmifvdkufonf? xdktxJwGif "e&Sifudk,fpm;
vS,rf sm;tjyif rif&ADS pf (pudb
k v
D ufAEf iS hf Zm&ufwvD Tsereteli) ESihf qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;
orm;rsm; (csmaemhAf Chernov/ u&ifpuDESifh wjcm;olrsm;) yg0ifonf?
Tod@k jzifh 1905 ckEpS u
f qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd &ufygwrD S ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; awmfveS af om ,m,D
tpkd;&wGif 0ifa&mufyg0ifcGifhrjyKEkdif[k a=unmcJhaom rif&SDApfrsm;onf ,cktcg if;wkd.
ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; wefjyefawmfvSefa&; ,m,Dtpdk;&wGifrl yg0ifcGifhjyKEdkifcJhayonf?
rif&ADS pfEiS hf qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;onf Tenf;jzifh wefjyefawmfveS af &;orm;
"e&Sifrsm;tkyfpkbufodk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;cJh=uonf?
1917 {+yDv 24 &ufwGif abmf&SDApfygwD. owWr ({+yD) uGefz&ifhudk usif;ycJhonf? ygwD

wnf&Sduwnf;u yxrqkH;t}udrftjzpf abmf&SDApfuGefz&ifhudk ajAmifusif;yjcif;jzpfonf?
ygwDordkif;wGif TuGefz&ifhonf ygwDuGef*&ufw&yfuJhodk@ wef;wlta&;}uD;ayonf?
kSm;jynfvkH;qdkif&m {+yDuGefz&ifhu ygwDonf t&Sdeft[kef}uD;pGmjzifh wdk;yGm;wdk;wufae
a=umif; jyovdkuf onf? uGefz&ifhwGif rJay;Edkifol udk,fpm;vS,f 133 OD;ESifh rJray;Edkifol 18
OD;wufa&mufco
hJ nf? olw@kd onf pnf;k;H zG@J pnf;xm;onfh ygw0D if 80000 udk ud,
k pf m; jyKonf?
uGezf &ifo
h nf tajccHjy\emrsm;jzpfaom ppfyEJG iS hf awmfveS af &;/ vuf&t
dS ajctae/ ppfy/JG
,m,Dtpdk;&/ qdkAD,ufrsm;/ ajr,mjy\em/ trsdK;om;a&;jy\em tp&Sdonfwdk@ tm;vkH;ESifh
ywfoufaom jy\emrsm;tay: ygwD.vrf;pOfudk aqG;aEG;a&;qGJcsrSwfcJh=uonf?
vDeifuol. tpD&ifcpH mwGif {+yDppfwrf;Y azmfjy+yD;jzpfaomrlrsm;udt
k us,cf s@J &Si;f vif;
cJhygonf? ygwD. wm0efrSm tm%mudk"e&Sifrsm;vufxJwGif tyfESHxm;onfh yxrtqifh
awmfvSefa&;udk ypPnf;rJhrsm;ESifh v,form;xkxJrSm tqif;&JqkH;tv$m vufwGif;odk@ tm%m
tyfEx
HS m;onfh 'kw,
d tqifh od@k ul;ajymif;a&;udk txajrmufap& rnf (vDeif)? ygwt
D aejzifh
av#mufvrS ;f oifo
h nfv
h rf;rSm qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;twGuf jyifqif&efjzpfonf? ygw.
D vwf
wavmwm0efudk tm%mtm;vkH; qdkAD,ufodk@ qdkonfh auG;a=umfoHwGif vDeifu azmfjy
vdkufonf?
tm%mtm;vkH; qdkAD,ufodk@qkdonfh auG;a=umfoHu qdkvdkonfrSm pif+ydKiftm%m
ESp&f yfjzpfaeonfh ,m,Dtpd;k &ESihf qdAk ,
D ufrsm;t=um; tm%mcGaJ 0ae&r_ukd tqk;H owfypf&ef/
tm%mwckv;Hk udk qdAk ,
D ufrsm;od@k v$aJ jymif;ay;&efEiS hf tpd;k &taqmufttkH tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS
ajr&SifESifh t&if;&Sif udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk armif;xkwfypf&ef vdktyfonf qdkjcif;yifjzpfonf?
,m,Dtpdk;&rSm if;.ob0t&yif ajr&SifESifh"e&Sifrsm;. tkyfpdk;r_ud&d,momjzpf
onf?qdkonfh trSefw&m;udk vlxktm; rarmryef;&Sif;jy&efESifh vlxktm; uwdpum;
trsKd ;rsKd ;jzifh vdrn
f mae+yD; e,fcs@J ppfyEJG iS hf wefjyefawmfveS af &;. xd;k ESucf surf sm;ESihf xdcu
kd f ap&ef
}udK;yrf;aeonfh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;ESifh rif&SDApfwkd@. aphpyfa&; ay:vpDonf rnfr#
tE W&m,f}uD;a=umif;jyo&efrSm ygwD. ta&;t}uD;qkH; vkyfief;wm0efw&yf jzpfa=umif;
uGefz&ifhu qkH;jzwfcJh onf?
uGefz&ifhwGif uJrDeufAfESifh kdifaumhAfwdk@u vDeifudkqef@usif twdkufcHjyKcJhonf? rif&SD
Apfrsm;. avoHtwdkif; olwdk@u k&Sm;onf qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf r&ifhrSnfhao;
a=umif;ESifh "e&SiforRwEdkifiHomv#if k&Sm;Y jzpfEdkifa=umif;wifjyonf? ygwDESifh tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;onf ,m,Dtpdk;& udk xdef;csKyf&ef om vkyfaqmif&ef olwdk@ uaxmuf
cH=uonf? trSefrSmrl olwdk@onf rif&SDApfrsm;uJhodk@yif t&if;&SifpepfESifh "e&Siftm%mudk
xdef;odrf;&ef &yfwnfcJhonf?
ZDEdkApfonfvnf; uGefz&ifhwGif vDeifudk twdkuftcHjyKcJhonf? abmf&SDApfygwDonf
Zifrm0Jvf r[mrdwf tzGJ@twGif;rSmyif qufvufwnf&Sdoifhovm;/ odk@r[kwf if;ESifhtquf
jzwf+yD; tifwmae&Sief ,fopfukd xlaxmifoifo

h vm;qdo
k nfh jyoemtay:wGijf zpfonf? ppfyJG
umvrsm;u jyocJhonfrSm TtzGJ@onf +idrf;csrf;a&;0g'jzef@csda&; vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmif
cJah omfvnf; ppfy.
JG "e&Siyf gwrD sm;ESihf wu,fwrf;jywfom;pGm cGx
J u
G jf cif;rjyKcJah cs? xd@k a=umifh
vDeifu xdktzGJ@rScsufcsif; E_wfxGuf+yD; uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,fopf xlaxmif&efwGef;
aqmfco
hJ nf? ZDEAkd pfu ygwo
D nf Zifrm0Jvrf [mrdwt
f zG@J twGi;f &Sad eoifo
h nf[k wifjyonf?
vDeifonf ZDEdkApf. wifjycsufudk tjyif;txef_wfcs+yD; if;. enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk ab;
tE W&m,f}uD;vSaom - tacsmiform;xdyfoD;[k ac:qdkvdkuf onf?
{+yDuGefz&ifhu ajr,mESifh trsdK;om;a&;jy\emrsm;udkvnf; aqG;aEG;cJhonf?
vDeifonf ajr,mjyoemtay: tpD&ifcHpmESifh qufpyf+yD; uGefz&ifhu ajr,mydkifqdkifr_
tm;vkH;udk odrf;,l+yD; v,form;aumfrwD pDrHcef@cGJr_atmufwGifxm;&Sd&efESifh v,f,majr
tm;vkH; EdkifiHawmfydkifjyKvkyf&ef qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfcJhonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;u v,form;rsm;udk
ajr,mtwGuf wdkufyGJ0if&ef v_H@aqmfcJh+yD;/ abmf&SDApfygwDonf wckwnf;aom awmfvSefa&;
ygwDjzpfa=umif;ESifh ajr&Sifrsm;udkjzKwfcs&ef v,form;rsm;tm; tppftrSefulnDaeonfh
wckwnf;aom ygwDjzpfa=umif;jyocJhonf?
tvGet
f a&;ygonfh udpw
P ckrmS &Jabmfpwmvif. trsKd ;om;a&;jy\emtay: tpD&if
cHpmjzpfonf? awmfvSefa&;rwdkifrDuyif e,fcsJ@ppfyGJt}udKumvu vDeifESifh pwmvifonf
trsdK;om;jy\emtay: abmf&SDApfygwD. ay:vpDtajccHrlrsm;udk tao;pdwf tus,fcsJ@aqG;
aEG;cJh=uonf? vDeifESifh pwmvifu e,fcsJ@pepfudkqef@usifonfh tzdESdyfcHjynfolrsm;.
trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; v_yf&Sm;r_udk ypPnf;rJhygwDu axmufcH&rnf[k a=unmcJhonf?
tusKd ;quftm; jzifh abmf&ADS pfygwo
D nf trsKd ;om;rsm;udk ud,
k yf ikd q
f ;Hk jzwfciG hf tcGiahf &;omru
cGJxGufcGifhESifh vGwfvyfaomEdkifiH xlaxmifcGifhrsm;txd&yfcHcJhonf? uGefz&ifhY A[dkaumfrwD
udk,fpm; &Jabmfpwmvifu ol. tpD&ifcHpmwGif umuG,fcJhaom tjrifjzpfonf?
vDeifESifh pwmvifudk ysmwmaumhAfu qef@usifcJhonf? ysmwmaumhAfonf blcg&if
(Bukharin)ESihf twl ppftwGi;f u trsKd ;om;a&;jy\emtay: trsKd ;om;a&SmAf if0g' &yfwnf
r_ukd vufccH o
hJ rl sm;jzpfonf? ysmwmaumhAf ESihf blcg&ifw@kd onf trsKd ;om;rsm; ud,
k yf ikd q
f ;Hk jzwf
cGifh tcGifhta&;udk qef@usifcJhonf?
trsdK;om;jy\emay: ygwD.}uHhcdkif+yD; ykHrSefusonfh taetxm;/ trsdK;om;rsm;
vkH;0wef;wla&;twGuf ygwD.wdkufyGJ0ifr_/ trsdK;om;zdESdyfa&;ESifh trsdK;om;rsm;t=um;
rnDrr#jzpfaeonfh omeftm;vHk; zsufodrf;a&;twGuf ygwD.wkdufyGJonf tzdESdyfcHtrsKd;
om;rsm;. ygwDtay:pmemr_ESifh axmufcHr_udk&&SdapcJhonf?
{+yDueG zf &ifu
h vufct
H wnfjyKcJo
h nfh trsKd ;om;a&;jy\emtay: qk;H jzwfcsut
f jynfh
tpkHrSm oufO;D qHyikd Ef iS hf bk&ifpepfrS tarGqufco
H nfh trsKd ;om;zdEydS af &; ay:vpDukd "e&Sirf sm;/
t&if;&Sirf sm;ESihf "e&Siaf ygupf rsm;onf if;wd@k vw
l ef;pm;tcGix
hf ;l rsm;udk umuG,&f efEiS hf trsKd ;
om;trsdK;rsdK; tvkyform;rsm;t=um; rnDrnGwfjzpfap&ef axmufcHcJh=uonf? tiftm;

csnfheJ@onfh vlrsdK;rsm;udk vufatmufcHjyKvkyf&ef }udK;yrf;vmonfh acwfopfe,fcsJ@pepfonf
trsdK;om;zdESdyfa&;udk jyif;xefvmaponfh tcsufopfw&yfjzpfonf?
t&if;&Sit
f zG@J tpnf;wGif trsKd ;om;a&;zdEydS rf r_ sm;udk vk;H 0zsuo
f rd ;f a&;udk &&SEd ikd o
f nfqkd
onfrmS vnf; vlrsKd ;tm;vk;H ESihf bmompum;tm;vk;H twGuf tjynft
h 0wef;wla&;udk tmrcH
onfEh ikd if aH wmftyk cf sKyfrp_ epfEiS hf ykrH eS u
f saom 'Dru
kd a&pDorRwEdik if pH epfwiG o
f m jzpfEikd af jc&Sd onf?
k&mS ;tpdwt
f ydik ;f rsm;jzpfonfh vlrsKd ;tm;vk;H vGwv
f yfpmG cGx
J u
G +f yD; vGwv
f yfaomEdik if H
xlaxmifcGifhudk todtrSwfjyK&rnf? TtcGifhta&;udk jiif;qdkjcif;/ odk@r[kwf if;udkvufawG@
taumiftxnfazmfa&;twGuf tmrcHonfh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk vkyfaqmif&ef ysufuGuf
jcif;onf e,fajrrsm;udk wd;k cs@J ord ;f ydu
k jf cif; ay:vpDukd axmufco
H nfEiS hf wlnaD yonf? ypPn;f rJh
rsm;. trsdK;om;rsm;cGJxGufcGifhudk todtrSwfjyKjcif;uomv#if trsdK;om;toD;oD; tvkyfo
rm;rsm;t=um; vkH;0aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;udk tmrcHEdkif+yD; trsdK;om;rsm;udk ppfrSefonfh
'Drdkua&pDvrf;pOftay: eD;uyfpGm yl;aygif;vma&;udk ulnDay;Edkifrnfjzpfonf?
trsKd ;om;rsm; vGwv
f yfpmG cJx
G u
G cf iG u
hf kd vlrsKd ;wrsKd ;/ tcsed u
f mvwckrS oifah wmfovdck JG
xGuo
f mG ;jcif;rsKd ;ESihf ra&maxG;oifyh g? ypPn;f rJyh gwo
D nf vlrw
_ ;kd wufjzpfay:a&; tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk
wckvkH;twGufa&m qdk&S,fvpfpepftwGuf ypPnf;rJhrsm;. vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ tusdK;pD;yGm;
twGufyg &yfwnf+yD; oD;jcm;udpPwdkif;tay: vGwfvyfpGmqkH;jzwf&rnf?
us,fjyef@onfh a'oudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;/ txufrS}uD;=uyftkyfcsKyfr_udk zsufodrf;a&;/
roifrae& EdkifiHawmfbmomudkzsufodrf;a&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_tajcae/ vlOD;a&tvdkuf
yg0ifoifhonfh taetxm;t& tp&Sdonfwdk@ESifhtnD a'ocHvlxkrsm;. udk,fydkifcef@cGJ
tkyfcsKyfaom a'orsm;. e,fedrdwfrsm;udk qkH;jzwfcGifhrsm;tm; ygwDuawmif;qdk onf?
ypPn;f rJrh sm;.ygwD onf ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m trsKd ;om;ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG hf (Cultural
-national Autonomy) qdkonfudk jywfjywfom;om;qef@usifonf? xdkpepfwGif ynma&;
tp&Sdonfwdk@onf EdkifiHawmf. tkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif r[kwfbJ/ trsdK;om;vGwfawmf trsdK;
tpm;atmufwiG f xm;&So
d nf? ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m trsKd ;om;ud,
k yf ikd f tkycf sKyfciG o
hf nf a'owck
twGi;f wGiaf exdik o
f nfh tvkyo
f rm;rsm;ESihf pufrv
_ yk if ef;wckwnf;wGif tvkyv
f yk af e=uonfh
tvkyform;rsm;t=um;rSmyif if;wdk@. trsdK;om;,Ofaus;r_trsdK;rsdK;ESifhtnD wrifouf
ouf cGJjcm;ypfonf? wenf;ajym&v#if if;onf tvkyform;rsm;ESifh vlrsdK;wOD;csif;tvdkuf
"e&Sif,Ofaus;r_t=um; qufpyfr_udk cdkifrmawmifhwif;jcif; omjzpf+yD; qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;.
&nf&G,fcsufrSmrl urBmhypPnf;rJhrsm;. EdkifiHwum,Ofaus;r_ jzpfay:wdk;wuf&efjzpfonf?
rnfonfhtrsdK;om;rqdk &&SdcHpm;aeonfh tcGifhxl;rsm;tm;vkH;ESifh trsdK;om;vlenf;pk
rsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk azmufzsufaer_rsm; tm;vHk;ukdzsufodrf;onfh tajccHOya'rsm;udk
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHOya'wGif xnfhoGif;&rnf[k ygwDu awmif;qdkonf?
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. tusdK;pD;yGm;u k&Sm;vlrsdK;aygif;pHk tvkyform;rsm;onf

wlnDonfh ypPnf;rJhtpnf;tHk;rsm;jzpfaom EdkifiHa&;/ tvkyform;or*~/ or0g,r.
ynma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; pojzifh &Sd&efawmif;qdkonf? vlrsdK;toD;oD; tvkyform;rsm;.
TuJhodk@aom bkHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uom ypPnf;rJhrsm;udk EdkifiHwumht&if;tESD;ESifh "e&Sif
trsdK;om;a&;0g'tay: atmifyGJcHEdkifayrnf?((C.P.S.U(B) . qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;/ k&Sm;bmom
tydkif;(1) pmrsufESm 239/ 240)
Tenf;jzifh {+yDueG zf &ifu

h uJreD ufA/f ZDEAdk pf/ ysmwmaumhA/f blcg&if/ kid af umhAEf iS hf olw@kd .
aemufvdkuftenf;i,fwdk@. vDeifqef@usifonfh tacsmiform;&yfwnfcsufrsm;udk azmfxkwf
vdkufonf?
uGefz&ifhonf ta&;}uD; jy\emtm;vkH;tay: wdusjywfom;pGm &yfwnfum qdk&S,f
vpfatmifyGJodk@ a&S;_onfhvrf;a=umif;udk vufcHvdkufjcif;jzifh vDeifudk wnDwnGwfwnf;
axmufcHvdkuf=uonf?
3? +rdK@awmfwiG f abmf&ADS pfygw.
D atmifyrJG sm;/ ,m,Dtpd;k &wyfrawmfrsm;. ratmifjrifaom
xdk;ppfrsm;/ tvkyform;/ ppfom;rsm;. ZlvdkifqENjyyGJudk zdESdyfjzif;?
{+yDuGefz&ifhqkH;jzwfcsufrsm; tajccHay:wGifygwDonf vlxktm; pnf;Hk;odrf;oGif;+yD;
wdu
k yf t
JG wGuf avhusihf jyifqifpnf;H;k &ef v_y&f mS ;r_vyk af qmifcsurf sm;udk tus,t
f jyef@ tjyif;
txef }uKd ;pm;cJ=h uonf? xdu
k mvu ygw.
D vrf;pOfrmS abmf&ADS pfygw.
D ay:vpDrsm;udk pdw&f n
S f
vuf&n
S &f iS ;f jy+yD; rif&ADS pfEiS hf qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;. aphpyfa&;ay:vpDukd azmfxw
k f
zGichf sjcif;jzifh xdyk gwrD sm;udk vlxEk iS hf uif;uGmapum qdAk ,
D ufrsm;wGif trsm;pk&&S&d ef jzpfayonf?
abmf&SDApfrsm;onf qdkAD,uftwGif; vkyfief;rsm;tjyif tvkyform;or*~rsm;ESifh pufHk
aumfrwDrsm;wGif v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk tus,ftjyef@vkyfaqmifae=uonf?
txl;ojzifh tus,ftjyef@ vkyfaqmifaeonfhvkyfief;rSm wyfrawmfwGif;rS abmf&SDApf
rsm;. vkyif ef;jzpfonf? ppfwyfwiG ;f tzG@J tpnf;rsm; ae&mwumwGif pwifay:ayguv
f m onf?
abmf&SDApfrsm;onf a&S@wef;wGifa&m aemufwef;wGifyg ppfom;rsm;ESifh a&wyfom;rsm;udk
pnf;Hk;Edkif&ef rarmryef;vkyfaqmif=uonf? a&S@wef;&Sd ppfom;rsm;tm; wufuGonfh awmf
vSefa&;orm;rsm; jzpfvmatmifvkyfaqmif&mwGif abmf&SDApfowif;pm uwkwfwGif;rS trSef
w&m; (Okopnaya Pravda) onf txl;ta&;}uD;aom tcef;rSyg0ifcJhonf?
abmf&SDApfwdk@. 0g'jzef@csdr_ESifh v_H@aqmfr_wdk@a=umifh awmfvSefa&;. tapmydkif;umvrsm;
twGi;f rSmyif +rdK@}uD; trsm;tjym;rS tvkyo
f rm;rsm;onf qdAk ,
D ufrsm;/ txl;ojzifh ckid q
f Akd D
,ufrsm;twGuf a&$;aumufyGJopfrsm;jyKvkyfum rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;o
rm;rsm;udk armif;xkwfvdkuf+yD; olwdk@ae&mwGif abmf&SDApfygwD0ifrsm;udk a&G;cs,fwifajrmuf
vdu
k =f uonf?
abmf&ADS pfrsm;. vkyif ef;rsm;onf xl;jcm;ajymifajrmufonfh tusKd ;rsm;udk &&Sv

d mcJo
h nf?
TtcsufrSm yDxkd*&ufwGif xifSm;cJhonf?
yDxkd*&uf pufHkaumfrwD. uGefz&ifhudk 1917 arv 30 &ufrS ZGefv 3 &ufae@txd
usif;ycJhonf? T uGefz&ifhwGif udk,fpm;vS,f av;yHkoHk;yHkonf abmf&SDApfrsm;ukdaxmufcH+yD;
jzpfonf? yDxk*d &uf ypPn;f rJw
h &yfv;kH eD;yg; abmf&ADS pfauG;a=umfoH tm%mtm;vH;k qkAd ,
D uf
okd qko
d nfudk axmufccH =hJ uonf?
1917 ZGef 3 (16) wGif yxrt}udrf k&mS ;jynfv;kH qkid &f m qdAk ,
D ufrsm;. uGe*f &ufpwifchJ
onf? abmf&SDApfrsm;onf qkdAD,ufxJwGif tenf;pk jzpf+rJjzpfaeao;onf? TuGef*&ufwGif
olwdk@onf udk,fpm;vS,f 100 ausmfav;yif&Sdum rif&SDApf/ qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;ESifh
tjcm;olrsm; pkpkaygif;rSm 700 - 800 cef@&Sdaeayonf?
yxruGef*&ufwGif abmf&SDApfrsm;u "e&Sifrsm;ESifh aphpyfr_.tE W&m,f}uD;vSaom
tusdK;qufrsm;udk zdajym+yD; ppfyGJ.e,fcsJ@vuQ%mudkzGifhcsonf? vDeifonf uGef*&ufwGifrdef@
cGef; ajym=um;+yD; abmf&SDApfvrf;pOf. rSefuefr_udkjyoum qdkAD,ufrsm;. tpdk;&uomv#if
tvkyo
f rm;vlxu
k kd aygirf ek @f ay;Edik af =umif;/ v,form;udk ajr,may;Edik af =umif;/ +idr;f csr;f a&;udk
umuG,f+yD; wdkif;jynfudk 0kef;okef;um;jzpfr_rS u,fwifEdkifa=umif; a=unmvdkufonf?
qENjyyG}J uD;w&yfusi;f y+yD; qdAk ,
D ufueG *f &ufo@kd awmif;qdck surf sm;udk wifjy&eftwGuf
xdt
k csed u
f yDxk*d &uf tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm; &yfuu
G cf kid rf sm;wGif vlxw
k &m;yGrJ sm; usi;f ycJh
onf? yDxk*d &uf qdAk ,
D uf. tvkyt
f r_aqmif aumfrwDonf if;wd@k . cGijhf yKcsurf &Sb
d J tvkyf
orm;rsm; qENjyr_udk umuG,f&efwa=umif;/ vlxk. awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwfudk rdrdwdk@ tusdK;
twGuf tok;H jyK&efwa=umif; ZGef 18 (Zlvikd f 1) wGif qENjyyGjJ yKvky&f ef qk;H jzwfco
hJ nf? rif&ADS pfEiS hf
qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;u TqENjyyGJudk abmf&SDApfqef@usifonfh auG;a=umfoHrsm;
xGuaf y:vmvdrrhf nf[k ar#mv
f ifch =hJ uonf? abmf&ADS pfrsm;u TqENjyyGJ twGuf wufwufuG uG
jyifqifcJh=uonf? y&mA'gwGif &Jabmfpwmvifu a&;cJhonfrSm ZGef 18 &uf yDxkd*&uf
wGif usi;f yrnfq
h ENjyyGo
J nf u|eaf wmfw@kd . awmfveS af &;auG;a=umforH sm;atmufwiG f usi;f y
jcif;jzpfatmifvkyfa&;rSm u|efawmfwdk@.wm0efjzpfayonf?
1917 ZGefv 18 &ufae@wGif qENjyyGJudk awmfvSefa&;. tmZmenf ol&Jaumif;rsm;.
*lab;wGifusif;ycJhonf? TqENjyyGJonf abmf&SDApfygwD tiftm;rsm;. wu,fppfrSefaom
jrifuiG ;f jzpfa=umif; jyovdu
k o
f nf? TyGu
J vlx.
k wd;k wufvmonfh awmfveS af &;pdw"f mwfEiS hf
abmf&SDApfygwDtay: olwdk@.}uD;xGm;vmonfh ,kH=unfr_udk azmfjyvdkufonf? ,m,Dtpdk;&
tay: ,kH=unf&efESifh ppfyGJudk qufvufwdkuf&efqifhac:onfh rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh qdk&S,fvpfawmf
vSefa&;orm;rsm;. auG;a=umfoHrsm;onf abmf&SDApf auG;a=umfoHyifv,fjyifwGif epfjrKyf
aysmufqkH;oGm;onf? qENjyorm; 4 odef;onf ppfyGJusqkH;ygap/ t&if;&Sif0ef}uD; 10 OD;
usq;Hk ygap!/ tm%mtm;vk;H qdAk ,
D ufo@kd qdo
k nfh auG;a=umforH sm;ESihf tvHrsm;udk udik pf JG
xm;=uonf?
TonfrSm wdkif;jynf. +rdK@awmfwGif rif&SDApfESifhqdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; vkH;0

t_H;}uD;_H;&aomyGJ/ ,m,Dtpdk;&. t_H;}uD;jzpfayonf?
odk@aomf ,m,Dtpdk;&onf yxrqdkAD,ufuGef*&uf. axmufcHr_udk&&Sdvkduf+yD; e,f
csJ@ay:vpDudk qufvufvkyfaqmif&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf? ZGef 18 &uf xdkae@rSmyif ,m,D
tpdk;&onf +Adwdo#ESifh jyifopfe,fcsJ@orm;rsm;. tvkdqENrsm;udkemcHum/ xdk;ppfqif&ef
ppfom;rsm;udk a&S@wef;odk@armif;ydk@vdkufonf? "e&Sifrsm;u awmfvSefa&;udk tqkH;owfypf&ef
twGuf Tenf;wckom&Sdonf[k ,lq=uonf? xdk;ppfatmifyGJ&ygu tm%mwckvkH;udk
rdrdvuf0,f&,lvdkuf+yD; qdkAD,ufrsm;udk armif;xkwfypfvdkufum abmf&SDApfrsm;udkacsr_ef;&ef
"e&Sifrsm;u ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf? ppfyGJwGif _H;edrfhyguvnf; tjypf[lor# abmf&SDApfrsm;tay:
ykHcs+yD; wyfrawmfudk +zdKcGJaeonf[k olwdk@tm;pGyfpGJ&efjzpfonf?
xd;k ppf;H_ edrrhf nfrmS oHo,&Spd &mrvdyk g? wu,fvnf; H;_ edro
hf mG ;ygonf? ppfom;rsm;rSm
yifyef;EGrf;e,fae+yD; xdk;ppf. &nf&G,fcsufudk olwdk@em;rvnfbJ olwdk@tay: &efvdkt+idK;xm;
onfh t&m&Srd sm;tay:rSmvnf; ,k=H unfrr_ &Sb
d J vufeuftajrmufqefrsm; &Sm;yg;csKd @wahJ e onf?
Tt&mtm;vkH;u xkd;ppf_H;edrfhr_udk wif}udKwGufqxm;csuftwdkif; jzpfapvdkufonf?
a&S@wef;rS xdk;ppfowif;rsm;ESifh H_;edrfhr_owif;rsm;onf +rdK@awmfudk udkifv_yfvdkufonf?
tvkyform;ESifh ppfom;rsm;. rkef;wD;&GH&Smr_rSm tuef@towfr&Sdawmhacs? ,m,Dtpdk;&u
+idrf;csrf;a&;ay:vpD auG;a=umfonfrSm vlxkudkvdrfnm&efomjzpfa=umif;ESifh olwdk@rSme,fcsJ@
ppfyGJudk qufvufqifEGJaejcif;jzpfa=umif; &Sif;vif;oGm;ygonf? qdkAD,ufrsm;. &k&Sm;jynfvkH;
qdik &f m A[dt
k vkyt
f r_aqmifaumfrwDEiS hf yDxk*d &uf qdAk ,
D ufonf ,m,Dtpd;k &. &mZ0wf
r_rsm;udk ppfaq;csKyfudkif vkyfcsifpdwfvnf;r&Sd/ vkyfvnf;rvkyfEdkifbJ olwdk@aemufvdkufomjzpf
aea=umif; xif&Sm;apvdkufonf?
yDxkd*&uf tvkyform; ppfom;rsm;. awmfvSefa&;a'gorsm; qlyGufvmay+yD? Zlvdkif
3(16) wGif yDxk*d &uf ADabmhAf (Vyborg) &yfuu
G w
f iG f qENjyyGrJ sm; tvdt
k avsmuf ay:ayguf
vmonf? wae@vkH; qifEGJ=uonf? wuGJwjym; qENjyyGJrsm;rS }uD;rm;vSaom taxGaxG
vufeufuikd q
f ENjyyG}J uD;tjzpf }uD;xGm;vm+yD; qdAk ,
D ufrsm;od@k tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;&ef awmif;
qdk=uonf? abmf&SDApfygwDu xdktcsdefwGif vufeufudkif&efudk qef@usifonf? tb,fa=umifh
qdak omf awmfveS af &;t&Sed o
f nf r&ifrh n
S ahf o;bJ/ wyfEiS f jh ynfe,frsm;onf +rdK@awmfyek u
f efru
_ kd
axmufcH&ef rjyifqif&ao;bJ awmfvSefa&;.wyfOD;udk wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;u
ESdrfESif;ypf&ef vG,fulapvdrfhrnf[k ,lqaoma=umifhjzpfonf? odk@aomfvlxkudk rwm;qD;Edkif
awmha=umif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; jrifawG@vdkuf&+yD;aemuf ygwDonf qEN jyyGJrsm;/ +idrf;csrf;pGmESifh
pnf;Hk;r_&SdpGm jzpfay:ap&eftwGuf qENjyyGJrsm;wGif yg0if&efqkH;jzwfvdkufonf? abmf&SDApfygwD
onfT wm0efuakd tmifjrifpmG xrf;aqmifco
hJ nf? trsKd ;om;/ trsKd ;orD; taxmifaomif;wd@k
onf yDxkd*&uf qdkAD,ufESifhqdkAD,ufrsm;. k&Sm;jynfvkH;qdkif&m A[dktvkyftr_aqmif
aumfrwD. XmecsKyfrsm;od@k csw

D uf=u+yD; qdAk ,
D ufrsm;tm; rdrw
d @kd vufxJ tm%mrsm; &,l&ef/
e,fcsJ@"e&Sifrsm;ESifh vrf;cGJ+yD; wufuGaom+idrf;csrf;a&; ay:vpDusifhokH;&ef awmif;qdk=uonf?
at;csr;f pGmqENjyr_ukd yrmrxm;bJ ESrd ef if;&eftwGuf azmufjyefa&;wyfz@JG rsm;/ t&m&SEd iS hf
u'ufwyfz@JG w@kd ukd xkwo
f ;Hk vm=uonf? yDxk*d &uf vrf;rrsm;wGif tvkyo
f rm;/ ppfom; rsm;.
aoG;acsmif;pD;oGm;onf? rodem;rvnfq;Hk ESihf tazmufjyefq;Hk wyfrsm;udak &S@wef;rS jyefac:,l+yD;
tvkyform;rsm;udk zdESdyfaponf?
tvkyo
f rm;/ ppfom;rsm;. qENjyyGu
J kd zdEydS +f yD;aemuf rif&ADS pfEiS hf qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;
orm;rsm;onf "e&SifESifh wyfjzLAdkvfcsKyfrsm;udk r[mrdwfzGJ@um abmf&SDApfygwDtay: zdESdyfvm
onf? y&mA'gt0ef;t0dkif;rsm; zsufqD;cH&onf? y&mA'g/ qdkvf'gpum,my&m
A'g(ppfom;rsm;. trSefw&m;)ESifh tjcm; abmf&SDApfowif;pmrsm; zdESdyfcH&onf? AdkiftdkaemhAf
(Voinov)qdkol tvkyform;wOD;rSm y&mA'gowif;pOf (Pravda Bulletin) udka&mif;cs
ae&kHjzifhyif vrf;ay: Y u'ufrsm;. owfjzwfjcif;udkcHvkduf&onf? wyfeDrsm;udk vufeuf
pjzKwfvmonf? yDxkd*&uf +rdK@apmifhwyfrS awmfvSefa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;udk +rdK@awmfrS kyfodrf;+yD;
ppfwef;vsm;rsm;od@k jyefapcJo
h nf? a&S@wef;a&m aemufwef;yg zrf;qD;r_rsm;jyKvkyv
f monf? Zlvikd f
7 &ufwGif vDeiftm;zrf;qD;&ef 0&rf;xkwfjyefvdkufonf? xifSm;onfh abmf&SDApfygwD 0ifrsm;
tzrf;cH&onf? abmf&SDApfpmapmifrsm;/ ykHESdyfxkwfa0&m x&m'fhykHESdyfpufzsufqD;cH&onf?
yDxkd*&ufw&m;&kH;rS wm0ef&Sdolrsm;u vDeifESifh wjcm; abmf&SDApftcsdK@udk EdkifiHawmf opPm
azmufr_ESifh vufeufudkifykefuef&ef pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfr_wdk@jzifh w&m;pGJqdka=umif; a=unmvdkuf
onf? AdkvfcsKyf'ifeDuif (Denikin) . XmecsKyfwGif vDeifudk tr_qif+yD; olv#dKrsm;/ twGif;
olv#dKrsm;. oufaocHcsufrsm;tay:tajccHonf?
Tenf;jzifh rif&SDApfESifh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;xJrS acgif;aqmifudk,fpm;
vS,rf sm;jzpfaom Zm&ufwvD/ pudb
k v
D ufA/f u&ifpuDEiS hf csmaemhAyf g0ifaom ,m,DneG @f aygi;f
tpd;k &onf e,fcs@J pepfEiS hf wefjyefawmfveS af &; EGw
H iG ;f epfjrKyfomG ;=uonf? +idr;f csr;f a&;ay:vpD
tpm;/ ppfyGJqufvufqifEGJa&; ay:vpDudk vufcHusifhokH;cJhonf? jynfolrsm;. 'Drdkua&pD
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,f&rnfhtpm; TtcGifhta&;rsm;udk zsufodrf;+yD; tvkyform;ESifh
ppfom;rsm;udk vufeufESifhzdESdyfa&;ay:vpDudk usifhokH;cJhonf?
"e&Sifrsm;. udk,fpm;vS,f *ghcsfaumhAfESifh rDvsLaumhAfwdk@ vkyfaqmif&ef csDwkHcswkHjzpfcJh&
onfh vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;udk qd&k ,
S v
f pfrsm;jzpf=uaom u&ifpuDEiS hf Zm&ufwvD/ csmaemhAf
ESifh pudkbDvufAfwdk@u vkyfaqmifcJhayonf?
pif+ydKif tm%mESpf&yf. tm;+ydKifyGJum; tqkH;owfcJhay+yD?
,m,Dtpdk;&vufwGif;odk@ tm%mtm;vkH; usa&mufoGm;+yD;/ qdkAD,ufrsm;rSm if;.
qd&k ,
S v
f pf awmfveS af &;orm;ESihf rif&ADS pfacgi;f aqmifrsm;ESit
hf wl ,m,Dtpd;k &. tpG,t
f yGm;
r#omjzpfoGm;um "e&Sifrsm;u tom&oGm;jcif;jzifh tqkH;owfoGm;ayonf?
awmfvSefa&;. +idrf;csrf;aomumv tqkH;owfoGm;+yD;? tpDtpOfae&mwGif ,cktcg

vSHpGyfrsm; a&muf&Sdvmav+yD?
ajymif;vJomG ;aom tajctaersm;t& abmf&ADS pfygwo
D nf if;. enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk
ajymif;vJ&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf? ygwDonf ajratmufv#dK;oGm;+yD; rdrd. acgif;aqmif vDeif
twGuf vkH+cKHpdwfcs&aom ykef;atmif;&ef ae&mudk &SmazGum "e&Sifrsm;. tm%mudk t=urf;
zuf+zdKcs+yD; qdAk ,
D uftm%mxlaxmif&ef &nf&,
G cf sujf zifh ykeu
f ef&ef pwifjyifqifvyk af qmifyg
awmhonf?
4? abmf&SDApfygwDu vufeufudkifykefuefr_ jyifqifonfh vrf;pOfudk vufcHjcif;? qrt}udrf
ygwDuGef*&uf?
abmf&SDApfygwD. qrt}udrfuGef*&ufudk yDxkd*&ufY "e&SifESifh "e&Sifaygufp owif;
pmrsm;u abmf&SDApfrsm;tm; tl;trl; wdkufcdkufaeonfhtv,fwGif usif;ycJh=uonf?
yOPrt}udraf jrmuf (vef'ef) uGezf &ift
h +yD; q,fEpS t
f =umESihf abmf&ADS pfrsm;. ya&mh*u
f eG zf &ifh
t+yD; ig;ESpft=umwGif usif;ycJhjcif;jzpfonf? v#Kd0SufpGm usif;ycJhonfh uGef*&ufudk 1917 ck
Zlvdkif26 rS =o*kwf 3 &ufae@txd usif;ycJhonf? owif;pmxJwGif tcrf;tem; zGifhvSpfonfh
a=unmcsufomyg&Sd+yD; tpnf;ta0;ae&mudk razmfxkwfacs? yxrusif;yonfhae&mrSm
rdkifaAgh'f&yfuGufwGifjzpf+yD; aemufydkif;wGif ,ck ,Ofaus;r_eef;awmfae&mjzpfonfh emAm;rkwf
wHcg;teD;rS ausmif;wausmif;wGif jyKvkyfcJhonf? "e&Sifowif;pmrsm;u udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ukd
zrf;qD;&ef awmif;qdk=uonf? pkHaxmufrsm;onf tpnf;ta0;usif;y&mae&mudk &SmazGawG@
&SdEdkif&ef w+rdK@vkH;udk aoG;l;aoG;wef; ydkufpdwfwdkuf&SmazGaomfvnf; tcsnf;tESD;yifwnf;?
Todk@jzifh Zmbk&ifudkjzKwfcs+yD; ig;vt=umwGif abmf&SDApfrsm;rSm v#dK@0SufIom awG@qkH
Edkif=u&+yD; ypPnf;rJhygwD.acgif;aqmif vDeifrSmvnf; rv$Jra&Smifom ykef;atmif;ae&mu
&mZfvpfblwmHkteD; wJpkwfwckwGif cdkatmif;ae&onf?
ol@udk ,m,Dtpdk;&. pkHaxmufrsm;u tjyif;txefvdkufvH &SmazGaeojzifh uGef*&uf
odk@ rwufa&mufEdkifacs? odk@aomf ykef;atmif;ae&mrS ol. vkyfief;rsm;udk yDxkd*&uf&Sd &if;ESD;
aom vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;ESifh wynfhom0ursm; jzpf=uaom pwmvif/ qAm;'favhmAf/
rdkvdkawmhAf/ atmf*sdKeDupfZDwdk@rSwqifh vrf;nefcJhonf?
uGef*&ufodk@ rJay;Edkifol udk,fpm;vS,f 157 OD;ESifh rJray;Edkifaom udk,fpm;vS,f 128
OD;wufa&mufonf? xdktcsdefu ygwD0if 240000 eD;yg;r#&Sdonf? tvkyform;qENjyyGJrsm;
r+zKd cGcJ if Zlvikd f 3 &ufae@ abmf&ADS pfrsm; w&m;0ifaexdik v
f yk af qmifaepOfrmS yif ygwo
D nf pmapmif
41 apmif xkwfa0ae+yD; 29 apmifonf k&Sm;bmomESifh jzpfum 12 apmifrSm tjcm;
bmomESifjhzpfonf?
abmf&SDApfrsm;ESifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;rsm; zdESdyfnOf;yef; ESdyfpufcH&onfh Zlvdkif&uf

rsm;twGif; ygwD. =oZmonf usqif;oGm;zdk@a0;qG/ ydkIyif awmufajymifvmcJhygonf?
tvkyform;ESifh ppfom;rsm;onf rif&SDApfESifh qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;udk pufqkyf&GH
&SmpGm qdk&S,fvpfaxmifrSL;rsm;[k trnfowfrSwfay;+yD; if;wdk@xHrS tpkvdkuf t+yKHvdkuf
xGucf mG vm=uonfh ra&rwGuEf ikd o
f nfh tjzpftysurf sm;udk jynfe,frsm;rS ud,
k pf m;vS,f rsm;u
ajymjy=uonf ? rif & S D A pf E S i f h qd k & S , f v pf a wmf v S e f a &;orm; ygwD 0 if t vk y f o rm;ES i f h
ppfom;rsm;onf a'goxGufjcif; rkef;wD;&GH&Smr_ESifhtwl if;wdk@. ygwD0ifu'fjym;rsm;udk qkwf+zJ
ypf+yD; abmf&SDApfygwDodk@ 0ifcGifhavsmufv$mwif=uonf?
uGe*f &ufY aqG;aEG;aom t"duta=umif;t&mrsm;rSm A[dak umfrwD. Edik if aH &;tpD&if
cHpmESihf Edik if aH &;tajctae jzpfonf? &Jabmfpwmvifonf Tjy\emESpcf v
k ;Hk tay: tpD&ifcH
onf? "e&Sifrsm;u zdESdyf&ef tpGrf;ukef}udK;pm;aeonfh=um;rS awmfvSefa&;onf rnfuJhodk@
}uD;xGm; jzpfay:wd;k wufaeonfukd olu t&Si;f vif;qk;H ajym=um; oGm;onf? xkwv
f yk af &;ESihf
txGufypPnf;rsm; jzef@a0a&;wGif tvkyform;rsm; xdef;csKyf-csKyfudkifr_udkxlaxmif&ef v,fo
rm;rsm;udk ajra0iSay;&efESifh "e&Sifrsm;xHrS tm%mudk tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh qif;&Jv,f
orm;rsm;vufodk@ v$Jajymif;&ef awmfvSefa&;onf OD;aqmifvkyfudkifae+yDjzpfa=umif; olu
axmufjycJhonf? oluawmfvSefa&;onf qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;vuQ%m aqmifvm+yD
jzpfa=umif;ajym=um;ygonf?
wdik ;f jynftwGi;f &Sd Edik if aH &;tajctaerSm Zlvikd af e@&ufrsm;aemufyikd ;f jyif;xefjywf om;pGm
ajymif ; vJ o G m ;cJ h o nf ? pif + yd K if t m%mES p f & yf jzpf a er_ o nf tqk H ; owf o G m ;cJ h + yD ?
qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh rif&SDApfrsm; OD;aqmifonfh qdkAD,ufrsm;onf tm%m
tjynfht0 &,l&ef jiif;qdkaoma=umifh tm%mtm;vkH;qkH;H_;oGm;onf? ,ck tm%mudk
"e&Si,
f m,Dtpd;k &u pkpnf;xde;f csKyfxm;vdu
k +f yD; awmfveS af &;ukd vufeufjzKwf&efEiS hf abmf&DS
ApfygwDESifh if;.tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ukd acsr_ef;zsufqD;&ef qufvuf}udK;pm;vmonf? awmfvSef
a&; +idr;f csr;f pGm jzpfay:wd;k wuf&ef jzpfEikd cf sut
f m;vk;H aysmufq;Hk oGm;ay+yD? wckomuseaf wmh+yD;
Tonfudk &Jabmfpwmvifu ,m,Dtpdk;&tm; jzKwfcs+yD; tm%mudk t=urf;zuf&,l&ef
omjzpfonf[k trnfwyfajym=um;cJhonf? xdk@tjyif ypPnf;rJhrsm;omv#if qif;&Jv,form;
rsm;ESifh r[mrdwfzGJ@+yD; tm%mudk t=urf;zuf&,lEdkifonf[k ajymcJhonf?
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;orm;rsm; xde;f csKyfxm;qJjzpfonfh qdAk ,
D ufrsm;onf
"e&Sifrsm;buf a&mufoGm;+yD; wnf&Sdaeonfh tajctaersm;atmufwGif ,m,Dtpdk;&.
tpG,t
f yGm;wck tjzpfomv#if vkyaf qmif&efjzpfawmhonf? Zlvikd af e@rsm; aemufyikd ;f ,cktcg
wGif tm%mtm;vkH; qdkAD,ufodk@qdkonfhauG;a=umfoHudk kyfodrf;&rnf[k &Jabmf
pwmvifu qdkvdkufonf? odk@aomf TauG;a=umfoHudk ,m,Dkyfodrf;jcif;onf rnfonfh
enf;ESirhf # qdAk ,
D uftm%mtwGuf wdu
k yf u
JG kd pGe@f vw
G o
f nfh t"dym` ,froufa&mufay? awmf
vSefa&;wdkufyGJ. ,E W&m;tjzpf a,bk,s qdkAD,ufrsm;udk jy\emwufaeonf r[kwfbJ
wnf&Sdaeonfh qdkAD,ufrsm;/ rif&SDApfESifh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; jc,fvS,faeonfh

qdkAD,ufrsm;udkomqdkvkdjcif; jzpfonf?
&Jabmfpwmvifu awmfvSefa&;. +idrf;csrf;aomumv +yD;qkH;cJh+yD? xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkif
awG@rr_ sm;ESihf ayguu
f rJG r_ sm;umv/ r+idr;f csr;f aomumv pwifc+hJ yD?(R.S.D.L.P qr uGef*&uf
tpD&ifcHpm/ &k&Sm;bmom / pmrsufESm-111)
ygwDonf vufeufudkif ykefuefr_twGuf OD;wnfaeay+yD?

uGef*&ufwGif "e&Sif=oZmrsm; *,ufkdufum qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;vrf;pOf usifhokH;
a&;udk qef@usifoltcsdK@&SdcJhonf?
xa&mhpuD0g'D - y&D,kdb&mZifpuD; (Preobrazhensky)u tm%matmifyGJ&a&;
qkH;jzwfcsufwGif wdkif;jynfonf taemufEdkifiHrsm;Y ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&; jzpfay:rSomv#if
qdk&S,fvpfpepfqDodk@ OD;wnfEdkifrnf[k xnfhoGif;oifha=umif; tqdkjyKvmonf?
Txa&mhpuD0g'.
D tqdu
k kd &Jabmfpwmvifu qef@usicf o
hJ nf? olu &k&mS ;Edik if o
H nf
qkd&S,fvpfvrf;udkcif;rnfh EdkifiHjzpfonfqdkonfh jzpfEdkifcsufudk rz,fxkwfEdkifacs? u|efawmf wdk@
taejzifh a[mif;EGrf;a&S;usonfh Oa&myuom u|efawmfwdk@udk vrf;jyEdkifonfqdkonfh
tawG;tac:udk z,f&Sm;&rnf? w&m;ao rmufhpf0g'ESifh wDxGifzefwD;r_&Sdonfh rmhufpf0g' [lI
&Sdonf? u|efawmf 'kwd,0g' trsKd;tpm;udk vufcH&yfwnfonf? (txufyg / pmrsufESm 233)
xa&mhpuD0g'DwOD; jzpfonfh blcg&ifu v,form;rsm;onf ppfyGJudk axmufcHa=umif;/

olw@kd onf "e&Sirf sm;ESihf yl;aygi;f xm;+yD; tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;aemuf vdu
k rf mS r[kwaf =umif;
tcdkiftrm ajymqdkonf?
blcg&ifudk acsy&mY &Jabmfpwmvifu v,form;/ trsdK;rsdK; tpm;pm;&Sda=umif; jyocJh
onf? e,fcsJ@"e&Sifrsm;udk axmufcHonfh csrf;omonfhv,form;rsm;&Sd+yD; tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;ESihf r[mrdwzf @JG +yD; awmfveS af &;atmifyt
JG wGuf wdu
k yf w
JG iG f olw@kd ukd axmufco
H nfh
qif;&Jonfh v,form;vnf;&Sdonf?
uGef*&ufu yD&D,kdb&mZifpuD;ESifh blcg&ifwdk@. jznfhpGufcsufrsm;udk y,fcsvdkuf+yD;
&Jabmfpwmvif wifoGif;aom qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk twnfjyKvufcHvdkufonf?
uGef*&ufonf abmf&SDApfwdk@. pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'udk aqG;aEG;ndEd_if;+yD; twnfjyKcJh=uonf?
if;. t"dutcsufrSm ajr,mydkifqdkifr_rsm;udk odrf;,la&;/ ajrtm;vkH;EdkifiHydkifjyKvkyfa&;/ b%f
rsm;udk EdkifiHydkifjyKvkyfa&;/ t}uD;pm; pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk EdkifiHydkifjyKvkyfa&;ESifh xkwfvkyfa&;ESifh
jzef@jzL;a&;ukd tvkyform;rsm; csKyfudkifa&;wdk@jzpfonf?
uGef*&ufu xkwfvkyfa&;tay: tvkyform;rsm; csKyfudkifcGifh&a&;wdkufyGJ. ta&;}uD;r_
udk tav;ay;onf? xdrk w
S qifh t}uD;pm; pufrv
_ yk if ef;rsm;udk Edik if yH ikd jf yKvky&f mwGif ta&;}uD;
onfh tcef;rS yg0ifvkyfaqmif&ef jzpfygonf?
qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; tm;vkH;wGif qrt}udrfuGef*&ufu txl;tav;xm;onfrSm vDeif

. rljzpfaom qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;atmifyGJcHa&; ta=umif;tcsufw&yftjzpf ypPnf;rJhESifh
qif;&Jv,form;t=um; r[mrdwfzGJ@r_yifjzpfonf?
uGef*&ufu rif&SDApf. oabmw&m;jzpfaom tvkyform;or*~rsm; =um;aeoifhonf
qdkonfudk _wfcsvkdufonf? k&Sm; tvkyform;vlwef;pm; &ifqdkifae&onfh tvGefta&;}uD;
onfh wm0efrsm;udk atmifjrifpGm xrf;aqmifEdkif&efrSm tvkyform;or*~rsm;u abmf&SDApfyg
wD.EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifr_udktodtrSwfjyK+yD; wufuGxufjrufonfh vlwef;pm;tzGJ@tpnf;
rsm;tjzpf wnf&SdaerSomv#if jzpfEdkfifa=umif;udk uGef*&ufu axmufjycJhonf?
xdktcsdefu r=umc% tvdktavsmufay:aygufvmonfh vli,ftzGJ@rsm;tay: qkH;
jzwfcsufudkvnf; uGef*&ufu csrSwfcJhonf? ygwD. aemufydkif;}udK;yrf;r_rsm;a=umifh Tvli,f
tzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf ygw.
D t&Htiftm;tjzpf cdik cf ikd rf mrmopPmapmifo
h d vdu
k ef mvmcJh =uonf?
uGe*f &ufu vDeifw&m;H;k Y tppfaq;cHoifrh oifh aqG;aEG;onf? uGe*f &ufrwdik rf u
D yif
uJrDeufAf/ kdifaumhAf/ xa&mhpuDESifh tcsdK@vlrsm;u vDeif[m wefjyefawmfvSefa&;Hk;rSm
tppfaq;cHoifha=umif; cH,lxm;=uonf? &Jabmfpwmvifu vDeif w&m;Hk;Y tppfaq;cH
a&;udk tjyif;txef qef@usifuef@uGufonf? TonfrSm qr t}udrfuGef*&uf. &yfwnfr_
vnf;jzpfonf? tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf w&m;pD&ifrSmr[kwfbJ tqkH;pD&ifrSmjzpfaoma=umifh
yif? "e&Sifrsm;vdkcsifonfrSm "e&Sifwdk@. tE W&m,ft}uD;qkH; &efoltjzpf vDeifudk owfjzwf
ypfa&; wckomjzpfa=umif; uGef*&ufu oHo,r&Sdyg? uGef*&ufu ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;
acgif;aqmifrsm;tay: "e&Sifrsm;. zrf;qD;ESdyfpufr_rsm;udk qef@usifuef@uGuf+yD; vDeifxHodk@
o0%fv$m ay;ydk@cJhonf?
qrt}udrfajrmufuGef*&ufu ygwDpnf;urf;opfrsm;udk csrSwfcJhonf? Tpnf;urf;
kd a&pD A[dck sKyfuikd rf _tay: wnfaqmuf&rnf[k qdx
rsm;u ygwt
D zG@J tpnf;rsm;tm;vk;H 'Dru
k m;
onf? TonfrSm 1? ygwD. n$ef=um;onfhtzGJ@tm;vHk;udk txufrSatmufodk@ a&G;cs,fwifajrmuf&rnf?
2?
2?TygwDtzGJ@rsm;onf oufqdkif&mygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@ if;wdk@. vkyfaqmifcsuf
rsm;udk tcsdefumvtvdkuf tpD&ifcH&rnf?
3? wif;usyfonfh ygwDpnf;urf;&Sd&rnfjzpf+yD; tenf;pku trsm;pkudkemcH&rnf?
4? txuftzGJ@rS qkH;jzwfcsuftm;vkH;onf atmufajctpkta0;rsm;ESifh ygwD0iftm;
vkH;wdk@ESifh vkH;0cGif;csufr&Sd oufqdkifonf?
ygw0D ifopford ;f oGi;f &mwGif a'oygwt
D zG@J tpnf;rSwqifh ygw0D ifEpS Of ;D . axmufccH suf
ESifhtwl a'otzGJ@tpnf;. ygwD0ifvkH;u|wftpnf;ta0; oabmwlnDcGifhjyKcsufjzifhom
0ifEdkifa=umif; ygwDpnf;urf;u owfrSwf onf?
qrt}udrfuGef*&ufu rDZ&ma&mefppf (Mezhrayoutsi)ESifh if;wdk@.acgif;aqmif
xa&mhpuDukd ygw0D ifciG hf jyKcJo
h nf? olw@kd rmS 1913 ckrpS I yDxk*d &ufwiG w
f nf&cdS ahJ om tzG@J i,f
av;wckjzpf+yD; xa&mhpuD0g'DESifh rif&SDApfrsm;jzpf=uum ygwDrScGJxGufcJhaom ,cifabmf&SDApf

tcsdK@vnf; yg0ifonf? ppfyGJtwGif;uolwdk@onf tv,ftvwf A[dk0g'Drsm; jzpfcJhonf?
olw@kd onf abmf&ADS pfrsm;udk wdu
k cf u
kd cf ahJ omfvnf; ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;wGiv
f nf; rif&ADS pfrsm;
ESifhvnf; oabmxm;rwdkufqdkifbJ tv,ftvwfA[dk0g'Drsm;tjzpf awGa0,drf;,dkifonfh
taetxm;&Sdonf? qruGef*&ufwGif olwdk@u abmf&SDApfrsm;ESifh jy\emtm;vkH;wGif o
abmwlnDa=umif; a=unm+yD; ygwD0ifcGifhay;&ef awmif;qdkonf? olwdk@tcsdefrD ppfrSefonfh
abmf&SDApfrsm; jzpfvma&; ar#mfvifhcsufjzifh uGef*&ufu ygwD0ifcGifhay;cJhonf? wcsdK@vlrsm;rSm
Oyrm - Adkvdk'g;puD; (Volodarsky)ESifh ,l&pfpuD; (Uritsky) wdk@onf wu,fyif abmf&SDApf
rsm;jzpf cJh=uonf? xa&mhpuDESifh if;. eD;pyfonfh rdwfaqGrsm;rSm ygwDtusdK;pD;yGm; twGuf
tvkyv
f yk &f ef0ifvmjcif; r[kwb
f J ygwt
D m; twGi;f rS zsuq
f ;D +zdKcGi;f &efomjzpfa=umif; aemuf
ydkif;wGif odom xif&Sm;vmonf?
qruGef*&uf. qkH;jzwfcsuftm;vkH;onf ypPnf;rJhESifh tqif;&JqkH;v,form;rsm;/
vufeufudkifykefuefr_udk jyifqif&eftwGuf &nf&G,fcJhonf? qruGef*&ufonf ygwDudk
vufeufudkifykefuefr_twGuf/ qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf OD;wnfay;cJhayonf?
uGef*&ufu ygwD. a=unmpmwrf;udk xkwfjyefvdkuf+yD; tvkyform;/ ppfom;ESifh v,f
orm;rsm;/ "e&Sifrsm;ESifh tjywftowf wdkufyGJqif&ef tiftm;rsm; pkpnf;&ef v_H@aqmfvdkuf
onf? Ta=unmpmwrf;udk atmufygpmum;vkH;rsm;jzifh tqkH;owfvkdufonf?
xdk@a=umifh wdkufazmfwdkufzuf &Jabmfrsm; - wdkufyGJopfrsm;twGuf jyifqif=uygpdk@?
}uHch ikd pf mG / wnf=unf &J&ifph mG / wnf+idrpf mG / taESmift
h ,Suf tzsut
f qD;rsm;udk tavsmrh ay;bJ
oifw@kd .tiftm;pkrsm;udpk pk nf;+yD; wdu
k yf 0JG iftzG@J rsm; zG@J pnf;=uavmh? ygw/D ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;
ESifh ppfom;rsm;. tvHawmfatmufwGif pkHk;=uygpdk@? aus;vufawm&Gm eif;jym;rsm;jzpfonfh
u|efawmfwdk@. tvHawmfatmufwGif pkHk;=uygpdk@?
5? awmfvSefa&;udk qef@usif&ef AdkvfcsKyfaumfeDavmhAf t}uHOm%f/ xdk}uHpnfr_udk zdESdyfESdrfeif;
vdkufjcif;/ yDxkd*&ufESifh armfpudkqdkAD,ufrsm; abmf&SDApfrsm;buf ul;ajymif;oGm;jcif;?
"e&Sifrsm;u tm%mtm;vHk;udk odrf;ydkufvdkuf+yD;aemuf ,cktcg tiftm;csnfheJ@ oGm;
onfh qdkAD,ufrsm;udk zsufqD;&efESifh wefjyefawmfvSefa&; tm%m&Sifpepf ajAmifxlaxmif&ef
wdk@udk pwifjyifqifvkyfaqmifvm=uonf? oef;uG,fola; kdifbl&SifpuD; (Ryabushinsky)
u tajctaerS xGu&f yfvrf;rSm tiwfab;ESi}hf uHKawG@+yD; qif;&J'u
k w
Q iG ;f usaeonfh vlx.
k
ydefcsKH;aeaomvufrsm;u jynfolwkd@. rdwfaqGwk/ rdwfaqGa,mifrsm;jzpf=uaom 'Drdku&uf
wpf qdAk ,
D ufrsm;ESifh aumfrwDrsm;udk vnfyif;npf zrf;qD;&efomjzpfawmhonf[k raxrJjh rif
apmfum;armfum;ajym=um;cJhonf? a&S@wef;Y ppfckHHk;rsm;u ppfom;rsm;tay: tjyif;txef
vufpm;acsae+yD; ao'%frsm;udk tvkH;t&if;ESifh ay;aeonf? 1917 =o*kwfv 3 &ufae@wGif
ppfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfaumfeDavmhAfu aemufydkif;wGifvnf; ao'%frsm;ay;&ef awmif;qdkvm

onf?
=o*kwfv 12 &ufae@wGif ,m,Dtpdk;&u "e&Sifajr&Siftiftm;pkrsm;udk v_H@aqmf&ef
armfpudk ZmwfobifkH}uD; (Grand Theatre) Y EdkifiHawmfaumifpDudk zGifhvSpfvdkufonf?
aumifpDwGif t"dutm;jzifh ajr&Sifrsm;/ "e&Sifrsm;/ AdkvfcsKyfrsm;ESifh aumhqufrsm;. udk,fpm;
vS,rf sm; wufa&mufco
hJ nf? rif&ADS pfEiS hf qd&k ,
S v
f pf awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;u qdAk ,
D uf ud,
k f
pm;vS,frsm;tjzpf yg0if=uonf?
Edik if aH wmfaumifpD usi;f yjcif;udk qef@usio
f nfh taejzifh zGiv
hf pS af omae@rmS yif abmf&ADS pf
rsm;u armfpudkwGif taxGaxGoydwfarSmuf&ef qifhac:vkduf&m tvkyform;trsm;pk yg0if
vmonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif wjcm;+rdK@}uD;tcsdK@wGifvnf; oydwfrsm;ay:aygufvmonf?
qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;u u&ifpuDu aumifpDwGif 0ifh0ifh0g0g rdef@cGef; ajym
&if; +cdrf;ajcmufvdkufonfrSm ajr&Sifrsm;.ajr,mrsm;udk tcGifhr&bJ v,form;rsm; odrf;ydkuf
jcif; tygt0if awmfvSefa&;v_yfSm;r_twGuf }udK;yrf;r_wdkif;udk aoG;xGufoH,dk ESdyfuGyfypf
rnf[lI jzpfonf?
wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm; AdkvfcsKyfaumfeDavmhAfu aumfrwDESifh qdkAD,ufrsm;udk
zsufodrf;&rnf[k wkH;wd awmif;qdkvdkufonf?
b%folaX;rsm;/ ukefonf}uD;rsm;ESifh xkwfvkyfolrsm;onf XmecsKyf&Sd AdkvfcsKyfaumfeD
avmhAfxH pka0;a&muf&Sdvmum aiGESifh if;wdk@. axmufcHr_udk tmrcH=uonf?
r[mrdwf +Adwed Ef iS hf jyifopfrS ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;onf Adv
k cf sKyfaumfeaD vmhAq
f D a&muf
&Sdvm+yD; awmfvSefa&;udk ESdrfeif;ypf&efta&; raESmifhaES;&ef awmif;qdk=uonf?
AdkvfcsKyf aumfeDavmhAf. awmfvSefa&;zdESdyfa&; vkyf}uHr_onf ykHay:vmay+yD?
aumfeDavmhAfu ol.jyifqifr_udk ajAmifyifvkyfaqmifcJhonf? vkyf}uHa&;orm;rsm;u
tmHkv$J&ef t}uHjzifh abmf&SDApfrsm;onf awmfvSefa&;. yxr ajcmufvywfae@jzpfaom
=o*kwv
f 27 &ufae@wiG f yDxk*d &ufY vufeufuikd yf ek u
f efr_ vkyaf qmif&ef jyifqifaeonf[k
aumavm[v v$ix
hf w
k v
f u
kd o
f nf? u&ifpuD OD;aqmifonfh ,m,Dtpd;k &onf abmf&ADS pfrsm;
udk a'gow}uD;wdkufcdkufum/ ypPnf;rJhygwDudk qef@usifonfh zdESdyf&ufpufr_rsm;udk wdk;wuf
jrifhwifvkyfaqmifcJhonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif AdkvfcsKyfaumfeDavmhAfonf yDxkd*&ufY qdkAD,uf
rsm;udk zsufodrf;ypf+yD; ppftm%m&Sifpepf xlaxmif&ef wyfrsm; pkpnf;vdkufonf?
aumfeDavmhAfonf ol.wefjyefawmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf u&ifpuDESifh t}udK
oabmwlncD suf &xm;+yD;jzpfonf? od@k aomf aumfeaD vmhAf v_yf mS ;r_pwifonfEiS w
hf +ydKif euf
u&ifpuDonf rsufESmajymifwdkufum ol@r[mrdwfESifh vrf;cGJvdkufonf? u&ifpuDu aumfeD
avmhAf *kd%f;om;rsm;ukd tHkuGqef@usif xuGvmrnfh vlxkonf xkd*kd%f;om;rsm;ukd acsr_ef;
vkdufrnfjzpfkHru wcsdefwnf;rSm aumeDavmhAf ta&;tcif;ESifh t_yft&Sif;uif;rxm;ygu
u&ifpuD "e&Siftpdk;&udk z,f&Sm;vdkufrSm pdk;&drfaoma=umifhvnf; jzpfonf?
=o*kwfv 25 &ufwGif aumfeDavmhAfu AdkvfcsKyfckdifarmhAf (Krymov) OD;pD;onfh

wwd,jrif;wyfudk yDxkd*&uftm; 0dkif;&ef trdef@ay;vdkuf+yD; tzEdkifiHudkumuG,f&ef &nf
&G,o
f nf[k a=unmcJo
h nf? aumfeaD vmhAf ykeu
f efra_ tmufwiG f abmf&ADS pfygwD A[dak umf rwDu
tvk y f o rm;ES i f h p pf o m;rsm;tm; wef j yef a wmf v S e f a &;ud k &if q d k i f & ef wuf uG o nf h
vufeufukdifckHcHr_ jyKvkyf&efqifhac:vkdufonf? tvkyform;rsm;onf tvsiftjref vufeuf
wyfqif+yD; ckc&H efjyifqif=uonf? wyfew
D yfz@JG rsm;vnf; T&ufrsm;twGi;f t}uD;tus,}f uD;
xGm;vmonf? tvkyform;or*~rsm;u if;or*~0ifrsm;udk pnf;Hk;v_H@aqmfxm;+yD;jzpfonf?
yDxkd*&uf&Sd awmfvSefaom ppfa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;onfvnf; wdkufyGJ0if&ef toifhjyifqifxm;=u
onf? yDxkd*&ufywfvnfY uwkwfusif;rsm;wl;xm;+yD; oHql;}udK;rsm;ESifh 0dkif;&Hum/ +rdK@t0if
rD;&xm;vrf;rsm;udkyg zsufqD;xm;onf? ckef;pwufrS a&wyfom; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmonf
+rdK@awmfudkumuG,f&ef a&muf&Sdvmonf? yDxkd*&ufodk@ a&S;_vmaeonfh &ufpufpGm
+zdKcGJa&;wyfrrsm;odk@ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;apv$wf+yD; xdkwyfrrsm;wGifyg0ifaeonfh aumhau;&S
awmifay:om;rsm;tm; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u aumfeDavmhAf vkyfaqmifcsuf. &nf&G,fcsuf
udk&Sif;jyonfhtcg olwdk@u a&S@qufwuf&ef jiif;qdkvm=uonf? v_H@aqmfolrsm;udk tjcm;
aumfeaD vmhAw
f yfz@JG rsm;od@k vnf; apv$w=f uonf? tE &W m,f&o
dS nfah e&mwdik ;f Y aumfeaD vmhAf
udk wdkufcdkuf&eftwGuf awmfvSefa&;aumfrwDESifh XmecsKyfrsm; xlaxmifvdkuf=uonf?
xdk&ufrsm;twGif; aoavmufatmif a=umuf&GH@aeonfh u&ifpuD tygt0if qdk&S,f
vpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh rif&SDApfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf abmf&SDApfrsm;tm; umuG,fa&;
bufodk@ vSnfhvm=uonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf abmf&SDApfrsm;omv#if aumfeDavmhAfudk
z,f&Sm;Edkifonfh wckwnf;aom +rdK@awmf. xda&mufonfh tiftm;pkjzpfa=umif; od&Sdaom
a=umifhjzpfonf?
aumfeDavmhAfykefuefr_udk acsr_ef;&ef vlxkudk pnf;Hk;vH_@aqmfaepOf abmf&SDApfrsm;onf
u&ifpuDtpdk;&udk qef@usifonfh if;wdk@.wdkufyGJudk &yfwef@xm;jcif;r&Sdacs? u&ifpuDtpdk;&/
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;tm; vlxak &S@Y zGichf s+yD; if;wd@k . ay:vpDwck vk;H rSm
aumfeDavmhAf wefjyefawmfvSefa&;vkyf}uHr_udk ulnD&efomjzpfa=umif; axmufjy vdkufonf?
Tvkyaf qmifcsurf sm;. tusKd ;a=umifh aumfeaD vmhAf ykeu
f efru
_ kd acsre_ ;f ypfvu
dk Ef ikd f onf?
Adv
k cf sKyfc&kid af rmhAf ud,
k u
hf u
kd ,
kd f owfaooGm;onf? aumfeaD vmhAEf iS hf ol. }uHazmf }uHzufrsm;
jzpf=uaom 'ifeDuifESifh vlaumfrfpuD; (Lukomsky)wdk@ tzrf;cH&onf? (odk@aomf r=umrD
u&iffpuDu v$wfypfcJhonf?)
aumfeDavmhAfykefuefr_ _H;edrfhoGm;jcif;u awmfvSefaa&;ESifh wefjyefawmfvSefa&;wdk@.
tiftm;E_dif;,SOfcsuf tcsdK;tpm;udk wrk[kwfcsif; azmfjyvdkufonf? Tonfu Adkvf
csKyf}uD;rsm;ESifh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH 'Drdku&ufygwDrStp "e&Sifrsm;ESifh +idwG,fvmonfh rif&SDApfESihf
qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;txd wefjyefawmfvSefa&; tkyfpkwckvkH; _H;edrfhawmhrnfjzpf
a=umif;jyovdkufonf? ppfyGJ. onf;nnf; rcHEdkifzG,f'kuQrsm; &Snf=umapaom ay:vpD
a=umifv
h nf; aumif;/ a&&Snpf pfyaJG =umifh pD;yGm;a&; uarmufurjzpfrr_ sm;a=umifv
h nf;aumif;/
vlxt
k =um;&Sd rif&ADS pfEiS hf qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;. =oZmrSmvk;H 0 usqif;oGm;ay+yD?
aumfeDavmhAfykefuefr_ H_;edrhfoGm;jcif;u abmf&SDApfygwDonf awmfvSefa&;. jywfom;
aom tiftm;pkw&yftjzpf }uD;xGm;vm+yDjzpfa=umif;ESifh rnfonfh wefjyefawmfvSefa&; }udK;
yrf;r_udkrqdk acsr_ef;Edkifa=umif; qufvufjyovdkufonf? u|efawmfwdk@ ygwDonf tkyfpdk;onfh
ygwDrjzpfao;aomfvnf; aumfeDavmhAfykefuefr_&ufrsm;twGif; wu,fhtkyfpdk;onfhygwDw&yf
uJhodk@ vkyfaqmifcJhonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf if;.nef=um;csuf rsm;udk tvkyform;ESifh
ppfom;rsm;u awGa0,drf;,dkifjcif;r&Sd vdkufemvkyfaqmifcJh=u aoma=umifhjzpfonf?
aemufqkH; aumfeDavmhAf ykefuefr_ H_;edrfhoGm;jcif;u rv_yfr&Sm;aoae[ef&Sdaom qdkAD
,ufrsm;onf wu,fpifppf}uD;rm;vSaom ikyv
f #Kd ;aeonfh awmfveS o
f nfh ckcaH &;tif tm;rsm;
&Sda=umif; jyovdkufonf? aumfeDavmhAfwyfrsm;udk wm;qD;+yD; if;wdk@ tiftm;udk +zdKcGJ
vkdufolrsm;rSm qdkAD,ufrsm;ESifh if;wdk@. awmfvSefaom aumfrwDrsm;jzpfa=umif; oHo,&Sd
p&mrvkad y?
aumfeaD vmhAf wdu
k yf q
JG if&jcif;u EGr;f vsnKd ;i,faeaom tvkyo
f rm;/ ppfom;ud,
k pf m;
vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufrsm;udk tm;opftifopfoGif;ay;vdkufygonf? if;wdk@udk aphpyfjzefajza&;
ay:vpDt=um; ,drf;,dkifaer_rsm;rS vGwfuif;apvdkufygonf? TwdkufyGJu olwdk@udk awmfvSef
a&;wdu
k yf JG vrf;ray: OD;wnfay;vdu
k +f yD; abmf&ADS pfygwb
D ufo@kd vSnahf jymif;vmapvdu
k yf g onf?
qdkAD,ufrsm;twGif; abmf&SDApfrsm; =oZmydkrdkcdkifrm}uD;xGm;vmonf?
aus;vufa'orsm;odk@vnf; if;wdk@.=oZm tvsiftjref ysH@oGm;onf?
aumfeDavmhAfykefuefr_u us,fjyef@vSaom v,form;xk}uD;udk &Sif;vif;od&Sdapvdkuf
onft
h csurf mS tu,fIom ajr&SiEf iS hf Adv
k cf sKyfrsm;u abmf&ADS pfEiS hf qdAk ,
D ufrsm;udk acsre_ ;f Edik f
vdkufygu aemufwqifhrSm v,form;rsm;udk wdkufcdkuf&ef jzpfayonfqdkonfh tcsufyif
jzpfayonf? xdk@a=umifh qif;&Jom;v,form;xkrSm abmf&SDApfrsm; ywfvnfwGif ydkrdkeD;uyfpGm
pwif pnf;vkH;vm=uonf? 1917 {+yDrS =o*kwfv awmfvSefa&;umvtwGif;u if;wdk@.
awGa0,dr;f ,dik rf r_ sm;a=umifh jzpfay:wd;k wufr_ aemufqw
k cf &hJ onfh tvwfwef;pm;v,form;
rsm;onf aumfeDavmhAf ykefuefr_H_;edrfhoGm;+yD;aemuf jywfjywfom;om; abmf&SDApfygwDokd@
vSnfhajymif;vm+yD; qif;&Jv,form;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;vdkufonf? us,fjyef@vSaom v,f
orm;xk}uD;u abmf&ADS pfygwo
D mv#if olw@kd ukd ppfyrJG S u,fwifEikd af =umif;/ Tygwu
D omv#if
ajr&Sifrsm;udk acsr_ef;Edkif+yD;/ ajr,mrsm;udk v,form;rsm;odk@ ay;a0Edkifa=umif; wjznf;jznf;
em;vnfoabmayguv
f monf? 1917 ck pufwifbmESifh atmufwb
kd mvtwGi;f v,form;
rsm; odrf;ydkufonfh ajr,mrsm;/ t}uD;tus,fwdk;rsm;vmonf? cGifhjyKcsufr&bJ ajr&Sif.
ajrrsm;udk xGef,ufpdkufysdK;jcif;rsm; tus,ftjyef@jzpfvmonf? v,form;rsm;onf awmf
vSeaf &;vrf;ay:a&muf&v
dS m+yD;/ acsmjh rLjcif; od@k r[kwf tjypfay;jcif;u if;wd@k ukd wm;qD;Edik jf cif;
rjyKEdik af wmhyg?
awmfvSefa&; 'Da&jrifhwufvmay+yD?
xdktcsdefwGif qdkAD,ufrsm;jyefvnf v_yfSm;vmaomumv/ if;wdk@ zGJ@pnf;r_wGif t
ajymif;tvJ jzpfvmaomumv/ abmf&SDApf yDovmonfhumv jzpfay:vmonf? pufHkrsm;/
tvkyfHkrsm;ESifh ppfwyfzGJ@rsm;wGif a&G;aumufyGJ topfrsm;usif;y+yD;/ rif&SDApfESifh qdk&S,fvpf
awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;ae&mwGif abmf&ADS pfygwD ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk qdAk ,
D ufrsm;od@k apv$wf
vdkuf=uonf? aumfeDavmhAftay: atmifyGJcH+yD; aemufae@ =o*kwf 31 &ufwGif yDxkd*&uf
qdkAD,ufu abmf&SDApf. ay:vpDudk axmufcHoabmwlvdkufonf? csufZJh OD;aqmifonfh
yDxk*d &uf qdAk ,
D uf. rif&ADS pfEiS hf qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;. obmywd tzG@J a[mif;
onf E_wfxGufoGm;+yD;/ Tenf;jzifh abmf&SDApfrsm;twGuf vrf;&Sif;oGm;ayonf? pufwifbm
5 &ufwGif tvkyform; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. armfpudk qdkAD,ufonf abmf&SDApfrsm;bufodk@
ul;ajymif;oGm;onf? armfpudk qdkAD,uf. qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh rif&SDApfrsm;.
obmywdtzGJ@vnf; E_wfxGufoGm;+yD; abmf&SDApfrsm;twGuf vrf;&Sif;ay;vdkufonf?
Tonfu atmifjrifaom ykefuefr_twGuf t"dutcsuftvufrsm; &ifhrSnfhae+yDjzpf
a=umif; jyovdu
k o
f nf?
tm%mtm;vkH; qdkAD,uftyfqdkonfh auG;a=umfoHudk jyefvnfaqG;aEG;vmonfh
rlw&yfjzpfvmjyefonf?
odk@aomfrif&SDApfESifh qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;. qdkAD,ufrsm;odk@ tm%m
v$Jajymif;&ef awmif;qdkonfh auG;a=umfoHa[mif; r[kwfawmhacs? TwcsDwGif TauG;
a=umfoHrSm ,m,Dtpdk;&udk ykefuef&eftwGuf qdkAD,ufrsm;tm; qifhac:onfh auG;a=umf
oHjzpf+y;D &nf&,
G cf surf mS wdik ;f jynf&dS tm%mtm;vk;H udk ,cktcg abmf&ADS pfrsm; OD;aqmif aeonfh
qdkAD,ufrsm;odk@ v$Jajymif;ay;&efjzpfonf?
aphpyfa&;ygwDrsm;t=um; t+ydK+ydKtuGJuGJjzpfaeonf?
awmfvSefonfh v,form;rsm;. zdtm;a=umifh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;ygwDtwGif;
vuf0J qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;[kac:aom vuf0J*kd%f;ay:vm+yD; if;wdk@u
"e&Sifrsm;ESifh aphpyfr_udk oabmrwlnDa=umif; azmfjyvm=uonf?
rif&SDApfrsm;t=um;rSmvnf; EdkifiHwum0g'Drsm;[kac:qdkonfh vuf0Jtkyfpk ay:
aygufvm+yD; abmf&SDApfrsm;bufodk@ wdrf;nGwfvmonf?
rif;rJrh sm;rSmrl tpydik ;f wGif rajympavmufjzpfaomfvnf; ,cktcgtzG@J i,frsm; uGo
J mG ;+yD;
tcsdK@rSm &mZ0wfaumifrsm;/ olcdk;rsm;/ olv#dKrsm;ponfh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. trd_ufo&kdufrsm;
jzpfomG ;=uum tcsKd @rmS ,k=H unfrt
_ & t"rRorm;rsm;jzpfvmum v,form;ESihf +rKd @i,f/ &Gmi,frS
vlrsm;udk "m;jywdkuf/ tvkyform;uvyfrsm;. ydkifeufrsm;/ &efykHaiGrsm;udk ,liif okH;pGJjcif;rsm;
jyKvkyf=uonf? tcsdK@rSmrl ajymif;jyefyif wefjyefawmfvSefa&;tzGJ@ESifh yl;aygif;+yD;/ "e&Sifrsm;.
tapcH/ tcdik ;f cHrsm;tjzpf usKd ;EGpH mG aqmif&u
G af e=uonf? olw@kd onf rnfonfh tkycf sKyfru
_ rkd qdk
txl;ojzifh tvkyform;/ v,form;wdk@. awmfvSefaom tkyfcsKyfr_udk qef@ usif=uonf?
tb,fa=umifq
h akd omf awmfveS af &;tpd;k &u jynforl sm;ud"k g;jywdu
k &f efEiS hf trsm;ydik yf pPn;f rsm;
cdk;,l&ef olwdk@tm;cGifhjyKvdrfhrnfr[kwf qdkonfudk olwdk@od&Sd em;vnf aoma=umifhjzpfonf?
aumfeDavmhAfqkH;H_;+yD;aemuf rif&SDApfESifhqdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf awmf
vSefa&;'Da&jrifhvmr_udk wm;qD;ydwfyif&ef xyfrH}udK;pm; tm;xkwf=ujyefao;onf? T
&nf&G,fcsufjzifh 1917 pufwifbm 12 &ufwGif olwdk@u k&Sm;jynfvkH;qdkif&m 'Drdkua&pD
uGefz&ifhudk ac:,lusif;y+yD; qdk&S,fvpf0g'Drsm;/ aphpyfa&;orm; qdkAD,ufrsm;/ tvkyform;
or*~rsm;/ ZrfpfawmhAf/ ukefoG,fa&;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ppfwyfzGJ@rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm;wufa&muf=uonf? uGefz&ifhu ygvDreft}udK (Pre- Parliament) [kac:qdkaom
orRwEdkifiH ,m,DaumifpDudk xlaxmifvdkufonf? aphpyfa&;orm;rsm;u ygvDreft}udK.
tultnDjzifh awmfveS af &;udk &yfwef@ap+yD; wdik ;f jynfukd qd&k ,
S v
f pf awmfveS af &;vrf;a=umif;rS
"e&Sif zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk pnf;rsO;f jzpfay:wd;k wufr/_ "e&Siyf gvrD efpepf vrf;a=umif;ajymif; vJvm&ef
ar#mf v if h a yonf ? od k @ aomf T onf r S m awmf v S e f a &;vS n f ; bD ; ud k aemuf v S n f h & ef
tcsnf;tESD;}udK;pm;onfh EdkifiHa&;c|wf+cKHusr_ wpdwfwydkif;jzpfonf? TonfrSm t_H;
}u;D _;H &efjzpf+y;D wu,fvnf; t_;H }u;D H;_ oGm;ygonf? tvkyo
f rm;rsm;u aphpyfa&; orm; rsm;.
ygvrD efqikd &f m }udK;pm;r_rsm;udk oa&mfavSmifajymif=u+yD; ygvrD eft}udKudk a&csKd ;cef; t}udK (PreBath house)vd@k ac:=uonf?
abmf&SDApfygwD A[dkaumfrwDu ygvDreft}udKudk oydwfarSmuf&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf?
ygvD r ef t }ud K wG i f ; u abmf & S D A pf t k y f p k w G i f yg0if a eaom uJ r D e uf A f E S i f h wD k d ' D k k d A pf c sf
(Teodorovich)wdk@vdk vlrsdK;rsm;u ,if;ygvDref t}udKxJrS rxGufcGmcsifonfrSm trSef
jzpfaomfvnf; ygwDA[dkaumfrwDu olwdk@udk Ttwdkif;vufcHapcJhonf?
uJrDeufAfESifh ZDEdkApfwdk@onf ygvDreft}udKwGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufa&;udk acgif;rmrmESifh
wif;cHae+yD; ygwu
D ykd ek u
f efrj_ yifqifa&;rsm;rS vrf;vGo
J mG ;&ef }udK;yrf;cJo
h nf? k&mS ;jynf vk;H qdik &f m
'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@. abmf&SDApftpkwGif &Jabmfpwmvifu rdef@cGef;ajym&mwGif/ ygvDref t}udKwGif
yg0ifaqmif&Gufa&;udk jyif;xefpGmqef@usifvdkufonf? olu ygvDreft}udKudk aumf
eDavmhAfom;av#mjcif;[k ac:a0:vdkufonf?
vDeifESifh pwmvifu ygvDreft}udKwGif acwWc%yifjzpfap yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif;onf
}uD;rm;onfhtrSm;[k ,lqonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf Tonfu vlxktwGif; ygvDref
t}udKonf vkyfom;jynfolrsm;twGuf wu,fyif wpkHwck vkyfaqmifay;Edkifonf[laom
twkta,mif ar#mfvifhcsufay:apEdkifaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
wcsdefwnf;wGif abmf&SDApfrsm;u qdkAD,ufrsm; 'kwd,uGef*&uf ac:,lusif;yEdkif&ef
tjyif;txefjyifqifvm+yD; if;wdk@taejzifh trsm;pk&&ef ar#mfvifhxm;ayonf? abmf&SDApf
qdAk ,
D ufrsm; zdtm;atmufwiG f k&mS ;jynfv;Hk qdik &f m A[dt
k r_aqmifaumfrwDwiG ;f &Sd rif&ADS pfEiS hf
qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;. uvdefOm%frsm;udk yrmrxm;bJ/ &k&Sm;jynfvkH;qdkif&m
qdAk ,
D uf rsm;. 'kw,
d uGe*f &ufukd 1917ck atmufwb
kd m 'kw,
d v0ufwiG f ac:qdv
k u
kd o
f nf?
6? yDxkd*&ufY atmufwdkbmykefuefr_ESifh ,m,Dtpdk;&tm; zrf;qD;jcif;/ qdkAD,ufrsm;.

'kw,
d uGe*f &ufEiS hf qdAk ,
D uftpd;k & xlaxmifjcif;/ qdAk ,
D ufrsm;. 'kw,
d uGe*f &uf. +idr;f csr;f
a&;ESifh ajr,mtay: trdef@a=unmpmrsm;/ qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;. atmifyGJ// qdk&S,fvpf
awmfvSefa&;atmifyGJcH&jcif;. ta=umif;t&if;rsm;?
abmf&ADS pfrsm;onf ykeu
f efrt
_ wGuf tjyif;txefpwif jyifqifvyk af qmifvm=uonf?
vDeifu armfpudkESifh yDxkd*&uf +rdK@awmfESpfckvkH;rS tvkyform;/ ppfom;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;.
qdAk ,
D ufrsm;wGif trsm;pk&+yD;aemuf abmf&DS Apfrsm;onf Edik if aH wmftm%mudk vuf0,f&,lEikd f
onf? &,loifo
h nf[k a=unmcJo
h nf? jzwfoef;cJo
h nfv
h rf;udk jyefvnfppfaq;=unfh &_ mwGif
vDeifu vlxktrsm;pk}uD;onf u|efawmfwdk@twGuf jzpfonfqdkonfhtcsufudk tav;
wif;cJhonf? A[dkaumfrwDESifh abmf&SDApftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@ ydk@ay;onfh ol. aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifh
pmrsm;wGif vDeifu vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;/ a&wyfESifh wyfeDwyfzGJ@rsm;udk tb,fuJhodk@
tokH;jyKoifhonf/ ykefuefr_atmifjrifa&;udk tmrcHEdkif&ef yDxkd*&ufwGif rnfonfht"du
ae&mrsm;udk odrf;ydkufoifhonf ponfjzifh ykefuefr_twGuf tao;pdwf tpDtpOf pDrHudef;rsm;
udk a&;qGJay;cJhonf?
atmufwb
kd m 7 &ufae@wiG f vDeifonf zifvefrS yDxk*d &ufo@kd v#Kd @0u
S pf mG qdu
k af &muf
vmonf? 1917 ck atmufwdkbm 10 &ufwGif ygwDA[dkaumfrwD. ordkif;0iftpnf;
ta0;w&yfusif;ycJh+yD;aemuf &uftenf;i,ftwGif; vufeufudkifykefuefr_ qifEGJ&efqkH;
jzwf&efjzpfonf? vDeifa&;qGJonfh A[dkaumfrwD. ordkif;wGifaom qkH;jzwfcsufY A[dak umfrwDu k&mS ;awmfveS af &;. Edik if w
H umtaetxm; (Oa&mywcGiw
f iG f urBm@
qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;}uD;xGm;r_. }uD;rm;vSonfh azmfjycsufw&yfjzpfaom *smreDa&wyf
twGif; ykefuefr_)udkvnfaumif;/ ppfa&;tajctae (k&Sm;"e&Sifrsm;ESifh u&ifpuDeJ@ taygif;
tygrsm;. yDxk*d &ufukd *smrefo@kd x;kd tyf&ef ,krH mS ;zG,rf &Sad om qk;H jzwfcsu)f udv
k nf; aumif;/
ypPnf;rJhygwDu qdkAD,ufrsm;wGif trsm;pk&aeonfhtcsufudkvnf;aumif;/ tod rSwfjyK+yD;/
Tt&mtm;vk H ; ES i f h t wl v,f o rm;rsm; yk e f u ef v mr_ E S i f h u|ef a wmf w d k @ ygwD t ay:
vl}udKufrsm;vmr_ (armfpudk a&G;aumufyrJG sm;) ESihf aemufq;Hk 'kw,
d aumfeaD vmhAf ta&;tcif;
twGuf ajAmifjyifqifr_rsm; (yDxkd*&ufrS wyfrsm; kyfodrf;oGm;jcif;/ yDxkd*&ufodk@ aumhquf
rsm;apv$wfjcif;/ rifhefpfudk aumhqufrsm;ESifh 0dkif;&Hjcif;pojzifh) tm;vkH;u vufeufudkif
ykefuefr_udk ,ae@vkyfief;pOf jzpfvmapayonf?
xd@k a=umifh vufeufuikd yf ek u
f efro
_ nf rv$rJ a&Smifomjzpf+yD; if;twGuf tcsed u
f vnf;
tjynfht0 &ifhrSnfhae+yD[k ,lqaoma=umifh A[dkaumfrwDu ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;tm;vkH;udk
TtjrifrStpcsD+yD; vufawG@jyoemtm;vkH; (ajrmufydkif;a'orS qdkAD,ufrsm;. uGef*&uf/
yDxkd*&ufrSwyfrsm; qkwfcGma&;/ armfpudkESifh rifhefpf&Sd u|efawmfwdk@ vlxk.v_yf&Sm;r_ tp&Sd
ojzifh) wdk@udk tajcaeeJ@ udkufnDpGmvrf;nef+yD; aqG;aEG;qkH;jzwf&ef nef=um;vdkufonf?

(vDeif vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 1947 ck/ twGJ2/ pmrsufESm 135
135)
A[dkaumfrwD0ifESpfOD;jzpfol uJrDeufAfESifh ZDEdkApfwdk@onf Tordkif;0ifqkH;jzwfcsufudk

uef@uGufpum;ajym+yD; uef@uGufrJ ay;cJhonf? olwdk@onf rif&SDApfrsm;uJhodk@yif "e&SifygvDref
orRwEdik if u
H kd pdwu
f ;l ,Ofc+hJ yD; tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;onf qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &; vkyaf qmif
&ef tiftm;r&Sdao;a=umif;/ tm%m&,l&ef r&ifhrSnfhao; a=umif; ajymqdk+yD; tykyfcscJhonf?
Ttpnf;ta0;wGif xa&mfpuDu qHk;jzwfcsufukd wkduf&kdufuef@uGufrJ ray;cJhaomf
vnf; ykefuefr_taejzifh tcGifhaumif;rsm;qHk;H_;+yD; tcsnf;tESD; jzpfoGm;ap&ef jyifqifcsuf
xnfhzkd@}udK;pm;cJhonf? olu ykefuefr_udk qkdAD,ufrsm;. 'kwd,uGef*&ufrwkdifrD pwifoifh
a=umif; tqkdjyKonf? Ttqkdonf ykefuefr_ukd aESmifhaES;ap&ef/ ae@pGJukd azmfxkwfvkduf&efESifh
,m,Dtpkd;&ukd }udKwifowday;&ef qkdvkdayonf?
abmf&ADS pfygwD A[kad umfrwDu 'dek ufpcf sid 0hf rS ;f / ,l&v
J af wmifwef;/ [Jvq
f ifz;kd / c&ke;f pwuf/
taemufawmif ppfrsuEf mS ESihf wjcm;a'orsm;od@k ykeu
f efru
_ kd pnf;&k;H v_@H aqmf&ef ud,
k pf m;vS,f
rsm; apv$wfcJhonf? &JabmfAdkkd&SDavmhAf (Voroshilov) / rdkvdkawmhAf / ZmZifpuD;
(Dzerzhinsky)/ td*k sKd epfupfZ/D uDa&mhAf (Kirov)/ cgumEkAd pfcf sf (Kaganovich)/ cD,b
l ikd &f u
S Af f
(Kuibyshev)/ z&ifph pf (Frunze)/ ,mdpk avmhApf uD; (Yaroslovsky)ESihf tjcm;vlrsm; onf
jynfe,frsm;rS ykefuefr_udk nef=um;&efygwDrS txl;wm0efay;jcif;cH&onf? &JabmfZm'gaemhAf
(Zhadanov)onf ,l&Jvfawmifwef; &Sm;'&ifh&Sd vufeufudkiftiftm;pkrsm;t=um; vkyf
ief;rsm; vkyfaqmifcJhonf? &Jabmf&DaZmhAf (Yezhov) onf bkdifvkd&k&Sm;&Sd taemufbufppf
rsuEf mS wGif ppfom;rsm;ykeu
f efrt
_ wGuf }uKd wifjyifqifa&;ukd vkyaf qmifcyhJ gonf? A[dk aumfrwD
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u jynfe,frsm;&Sd abmf&SDApftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. acgif;aqmiftzGJ@0if rsm;tm;
ykefuefr_tpDpOfudk today;ajym=um;+yD; yDxkd*&uf ykefuefr_udk axmufcH&ef tqifoifh
jzpfaeapa&;twGuf olwdk@udk v_H@aqmfpnf;&kH;xm;onf?
ygwDA[dkaumfrwD. nef=um;csuft& yDxkd*&ufqdkAD,uf. awmfvSefaom ppf
aumfrwDudk wnfaxmifvdkufonf? TtzGJ@tpnf;onf ykefuefr_. w&m;0ifvnfywf
v_yf&Sm;aeaom XmecsKyfjzpfvmcJhonf?
wcsdefwnf;rSmyif wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;uvnf; if;wdk@tiftm;rsm;udk
tvsit
f jref pkpnf;ae=uonf? wyfrawmft&m&Srd sm;u t&m&St
d zG@J csKyf[ak c:qdak om wefjyef
awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfudk zGJ@pnf;vdkufonf? wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; u
ae&mwumwGif t=urf;zufwyfrsm;zGJ@pnf;&ef XmecsKyfrsm;zGifhvSpfonf? atmufwdkbmv
ukefwGif wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf t=urf;zuf wyfr 43 ckudk OD;pD;vmEdkifonf?
pdefa*smh vuf0g;uyfwdkifnDaemifrsm; txl;wyfzGJ@udkvnf; zGJ@pnf;xm;onf?
u&ifpuDtpdk;&u Hk;pdkuf&ma'oudk yDxkd*&ufrS armfpudkodk@ ajymif;a&$@&ef pOf;pm;vm
onf? Tonfu olwdk@taejzifh +rdK@awmfwGif ykefuefr_udk }udKwif[ef@wm;Edkif&ef twGuf
yDxkd*&uf+rdK@tm; *smrefrsm; vufodk@xdk;tyf&ef jyifqifvma=umif;udk odomxif&Sm;ap

vdkufonf? yDxkd*&uf tvkyform;ESifh ppfom;rsm;u ,m,Dtpdk;&udk yDxkd*&ufwGif quf
vuf&Sdae&ef zdtm;ay;vdkufonf?
atmufwdkbm 16 &ufae@wGif A[dkaumfrwDwdk;chsJ tpnf;ta0;udk ac:,lusif;ycJhonf?
Ttpnf;ta0;u &Jabmfpwmvif OD;pD;onfh ygwDA[dkudk a&G;cs,fvdkuf+yD; ykefuefr_udk nef
=um;&efjzpfonf? TygwDA[dkonf yDxkd*&uf qdkAD,uf. awmfvSefaom ppfaumfrwD.
acgif;aqmifA[dkjzpf+yD; ykefuefr_wckvkH;udk vufawG@nef=um;&efvnf; jzpfonf?
A[dkaumfrwDtpnf;ta0;wGif tavsmhay;orm;rsm;jzpfaom ZDEdkApfESifh uJrDeufAf
wdk@onf ykefuefr_udk xyffrHqef@usif=ujyefonf? if;wdk@ta&;edrfhoGm;aomtcg ykefuefr_ESifh
ygwDudk owif;pmrsm;rSwqifh ajAmifqef@usifvm=uonf? atmufwdkbm 18 &ufae@wGif
rif&SDApfowif;pm emAm&mZif;wGif uJrDeufAfESifh ZDEdkApfwdk@u a=unmcsufwapmif xkwf
jyef+yD; abmf&SDApfrsm; ykefuefr_twGuf jyifqifaea=umif;ESifh olwdk@u (uJrDeufAfESifh ZDEdkApff)
Tonfudk t&JpGef@upm;jcif;[k oabmxm;a=umif; a=unmvdkufonf? Todk@jzifh uJrD
eufAfESifh ZDEdkApfwdk@onf ykefuefr_ESifh ywfoufonfh qkH;jzwfcsufudk zGifhcsvdkuf+yD; ykefuefr_ udk
r=umrD&uf tenf;i,ftwGif; jyKvkyf&ef pDpOfxm;a=umif;vnf; azmfxkwfajymvdkufonf?
TonfrSm opPmazmufr_yif jzpfawmhonf? TonfESifh qufpyf+yD; vDeifu uJrDeufAfESifh
ZDEdkApfwdk@onf rdrdygwDA[dkaumfrwD. vufeufudkifykefuefr_ qkH;jzwfcsufudk kd'fZ,ifudk
(Rodzyanko)ESifh u&ifpuDwdk@xH opPmazmufvdkufonf?[k a&;om;vdkufonf? vDeifu
ZDEdkApffESifh uJrDeufAfwdk@udk ygwDrSxkwfypf&ef jyoemudk A[dkaumfrwDodk@ wifjyvdkufonf?
opPmazmufrsm;. }udKwifowif;ay;r_a=umifh awmfveS af &;. &eforl sm;onf csucf si;f yif
ykeu
f efru
_ kd wm;qD;&efEiS hf awmfveS af &;. ne=f um;&mXmejzpfaom abmf&ADS pf ygwu
D kd zsuq
f ;D &ef
pwifjyifqif vkyfaqmifvmonf? ,m,Dtpdk;&onf v#dK@0Suftpnf;ta0; ac:,lusif;y+yD;
abmf&SDApfrsm;udk&ifqdkif&ef enf;emrsm;udk qkH;jzwfcJhonf? atmufwdkbm 19 &ufae@wGif
,m,Dtpdk;&onf a&S@wef;rS wyfzGJ@rsm;udk yDxkd*&ufodk@ uysmu,m qifhac:vdkuf onf?
vrf;rsm;udk tapmifrh sm; xlxyfpmG csxm;onf? wefjyefawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;onf txl;ojzifh
armfpudw
k iG f tiftm;}u;D rm;pGm pkpnf;xm;Edik cf o
hJ nf? ,m,Dtpd;k &u pDru
H ed ;f wck a&;qGcJ o
hJ nf?
qdAk ,
D ufrsm;. 'kw,
d uGe*f &uf rwkid rf D abmf&ADS pfygwD A[dak umfrwD. Xme csKyfjzpfaom prdek D
(Smolny)udk wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkuf&efESifh abmf&DSApf nef=um;a&;A[dkudk zsufqD; ypf&efjzpfonf?
T&nf&G,fcsufjzifh tpdk;&u rdrdwdk@tay: tjynfht0 opPm&Sdonf[k ,kH=unf &aom
yDxkd*&ufwyfrsm;ukd qifhac:vdkufonf?
odk@aomf ,m,Dtpdk;&. ae@&ufrsm;omru tcsdefem&Dyifaphawmhrnfjzpfonf? qdk
&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;. atmifyGJcsDwuf&mvrf;a=umif;udk ,cktcg rnfonfht&mur# wm;
qD;Edkifjcif; r&Sdawmhyg?
atmufwdkbm 21 &ufae@wGif abmf&SDApfrsm;onf awmfvSefaom wyfzGJ@tm;vkH;odk@

awmfveS af &;ppfaumfrwDrS Edik if aH &;rSL;rsm;yd@k ay;cJo
h nf? ykeu
f efrr_ wdik rf &D ufrsm;twGi;f wyfz@JG rsm;
ESihf puf/Hk tvkyf rkH sm;wGif tvGew
f ufuGpmG v_y&f mS ;r_twGuf jyifqifc=hJ uonf? ppfoabFmrsm;
jzpfaom atmfkd&m (Aurora)ESifh Zm&mpAdkabmf'D (Zarya Svobody)wdk@odk@ wdusaom
nef=um;csufrsm; xkwfjyefcJhonf?
yDxkd*&uf qdkAD,uftpnf;ta0;wGif xa&mhpuDonf avvkH;xGm;&if; abmf&SDApfrsm;
vufeufudkifykefuefr_pwifrnfh&ufudk &efoludk zGifhajymvdkufonf? u&ifpuDtpdk;&u ykef
uefr_udk rzsufqD;Edkifap&eftwGuf ygwDA[dkaumfrwDonf owfrSwfxm;aom tcsdefrwdkifrD
pwifvyk af qmif&efEiS hf 'kw,
d qdAk ,
D ufrsm;. uGe*f &ufziG yhf JG rwdik rf D 1 &uf tvkw
d iG f owfrw
S f
&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf?
u&ifpuDonf atmufwb
kd m 24 (Ed0k ifbm 6) &ufae@ vif;tm;}uD;tcsed w
f iG f wdu
k cf u
kd rf _
udk pwifvdkuf+yD; abmf&SDApfygwD. tmabmf (vkyfom;rsm;vrf;pOf) udk zdESdyf&ef nef=um; um
t,f'w
D mtzG@J . y&0k%t
f wGi;f ESihf abmf&ADS pfrsm;. ykEH ydS pf ufae&mrsm;od@k oHcsyu
f m um;rsm;udk
apv$wfvdkufonf? eHeuf 10 em&DwGif &Jabmfpwmvif. nef=um;csuft& wyfeDrsm;ESifh
awmfveS o
f nfh ppfom;rsm;onf oHcsyu
f m;rsm;udk wGe;f vSeyf pf+yD; ykEH ydS w
f u
kd f ESihf t,f'w
D mH;k cef;
rsm;udk tapmift
h iftm;wd;k cs@J umuG,x
f m;vdu
k o
f nf? eHeuf 11 em&DwiG f vkyo
f m;rsm;vrf;
f myg onf? wcsed w
f nf;rSmyif
pOf owif;pmonf ,m,Dtpd;k &tm; +zKd cs&efqifah c:oHjzifh xGuv
ykeu
f efr.
_ ygwAD [dn
k e =f um;r_jzifh awmfveS o
f nfh ppfom;rsm;/ wyfz@JG rsm;ESihf wyfeaD wmfrsm;onf
prdkeDodk@ tjyif;csDwufcJhonf?
ykefuefr_ pwifcJhay+yD?
atmufwb
kd m 24 &ufnwGif prdek o
D @kd vDeifa&muf&v
dS m+yD; ykeu
f efru
_ kd ud,
k w
f ikd u
f ,
kd u
f s
nef=um;vmonf? xdknwnvkH; ppfwyf. awmfvSefa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;. wyfeDawmfwyfzGJ@rsm;
prdek o
D @kd wzGzJ aJG &muf&v
dS mygonf? abmf&ADS pfrsm;u if;wd@k ukd +rdK@awmfA[do
k @kd apv$w+f yD; ,m,D
tpdk;& }uHhH}uhHckdifckcHaeonfh aqmif;&moDeef;awmfodk@ t0dkif;cdkif;vdkufygonf?
atmufwb
kd m 25 (Ed0k ifbm 7)&uf wyferD sm;ESihf awmfveS af &;wyfz@JG rsm;onf blwm&krH sm;/
pmwdkuf}uD;/ a=u;eef;Hk;/ 0ef}uD;kH;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHawmfb%fudk odrf;ydkufvdkuf=uonf?
t}udKygvDref ysufokOf;oGm;ay+yD?
yDxkd*&ufqdkAD,ufESifh abmf&SDApfA[dkaumfrwD.XmecsKyf prdkeDonf awmfvSefa&;.
XmecsKyfjzpfvm+yD; if;rS wdkufckdufa&; trdef@rsm;tm;vkH; ay:xGufvmonf?
xdk&ufrsm;twGif; yDxkd*&uf tvkyform;rsm;onf abmf&SDApfygwD. acgif;aqmifr_
atmufwiG f olw@kd &&Scd o
hJ nfo
h if=um;csurf sm; rnfr#tzd;k wefaumif;rGeaf =umif; jyovdu
k o
f nf?
ykefuefr_twGuf abmf&SDApfrsm;u jyifqifvkyfaqmifxm;onfh ppfwyf. awmfvSefa&;wyfzGJ@
rsm;onf wdkufcdkufa&;trdef@rsm;udk twdtusaqmif&Guf=u+yD; wyfeDawmfESifhtwl ab;csif;
,SOfwGJ wdkufyGJ0ifcJh=uonf? a&wyfonf ukef;wyfaemufwGif usefraecJhacs? ckef;pwufrSm
abmf&SDApfygwD. trmcHa'ojzpf+yD; =um&Snf=umrsm;uyif ,m,Dtpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfr_udk

todtrSwjf yK&ef jiif;qefco
hJ nf? ppfoabFm atmf&dk mrS tajrmufrsm;onf aqmif;&moDeef;
awmfudk csdefxm;+yD; atmufwdkbm 25 &ufae@wGif if;.tajrmufoHonf }uD;jrwfaom
qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;acwf/ acwfopfw&yfudk o,faqmifvmygonf?
atmufwdkbm 25 (Edk0ifbm 7)&ufae@wGif abmf&SDApfrsm;onf k&Sm; jynfoljynfom;
rsm;odk@qdkonfh a=unmpmwrf;wapmif xkwfa0+yD; "e&Sif,m,Dtpdk;&udk jzKwfcsvdkuf+yD
jzpfa=umif;ESifh EdkifiHawmftm%monf qdkAD,ufrsm;vufxJ a&muf&SdoGm;+yDjzpfa=umif;
a=unmvdkufonf?
,m,Dtpdk;&onf u'ufrsm;ESifh t=urf;zufwyfrrsm; tumtuG,fjzifh aqmif;&moD
eef;awmfwGif cdkvkHaeonf? atmufwdkbm 25 &ufnwGif awmfvSefonfh tvkyform;rsm;/
ppfom;rsm;ESihf a&wyfom;rsm;onf aqmif;&moDeef;awmfukd rkew
f ikd ;f qif wdu
k cf u
kd +f yD;/ ,m,D
tpdk;&udk zrf;qD;vdkufonf?
yDxkd*&uf&Sd vufeufudkifykefuefr_ atmifyGJcHvdkufay+yD?
yDxkd*&uf vufeufudkifykefuefr_ tjynfht0 atmifyGJcH+yD; +rdK@awmf&Sd tm%mrsm; yD
xkd*&uf qdkAD,ufvufxJ tppftrSef &&SdoGm;csdef/ 1917 ck atmufwdkbm 25 (Edk0ifbm 7)
&uf/ n-10;45 prdkeDY k&Sm;jynfvkH;qdkif&m 'kwd,qdkAD,ufrsm;. uGef*&ufudk zGifhvSpfvdkuf
onf?
abmf&ADS pfrsm;onf uGe*f &ufwiG f trsm;pkvr$ ;f rd;k xm;onf? rdrw
d @kd ae@&ufrsm; ukef qk;H +yu
D kd
jrifawG@=u+yDjzpfaom rif&ADS pfrsm;/ bef;0g'rD sm;ESihf vuf,m qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS f a&;orm;rsm;
onf 0ifa&mufyg0if&ef jiif;qd+k yD; uGe*f &ufrS xGucf mG oGm;=uonf? qdAk ,
D uf rsm;. uGe*f &ufY
zwfjyaom a=unmcsuYf olw@dk u atmufwb
kd mawmfveS af &;udk ppfa&;vky}f uHr_ [k azmfjy
onf? uGef*&ufu rif&SDApfESifh qkd&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;udk _wfcs vkduf+yD;
if;wd@k xu
G cf mG oGm;r_ukd 0rf;enf;&efa0;pG/ }udKqdyk if }udKqdv
k u
kd =f uonf? uGe*f &ufrS opPmazmuf
rsm; xGufcGmoGm;r_a=umifh uGef*&ufonf tvkyform;ESifh ppfom;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. ppfrSef
onfh awmfvSefaomuGef*&uf jzpfvm&onf[k a=unmvdkufonf?
uGef*&ufu tm%mtm;vkH; qdkAD,ufrsm;vufodk@ a&muf&Sdvm+yDjzpfa=umif; a=u
nmvdu
k o
f nf?
tvk y f o rm;/ ppf o m;ES i f h v,f o rm;trsm;wumh t rsm;pk } uD ; . pd w f q EN t &
axmufcHr_a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ yDxkd*&ufY jzpfay:cJhaom tvkyform;rsm;ESifh tapmifh
wyfrsm;. atmifjrifaom ykeu
f efru
_ dk axmufcrH a_ =umifv
h nf;aumif;/ uGe*f &ufonf tm%m
udk qkyfudkifxm;vkdufay+yD?[k qdkAD,ufrsm;. 'kwd,uGef*&ufu a=unmvdkufonf?
atmufwdkbm 26 (Edk0ifbm 8) &ufY qdkAD,ufrsm;. 'kwd,uGef*&ufu +idrf;csrf;a&;
trdef@ a=unmcsuf udk vufcHtwnfjyKvdkufonf? uGef*&ufu ppfjzpfaeaom EdkifiHrsm;odk@
+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf aphpyfaqG;aEG;&ef csufcsif;yif typftcwf&yf ppfajy+idrf;a&;udk 3 v
xufrenf; jyKvkyf&ef a=unmvdkufonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif uGef*&ufu ppfjzpfaeaom

EdkifiHtm;vkH;rS tpdk;&rsm;ESifh jynfolrsm;udk rdef@cGef;ajym=um;&mwGif vl@ordkif;wGif a&S@wef;
ta&mufqkH;ESifh vuf&SdppfyGJwGif yg0ifaeonfh t}uD;qkH; 3 EdkifiHjzpfaom +Adwdef/ jyifopfESifh
*smreD&Sd vlwef;pm;tod&Sd=uaom tvkyform;rsm;udk arwWm&yfcHvdkufonf? Ttvkyf
orm;rsm;udk +idrf;csrf;a&;ta&;awmfykH atmifjrifpGmtqkH;owfap&efESifh wcsdefwnf;wGif
jynfolvlxk}uD;xJrS qif;&Jyifyef;vSonfh tzdESdyfcHjynfolrsm;/ aus;u|efomeftm;vkH;ESifh
aoG;pkyfr_omeftm;vkH;rS vGwfajrmufapa&;/ ta&;awmfykH atmifjrifpGm tqkH;owfap&ef
ulnzD @kd awmif;qdv
k u
kd o
f nf?
xdknrSmyif qdkAD,ufrsm;. 'kwd,uGef*&ufonf ajr,mtrdef@a=unmcsufudk
vufcv
H u
dk +f yD; ajr&Sirf sm;. ajr,mydik q
f ikd rf p_ epfukd avsmaf =u;ray;bJ csucf si;f zsuo
f rd ;f vdu
k f
onf[k a=unmvkdufonf? Tajr,mOya'twGuf vufcHvdkuf&onfh tajccHrSm v,f
orm;xku udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; v$Jay;vdkufaom vkyfydkifcGifht&jzpf+yD; a'otoD;oD;rS
v,form;udk,fpm;vS,f 242 OD;u OD;aqmifwifjycsuf t&jzpfonf? Ttrdef@t& ajr,m
wOD;csif;ydkifqdkifr_pepfonf t+rJxm0& zsufodrf;jcif;cHvdkuf&+yD;/ ajr,mtrsm;ydkif odk@r[kwf
Edik if aH wmfyikd Ef iS hf tpm;xd;k vdu
k o
f nf? ajr&Sirf sm;/ Zmbk&ifro
d m;pkEiS hf bke;f awmf}u;D ausmif;rsm;.
ajr,mtm;vkH;udk qif;&Jom;rsm; vGwfvyfpGm tokH;jyK&ef v$Jajymif;ay;&rnf jzpfonf?
Ttrdef@t& v,form;xkonf atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;rS ,cifajr&Sif/ "e&Sif/ Zm
rdom;pkESifh bkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;rsm; ydkifqdkifcJh=uaom ajr{uoef; 400 udk &&Sdvkdufayonf?
xdk@tjyif v,form;rsm;u ajr&Sifrsm;odk@ ESpfpOfaqmif&aom tcGefaiG lb,f oef;
500 rSvnf; vGwf+idrf;cGifh&&Sdvdkufonf?
"mwfowWKypPnf;rsm; (a&eH/ ausmufrD;aoG;/ owWK pojzifh) opfawmrsm;ESifh a&rsm;
tm;vkH; jynfolydkifjzpfvmcJhonf?
aemufqkH;wGif k&Sm;jynfvkH;qdkif&m qdkAD,ufrsm;. 'kwd,uGef*&ufu abmf&SDApfrsm;
csnf; yg0ifaom jynfol@EdkifiHa&;rSL;rsm;.aumifpD yxrqkH;aom qdkAD,uftpdk;&udk zGJ@pnf;
vdu
k o
f nf? vDeifonf jynfo@l Eidk if aH &;rSL;rsm;. yxraumifpw
D iG f OuUtjzpf a&G;cs,cf &H onf?
TwGif ordik ;f 0if qdAk ,
D ufrsm;. 'kw,
d uGe*f &uf. tm;xkwv
f yk af qmifcsurf sm; t+yD;
owfoGm;ygonf? uGef*&uf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf yDxkd*&uf&Sd qdkAD,ufrsm;. atmifyGJ
owif;udk jzef@csd&efESifh qdkAD,uftm%m wEdkifiHvkH;jyef@oGm;a&;udk tmrcHEdkif&eftwGuf vlpk
cGv
J u
kd =f uonf? ae&mwdik ;f wGif qdAk ,
D ufrsm;xH tm%mcsucf si;f a&muf&v
dS mjcif;r&Syd g? yDxk*d
&ufY qdkAD,uftpdk;& wnf&Sdvm+yD;aomfvnf; armfpudkY vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif &ufawmfawmf
rsm;rsm; qufvufjyif;xefonfh wdu
k yf rJG sm; jzpfaeygonf? armfpudk qdAk ,
D ufrsm;xHo@kd tm%m
a&muf&SdoGm;rnfhta&;udk wm;qD;&eftwGuf wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm; rif&SDApfESifh
qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;ygwDrsm;onf wyfjzLrsm;/ u'ufrsm;ESifh twl tvkyform;/
ppfom;rsm;udk vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ pwifqifEGJvmonf? armfpudkY olykefrsm;udk ESdrfeif;&efESifh

qdkAD,uftm%m xlaxmif&ef &ufaygif;rsm;pGm =umjrifhcJhonf?
yDxkd*&ufrSm if;. ckdiftrsm;tjym;wGif awmfvSefa&;atmifyGJcH+yD;p &ufrsm;uyif
qdkAD,uftm%mudk jzKwfcs&ef wefjyefawmfvSefa&; }udK;yrf;r_rsm; vkyfaqmifvmcJh=uonf?
1917 Edk0ifbm 10 &ufwGif ykefuefr_twGif; yDxkd*&ufrS aemufydkif;ppfrsufESmodk@ xGufajy;
oGm;cJhaom u&ifpuDonf aumhqufwyftrsm;tjym;pkkH;+yD; AkdvfcsKyfum&mhpfaemhAf
(Karasnov) ukd tkycf sKyfapum yDxk*d &ufukd wdu
k cf u
kd &f ef apv$wcf o
hJ nf? 1917 ck Edik 0f ifbm
11 &ufwGif qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; OD;aqmifonfh awmfvSefa&;ESifh tzEdkifiH
u,fwifa&;aumfrwD[k rdrdudk,frdrd ac:qdkonfh wefjyefawmfvSefa&; tzGJ@tpnf;onf
yDxkd*&ufY u'ufrsm;. ykefuefr_udk azmfxkwfvdkufonf? odk@aomf xdkykefuefr_udk tvG,f
wul ESdrfeif;ypfvdkufonf? 1 &uf twGif;rSmyif Edk0ifbm 11 &uf naeydkif;Y a&wyfom;ESifh
wyfeDwyfzGJ@rsm;u u'ufrsm;. ykefuefr_udk ESdrfeif;ypfvdkuf+yD; Edk0ifbm 13 &ufae@wGif blkdAdk
awmifwef;rsm; teD;Y AdkvfcsKyfum&mpfhaemhAfudk acsr_ef;vdkufonf? vDeifonf atmufwdk
bmykefuefr_udk udk,fwdkifudk,fus OD;pD;nef =um;cJhouJhodk@ qdkAD,ufqef@usifonfh ykefuefr_udk
ESdrfeif;&mwGifvnf; udk,fwdkifudk,fus OD;pD;nef=um;cJhonf? ol. tavsmhtwif;rvkyfaom/
wnf=unf+rJjrefr_ESifh atmifyGJtay:wnf+idrfaom ,kH=unfpdwfcsr_wdk@u vlxkudk aygif;pyfpk
pnf;ay;vdkufonf? &efolonf acsr_ef;jcif; cHvdkuf&onf? um&mhpfaemhAfrSm okH@yef;tjzpf
tzrf;cH&+yD; qdkAD,uftm%mudk wdkufcdkufjcif; rjyKawmhyg [k uwdpum;ay;cJhonf?
ol@uwdpum;a=umifh ol@tm; v$wfay;vdkufonf? odk@aomf aemufydkif;=um;od&onfrSm
AdkvfcsKyfonf ol.uwdpum;udk azmufzsufcJhonf? trsdK;orD;a,mifaqmifxm;aom
u&ifpuDonf rnfonfh t&yfrSmrSef; rodaysmufuG,foGm;cJhayonf?
wyfrawmf. XmecsKyf rdk*DvufzfwGif OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf'lckdeif (Dukhonin) onfvnf;
ykefuefr_jzpfay:vm&ef }udK;pm;cJhao;onf? qdkAD,uftpdk;&u ol@udk *smrefppfwyfESifh
typftcwf&yfpaJ &;twGuf csucf si;f aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJ pwif&ef ne=f um;aomtcg olu jiif;qdck hJ
onf? xdt
k cgwiG f 'lcedk ifudk qdAk ,
D uftpd;k &trde@f jzifh xkwyf ,fypfvu
kd o
f nf? wefjyefawmfveS f
a&; XmecsKyf zsufqD;acsr_ef;cHvdkuf&+yD; 'lckdeifudkvnf; ol@tm; tmcHykefuefvmonfh ppfom;
rsm;u owfypfvdkufonf?
ygww
D iG ;f emrnfysuf tacsmiform;tcsKd @jzpfaom uJreD ufA/f ZDEAdk pf/ kid af umhA/f &Smvf&yf
eD aumhAf (Shlyapnikov)ESifh tcsdK@onfvnf; qdkAD,uftm%mudk wdkufcdkufcJh=uao; onf?
olwdk@u atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;u jzKwfcsvdkufaom rif&SDApfESifh qdk&S,fvpfawmf
vSeaf &;orm;rsm;yg0ifaom qd&k ,
S v
f pftm;vk;H qdik &f mtpd;k & (All-Socialist Government)
udkwnfaxmif&ef awmif;qdkvdkufonf? 1917/ Edk0ifbm 15 &ufwGif abmf&SDApfygwD A[dkaumf
rwDu TwefjyefawmfvSefa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh oabmwlnDr_ &a&;rsm;udk jiif;qefonfh qkH;jzwf
csufudk csrSwfcJh+yD; uJrDeufAfESifh ZDEkdApfwdk@onf awmfvSefa&;. oydwf+zdKcGJolrsm; (Strike
Breakers) jzpfa=umif; a=unmvdkufonf? Ekd0ifbm 17/ ygwDay:vpDrsm;ESifh oabmxm;

uGv
J v
JG monfh uJreD ufA/f ZDEAkd pf/ kid af umhAf ESihf rDv,
D w
l if (Milyutin)wd@k onf A[dak umfrwDrS
E_wfxGufa=umif; a=unmvdkufonf? Edk0ifbm 17&ufae@ wae@wnf;rSmyif Edk*sif onf

kdifaumhAf/ rDvD,lwif/ wDkd'DkkdApfcsf/ &Smvf&yfeDaumhAf/ kdifZmaemhAf (D.Ryazanov)/ ,l&eD ufAf
(Yurenev) ESihf vm&if (Larin)ponfh jynfol@EdkifiHa&;rSL;rsm;. aumifpD0ifrsm;onf ygwD
A[dkaumfrwD. ay:vpDrsm;ESifh oabmuGJvGJr_rsm;ESifh jynfol@EdkifiHa&;rSL;rsm;aumifpDrS
E_wfxGufa=umif;udk a=unmcJh=uonf? vufwqkyfpm ol&Jabma=umifolrsm; E_wfxGufoGm;
r_udk atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;. &efolrsm;u 0rf;omtm;& jzpfcJh=uonf? "e&SifESifh if;.
opPm&Sd aemufvu
kd rf sm;u abmf&ADS pf0g'usq;Hk cef;ESihf abmf&ADS pfygw.
D apmpD;pGm tqk;H owfru
_ kd
0rf;om;tm;& edrdwfzwfcJh=uonf? odk@aomf Tvufwqkyfpmwdk@. opPmazmufr_a=umifh
ygwDonf c%av;r#yif wkefv_yfjcif;r&SdcJhay? ygwD. A[dkaumfrwDonf olwdk@udk awmfvSef
a&;rS xGufajy;olrsm;ESifh "e&Sifrsm;. taygif;ygrsm;tjzpf &GH&SmpGmowfrSwfvdkuf+yD; rdrd vkyf
ief;udk qufvufvkyfaqmifcJhonf?
vuf0Jqdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh ywfoufIrl abmf&SDApfrsm;tay:/ rkcs
pmemaxmufco
H nfh v,form;xk}uD;tay: if;wd@k . =oZmudk xde;f odr;f xm;vko
d nfh &nf&,
G f
csujf zifh abmf&ADS pfrsm;ESihf &efrjzpf&ef qk;H jzwfxm;+yD; xdt
k cdset
f wGi;f wyfaygi;f pk tae txm;udk
xde;f odr;f xm;onf? 1917/ Ed0k ifbmwGif usi;f yonfh v,form; qdAk ,
D uf rsm;. uGe*f &ufu
atmufwdkbmqdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;. &&Sdcsuftm;vkH;udk todrSwfjyK+yD; qdkAD,uftpdk;&.
trdef@rsm;udk oabmwlaxmufcHvdkufonf? vuf0Jqdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh
oabmwlnDcsuf&&Sdvdkuf+yD; xdkvltawmfrsm;rsm;udk jynfol@ EdkifiH a&;rSL;rsm;. aumifpDwGif
&mxl;rsm;cef@xm;ay;vdu
k o
f nf? (udv
k *D g,ufAf (Kolegayev)/ pydik &f 'D Edk Akd m (Spiridonova)/
ya&mh&,
dS ef (Proshyan)ESihf pwde;f bmh*f (Steinberg)od@k aomf ToabmwlnrD o
_ nf b&ufp-f
vpfawmhAfpf (Brest- Litovsk) +idrf;csrf;a&; pmcsKyf csKyfqdk onfhtcsdefESifh qif;&Jv,form;
aumf r wD z G J @ pnf ; csd e f t xd o mv#if cH c J h o nf ? xd k tcsd e f w G i f v,f o rm;xk t =um;
uGJ+yJr_eufd_if;vm+yD; ul;vwfrsm;. tusdK;pD;yGm;udk ydkIydkI a&mifjyef [yfvmonf?
vuf0Jqdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf abmf&SDApfrsm;tay: ykefuefr_ pwifcJh&m
qdkAD,uftm%mu acsr_ef;ypfvdkuf&onf?
1917 atmufwdkbmrS 1918 azazmf0g&D umvtwGif; qdkAD,ufawmfvSefa&;onf
wdkif;jynf. us,fjyef@vSaom t0ef;t0dkif;twGif; tvsiftjrefyhsHESH@oGm;&m vDeifu qdkAD,uf
tm%m. atmifyGJcHcsDwufyGJ[lIyif &nfnef;ajymqdkcJhonf?
}uD;jrwfonfh atmufwdkbm qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;atmifyGJcHcJhav+yD?
k&mS ;Edik if YH qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &; Tod@k Ei_d ;f ,SOcf sut
f & tvG,w
f ul atmify&JG &So
d nfh
ta=umif;t&if; trsm;tjym;&Sdygonf? atmufyg t"duta=umif;&if;rsm;rSm rSwfom;xdkuf
ygonf?
1? atmufwb
kd mawmfveS af &;u &ifqikd &f onf&h eforl mS Edi_ ;f ,SOcf sut
f & tiftm;csnehf @J
+yD; qdk;0g;tm;enf;pGm zGJ@pnf;pnf;&kH;xm;+yD; k&Sm;"e&Sifrsm;uJhodk@yif EdkifiHa&;t& twG@t}uKH
r&Sdao;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;t& tm;enf;ae+rJjzpfum/ tpdk;&uefxkdufrsm;
tay:wGif tjynft
h 0 rScD akd e&onfh k&mS ;"e&Sirf sm;onf Edik if aH &;t& rdru
d ,
kd rf rd d rScD &kd yfwnfEikd f
pGrf; vkHavmufr_r&SdbJ tajctaerS xGufayguf&Sm&ef vufOD;r_vnf;r&Sdacs? if;wdk@onf
jyifopf"e&Sifrsm;uJhodk@ EdkifiHa&;yl;aygif;r_rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;vdrfnmr_rsm; tus,ftjyef@tawG@
t}uKHvnf;r&Sd/ t*Fvdyf"e&Sifrsm;uJhodk@ xifa,mifxifrSm;zG,f ^m%frsm;vSaom aphpyfr_
t&mwGif oif=um;xm;jcif;vnf; r&S=d uacs? if;wd@k onf r=umrwifuyif Zmbk&ifEiS hf em;vnf
r_&&Sv
d u
kd af omfvnf; Zmbk&ifukd ,cktcgrmS azazmf0g&aD wmfveS af &;u jzKwfcsvu
kd +f yDjzpf onf?
"e&Sifrsm;udk,fwdkif tm%m&vmonfhtcg if;wdk@onf tvGef&GHrkef;cH&aom Zmbk&if .
ay:vpDrsm;udk t"dutcsurf sm; tm;vk;H wGif qufvufvyk af qmif&efrv
S I
JG tjcm; rnf onfh
ydrk akd umif;rGeo
f nfh vrf;udrk # rpOf;pm;Edik af cs? ppfyo
JG nf Edik if aH wmfu wwfEikd o
f nf xufveG af e+y;D
jynfolESifh wyfrawmfudk c|wf+cKHusaeaponfhwdkif Zmbk&ifuJhodk@yif if;wdk@onf ppfyGJudk
atmifycJG H tqk;H owfa&;od@k qdo
k nfrh u
l kd &yfc=H uonf? v,form;xkonf ajrrJrh E_ iS hf ajr&Siw
f @dk .
xrf;yk;d zdtm;a=umifh qif;&Jc|w+f cKH usaeonfw
h idk f Zmbk&ifuo
hJ @dk yif ajr,mydik q
f ikd f r_ukd qufvuf
xde;f odr;f &ef &yfwnf=uonf? tvkyo
f rm;ay:vpDEiS hf ywfoufIrl tvkyf orm;vlwef;pm;udk
rke;f wD;&mwGif k&mS ;"e&Sirf sm;onf Zmbk&ifxufyif ausmv
f eG o
f mG ;cJah y onf? tb,fa=umifh
qdak omf if;wd@k onf pufykH ikd &f iS rf sm;. xrf;yd;k udk awmifw
h if;cdik rf map&ef xde;f odr;f ay;Hrk #ru
tyh s H t ES H @ jzpf a eaomtvk y f & S i f r sm;. wef j yef o yd w f r sm;ud k rcH r &yf E d k i f awmh a tmif
jyKvkyaf y;vdu
k o
f nf?
jynfolrsm;taejzifh Zmbk&if. ay:vpDESifh "e&Sifwdk@. ay:vpDt=um; rnfonfht"du
jcm;em;csufr# rjrifawG@&bJ if;wdk@. Zmbk&ifrkef;wD;r_udk "e&Sif,m,Dtpdk;&tay: ajymif;vJ
oGm;r_rsm;onf tHhzG,fr[kwfacs?
aphpyfa&;orm;rsm;jzpfonfh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh rif&SDApfygwDrsm;/
jynfolrsm;=um; wpkHw&m =oZmv$rf;rdk;xm;Edkifygu "e&Sifrsm;onf if;wdk@udk uef@vef@um
rsm;tjzpf tokH;jyK+yD; if;wdk@tm%mudk qufvuf xdef;odrf;EdkifayOD;rnf? odk@aomf rif&SDApfESifh
qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;onf e,fcs@J "e&Sirf sm;. ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;tjzpf yGiu
hf somG ;
+yD;aemuf jynfolrsm;t=um; if;wdk@=oZmrsm;usqif;oGm;um ,m,Dtpdk;&tzkd@ axmufcHol
r&Sd jzpfoGm;ygonf?
2? atmufwdkbm awmfvSefa&;tm; OD;aqmifcJholrSm k&Sm; tvkyform;vlwef;pm;
uJo
h @kd aom awmfveS o
f nfh vlwef;pm;w&yfu acgi;f aqmifcjhJ cif;jzpf+yD;/ wku
d yf t
JG wGi;f oHcw
J if
xm;aom vlwef;pm;w&yfjzpfum/ umvwdkav;twGif; awmfvSefa&;ESpf&yfudk jzwfoef;cJh+yD;/
wwd,awmfveS af &; t}udKumvwGif +idr;f csr;f a&;/ ajr,m/ vGwaf jrmufa&;ESihf qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepf
twGuf wdkufyGJwGif jynfol. acgif;aqmiftjzpf todtrSwfjyKcH&aom vlwef;pm;vnf;
jzpfonf? awmfvSefa&;wGif jynfolwdk@. ,kH=unfr_udk&&Sdaom k&Sm; tvkyform;vlwef;pm;

uJo
h @kd aom acgi;f aqmifr&Scd yhJ gu/ tvkyo
f rm;ESihf v,form;t=um; r[mrdwzf @JG rv
_ nf; &&Srd nf
r[kwb
f /J TuJo
h @kd aom r[mrdwzf @JG qrkd _ r&Syd gu atmufwb
kd mawmfveS af &; atmifyJG cH&efvnf;
rjzpfEdkifacs?
3? k&Sm; tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf v,form;xk}uD;. trsm;pk}uD;jzpfaom qif;
&Jv,form;uJhodk@aom xda&mufonfh r[mrdwf&Sdxm;onf? rSefwef;jzpfay:wdk;wufr_
ESpq
f ,fprk sm;pGm. tawG@t}uKHEiS hf rqdik ;f rwG Edi_ ;f ,SOEf ikd o
f nfh &Spv
f =um awmfveS af &; tawG@
t}uKHonf vkyfom;v,form;rsm;twGufqdkv#if tcsnf;tESD;r[kwfacs? T umvtwGif;
k&Sm;&SdygwDtm;vkH;udk vufawG@wGif ppfaq;&ef tcGifhta&;&&SdcJh=u+yD;jzpfonf? zGJ@pnf;tkyf
csKyfykH'Drdku&ufrsm; odk@r[kwf qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh rif&SDApfrsm;onf rnfolr#
v,form;rsm; tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf tepfemcHum ajr&Sirf sm;ESihf xda&muf jyif;xefpmG &efjzpf
rnfr[kwfa=umif; od&Sdem;vnfvm=u+yD; k&Sm;. abmf&SDApfygwD wckwnf;uom ajr&Sifrsm;
ESifh rnfodk@r# qufpyfjcif;r&SdbJ v,form;rsm;. vkdtyfr_ukd jznfhqnf;&ef ajr&Sifrsm;tm;
acsr_ef;&ef jyifqif+yD;jzpfa=umif; od&Sdvm=uonf? Tonfum; ypPnf;rJhESifh qif;&Jv,f
orm;t=um; r[mrdwfzGJ@r_. cdkifrmaom tajccH jzpfapcJhonf? tvkyform; vlwef;pm;ESifh
v,form;rsm;t=um; Tr[mrdwfzGJ@r_ wnf&Sdjcif;u tv,ftvwf v,form;rsm;. vkyf
[efudk jymef;ay;onf? tv,ftvwf v,form;rsm;onf =um&Snf=umrsm; awGa0,drf;
,dkifae+yD; atmufwdkbmykefuefr_t}udKumvrSyif awmfvSefa&;buf pdwfa&mudk,fyg ul;
ajymif;vmum qif;&Jv,form;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;cJhonf?
Tr[mrdwfzGJ@r_ r&Sdygu atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;atmifyGJ &&Sdrnfr[kwfa=umif;
ajym&efyifrvdkacs?
4? tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;udk abmf&ADS pfygwu
D o
hJ @kd Edik if aH &;wku
d yf rJG sm;wGif prf;oyfcx
H m;
+yD;aom ygwDw&yfu acgif;aqmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? abmf&SDApfygwDuJhodk@aom ygwDuomv#if
jynfolrsm;udk ydkifEdkifjywfom;onfhwdkufyGJrsm;wGif acgif;aqmifEdkifpGrf;&Sd+yD;/ &nfrSef;csuftwGuf
csDwuf&mwGif ausmufaqmifausmufcJtm;vkH;udk uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif; jzwfausmfEkdif&ef owd
0d&d,&Sd+yD;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf taxGaxG'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_/ ajr,mydkifqdkifr_ &&Sda&; twGuf
tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. 'Dru
kd a&pDvy_ f mS ;r_/ trsKd ;om;wef;wla&;ESihf trsKd ;om;wef; wla&;twGuf
tzdESdyfcHvlrsdK;pkrsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk jzKwfcs+yD; ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf
xlaxmifa&;twGuf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;rsm;. qdk&S,fvpfv_yf&Sm;r_ponfh trsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHk
usJuGJaeonfh awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ tm;vHk;ukd wpfckwnf;aom wlnDonfh awmfvSefa&;
a&pD;a=umif;}uD;tjzpf yl;aygif;oGm;&ef u|rf;usifpGm udkifwG,fEdkifygonf? TuJhodk@ trsdK;rsdK;
tzkHzkH usJuGJaeaom awmfvSefa&;a&pD;a=umif;rsm;udk wckwnf;aom tiftm;}uD;rm;onfh
awmfvSefa&; a&pD;a=umif;}uD;tjzpfodk@ yl;aygif;vdkufjcif;onf k&Sm;jynf t&if;&Sifpepf.
uH=urRmudk tqkH;tjzwfay;vdkufonfrSm ,kHrSm;zG,fr&Sdacs?
5? atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&; pwifonfhtcsdefrSm e,fchsJppfyGJ txGwftxdyfjzpfaecsdef/

t"du "e&SifEdkifiH}uD;rsm; &efzuftkyfpkESpfcktjzpf uGJoGm;csdefESifh "e&SifEdkifiH}uD;rsm;onf tjyef
tvSef ppfyw
JG iG f epfjrKyfae=uonf? if;wd@k onf wOD;udw
k OD; tiftm;csnehf @J atmif vkyaf eum
k&mS ;jynfta&;tcif;wGif xdxad &mufa&muf 0ifpu
G zf uf+yD;/ atmufwkd bmawmfveS af &;udk
wufuGpGmqef@usif&ef rwwfEdkifjzpfaeonf?
Tonfu atmufwb
kd mqd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS f a&;atmifyu
JG kd v#ijf refapcJo
h nfrmS ,krH mS ;
zG,fr&Sdacs?
7? qdAk ,
D uftm%m wnfwef@cikd +f rJa&;twGuf abmf&ADS pfygw.
D wdu
k yf /JG b&ufp-f vpfawmhApf f
+idrf;csrf;a&;/ owWrt}udrf ygwD uGef*&uf?
qdAk ,
D uftm%mudk wnfwchH ikd rf matmif jyKvky&f eftwGuf "e&SiEf ikd if aH wmf puf,E &W m;
a[mif;udk acsrGzsufqD;ypf+yD; if;wdk@.ae&mwGif qdkAD,ufEdkifiHawmf puf,E W&m;opfudk
wnfaxmif&ayrnf? xdk@tjyif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk ya'o&mZfydkifqdkifr_e,fy,frsm; (Estates)
tjzpfcGJjcm;r_ tuGif;tusefrsm;ESifh trsdK;om;zdESdyfa&; tkyfcsKyfykHpepfwdk@udk zsufqD;&ef/ bk&m;
&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;. tcGifhxl;rsm;udk zsufodrf;&ef wefjyefawmfvSefa&; ykHESdyfwdkufrsm;ESifh w&m;
0ifa&m w&m;r0ifyg wefjyefawmfvSefa&;tzGJ@tpnf; trsdK;rsdK;tm;vkH;wdk@udk zdESdyfypf&efESifh
"e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;. v$waf wmfukd zsuo
f rd ;f ypf&ayrnf? ajr,mrsm;udk jynfoyl ikd o
f rd ;f +yD;aemuf
t}uD;pm; pufr_vkyfief;tm;vkH;udk jynfolydkifjyKvkyf&efjzpfonf? aemufqkH;taeESifhrl qdkAD
,uftm%m ckdifrma&;twGuf wjcm;rnfonfht&mxufrqdk taESmifht,Sufay;aeonfh
ppfyGJudk tqkH;owfypf&ayvdrfhrnf?
TudpPrsm;tm;vkH;udk 1917 ckESpftukefrS 1918 ckESpf tv,fv tcsdK@twGif;rSmyif
vkyfaqmifcJhonf?
qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh rif&SdApfrsm; pDpOfonfh 0ef}uD;Xmea[mif;rsm;rS
t&m&Sdrsm;. aESmifh,SufzsufqD;r_udk acsr_ef;atmifjrifEdkifvdkufonf? 0ef}uD;Xmersm;udk
zsufodrf;vdkuf+yD; qdkAD,uftkyfcsKyfa&; puf,E W&m;ESifh oifhawmfonfh jynfol@Xmersm;jzifh
tpm;xdk;vdkufonf? trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;. tjrifhqkH;aumifpDudk EdkifiHawmf&Sd pufr_vkyfief;rsm;
tkyfcsKyfpDrH&ef wnfaxmifvdkufonf? k&Sm;jynfvkH;qdkif&m txl;aumfr&Sifudk wefjyefawmf
vSefa&;ESifh tzsufvkyfief;rsm;udk acsr_ef;&eftwGuf wnfaxmiffvdkuf+yD; ZmZifpuD;udk
t}uD;tuJtjzpf cef@tyfvdkufonf? wyfeDawmfESifh a&wyfzGJ@pnf;jcif;udk trdef@xkwf
jyefvdkufonf? atmufwdkbm awmfvSefa&;rwdkifrD trsm;tjym; a&G;aumufwifajrmufxm;
jcif;cH&+yD; qdkAD,ufrsm;. 'kwd, uGef*&ufrS +idrf;csrf;a&;/ ajr,mESifh tm%mudk qdkAD,ufrsm;
odk@ v$Jajymif;ay;onfh trdef@pmrsm;udk todtrSwfjyK&ef jiif;qdkaeonfh v$wfawmfudkvnf;
zsuo
f rd ;f vdu
k o
f nf?
ya'o&mZftuGif;tusef/ e,fy,fcGJjcm;r_pepf/ vlr_b0tv$mtm;vkH;twGif; rnD

r#rr_ sm; tqk;H owfypf&ef ajr,mrsm;zsuo
f rd ;f onfh trsKd ;om;a&; od@k r[kwf bmoma&; tay:
tajccHonfh uef@owfrr_ sm;udk z,f&mS ;onfh Edik if aH wmfu/kd bk&m;&Scd ;kd ausmif;rsm;ESihf ausmif;rsm;
udk/ bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;ESifh cGJjcm;onfh trsdK;orD;rsm;wef;wla&;ESifh k&Sm;&Sd vlrsdK; toD;oD;
wef;wla&;udk xlaxmifonfh trdef@rsm;xkwfqifhvdkufonf?
jzpfay:wdk;wufr_rsm;udk taESmifht,SufrjyKEkdif&efESifh vkH;0wef;wlnDr#a&;twGuf
k&mS ;jynforl sm;. tcGihf ta&;rsm;a=unmcsuf qdo
k nfh qdAk ,
D uftpd;k &. txl;trde@f w&yf
udk k&Sm;jynfolrsm;. tcGifhta&; Oya'w&yftjzpf csrSwfvdkufonf?
"e&Sifvlwef;pm;. pD;yGm;a&;tm%mudk csnfheJ@ap+yD; qdkAD,uftrsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;opf
w&yf xlaxmifum yxrtm;jzifh qdkAD,ufpufr_vkyfief;opfudk xlaxmif&ef/ b%fwdkufrsm;/
rD;&xm;vrf;rsm;/ EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,fa&; a&vrf;o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;ESifh ausmufrD;aoG; owWK/
a&eH/ "mwkypPnf;rsm;/ pufud&d,mwnfaqmufa&;/ txnftvdyfvkyfief;/ o=um;vkyfief;
ponfh pufr_vkyfief;cGJtm;vkH;rS vkyfief;}uD;rsm;tm;vkH;udk jynfolydkifodrf;ypfvdkufonf?
u|eaf wmfw@kd wikd ;f jynfukd Edik if jH cm;t&if;&Si}f uD;rsm;tay: bma&;t& trScD u
kd if;&efEiS hf
if;wdk@. aoG;pkyfr_ rSvGwfajrmuf&eftwGuf k&Sm;bk&ifESifh ,m,Dtpdk;&wdk@ESifh uefx&dkufcsKyf
qdkxm;onfh EdkifiHjcm;acs;aiGrsm;udk zsufodrf;ypfvdkufonf? u|efawmfwdk@ jynfolrsm;onf
ppfyGJqufvufqifEGJa&;twGufESifh wdkif;jynfudk EdkifiHjcm;t&if;tESD;rsm; csnfaESmifxm;&ef
wif&Sdaeonfh auG;+rD;rsm;udk ay;qyf&efjiif;qdkvdkufonf?
Tvkyf&yfrsm;ESifhtvm;wl vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;u "e&Sifvlwef;pm;/ ajr&Sifrsm;/ azmuf
jyefonfh t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh wefjyefawmfvSefa&;ygwDrsm;. tm%mtajccHudk tiftm; csnfheJ@
apvdkuf+yD; jynfwGif;Y qdkAD,uftpdk;&. tqifhae&mudk odompGm awmifhwif;apayonf?
odk@aomf qdkAD,uftpdk;&. tqifhae&monf k&Sm;u *smreD/ =op}wD;,m;wdk@ESifh ppf
cif;aeor# tjynfht0 vkH+cKHrnf[k r,lqEdkifay? qdkAD,uftm%m tqkH;owfcdkifrmap&efrSm
ppfyGJudktqkH;owfap&efyifjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh ygwDonf atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;
atmifyGJ&onfh tcsdefrSp+yD; +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifcJhonf?
qdkAD,uftpdk;&u ppfjzpfaeaom jynfolrsm;ESifh if;wkd@. tpdk;&rsm;tm;vkH;udk w&m;
r#wonfh/ 'Drdkua&pDusonfh/ +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJ csufcsif;pwif&ef awmif;
qdkvdkufonf? odk@aomf r[mrdwfrsm;jzpfonfh +AdwdefESifh jyifopfu qdkAD,uftpdk;&.
awmif;qdkcsufudk vufcH&efjiif;qdkcJhonf? Tjiif;qefr_ tajccHtay: qdkAD,uftpdk;&onf
qkAd ,
D ufrsm;. awmif;qdck surf sm;udk vdu
k ef maqmif&u
G &f eftvd@k imS *smreD/ =op}wD;,m;wk@d EiS hf
aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJ pwif&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf?
'DZifbm 3 &ufae@ b&mufpf-vpfawmhAfpfY aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; pwifcJhonf? 'DZifbm
5 &ufae@Y typftcwf&yfpJa&; pmcsKyfcsKyfqdkonf?
aphpyfyGJrsm; usif;yonfhtcsdefrSm wkdif;jynftaejzifh pD;yGm;a&;zkdz&Jjzpfaecsdef/ ppfyef;r_

tysH@tESH@jzpfay:aecsdef u|efawmfwdk@wyfom;rsm; ppfwef;vsm;udk pGef@cGm+yD; a&S@wef;+ydKaecsdef
jzpfygonf? aphpyfaqG;aEG;aepOftwGi;f rSm *smref t&if;&Sirf sm;onf ,cifZmbk&iftifyg,mrS
e,fajrtrsm;tjym;udk vdkcsifaea=umif;ESifh ydkvef/ ,lu&def;ESifh abmvwpfEdkifiHrsm;udk *smreD
vufatmufoGif;aecsifa=umif; &Sif;vmygonf?
TuJhodk@aom tajctaersdK;wGif ppfyGJudkqufvufqifEGJ&efrSm topfarG;zGm;vmaom
qdAk ,
D uforRwEdik if H wnf&rdS t
_ wGuf t&JpeG jf ch if;yifjzpfonf? tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;ESihf v,f
orm;vlxk}uD;onf qdkAD,uftm%mudk cdkifrmatmifvkyf&efESifh &efol@wdkufcdkufr_rS wdkif;jynf
udkumuG,fEdkifpGrf;&Sdrnfh wyfrawmfopf/ wyfeDawmfudk xlaxmif&e/f tem;,lcsdefoufomcGifh
tcsdefav;&&Sd&eftwGuf ta&;ygvSonfh +idrf;csrf;a&;awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk vufcH&efESihf
xdktcsdef. tE W&m,ft}uD;qkH; "m;jy *smrefe,fcsJ@pepf a&S@arSmufrS qkwfcGm&efvdktyfr_ESifh
&ifqdkifae&ygonf?
rif&SDApfESifh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;rStp vlqdk;oufouf wyfjzLrsm;tqkH;/
wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;tm;vkH;onf +idrf;csrf;a&;&&Sda&;udk tl;trl;qef@usifwdkufyGJ
qif=uonf? olwdk@ay:vpDu &Sif;aeonf? olwkd@onf +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJukd zsufqD;apvkd
+yD; *smrefxkd;ppfukd qGay;um Tenf;jzifh tiftm;csnfheJ@qJjzpfonfh qdkAD,uftm%mudk
tE W&m,fjyK&efESifh tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;. tusdK;tjrwfrsm;udk zsufqD;&efjzpfonf?
Traumif;}uHpnfr_wGif if;wdk@. rdwfaqGrsm;rSm xa&mhpuDESifh taygif;tyg blcg&if
wdk@jzpf+yD;/ blcg&ifonf &m'ufcf (Radek)/ ysmwaumhAfwdk@ESifhtwl vuf0JuGefjrLepfrsm;
qdkonfh trnfudk uef@vefumtjzpf tokH;jyKxm;aomfvnf; ygwDudk qef@usifonfh tkyfpkudk
acgif;aqmifaeonf? xa&mhpuDESifh vuf0JuGefjrLepftkyfpkonf ygwDwGif;Y vDeifqef@usif
onfh wdu
k yf u
JG kd tl;trl; qifEaJG e=u+yD; ppfyq
JG ufvufqifE&JG ef awmif;qd=k uonf? Tolrsm;
onf *smrefe,fcs@J orm;rsm;ESihf wdik ;f jynfwiG ;f wefjyefawmfveS af &;orm;rsm; vufo@kd a&muf&dS
atmif y&d,m,fqifaeonfrSm &Sif;aeygonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ppfwyf r&Sdao;onfh
i,f&G,fEkysdKaom qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiHudk *smrefe,fcsJ@pepf. txdk;tESufcH&ap&ef tum
uG,frJhoGm;atmif vkyfaqmifaeaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
Tonf vuf0Jpum;vkH;rsm;jzifh u|rf;usifpGm rsufESmzkH;pGyfxm;onfh twGif;olv#dK
ay:vpDjzpfayonf?
1918ck/ azazmf0g&D 10 &ufY b&ufp-f vpfawmhApf f +idr;f csr;f a&; aqG;aEG;yGyJ suo
f mG ;onf?
ygwDA[dkaumfrwD trnfjzifh vDeifESifh pwmvifu xdk+idrf;csrf;a&;udk vufrSwfxdk;vufcH&ef
twif;tusyf wdu
k w
f eG ;f cJah omfvnf; b&ufpv
f pfawmhApf &f dS qdAk ,
D ufu,
kd pf m;vS,t
f zG@J OuU
xa&mhpuDu abmf&ASD pfygw.
D wdu
k f u
dk n
f e =f um;csurf sm;udk opPmrJph mG azmufzsucf o
hJ nf? olu
qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiHonf *smreDuwifjyonfh +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf awmif; qdkcsufrsm;udk
y,fcsa=umif; a=unmonf? wcsdefwnf;rSm olu *smrefrsm;udk qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiHonf

ppfwdkufrSmr[kwfbJppfwyfudk qufvufzsufodrf;rnfjzpfa=umif; ta=umif;=um;cJhonf?
TonfrSmvnf; ,kwfrmr_jzpfonf? *smrefe,fchsJorm;rsm;taejzifh qdkAD,ufEdkifiHrS
tusdK;tjrwfrsm;twGuf TopPmazmufr_xufydkI vdktyfp&mr&Sdawmhyg?
*smreftpdk;&onf typftcwf&yfpJa&;udk zsufodrf;vdkuf+yD; xdk;ppfjyefpcJhonf? u|ef
awmfwdk@. wyfa[mif;rS wyfuGif;wyfusefrsm;onf *smrefwyfrsm;. tjyif;txefwdkufcdkuf
r_atmufwGif upOfhuvsm;+ydKvJukef=uonf? *smreDrsm;onf tvsiftjref a&S@wdk;vm+yD;
e,fajrtrsm;tjym;udk odr;f ,lum/ yDxk*d &ufukd +cdr;f ajcmufvmonf? *smrefe,fcs@J pepf onf
qdAk ,
D uftm%mudk jzKwfcs&efEiS hf u|eaf wmfw@kd Eikd if u
H kd olw@kd . udv
k ekd jD zpfap&ef &nf&,
G f csujf zifh
qdkAD,ufajrudk usL;ausmfvmjcif;jzpfonf? Zmbk&ifwyfa[mif; tuGif; tusef rsm;onf
*smrefe,fcsJ@rsm;. vufeufudkiftiftm;udk rckcHEdkifbJ if;wkd@. xdk;ESufcsufrsm; atmufwGif
wjznf;jznf; qkwfcGmvm&onf?
od@k aomf *smrefe,fcs@J orm;rsm;. vufeufuikd pf u
G zf uf usL;ausmrf o
_ nf wdik ;f jynfwiG f
tiftm;}uD;rm;onfh awmfvSefa&;'Da&jrifhtwGuf tcsufay;vdkufonf? ygwDESifh qdkAD,uf
tpdk;&u qdk&S,fvpftzEdkifiH tE,f&m,fusa&mufae+yD [laom v_H@aqmfoHudk xkwfjyef
vdkufonf? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf wkH@jyefaomtaejzifh wyfeDawmfwyfrrsm;udk
pdwftm;xufoefpGm pwifzGJ@pnf;vmonf? wyfrawmfopf. i,f&G,fEkysdKaomwyfzGJ@rsm;
awmfvSefonfhjynfolrsm;. wyfrawmfonf ajcqkH;acgif;qkH; vufeufwyfqifxm;onfh *sm
ref"m;jyrsm;udk &J0HhajymifajrmufpGm ckcH=uonf? emAmESifh ypfaumhAfwdk@wGif *smref usL;ausmf
a&;orm;rsm;onf +rJ+rH}uHhcdkifaom wGef;vSefr_ESifh &ifqdkif&onf? if;wdk@. yDxkd*&ufodk@
csw
D ufrr_ mS vnf; [ef@wm;jcif; cH&onf? *smrefe,fcs@w
J yfrsm; wGe;f vSejf cif;cH&onfh azazmf0g&D
23 &ufudk wyfeDawmf arG;zGm;onfhae@tjzpf owfrSwfonf?
1918 azazmf0g&D 18 &ufwGif ygwDA[dkaumfrwDonf *smreftpdk;&udk csufcsif; +idrf;csrf;
a&;,la&;twGuf urf;vSrf;&ef a=u;eef;kdufa&; qdkonfh vDeif.wifjycsufudk oabmwl
vdu
k o
f nf? od@k aomf *smrefrsm;onf tcGit
hf a&; ydrk &kd &Sad p&ef a&S@qufcsw
D ufvm+yD; azazmf0g&D
22 &ufae@usrSomv#if +idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyfcsKyf&ef vdkvm;a=umif; *smref tpdk;&u azmfjyvm
onf? awmif;qdkcsufrsm;rSm rlvawmif;qdkcsufrsm;xuf ydkrdk}uD;av;vmayonf?
vDeif/ pwmvif/ qAm;'favmhAw
f @kd onf +idr;f csr;f a&; / pmcsKyfcsKyfqakd &; qk;H jzwfcsurf &&Srd D
A[dkaumfrwD twGif;Y xa&mhpuD/ blcg&ifESifh tjcm; xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;ESifh tvGefjyif;xefpGm
wdkufyGJqif&onf? vDeifu blcg&ifESifh xa&mhpuDwdk@onf trSefpifppfwGifrl *smrefe,fcsJ@
orm;rsm;udk ulnDcJh+yD;/ *smrefawmfvSefa&; }uD;xGm;vma&;ESifh jzpfay:wdk;wufr_wdk@udk twm;
tqD;jzpfapcJo
h nf[k qdv
k u
kd o
f nf? (vDeif vufa&$;pifusrf;/ twGJ 2/ pmrsufESm-287)
azazmf0g&D 23 &ufwGifrl A[dkaumfrwDu *smrefppfXmecsKyf. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk
vdu
k ef m+y;D +ird ;f csr;f a&; pmcsKyf vufrw
S af &;xd;k &ef qk;H jzwfvu
kd o
f nf? xa&mhpuDeiS hf blcg&ifw@kd .
opPmazmufr_twGuf qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiHonf tawmfyif epfemcJh&onf? ydkvefudk ajym&ef

rvdkbJ/ vwfAD;,m;ESifh tufpfwdk;eD;,m;wdk@udk *smrefvufxJ xdk;tyfvdkuf&+yD;/ ,lu&def;udk
qkAd ,
D uforRwEkid if EH iS hf tqufjzwfypfvu
dk u
f m *smreDEidk if .
H vufatmufcjH zpfomG ;ap cJo
h nf?
qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiHu *smrefrsm;udk ppfavsmfa=u;ay;&ef oabmwlnDvkduf&onf?
wcsdefwnf;wGif vuf0JuGefjrLepfrsm;u vDeifudkqef@usifonfh if;wdk@. wdkufyGJudk
qufvufqifE$J&if; opPmazmuf &$H@EGHtwGif;odk@ us+yD;&if; us&if;jzpfaeonf?
armfpudka'o ygwDAsL&kdwGif vuf0JuGefjrLepfrsm; (blcg&if/ tdkpifpuD; Ossinsky/
&maumhAfvDAm Yakovleva/ pwl;aumhAf StukovESifh refpuf Mantsev)onf ,m,DtkyfpD;
xm;Edik +f yD; ygwu
D ckd yJG pf&ef &nf&,
G u
f m A[dak umfrwDukd t,kt
H =unfr&Sq
d o
kd nfh qk;H jzwf csuu
f kd
csrw
S v
f u
kd o
f nf? AsL&ku
d tvGeef ;D uyfvaS om tem*wfwiG f a&SmifvI
JG rjzpfavmuf atmif
ygwD+ydKuGJawmhrnf jzpfa=umif;a=unmonf? vuf0JuGefjrLepfrsm;onf if;wdk@.
qk;H jzwfcsuw
f iG f qdAk ,
D ufqef@usio
f nfh &yfwnfrv
_ ufcaH &;txdyif jyKvkyv
f monf? olw@kd u
EdkifiHwum awmfvSefa&; tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf u|efawmfwdk@onf ,cktcg omef
oufoufr#om&Sdawmhaom qdkAD,uftm%m _H;edrfhacs&Sdvmr_udk cGifhjyK&efrSm avsmfuefoifh
jrwfonf[k ,lqonf[k a=unmcJhonf?
vDeifu TqkH;jzwfcsufudk xl;qef;+yD; ,kwfrmonf[k wHqdyfESdyfay;vdkufonf?
xdktcsdefum; xa&mhpuDESifh vuf0JuGefjrLepfrsm;. ygwDqef@usifa&; tjyKtrlrsm;.
wu,ft
h a=umif;&if;udk ygwt
D wGi;f Y tjrifr&Si;f =uao;acs? od@k aomfr=umrDu w&m;ppfaq;
cJhaom qdkAD,ufqef@usifonfh vuf,mESifh xa&mhpuD0g'Dtkyfpk (1938 tpydkif;) ppfaq;
csufrsm;u azmfjyonfrSm blcg&ifESifh if;acgif;aqmifonfh vuf0JuGefjrLepfrsm;onf xa&mhp
uD/ vuf0Jqdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh twl xdktcsdefuyif qdkAD,uftpkd;&udk
vkyf}uH&ef wdwfwqdwf }uHpnfae+yDjzpfonf? blcg&if/ xa&mhpuDESifh if;wdk@. }uHazmf}uHzuf
rsm;onf b&ufpf-vpfabmhAfpf +idrf;csrf;a&;udkzsufqD;+yD;/ vDeif/ pwmvifESifh qAm;'favmhAf
wdk@udk zrf;qD;vkyf}uHowfjzwfum blcg&if0g'Drsm;/ xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;ESifh vuf0Jqdk&S,fvpf
awmfveS af &;orm;rsm; yg0ifonfh tpd;k &w&yfuzkd @JG pnf;&ef }uHpnfcahJ =umif; ,cktcgY od&&dS +yD
jzpfonf?
Tv#dK@0SufwefjyefawmfvSefa&;vkyf}uHr_udk }uHpnfvkyfaqmifaepOfrSmyif vuf0J
uGefjrLepfrsm;onf xa&mhpuD. axmufcHr_ESifh abmf&SDApfygwDudk ajAmifwdkufcdkufae+yD;/
ygwDuGJatmifESifh ygwD0ifrsm;t=um; uGJ+yJoGm;atmif }udK;pm;cJh=uonf? odk@aomf TuJhodk@
aom ta&;}uD;vSonfu
h mvwGif ygwo
D nf vDeif/ pwmvifEiS hf qAm;'favhmAfw@kd . ywfvnf
wGif odyfonf; pGm0dkif;&H+yD; wjcm;jy\emtm;vkH;rsm;rSmuJhodk@yif +idrf;csrf;a&; jy\emYvnf;
A[dkaumfrwDudk axmufcHcJhonf?
vuf0u
J eG jf rLepftkypf o
k nf txD;usejf zpfum _;H edro
hf mG ;onf? ygwo
D nf +idr;f csr;f a&;
jyoemtay: aemufqkH;qkH;jzwfcsufudk a=unmEdkif&eftwGuf owWrt}udrf uGef*&ufudk
ac:qdkvdkufonf?
1918 ck/ rwfv 6 &ufwiG f uGe*f &ufukd zGiv
hf pS v
f u
kd o
f nf? TonfrmS u|eaf wmfw@kd ygwD
tm%m&&Sd+yD;aemuf ac:,lusif;yonfh yxrqkH; uGef*&ufjzpfonf? rJay;Edkifonfh 46 OD;ESifh
rJray;Edkifonfh udk,fpm;vS,foufouf 58 OD;wufa&mufcJh+yD; ygwD0if 145 000udk udk,fpm;
jyKonf? trSefrSmrl xdktcsdefu ygwD0ifOD;a&rSm 270000 xufravsmhacs? uGef*&ufudk
tvsiftjrefac:qdk&jcif;a=umifh tzGJ@tpnf;trsm;tjym;onf tcsdefrD udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
rapvGwfEdkifaoma=umifh TuJhodk@uGJvGJ+yD; rnDrr# jzpfoGm;&jcif;jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif xdktcsdef
*smrefrsm; odrf;,lxm;onfh e,fajrrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; apv$wfEdkifjcif;r&Sdacs?
TuGef*&ufY b&ufpf-vpfawmhAfpfcf +idrf;csrf;a&;tay: vDeifu tpD&ifcH&mwGif
u|eaf wmfw@kd ygwD ,cktcg awG@}uKHae&aom }uD;rm;onfh tusyt
f wnf;rSm ygww
D iG ;f vuf0J
twkduftcH wnf&Sdaer_a=umifh k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;u awG@}uKHcJh&onfh tusyftwnf;rsm;wGif
tqdk;qkH; jzpfaeawmhonf[k qdkvdkufonf? (vDeifvufa&$;pifusrf;/ twGJ2/ pmrsufESm-299)
b&ufpf-vpfawmhAfpfcf +idrf;csrf;a&;jyoemtay: vDeifwifoGif;onfh qkH;jzwfcsufudk
axmufcHrJ 30/ uef@uGufrJ 12/ =um; 12 rJ jzifh vufcHtwnfjyKvdkufonf?
TqkH;jzwfcsufudk vufcHtwnfjyK+yD; aemufw&ufwGif vDeifu'kuQ}uD;rm;vSaom
+idrf;csrf;a&;[laom acgif;pOf jzifh aqmif;yg;a&;om;&mwGif +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf vdkufavsm
&onfh tcsuftvufrsm;rSm rcHr&yfEdkifzG,f/ jyif;xef&ufpufvSonf? odk@aomf ordkif;u
qkH;jzwfvdrfhrnf? u|efawmfwdk@ pnf;kH;&efESifh pnf;Hk;&efvkyfief;rsm;udk pwif=uygpdk@? prf;oyfr_
trsm;tjym;&Sad omfvnf; tem*wfonf u|eaf wmfw@kd twGujf zpfonf[k a&;om;xm; onf?
(vDeifusrf;aygif;pkH/ twGJ22/ pmrsufESm-288)
qkH;jzwfcsufwGif uGef*&ufu a=unmvdkufonfrSm e,fcs@JEdkifiHrsm;. qdkAD,uforRw

Edik if u
H kd qufvuf+yD; ppfa&;t& wdu
k cf u
kd &f mrSm rvGrJ a&Smifomjzpfa=umif;ESihf xd@k a=umifh ygw.
D
tajccHvkyfief;wm0efrSm tvkyform;ESifh v,form;rsm;taejzifh rdrdudk,frdrd wif;usyfa&;/
pnf;urf;rsm; cdkifrm&eftwGuf pGrf;tm;t&SdqkH;ESifh cdkifrm+rJ+rHonfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk csrSwf&ef
qdkAD,ufEdkifiHawmfudk udk,fusdK;pGef@umuG,fa&;twGuf vlxkudkjyifqifay;&ef/ wyfeDawmf
zG@J pnf;&efEiS hf tys@H tES@H ppfavhusichf ef;rsm; vkyaf qmif&efjzpfonf[k uGe*f &ufu oabmxm;
ayonf?
b&ufp-f vpfawmhApf cf +f idr;f csr;f a&;ESihf ywfoufonfh vDeifay:vpDukd axmufc&H if; uGef
*&ufonf xa&mhpuDESifh blcg&ifwdk@. taetxm;udk _wfcs+yD; &_H;edrfhoGm;aom vuf0J
uGefjrLepfrsm;uGef*&ufwGif *kd%f;cGJI qufvkyfaqmifaer_rsm;udk zsufqD;vdkufonf?
b&ufpf-vpfawmhAfpf +idrf;csrf;a&;u ygwDtwGuf qdkAD,uftm%mudk cdkifrmatmif
vkyfEdkif&efESifh wdkif;jynf. pD;yGm;a&;b0 pkpnf;r_vkyfzkd@ tcsdefumvwck ay;vdkufygonf?
+idrf;csrf;a&;u e,fcsJ@tkyfpktwGif; ydyuQrsm; (=op}wD;,m;/ *sreDuwzuf r[m

rdwu
f wzuf qufvuf jzpfaeonfph pfy)JG udk tcGiahf umif;,lEikd af pcJ+h y;D / &efo@l tiftm;udk +zKd cG&J ef/
qdkAD,ufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk pkpnf;&efESifh wyfeDawmfwnfaxmif&ef tcGifhtvrf;&ap cJhonf?
+idrf;csrf;a&;u ypPnf;rJhrsm;twGuf v,form;rsm;. axmufcHr_udk qufvufxdef;
odr;f xm;Edik af pcJ+h yD; jynfwiG ;f ppfwiG f wyfjzLAdv
k cf sKyfrsm; _;H edro
hf mG ;a&;twGuf tiftm;pkaqmif;
EdkifapcJhygonf?
atmufwdkbm awmfvSefa&;umvwGif vDeifu abmf&SDApfygwDukd a&S@wdk;&eftcsuf
tvufrsm; omaepOf ta=umuft&G@H uif;pGmESihf cdik rf mpGm rnfo@kd a&S@csw
D uf&a=umif; oif=um;
ay;cJhonf? &efol. tiftm;u rdrdxufodompGm rsm;jym;aeaom b&ufpf-vpfawmhAfpf
+idrf;csrf;a&;umvwGif xdk;ppftopftwGuf tpGrf;ukef tiftm;rsm;udk jyifqif&eftwGuf
pepfwus rnfuJhodk@ qkwfcGmoifha=umif; oif=um;ay;cJhonf?
ordkif;u vDeif.vrf;pOf rSefuefa=umif; tjynfht0oufaojycJhonf?
owWrt}udrfuGef*&ufwGif ygwD.trnfudk ajymif;&efESifh ygwDvrf;pOfajymif;&ef
qkH;jzwfvdkufonf? ygwD.trnfudk k&Sm;uGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&SDApf) R.C.P.(B)odk@ ajymif;
vdkufonf? vDeifu u|efawmfwdk@ygwDudk uGefjrLepfygwD[k ac:a0:&eftqdkjyKcJhonf? tb,fh
a=umifq
h akd omf Ttrnfonf ygw.
D &nf&,
G cf sujf zpfaom uGejf rL0g' atmify&JG a&;ESihf twd
tus vdkufavsmaeaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
vDeifESifh pwmvifwdk@yg0ifonfh txl;aumfr&Sifudk ygwDvrf;pOfa&;qGJ&ef a&G;aumuf
wifajrmufvdkuf+yD; vDeif. vrf;pOfrl=urf;udk tajccHtjzpf vufcHvdkuf=uonf?
Tenf;jzifh owWrt}udrfuGef*&ufonf ordkif;0if euf_dif;av;eufonfh ta&;ygaom
wm0efudk atmifjrifpGm xrf;aqmifvdkufonf? ygwD0ifxktwGif; ykef;atmif;aeonfh&efol
vuf0JuGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;udk ESdrfeif;vdkufonf? wdkif;jynfudk e,fcsJ@ppfyGJ
twGif;rS atmifjrifpGm qGJxkwfEdkifcJhonf? +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh tem;,loufomcGifh tcsdef&&Sdap
vdu
k o
f nf? ygwt
D wGuf wyfeaD wmfz@JG pnf;&ef tcsed &f apvdu
k o
f nf? ygwt
D m; trsKd ;om;pD;yGm;
a&;wGif qkd&S,fvpftaetxm; pwifjyKvkyfa&;wm0efukd pDpOfjyifqifay;EkdifapcJhonf?
8? qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&; yxrajcvSrf;rsm;twGuf vDeif.pDrHudef;/ qif;&Jv,form;
aumfrwDrsm;ESifhul;vwfrsm;tm;xdef;csKyfjcif;/ vuf
vuf0Jqdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; orm;rsm;.
ykefuefr_ESifh if;udk ESdrfeif;jcif;/ qdkAD,ufrsm;. yOPruGef*&ufESifh k&Sm;qdkAD,uf zuf'&,f
qdk&S,fvpforRwEdkifiH R.S.F.S.R . zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHudk twnfjyKjcif;?
+idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyf csKyfqdkt+yD; Tenf;jzifh tcsdefumvwck &atmif,l+yD;aemuf
qdkAD,uftpdk;&onf qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;udk pwifvkyfaqmifcJhonf? vDeifu
1917 ck/ Edk0ifbmrS 1918 ck/ azazmf0g&Dvtxdumvudk t&if;tESD;tay: wyfeDrsm;.
wdkufcdkufonfhtqifh[k ac:qdkcJhonf? 1918 ck/ yxrESpf0ufwGif qdkAD,uftm%monf

"e&Sifrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;pGrf;tm;udk csdK;zsuf&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;. t"d
utcsuftcsm vkyfief;rsm; (pufHktvkyfHk/ b%f/ rD;&xm;vrf;/ EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,fa&;/
a&a=umif;o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;pojzifh)wdk@udk rdrdvufxJpkpnf;&mwGifvnf;aumif; atmifjrif
cJh+yD;/ EdkifiHawmftm%m. "e&Sifpuf,E W&m;udkacsr_ef;um qdkAD,uftm%mudk jzKwfcs&ef
yxrqkH;aom wefjyefawmfvSefa&; }udK;yrf;csufrsm;udk atmifjrifpGm +zdKzsufEdkifcJhonf?
od@k aomf Tr#jzifrh vkaH vmufao;yg? wd;k wufvykd gu taetxm;a[mif;udk zsuq
f ;D ypf
vkdygu topfwnfaqmufa&;jzifh tpm;xdk;&rnf? TonfESifh udkufnDpGmyif 1918 aEGOD;Y
ul;ajymif;a&;umv pwifcJh+yD; odrf;,lolrsm;xHrS trsm;ydkifodrf;,ljcif; rS qdk&S,fvpfwnf
aqmufa&; tqifhopf&&Sdvmaom atmifyGJrsm;. pnf;Hk;a&;&m cdkifrmr_ qdkAD,uftrsKd;om;
pD;yGm;a&; wnfaqmufjcif;od@k ul;ajymif;vmcJo
h nf? vDeifu qk&d ,
S v
f pfp;D yGm;a&;pepf tajccH
tkwfjrpfpwifcsEdkif&ef ppfyGJrS tem;,lxm;onfh umvudk tpGrf;ukef tcGifhaumif;,l&rnf[k
cH,lonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;onf xkwfvkyfa&;udk enf;vrf;opfjzifh pkpnf;pDrHvkyfaqmifEdkif&ef
oif,lavhvm&onf? vDeifu abmf&SDApfygwDonf k&Sm;udkcsrf;omolrsm;vufrS jynfol
rsm;twGuf atmify&JG apcJo
h nf qdo
k nfukd k&mS ;jynfukd oabmayguf em;vnfap+yD; jzpf onf?
,cktcg abmf&SDApfygwDonf k&Sm;udk tkyfcsKyfzdk@ avhvm&rnf[k a&;om;cJhonf?
vDeifu ,cktqifh. t"duwm0efrSm wdkif;jynfrS xkwfvkyfonfh t&mtm;vkH;udk
pm&if;tif;rsm;xm;&S+d yD; txGuyf pPn;f tm;vk;H jzef@a0jcif;ay: xde;f csKyf&rnf[k cH,x
l m;onf?
"e&Sifaygufp tpdwftydkif;rsm;onf wkdif;jynf. pD;yGm;a&;pepfwGif v$rf;rdk;aeonf? +rdK@ESifh
aus;vufrsm;&Sd tao;pm;ydkifqdkifol oef;aygif;rsm;pGmonf t&if;&SifpepftwGuf a&cHajrcH
aumif;jzpfaeonf? tao;pm;ydik q
f ikd o
f al v;rsm;onf tvkypf nf;urf; od@k r[kwf jynfo@l pnf;
urf;rsm;udk todtrSwrf jyK/ Edik if aH wmfpm&if;tif;aumuf,jl cif;ESihf xde;f csKyfjcif; pepfukd vuf
rcHacs? TcufcJvSonfh umvwGif txl;tE W&m,f}uD;onfrSm "e&Sifaygufprsm; tjrwf}uD;
pm;&ef }uHpnfr_ESifh tjrwf}uD;pm;jcif;/ t_yftaxG;rsm;ESifh tao;pm;ydkifqdkifolrsm;ESifh ukef
onfav;rsm;. jynfolrsm; vkdtyfcsuftay: tjrwfpm;&ef }udK;yrf;csufrsm;jzpfayonf?
ygwDonf tvkyfwGif jzpfuwwfqef;jzpfaer_/ ppfr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif vkyftm;pnf;urf;
r&Srd w
_ @kd tay: jyif;xef pGmwdu
k yf q
JG ifEcJG o
hJ nf? vlxo
k nf tvkyv
f yk u
f ikd &f mwGif tusio
hf pfrsm;
udk vufc&H ,l&ef aES;auG;aeonf? tusKd ;tm;jzifh tvkypf nf;urf;. wku
d yf o
JG nf xdu
k mv.
t"duvkyfief; jzpfvmayawmhonf?
vDeifu axmufjyonfrmS pufrv
_ yk if ef;wGif qd&k ,
S v
f pf+ydKifqidk rf u
_ kd jzpfay:wd;k yGm;ap&ef
vdt
k yfr/_ ykwjf ywf aiGay;pepfukd wDxiG &f ef vdt
k yfr/_ vpmwef;wlay;a&;udk wdu
k zf su&f ef vdt
k yfr/_
ynmay;a&;azsmif;zsajymqdo
k nfh enf;emrsm;tjyif Edik if aH wmfr&S &SEd ikd o
f r# ,lz@kd om vkyaf eolrsm;/
vlysi;f rsm;ESihf tjrwf}uD;pm;rsm;tm; tvkyx
f w
k yf pfonfh enf;emrsm;yg tok;H jyK&efvt
kd yfrw
_ @kd
jzpf o nf ? ol u pnf ; urf ; opf r sm;jzpf a om tvk y f p nf ; urf ; / &J a bmf & J b uf ozG , f
quf q H a &;pnf ; urf ; / qd k A D , uf p nf ; urf ; wd k @ onf tvk y f o rm;oef ; aygif ; rsm;pG m .

ae@pOfvufawG@ vkyfief;jzpfpOfrsm;rS wjznf;jznf; wqifhcsif;wqifh ay:xGufvmonfh t&m
udpPjzpfa=umif;ESifhTwm0efonf ordkif;0ifuopf w&yfvkH;udkodrf;,lvdrfhrnfjzpf
a=umif;ajym=um;onf? (vDeifusrf;aygif;pkH/ twGJ 23/ pmrsufESm- 44)
qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&;/ qdk&S,fvpfxkwfvkyfr_ qufqHa&;topfwdk@. Tjy\em
tm;vkH;udk vDeifonf ol. a=umf=um;vSaompmtkyf qdkAD,uftpdk;&. vwfwavm
vkyfief;wm0efrsm;wGif azmfjyxm;onf?
Tjyoemrsm;tay: vuf0JuGefjrLepfrsm;onfvnf; qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;
rsm; rif&ADS pfrsm;ESihf twlwI
JG vDeifukd wku
d cf u
kd cf ahJ o;onf? blcg&if/ tdpk ifpuD;ESit
hf csKd @vrl sm;
onf pnf;urf;rsm;owfrSwfr_/ vkyfief;rsm;Y wOD;wnf; pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;Y
"e&Sifu|rf;usifolrsm;udkcef@xm;r_/ vnfywfEdkifpGrf;&Sdaom pD;yGm;a&;enf;emrsm; owfrSwf
r_udkqef@usif=uonf? olwdk@u Tay:vpDonf "e&Sifta=umif;csufrsm;udk jyefvmapjcif;
jzpfonf[q
k +kd yD; vDeifut
kd ykycf sco
hJ nf? wcsed w
f nf;wGif vuf0u
J eG jf rLepfrsm;onf xa&mh
puD0g'Drsm;. tjrifjzpfaom k&Sm;Y qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&;ESifh qdk&S,fvpfpepf atmifyGJ
cHa&;rjzpfEdkifqdkonfudk jzef@jzL;=uonf?
pnf;urf;rsm;udk qef@usif+yD; pD;yGm;a&;b0tay: EdkifiHawmfxdef;csKyfr_ESifh pm&if;tif;rsm;
aumuf,jl cif;/ xde;f csKyfjcif;wd@k tay: rvdv
k m;/ &efv=kd uonfh ul;vwfrsm;/ vlysi;f rsm;/ tjrwf
}uD;pm;rsm;udk umuG,f&eftwGuf vuf0JuGefjrLepfrsm;. vuf0Jpum;vkH;rsm;u tulnD
tumuG,fay;xm;onf?
qdkAD,ufpufr_vkyfief;topf. zGJ@pnf;ykHrlrsm;udk ajz&Sif;wnf+idrfap+yD;aemuf ygwDonf
xdktcsdefu qif;&Jv,form;ESifh ul;vwft=um; wdkufyGJ}uD;rm;aeonfh aus;vuf&Sdjy\em
rsm;udk qufvuf+yD; ajz&Sif;udkifwG,f vkyfaqmif&ygonf? ul;vwfrsm;onf tiftm;awmifh
wif;vm+yD; ajr&Sifrsm;xHrS odrf;,lxm;onfh ajrrsm;udk wjznf;jznf;odrf;,laeonf? qif;&J
v,form;rsm;onf tulnDvdktyfaeonf? ul;vwfrsm;onf ypPnf;rJhrsm;. tajctaeudk
wdkufcdkufvm+yD; if;wdk@tm; oD;ESHrsm;udk owfrSwfxm;onfh aps;E_ef;ESifh a&mif;cs&ef jiif;qdk=u
onf? olwkd@u qdk&S,fvpfenf;vrf;rsm;udk pGef@vGwfap&eftwGuf qdkAD,ufEdkifiHawmftm;
iwfrGwfacgif;yg;apcsifonf? ygwDonf wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;/ ul;vwfrsm;udk acs
r_ef;&efwm0efudk pwifvdkufonf? qif;&Jv,form;rsm;udk pnf;Hk;v_H@aqmf+yD; tydktv#H &duQm
rsm;udk odrf;xm;aeonfh ul;vwfrsm;udk wdkufyGJqif&mwGif atmifyGJ&&Sda&;twGuf pufr_
tvkyform;rsm; wyfzGJ@rsm;udk aus;&Gmrsm;odk@ apvGwfcJhonf?
vDeifu tvkyform;&Jabmftaygif;wdk@ awmfvSefa&;onf ta&;}uD;aom tcsdefodk@
a&mufae+yDqo
kd nfukd owd&=uyg? awmfveS af &;udk cifAsm;wdk@ wOD;wnf;omv#if u,fwifEidk f
onf? rnforl S ru,fEikd b
f ;l qdo
k nfukd owd&yg? u|eaf wmfw@kd vt
kd yfonfrmS qd&k ,
S v
f pf ta&;
awmfykHtay: opPm&Sdonfh EdkifiHa&;t& wdk;wufonfhvufa&G;pif tvkyform;axmifaomif;
wdk@jzpfum olwkd@onf vmbfay;vmbf,lESifh vpf&ifvpfovdk bkH;jcif;/ 0Sufcsifpdwf qENrsm;udk

csdK;ESdrfum ul;vwfrsm;/ tjrwf}uD;pm;rsm;/ "m;jyrsm;/ vmbfxdk;olrsm;ESifh pnf;Hk;r_ ysufjym;
apolrsm;udck ck o
H nfh oHuef@vef@um wnfaxmifEikd o
f rl sm;jzpf&rnf?[ka&;cJo
h nf? (vDeifusrf;
aygif;pkH/ twGJ23/ pmrsufESm-25)
vDeifu aygifrkef@twGuf wkdufyGJ0ifjcif;onf qdk&S,fvpfpepftwGuf wkdufyGJ0ifjcif;jzpf

onf[k qdkvdkufonf? xdk@tjyiftvkyform;wyfzGJ@rsm;udk aus;vufa'oodk@ apvGwf&ef
pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfr_udk TauG;a=umfoHatmufwGif jyKvkyfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? &duQm tm%m&Sifpepf
(Food dictatorship) ukx
d al xmifonfh trde@f rsm;/ owfrw
S o
f nfh aps;E_e;f rsm;ESihf pm;eyf&u
d mQ
rsm; a&mif;csa&;twGuf jynfol@&duQmXmersm;udk ta&;ay: tm%mrsm;ay;tyfonfh trdef@
rsm; xkwfqifhvdkufonf?
1918ck/ ZGefv 11 &ufwGif qif;&Jom;v,form; aumfrwDrsm; zGJ@pnf;a&;twGuf
trdef@a=unmcsuf xkwfjyefvdkufonf? TaumfrwDrsm;onf ul;vwfrsm;ESifh wkdufyGJqif&m
wGiv
f nf;aumif;/ odr;f ydu
k v
f ,f,mrsm;udk jyefvnfcaJG 0&mwGiv
f nf;aumif;/ v,f,mypPn;f
rsm;udk a0jcrf;&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ ul;vwfrsm;xHrS &duQmtydkrsm; pkaqmif;&mwGif vnf;
aumif;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh wyfeDawmfwdk@udk &duQmypPnf;rsm; axmufyHh&mwGifvnf;
aumif; ta&;}uD;onfhtcef;rSyg0ifcJhonf? ul;vwfrsm;. ajr,m[wfwm oef; 50 onf
qif;&JESifh tv,ftvwf v,form;rsm;vufodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf? ul;vwfrsm;. xkwf
vkyaf &;ud&,
d m trsm;ydik ;f udk odr;f ,lum qif;&J v,form;rsm;vufo@kd ul;ajymif;ay;cJo
h nf?
qif;&Jv,form;rsm;aumfrwD wnfaxmifjcif;u aus;vufa'oY qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS f
a&; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ a&S@wqifhwufjcif;jzpfonf? aumfrwDrsm;onf aus;&Gmrsm;wGif
ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf. cHuwkwfrsm;jzpfonf? if;wdk@rSwqifh v,form;rsm;t=um;
wyfeDawmftwGuf ppfom;pkaqmif;cJhjcif;jzpfonf?
aus;vufa'orsm;wGif ypPnf;rJhppfqifa&;ESifh qif;&Jom;v,form;aumfrwDrsm;.
pnf;Hk;v_H@aqmfcsufrsm;u aus;vuf&Sd qdkAD,uftm%mudk cdkifrmawmifhwif;ap+yD; tv,f
tvwf v,form;rsm; qdkAD,uftm%mbuf ajymif;vmap&ef }udK;pm;&mwGif }uD;rm;aom
EdkifiHa&;t& ta&;ygt&ma&mufaom ta=umif;w&yfjzpfcJhonf? 1918 tukefwGif qif;&J
v,form; aumfrwDonf if;.wm0ef +yD;ajrmufatmifjrif+yD;aomtcg aus;vuf qkAd ,
D uf
rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;vkduf+yD;/ if;wkd@ wnf&Sdr_rSmvnf; tqHk;owfoGm;cJhonf?
1918 ZGefv 4 &ufwGif zGifhvSpfonfh qdkAD,ufrsm;. yOPruGef*&ufwGif vuf0J qdk
&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf ul;vwfrsm;udk umuG,f&ef vDeifudk jyif;xefpGm wdkuf
cdkufonf? if;wkd@u ul;vwfrsm;udk qufvuf wdkufyGJrqifawmh&efESifh vkyfom;&duQm wyf
zGJ@rsm; aus;vufapvGwfjcif;&yf&ef awmif;qdkonf? vuf0Jqdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; orm;
rsm;onf if;wkd@.ay:vpDudk uGef*&ufrS trsm;pku qef@usifa=umif; odjrifvmonfhtcg
armfpudkwGif ykefuefr_udk pwifvkduf+yD; xkdif,dkp&mwpfwJvfpuD;vrf;=um;udk odrf;
ydkufvdkufonf? xdkrS u&ifrvifudk tajrmufjzifhypfcwfcJhonf? Tkwfw&uf rdkufl;&J vkyf

aqmifcsufudk abmf&SDApfrsm;u em&DtcsdK@twGif; ESdrfeif;vdkufEdkifcJhonf? vuf0J qdk&S,f
vpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf wdkif;jynf. tjcm;a'orsm;wGifvnf; ykefuef&ef }udK;yrf;cJh
=uao;aomfvnf; Tta&;tcif;rsm;ukd ae&mwumwGif tvsiftjref ESdrfeif;ypfvdkuf
Edkifonf?
qdkAD,ufqef@usifonfh vuf,mESifh xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;tkyfpktr_ ,ckwGif ay:xGuf
vm+yD;jzpfonft
h wdik ;f vuf0J qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;. ykeu
f efro
_ nf blcg&ifEiS hf
xa&mhpuDw@kd od&dS oabmwlciG jhf yKcsujf zifh pwifjcif;jzpfum blcg&if0g'rD sm;/ xa&mhpuD0g'rD sm;
vuf0Jqdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;u qdkAD,uftm%mudk qef@usifonfh taxGaxG
wefjyefawmfvSefa&; vkyf}uHr_. wpdwfwydkif;jzpfcJhayonf?
aemufydkif; xa&mhpuD. olv#dKrsm;jzpfoGm;ol bvrfcif (Blumkin)qdo
k nft
h rnfEiS hf
vuf0J qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;wOD;onf xdu
k mvrSmyif *smrefoH ;kH twGi;f wdww
f qdw0f if
a&muf+yD; armfpud&k dS *smrefot
H rwf}uD; rm;bwfcsf (Mirbach)udk vky}f uHowfjzwfvu
kd f onf?
*smreDESifh ppfjzpf&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh vkyf}uHjcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf qdkAD,uftpdk;&u ppf
udka&SmifvGJvdkuf+yD; wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;. vkyf}uHr_udk ysufjym;apvdkufygonf?
qdAk ,
D ufrsm;. yOPruGe*f &ufu yxrqk;H aom qdAk ,
D ufz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfy/Hk k&mS ;qdAk ,
D uf
zuf'&,f qdk&S,fvpforRwEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkudk vufcHtwnfjyKvdkufonf?
tusOf;csKyf
1917ck / azazmf 0 g&D r S atmuf w d k b mvtxd &S p f v twG i f ; abmf & S D A pf y gwD o nf
tvGefcufcJvSaom vkyfief;jzpfonfh tvkyform;vlwef;pm; trsm;pkESifh qdkAD,uftrsm;pk
odrf;oGif;a&;ESifh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf v,form;oef;aygif;rsm;pGm. axmufcH
r_&a&;wdk@udk +yD;ajrmufatmifjrifatmif xrf;aqmifEdkifcJhonf? "e&Sifaygufprsm; (qdk&S,fvpf
awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;/ rif&ADS pfrsm;ESihf rif;rJrh sm;) . ay:vpDukd wqif+h yD;wqifh azmfxw
k f zGichf s+yD;
tvkyform;jynfolrsm;. tusdK;pD;yGm;ESifh zDvmqef@usifa=umif; jyojcif;jzifh T vlxk}uD;udk
xdkygwDrsm;. =oZm*,ufatmufrS qGJ,lcJhonf? abmf&SDApfygwDonf a&S@ wef;rSma&m/
aemufwef;rSmyg Edik if aH &;vkyif ef;rsm;udk tus,t
f jyef@ vkyaf qmifc+hJ yD; atmuf wdb
k mqd&k ,
S v
f pf
awmfvSefa&;twGuf vlxkudk jyifqifay;cJhonf?
TumvtwGif; ygwD.ordkif;wGif tqkH;tjzwftcef;u yg0ifonfh ta&;}uD;onfh
tjzpftysufrsm;rSm vDeif EdkifiHjcm;rS jyefa&mufvmjcif;/ ol.{+yDppfwrf;/ {+yDygwDuGefz&ifhESifh
qrygwDuGef*&ufwdk@jzpfonf? ygwDqkH;jzwfcsufrsm;onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;twGuf
tiftm;a&aomufjrpfjzpfum atmifyGJtay: ,kH=unfr_rsm;ay:xGufapcJhayonf? xdkqkH;jzwf
csufrsm;wGif tvkyform;rsm;onf awmfvSefa&;. ta&;}uD;aom jy\emrsm;. tajzudk
&SmawG@cJhonf? {+yDuGefz&ifhu ygwD.vkyfief;udk "e&Sif'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;rS qdk&S,fvpf
awmfvSefa&;odk@ ul;ajymif;a&;wdkufyGJodk@ vrf;nefcJhonf? qruGef*&ufu ygwDudk "e&Sifvl
wef;pm;ESifh if;.,m,Dtpdk;&udk vufeufudkifykefuef&ef OD;aqmifvrf;nefr_ ay;cJhonf?
aphpyfa&;orm;rsm;jzpfaom qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh rif&SDApfygwDrsm;/
rif;rJhygwDrsm;ESifh tjcm;uGefjrLepf r[kwfonfh ygwDrsm;onf if;wkd@. jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ oH
o&mudk jynfh0apvdkufonf? if;wdk@ tm;vkH;onf atmufwdkbm awmfvSefa&;rwdkifrDrSmyif
"e&SifygwDrsm; jzpfoGm;=u+yD; t&if;&Sifpepf pkpnf;xm;&Sda&;ESifh xdef;odrf;a&;twGuf wdkufyGJ
0if=uonf? abmf&SDApfygwDonf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk jzKwfcs+yD; qdkAD,uftm%mudk xlaxmif
&ef vlxkrsm;. wkdufyGJudk acgif;aqmifrnfh wckwnf;aom ygwDjzpfonf?
wcsdefwnf;wGif abmf&SDApfrsm;onf ygwDwGif;rS tnhHcHorm;rsm;jzpfaom ZDEdkApf/ uJrD
eufA/f kikd af umhA/f blcg&if/ xa&mhpuDEiS hf ysmwaumhAw
f @kd . qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;vrf;rS ygwu
D kd
vrf;vGJoGm;atmif }udK;yrf;r_rsm;udkvnf; acsr_ef;vdkufonf?
abmf&ADS pfygw.
D acgi;f aqmifrj_ zifh tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;onf qif;&Jv,form;ESit
hf
wl r[mrdwfzGJ@vsuf ppfom;/ a&wyfom;rsm;udk axmufcHr_&,lum "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. tm
%mudkjzKwfcs+yD; qdkAD,uftm%mudk xlaxmifaom ykHpHopfEdkifiHawmfjzpfonf? qdk&S,fvpf
qdkAD,ufEdkifiHudkxlaxmif/ ajr&Sifrsm;. ajr,mydkifqkdifr_pepfudk zsufodrf;/ v,form;rsm;
tokH;jyK&ef ajrrsm;ay;tyf/ wdkif;jynf&Sd ajr,mtm;vkH;udk jynfolydkifodrf;/ t&if;&Sifrsm;.
ypPn;f udk odr;f ,l/ k&mS ;Edik if t
H m; ppfyrJG aS emufqw
k af pvdu
k Ef ikd o
f nf? +idr;f csr;f a&;ud&k &Sad pcJo
h nf?
TonfrSm tvGefvdktyfonfh tem;,lumvjzpf+yD; Tenf;jzifh qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&;/

jzpfay:wdk;wufa&;twGuf ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udk zefwD;vdkufonf?
atmufwdkbm qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;onf t&if;&Sifpepfudk acsr_ef;vdkuf+yD; "e&Sif
vlwef;pm;udk xkwv
f yk af &; ud&,
d mvufrjhJ zpfapum pufrkH sm;/ tvkyf rHk sm;/ ajr,m/ rD;&xm;
vrf;ESifh/ b%fwdkufrsm;udk jynfoltm;vkH;ydkifypPnf;/ trsm;ydkifypPnf;tjzpf ajymif;vJypf
vdkufonf?
ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepfudk TawmfvSefa&;u wnfaxmifvdkuf+yD; wkdif;jynft0ef;rS
tpd;k &udk tvkyo
f rm;vufo@kd ay;tyfvu
kd u
f m if;wd@k ukd tkypf ;kd olvw
l ef;pm;jzpfapvdu
k f onf?
Tenf;jzifh atmufwb
kd m qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;u vlom;ordik ;f wGif acwfopfw&yf
ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;acwfudk aqmif=uOf;vmcJhayonf?
tcef; (8)
Edik if jH cm;rS ppfa&;t& pGuzf ufrE+ iS hf

jynfwiG ;f ppfumvtwGi;f rS abmf&ADS pfygwD? (1918=1920)
1? EdkifiHjcm;rS ppfa&;t& pGufzufvmjcif;? jynfwGif;ppf yxrumv
yxrumv??
taemufEikd if rH sm;Y ppfyt
JG pGr;f uke}f uaJ ecsed w
f iG f b&ufp-f vpfawmhApf f +ird ;f csr;f a&; pmcsKyf
csKyfqdkvdkufjcif;/ qdkAD,uftm%m wnfwHhcdkif+rJapjcif;ESifh usifhokH;vkyfaqmifaeaom
awmfveS o
f nfh pD;yGm;a&;enf;em woDwwef;}uD;. tusKd ;a=umif/h taemufEikd if t
H &if;&Sirf sm;
txl;ojzifh r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;twGif; ta&;w}uD; pdk;&drfylyefr_rsm; ay:xGufvmcJhonf?
*smreDESifh k&Sm;t=um; +idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyfcsKyfqdkvdkufjcif;u ppfyGJtwGif; *smreDtae
txm; wd;k wufaumif;rGeo
f mG ;aponfEiS t
hf nD r[mrdwef ,fcs@J orm;rsm;u rdrw
d @kd wyfrsm;.
tajctae qdk;&Gm;oGm;rnfh ta&;udk pdk;&drfvm=uonf? xdk@tjyif k&Sm;ESifh *smreDt=um;
+idrf;csrf;a&;u EdkifiHtm;vkH;ESifh ppfrsufESmtm;vkH;wdk@wGif +idrf;csrf;a&;vdkvm;r_udk v_H@
aqmfay;vdkufonf? ppfyGJqufvufqifEGJa&;twGuf Tta=umif;u twm;tqD;wckvdk
jzpfae+yD;/ e,fcsJ@pepf ta&;awmfykH ysufpD;rnfhtE W&m,fudk ydkrdka=umuf&GHjcif;jzpfonf? aemuf
qkH;a=umuf&GH@r_rSm tvGefus,fjyef@vSaom EdkifiHe,fedrdwfwcGifY qdkAD,uftm%m wnf&Sd
vmr_}uD;ESifh "e&Siftm%m+ydKysuf+yD;aemuf jynfwGif;wGif &&Sdvmaom atmifyGJrsm;u
taemufEdkifiHrS tvkyform;rsm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;udk ul;pufysH@ESH@aprnfh Oyrmw&yfuJhodk@
jzpfvmrnfuykd ifjzpfonf? a&&Snpf pf}uD;tay: eufepJ mG rke;f wD;&G&H mS vmaom tvkyo
f rm;ESihf
ppfom;rsm;onf k&mS ;rsm;. ajcvSr;f rsm;twdik ;f vdu
k v
f m=u+yD; rdrw
d @kd . vSpH yG rf sm;udk rdrw
d @kd .
t&Sifocifrsm;ESifh zdESdyfolrsm;bufvSnfhvmEdkifayonf? tusdK;quftm;jzifh r[mrdwfEdkifiH

tpdk;&rsm;onf qdkAD,uftpdk;&udk jzKwfcs+yD; "e&Sif tpdk;&udkxlaxmif&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh
vufeufudkiftiftm;jzifh k&Sm;udk 0ifa&muf pGufzufusL;ausmf&ef/ xdkrSwqifh wdkif;jynfY
"e&Sifpepfjyefvnfxlaxmif+yD; *smrefESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyfudk zsufodrf;um *smreDESifh
=op}wD;,m;udk &ifqdkifzdk@twGuf ppfa&;r[mrdwf jyefxlaxmif&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf?
r[mrdwEf ikd if H e,fcs@J orm;rsm;onf qdAk ,
D uftpd;k & rwnfr+idrjf zpfaeonf[k ,k=H unf
em;vnfxm;aoma=umifh T,kwrf mvSaom vkyif ef;udk a&Sma&SmSLSL vkyaf qmifc=hJ u+yD; olw@kd
u olwdk@. &efolrsm;bufrS }udK;yrf;r_ wckjzifh rkcsyif &efolrsm; tvG,fwul apmvsifpGm
ed*kH;csKyfoGm;rnf[k ,kH=unfcJh=uonf?
qdkAD,uftm%m atmifyGJ&r_ESifh if;wnf+idrfcdkifcef@vmr_wdk@u z,f&Sm;jcif;cH&onfh
vlwef;pm;rsm;jzpfaom ajr&Sifrsm;ESifh t&if;&Sifrsm;/ aysmufuG,foGm;&onfh ygwDrsm;jzpfaom
zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk 'Dru
kd &ufrsm;/ rif&ADS pfrsm;/ qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;/ rif;rJo
h rm; rsm;ESihf
ta&miftaoG;trsKd ;rsKd ;aom trsKd ;om;"e&Sirf sm;ESihf wyfjzL Adv
k cf sKyfrsm;/ aumhquf t&m&Srd sm;/
olwdk@t=um;wGif ydkIyif}uD;rm;onfh pdk;&drfaomursm; jzpfay:aponf?
atmifyGJcH atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&; yxr&ufrsm;twGif;rSmyif T&efvdkonfh yxr
tpdwt
f ydik ;f tm;vk;H u vlo&d iS =f um; atmf}uD;[pfus,jf zifh k&mS ;Y qdAk ,
D uftm%m twGuf
ae&mr&Sda=umif; usqkH;ysufpD;rSmjzpfa=umif; wywfESpfywf odk@r[kwf tvGefqkH; wv/
ESpfvtwGif; usqkH;rSmjzpfa=umif; pwifajymqdkvm=uonf? odk@aomf &efolrsm;usdefpmwkduf
aeonfh=um;rSyif qkdAD,uftm%monf qufvufwnfwHh+yD; tiftm;awmifhwif;vmum
k&Sm;jynfwGif;&Sd &efolrsm;u olwdk@xifxm;onfxuf tiftm;awmifhwif;a=umif;ESifh if;
udk+zdKcs&efrSm tvGef}uD;rm;pGm tiftm;pdkufxkwf&rSmjzpf+yD; wefjyefawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pk
tm;vkH;rS jyif;xefonf;oefonfh wdkufyGJvdktyfa=umif; 0efcHajym=um;vm&onf? xdk@a=umifh
olwdk@u wefjyefawmfvSefa&;/ xuGykefuefa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; tus,ftjyef@ vkyfaqmif&ef
twGuf wefjyefawmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkrsm;udk v_H@aqmf&ef/ ppfa&;au'grsm;udk pkHk;+yD;/ txl;
ojzifh aumhqufESifh ul;vwfwdk@&Sd&mt&yfrsm;wGif ykefuefr_rsm; pnf;Hk;&efqkH;jzwfcJh=uonf?
Tenf;jzifh 1918 ck yxrESpf0ufrSmyif r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;rS jynfye,fcsJ@orm;rsm;ESifh
jynfwGif;wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;[lonfh jywfom;onfh tiftm;pk 2 &yfonf qdkAD
,uftm%mudk jzKwfcs&ef jyifqifvkyfaqmifvm=u+yD; jzpfayonf?
Ttiftm;pkrsm;teuf rnfonfhtiftm;pkrS qdkAD,uftm%mudk wOD;wnf;+zdKcs&ef
vdktyfonfh vdktyfcsufrsm; tm;vkH;r&Sdacs? k&Sm;&Sd wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;xJwGif qdkAD
,uftm%mudk ykefuefr_pwif&ef vkHavmufaom ppfa&;au'grsm;ESifh vltiftm;tcsdK@&Sd+yD;
if;wd@k rmS t"dutm;jzifh aumhquftxufwef;pm;rsm;rSEiS hf ul;vwfrsm;rSjzpf=uonf? od@k aomf
olwdk@rSm aiGaomfvnf;aumif;/ vufeufaomfvnf;aumif;r&Sdacs? wzufrSmvnf; EdkifiHjcm;
e,fchsJorm;rsm;rSm aiGESifh vufeuf&Sdaomfvnf; 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&ef &nf&G,f+yD; wyftvkH
tavmufrapvGwfEdkifacs? Todk@rvkyfEdkifonfh ta=umif;rSm Twyfrsm;onf *sm reDESifh

=op}wD;,m;wdk@ESifh ppfwdkuf&ef vdktyfae&kHr#ru if;wdk@onf qdkAD,uftm%m ESifhppfcif;&ef
,kH=unfpdwfcs tm;udk;avmufzG,f&SdEdkifaumif;rS &SdEdkifrnfjzpf aoma=umifhwnf;?
qdAk ,
D uftm%mudk qef@usiw
f u
kd cf u
kd rf nfh wku
d yf .
JG ta=umif;tcsurf sm;u qkAd ,
D uf
qef@usifonfh jynfwGif;jynfy tiftm;pkESpf&yf. pkaygif;nDnGwfa&;ukd awmif;qkdjymef;vdkuf
onf? Taygi;f pnf;r_rmS 1918 ck yxrESp0f ufwiG f taumiftxnf ay:vmonf? TonfrmS
jynfwGif;rS wefjyefawmfvSefa&; ykefuefr_rsm;. ulnDaxmufyHhr_jzifh qdkAD,uftm%mudkjzKwf
cs&ef EdkifiHjcm;rS ppfa&;t& pGufzufr_ rnfuJhodk@ pwifcJhykHyifjzpfawmhonf?
TonfrSm k&Sm;wGif ppfem;csdeftqkH;owfoGm;r_jzpf+yD; jynfwGif;ppf. tpysdK;csuf
jzpfum k&Sm;trsdK;om; tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;uwzuf/ qdkAD,uftm%m. jynf
wGif;jynfy &efolrsm;uwzuf jzpfyGm;onfh ppfyGJjzpfonf?
0ifa&mufpGufzufr_rSm ppfyGJjzpf+yD; k&Sm;udkwdkufonfhppfyGJ/ tqdk;0g;qkH;aom trsdK;tpm;
ppfyGJjzpfaomfvnf; +Adwdef/ jyifopf/ *syefESifh tar&duefe,fchsJorm;rsm;onf if;wdk@. ppfa&;
t& usL;ausmfpGufzufr_udk ppfa=unmjcif;rjyKbJ pwifcJhonf? Tvl,Ofaus; "m;jy
}uD;rsm;onf k&Sm;urf;ajcudk v#Kd@0SufpGm cdk;a=umif;cdk;0Suf 0ifvmcJh+yD; if;wdk@. wyfrsm;udk
k&Sm;ajray:wGif cs&yfvdkufonf?
ajrmufydkif;odk@0ifvmonfh +Adwdo#ESifh jyifopfwyfrsm;onf tmcsJef*sJvfESifh rm;rufudk
odr;f ydu
k +f yD; a'ojzL ykeu
f efr.
_ ulnaD xmufcrH j_ zifh qdAk ,
D ufujkd zKwfcs+yD; wyfjzL. ajrmufyikd ;f
k&Sm;tpdk;&udk xlaxmifvdkufonf?
Avm'DaAmhpawmhAfodk@ wufa&mufvmonfh *syefwyfrsm;onf ar&Dwdkif;jynfe,fudk
odr;f ydu
k v
f u
kd +f y;D qdAk ,
D ufukd zsuo
f rd ;f um wyfjzLolyek rf sm;udk axmufcu
H m if;wd@k onf r=umrD
rSmyif "e&Sifpepfudk jyefvnfxlaxmifvdkufonf?
ajrmufyikd ;f aumhau;&SY Adv
k cf sKyfuekd aD vmhA/f tvufZ,
D ufAf (Alexeyev)ESihf 'ifeu
D if
wd@k onf +Aw
d o
d #/ jyifopfw@kd . tultnDjzifh wyfjzLaAmfvw
H ,
D m(taysmw
f rf;) wyfr awmfudk
zGJ@pnf;vdkuf+yD; aumhquf txufv$mrsm;.ykefuefr_ukd pwifvkdufum qkdAD,ufrsm; ukd
&efjyKaESmifh,Sufr_rsm; pwifvmygawmhhonf?
'Gef;jrpfay:wGif AdkvfcsKyfum&mpfaemhAf (Krasnov)ESifh rmrGefawmhAf (Mamontov)
wdk@onf *smrefe,fchsJorm;rsm;. v#Kd@0SuftultnDjzifh (*smrefrsm;onf *smreDESifh k&Sm;
t=um;csKyfqx
kd m;aom +idr;f csr;f a&;pmcsKyfa=umifh yGiyhf iG v
hf if;vif;uln&D ef awGa0ae=uonf?)
'Gef aumhqufrsm;. ykefuefr_udk pwifvdkuf+yD; 'Gefa'oudk odrf;ydkufvdkufum qdkAD,ufrsm;udk
&efvdkaESmifh,Sufr_rsm; pwifcJhonf?
aAmfv*gtv,fydkif;ESifh qdkufaA;&D;,m;wdk@wGif +Adwdo#ESifh jyifopfwdk@u csufudkpvdk
Aufwyfrsm;. ykeu
f efru
_ kd v_@H aqmfqaG y;onf? ppftusO;f om;rsm;yg0ifonfh Twyfz@JG rsm;onf
qku
d af A;&D;,m;ESihf ta&S@zsm;a'oudk jzwfoef;I tdrjf yef&ef qdAk ,
D uf tpd;k &xHrS cGi&hf +y;D jzpfonf?
ok@d aomf vrf;c&D;Y qk&d ,

S v
f pfawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;ESihf +Adwo
d #/ jyifopfw@dk . qkAd ,
D uftm%m
ukd ykefuef&ef toHk;jyKjcif;cHvkduf&onf? wyfzGJ@. ykefuefr_onf aAmfv*g a'oESifh qdkufaA;
&D;,m;&Sd ul;vwfrsm;/ ykeu
f ef&efEiS hf qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;. =oZmvGr;f rd;k aeonfh
aAmh'fuifhefpf ESifh tdkif&Sufzfvkyfief;Xmersm;rS tvkyform;rsm;/ ykefuef&ef tcsufay;vdkufjcif;
jzpfonf? aAmfv*f ga'o/ qmrm&mwGif wyfjzL qd&k ,
S v
f pf awmfveS af &; tpd;k &ESihf atmfrh pf w
f iG f
qdkufaA;&D;,m; wyfjzLtpdk;&udk xlaxmifvdkuf=uonf?
*smreDonf T+Adwdo#/ jyifopf/ *syef/ tar&dueftkyfpk. 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_wGif
ryg0ifacs? yg0ifjcif;vnf; rjyKEdik yf g? wjcm;rnfonfh ta=umif;r#r&Sad wmif Ttkypf Ek iS hf ppfjzpf
ae&aoma=umifw
h nf;? od@k aomfjim;vnf;/ xdt
k jyif k&mS ;ESihf *smreDt=um; +idr;f csr;f a&;pmcsKyfudk
tav;*kjyKjcif;r&SdyJ ukdifZm0DvD,Htpkd;&onf qkdAD,uf k&Sm;twGuf +Adwdo#/ jyifopf/ *syef/
tar&duef usL;ausmo
f rl sm;uJo
h @kd yif tl;trl; cg;oD;aom &efojl zpfonfqjkd cif;udk ,krH mS ;oHo
, r&Sdonfh abmf&SDApfwOD;r#r&Sdyg? trSefrSmrl *smrefe,fchsJorm;rsm;onf qdkAD,ufk&Sm;udk
txD;usejf zpfap&ef tiftm;csnehf @J ap&ef/ ysupf ;D ap&ef tpGr;f ukejf yKvkycf ahJ vonf? olw@kd onf
,lu&def;udk tvpf0ifqGJvdkufonf? wyfjzL ,lu&def;&m'g (Rada- ,lu&def; trsdK;om;
"e&Siw
f efjyefawmfveS af &;tpk;d & jzpf+yD;/ awmfveS af &;ukd npo
f wf&ef &nf&,
G cf sujf zifh =op}wD;
,m; *smref e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;tm; ,lu&def;okd@ 0ifa&muf&ef ac:,lcJhonfbmomjyefol) ESifh
csKyf q d k x m;onf h pmcsKyf t& vk y f a qmif o nf q d k j cif ; rS m trS e f y if j zpf o nf ? &m'g.
awmif;qdkcsufjzifh if;wdk@wyfrsm; 0ifa&mufvm+yD; ,lu&def;jynfolrsm;udk toem;tnm
wmuif;rJhpGm pwifvk,uf wkdufcdkufzdESdyf+yD;/ qdkAD,ufk&Sm;ESifh rnfonfhqufqHr_r# rjyKvkyf
&ef wm;qD;ydwfyifcJhonf? olwdk@onf x&ef@aumhau;&Sudk qdkAD,ufk&Sm;rS tqufjzwfvdkuf
+yD; a*sm*f s,
D m ESihf tZmbkid *f sef trsKd ;om;a&;0g'rD sm;. awmif;qdck sujf zifh *smrefEiS hf wl&uDwyf
rsm; apvGwfvdkufum wpfzvpfESifh bmul;wdk@wGif t&Sifocifrsm;ozG,f pwifvkyfaqmifvm
=uonf? qdAk ,
D uftm%mtm; 'Gerf S ykeu
f efjcif;udk pwifonfh Adv
k cf sKyfu&mpfaemhAu
f kd olw@kd u
vufeufEiS hf axmufyahH &; tajrmuftjrm;udk ajymifr[kwaf omfvnf; wu,fvyk f ay;cJo
h nf?
Tenf;jzifh qdkAD,ufk&Sm;onf if;.t"du tpm;tpm/ ukef=urf;ypPnf;ESifh avmifpm
a&aomufjrpfrsm;rS jzwfawmufjcif; cHvkduf&onf?
xdt
k csed u
f qdAk ,
D uf&k mS ;Y tajctaersm;rSm tvGejf yif;xefcufcaJ eayonf? aygirf ek @f EiS hf
tom;jywfvwfaeonf? tvkyform;rsm; iwfrGwfae=uonf? armfpudkESifh yDxkd*&ufwGif
w&ufjcm;aygirf ek @f 1/8 aygif &m&Sif xkwaf y;+yD; aygirf ek @f v;Hk 0 xkwrf ay;Edik o
f nfh tcsed rf sm;vnf;
&Sdonf? tvkyform;rsm; iwfrGwfae=uonf? avmifpmESifh ukef=urf;ypPnf;csdK@wJhr_wdk@a=umifh
pufrkH sm;&yfqikd ;f xm;&jcif;aomfvnf;aumif; od@k r[kwf &yf&vkrwwfaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfae
ygonf? odk@aomftvkyform;olwef;pm;onf pdwf"mwfruscJhacs? xdkenf;wl abmf&SDApfyg
wDonfvnf; pdwf"mwfrusacs? xdkumv. r,kHEdkifzG,f tcuftcJrsm;udkausmfv$m;Edkif&ef
tonf;toef }udK;yrf;cJh&aomwdkufyGJu tvkyform;vlwef;pm;Y ikyfaeonfh rukefrcef;Edkif

aom pGr;f tm;rnfr#&adS =umif;ESihf abmf&ADS pfygw.
D tpOftvm *k%o
f u
d mQ rnfr#}uD;jrifah =umif;
udk jyovdu
k o
f nf?
ygwDonf wkdif;jynfudk ppfwyftjzpf a=unmvdkuf+yD; if;.pD;yGm;a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ESifh
Edik if aH &;b0wd@k ukd ppfyt
JG ajccHay: Y vnfywfapcJo
h nf? qdAk ,
D uftpd;k &u qd&k ,
S v
f pf tzEdik if H
tE W & m,f u sa&muf a e+yD [k a=unmvd k u f + yD ; wd k i f ; jynf u d k umuG , f & ef vl x k t m;
v_@H aqmfvu
dk o
f nf? vDeifut&m&ma&S@wef;twGuf qdo
k nfh auG;a=umfou
H kd xkwv
f u
kd +f yD;
axmifaomif;csDaom tvkyform; / v,form;rsm;onf wyfeDwGifyg0ifvm=uum a&S@wef;
od@k xGucf mG oGm;cJ=h uonf? ygw0D ifEiS hf uGejf rLepfvil ,ftzG@J 0if xuf0ufe;D yg;cef@onf a&S@wef;
wufcJh=uonf? ygwDu jynfolvlxkudk tzEdkifiHtwGuf ppfyGJ/ EdkifiHjcm;usL;ausmf vm
olrsm;ESifh awmfvSefa&;u jzKwfcsvdkufonfh aoG;pkyfvlwef;pm;rsm;. ykefuefr_udkwdkufonfh
ppfyGJtwGuf v_H@aqmfvdkufonf? vDeif pnf;kH;zGJ@pnf;onfh tvkyform;/ v,form; um
uG,fa&;aumifpDu a&S@wef;odk@ ppfulrsm;/ tpm;tpmrsm;/ t0wftpm;/ vufeufrsm;
axmufyH@a&;vkyfief;udk nef=um;cJhonf? taysmfwrf;/ ppfr_xrf;pepfudk rxrf;rae& ppfr_
xrf;pepfjzifh tpm;xdk;vdkufjcif;a=umifh wyfeDawmftwGif; wyfom;opf tajrmuftjrm;
a&muf&Sdvm+yD; tiftm;rSm tvGefwdkawmif;onfh umvtwGif; vl 1 oef;ausmf jzpfoGm;cJh
onf?
wdkif;jynfwGif tcuftcJrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifae&+yD; Eke,fvSao;onfh wyfeDawmfrSm
tiftm;awmifhwif;cdkifrmjcif; r&Sdao;aomfvnf; vkyfaqmifcJhonfh umuG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;
onf r=umrDrmS yif yxrqk;H aom atmifyrJG sm;&vmonf? Adv
k cf sKyf u&mpaemhArf mS olrck sord ;f
Edkifrnf[k ,lqxm;onfh pm&ifhpJefrS wGef;vSefjcif;cHvdkuf&+yD;/ 'Gefjrpf tvGeftxd armif;xkwf
jcif;cH vdkuf&ygonf? AdkvfcsKyf'ifeDuif. ppfqifa&;rsm;rSm ajrmufydkif;aumhau;qyfrS tvGef
i,fonfh e,fajrwGifom uef@owfjcif;cHae&+yD; AdkvfcsKyfaumfeDavmhAfrSm wyfeDawmfESifh
wdkufcdkufaepOf xdcdkufaoqkH;oGm;onf? csufESifh wyfjzL qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm; wyfzGJ@
rsm;onf uZef/ qif;bwfpEf iS hf qrm&mwd@k rS z,f&mS ;jcif;cH&+yD; ,l&v
J af wmifwef;od@k armif;xkwf
jcif;cHvdkuf&onf? armfpudk&Sd +Adwdo# rpf&Sifacgif;aqmif avmhcf[wf (Lockhart) u pnf;Hk;
+yD; wyfjzL qmAifaumhAfu OD;aqmifonfh &m*kdpvmAfh ykefuefr_onf acsr_ef;jcif;cHvdkuf&um
avmhc[
f wf ud,
k w
f ikd f tzrf;cHvu
kd &f onf? &Jabmf,&l pfpuD;ESihf Adv
k 'kd gpuD;wd@k ukd vky}f uHowf
jzwfchJ+yD; vDeif. toufudkyg qdk;,kwfpGm}uHpnfcJhonfh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;rSm
abmf&ADS pfrsm;tay: if;wd@k . a&mifjzL+cdr;f ajcmuf tE &W m,fjyKr_twGuf vufpm;acsjcif;cH&+yD;/
k&Sm; tv,fydkif;&Sd ta&;}uD;onfh +rdK@rsm;tm;vkH;rSm acsr_ef;jcif;cHvdkuf&onf?
i,f&G,fEkysdKonfh wyfeDawmfonf wkdufyGJtwGif; &ifhusufrmausmvmayonf?
uGefjrLepf EdkifiHa&;rSL;rsm;. vkyfief;rSm wyfeDawmftm; EdkifiHa&;t&ynmay;r_ESifh cdkifrm

awmifhwif;apa&;wGifvnf;aumif;/ if;. pnf;urf;wdk;wufa&;ESifh wdkufcdkufa&;pGrf;&nf
wdk;wufa&;wGifvnf;aumif;/ tqkH;tjzwfay;onfh ta&;}uD;onfh tcef;yifjzpfonf?
odk@aomf abmf&SDApfygwDu Tonfrsm;onf wyfeDawmf. yxr atmifyGJrsm;omv#if
jzpf+yD; tjywftowfatmifyGJrsm; r[kwfao;a=umif; od&Sd=uonf? ydkrdkjyif;xefonfh wdkufyGJ
opfrsm;vmOD;rSmjzpf+yD; wkdif;jynftaeESifh qkH;_H;cJhaom tpm;tpm/ ukef=urf;ESifh avmifpm
a'orsm;udk &efolESifha&&Snfjyif;xefrmausmonfh wdkufyGJrsm; wdkufjcif;jzifhom jyefvnf&
,lEdkifrSmjzpfa=umif; owdjyKrdonf? xdk@a=umifh abmf&SDApfrsm;onf a&&SnfwdkufyGJ qifEGJ&ef
jyif;xefonfh jyifqifr_rsm; vkyfaqmifcJh+yD;/ wwdkif;jynfvkH;taejzifh a&S@wef;udk tvkyft
au|;jyK&ef qkH;jzwfcsuf csrSwfcJhonf? qdkAD,uftpdk;&onf ppfuGefjrLepfpepf (War
Communism) udk usio
hf ;Hk vdu
k o
f nf? tpd;k &onf t}uD;pm; pufrv
_ yk if ef;rsm;tjyif tv,f
tvwfESifh tao;pm; pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk xdef;csKyfvdkufonf? TonfrSm wyfrsm;udk
axmufyHh&efESifh pdkufysdK;a&; tvkyform;rsm;twGuf ukefypPnf;rsm;udk pkaqmif;Edkif&ef twGuf
jzpfonf? &duQmukefoG,fa&;tay: EdkifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyfpepf usifhokH;vdkuf+yD; &duQmrsm;/
woD;yk*~vdu ukefoG,fjcif;udkwm;jrpfvdkufum ydkv#H&duQmcef@cGJonfhpepfudk usifhokH;onf?
xdkpepfatmufwGif v,form;rsm;vufxJY xkwfvkyfxm;aom ydkv#H&duQmrsm; tm;vkH;udk
rSwfykHwifap+yD;/ EdkifiHawmfu owfrSwfxm;onfh E_ef;twdkif;&,l&efjzpfum wyfESifh tvkyf
orm;rsm;twGuf axmufy&hH ef &dumQ rsm;pkaqmif;Edik &f efjzpfonf? aemufq;Hk tpd;k &u vlwef;
pm;tm;vkH;twGuf tuGif;rJhwnDwnf;aom vkyftm;wm0efudk usifhokH;vdkufonf? "e&Sif
rsm;udk um,vkyftm; rvkyfrae& vkyfudkifapjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ Tenf;jzifh tvkyform;
rsm;udk a&S@wef;&Sd ydkrdkta&;}uD;onfh tjcm;wm0efrsm;twGuf v$wfay;vdkuf apjcif;jzifhvnf;
aumif;/ ygwDonf tvkyfrvkyfol rpm;& qdkonfhrludk vufawG@taumif txnfazmf
vdkufonf?
trsdK;om;umuG,fa&;. xl;jcm;cufcJvSaom ta=umif;tcsufrsm;. vdktyfcsufrsm;
a=umifh jzpfay:vm&+yD; ,m,DvuQ%mmaqmifonfh Tvkyfaqmifcsuftm;vkH;udk tjynfh
tpkHtm;jzifh ppfuGefjrLepfpepf[k ac:onf?
EdkifiHawmfonf yifyef;qif;&Jusyfwnf;vSaom a&&SnfjynfwGif;ppfjzpfaom qdkAD,uf
tm%m. twGif;tjyif&efolrsm;ESifh ppftwGufjyifqifcJhonf? 1918 ckESpftukefwGif wyfr
awmf. tiftm;udk okH;qwdk;jrifhvdkuf+yD; TwyfrawmftwGuf axmufyHha&;ypPnf;rsm;udk
pkaqmif; &ayawmhonf?
xdktcsdefu vDeifajymcJhonfrSm u|efawmfwdk@taejzifh aEGOD;a&mufonfhtcsdefwGif ppfom;woef;&Sd wyfrawmfjzpfvm
&ef qkH;jzwfcJhonf? ,ck u|efawmfwdk@ ppfom; 3 oef;&Sd wyfrawmfvdktyfonf? u|efawmfwdk@
&Edkifonf? &vnf;&&rnf?
2? *smreDppfH_;jcif;? *smreDawmfvSefa&;? wwd,tifwmae&Sife,f wnfaxmifjcif;? tr

t}udrfygwDuGef*&u
&uff?
qdkAD,ufEdkifiHu EdkifiHjcm;pGufzuf usL;ausmfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh wdkufyGJopfrsm; &if
qdkif&ef jyifqifaecsdefwGif taemufEdkifiHESifh ppfjzpfaeaomEdkifiHrsm;wGif a&S@wef;Ya&m jynf
wGif;rSmyg tjywftowf tjzpftysufrsm; jzpfay:aeonf? *smreDESifh =op}wD;,m;onf
ppfyGJtusyftwnf;ESifh &duQmtusyftwnf;a=umifh epfrGef;aeonf? +Adwdo#/ jyifopfESifh
tar&duefwdk@rSmrl a&aomufjrpftopfrsm;&&Sdae+yD; *smreDESifh =op}wD;,m;rSm if;wdk@.
aemufqkH;usef&Sdonfh enf;yg;vSonfht&efypPnf;rsm;udk okH;pGJae&onf? tvGeftu|H yifyef;
EGr;f e,fonft
h qifo
h @kd a&mufvmaom *smreDEiS hf =op}wD;,m;onf qk;H _;H r_ E_wcf rf;od@k a&muf
vkrwwf tajctaeodk@ qdkufa&mufvmayonf?
wcsed w
f nf;wGif *smreDEiS hf =op}wD;,m; jynforl sm;onf r+yD;Edik /f rpD;Edik af om tE &W m,f
}uD;vSonfh ppfyGJESifh olwdk@tm; yifyef;EGrf;e,f iwfrGwfacgif;yg;apaom olwdk@. e,fchsJtpdk;&
rsm;tay: trsufa'goxGufae=uonf? qdkAD,ufppfom;rsm;onf qdkAD,ufk&Sm;ESifh ppfyGJw
u,f tqkH;owfoGm;ap+yD; +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf csKyfqdkvdkufonfh b&ufpf-vpfawmhAfpf +idrf;
csrf;a&; rwdkifrDuyif a&S@wef;Y =op}wD;,ef;ESifh *smrefppfom;rsm;udk &if;ESD;u|rf;0ifqufqH
aeonfhtwGuf atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;. =oZm*,ufonf }uD;rm;pGmkdufcwfvsuf &Sd
onf? &k&mS ;jynforl sm;onf olw@kd .e,fcsh t
J pd;k &udk jzKwfcsvu
kd jf cif;jzifh &GrH ek ;f zG,pf pf}uD;udk tqk;H
owf y pf v d k u f E d k i f j cif ; u =op}wD ; ,m;ES i f h *smref t vk y f o rm;rsm;twG u f tcd k i f t rm
oifcef;pm}uD; jzpfaeayonf? ta&S@ppfrsufESmrSm cs&yfxm;jcif;cH&+yD;aemuf b&ufpfvpfawmhAfpf +idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyft+yD; taemufppfrsufESmodk@ ajymif;a&$@jcif;cH&aom *smrefppf
om;rsm;onf if;wd@k EiS hf qdAk ,
D ufppfom;rsm; &if;ES;D u|r;f 0ifrE_ iS hf qdAk ,
D ufppfom;rsm;u ppfyu
JG kd
csKyf+idrf;apvdkufonfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk jyefvnfajymjyjcif;jzifh xdkppfrsufESmrS *smref wyfrsm;.
pdw"f mwfukd ,dik ef @J aponf? xdw
k n
l o
D nfh ta=umif;&if;rsm;a=umifyh if =op}wD;,m; wyfrawmf
zkdz&J+ydKuGJaer_rSm ydkIapmpGmuyif pwifcJh+yD;jzpfonf?
Tt&mtm;vkH;u *smref ppfom;rsm;t=um; +idrf;csrf;a&; vdkcsifawmifhwr_udk ydkIyif
jyif;xefaponf? olwdk@onf olwdk@. ,cifu&SdcJhaom wkdufcdkufa&; t&nftcsif;rsm; usqif;
aysmufuG,foGm;+yD; r[mrdwfwyfrawmfrsm;. tjyif;txef xdk;ppfatmufwGif aemufqkwf
ae&ayonf? 1918 Ekd0ifbmwGif *smreDY awmfvSefa&;jzpfay:cJh+yD; 0Dv#HESifh ol.tpdk;& jzKwf
csjcif;cHvdkuf&onf?
*smreDonf ppf_H;jcif;udk0efcHvdkuf&+yD; rv$Jra&Smifom +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf urf;vSrf;
vdu
k &f onf?
Twcsufwnf;ESifhyif *smreDonf yxrwef;pm; tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrS 'kwd,wef;pm;
EdkifiHodk@ av#musoGm;onf?
qdkAD,ufEdkifiHawmf taetxm;ESifh ywfoufIrl Ttajctaeonf tm;enf;csuf

tcsdK@udk jzpfapcJhonf? qdkAD,uftm%mudk vufeufudkif +cdrf;ajcmufusL;ausmfr_udk pwifcJh
+yD;jzpfonfh r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;onf Oa&myESifh tm&SwGif v$rf;rdk;onfh tiftm;pkjzpfvm+yD;/
qdkAD,ufEdkifiHudk ydkrdkwufuGpGm pGufzufydwfqdk@um qdkAD,ufEdkifiHawmfudk ydkIwif;usyfpGm
vnfyif;npfvmEdkifaoma=umifhjzpfonf? u|efawmfwdk@ aemufydkif;wGif jrifvmonfhtwdkif;
TonfrSm wu,fyif jzpfysufcJhygonf? tjcm;wzufrSmvnf; tm;enf;csufrsm;xuf tm;
aumif;csuf ydrk sm;jym;cJ+h yD; tajccHtm;jzifh qdAk ,
D uf&k mS ;. taetxm;udk wd;k wufaumif;rGef
apcJhonf? yxrtcsuf taejzifh qdkAD,uftpdk;&onf vk,uf"m;jywdkufaeaom b&ufpfvpfawmhAfpf +idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyfudk zsufodrf;vdkufEdkif+yD; ppfavsmfa=u;rsm; ay;ae&r_udk &yfqdkif;
vdkufEdkifum *smref e,fchsJxrf;ydk;atmufrS tufpfwdk;eD;,m;/ vwfAD;,m;/ bdkifvdkk&Sm;/ vpfol
ae,m;/ ,lu&def;ESifh x&ef@aumhau;&Sm;wdk@ vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf ppfa&;/ EdkifiHa&; ajAmif
wku
d yf rJG sm; pwifEikd v
f u
kd af yonf? 'kw,
d tcsuEf iS hf t"dutm;jzifh Oa&my. A[dt
k csuf tcsm
*smreDY orRwEdkifiHtkyfpdk;r_ESifh tvkyform;/ ppfom; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufrsm;
ayguaf y:vmr_u Oa&myEdik if rH sm;udk vk;H 0ajymif;vJap&ef jzpfvm+yD;/ wu,fvnf; ajymif;vJap
vdu
k o
f jzifh Tonfu k&mS ;&Sd qdAk ,
D uftm%m taetxm;udk tiftm;awmifw
h if; apvdu
k f
ygonf?
*smreDawmfveS af &;onf qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;r[kwb
f J "e&Siaf wmfveS af &;yifjzpfum
qdkAD,ufrsm;wGif k&Sm; rif&SDApfrsm;uJhodk@ aphpyfa&;orm;rsm;jzpfaom qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;u
v$rf;rdk;aeojzifh "e&SifygvDref. usdK;EGHaom ud&d,mjzpfaeonfrSm trSefyifjzpfayonf? T
onfu trSeftm;jzifh *smrefawmfvSefa&;. tm;enf;csufudk &Sif;vif;jyqdkvdkufayonf? rnf
r#tm;enf;onfqjkd cif;udk *smrefwyfjzLrsm;u ausm=f um;onfh awmfveS af &;orm;rsm; jzpfaom
kdZmvlZifbwfESifh um;vfvpfbepfwdk@tm; tjypf'%frcH&bJ vkyf}uHEdkifaponfh Oyrmu
jyoayonf? rnfodk@yif qdkapumrl TonfrSm awmfvSefa&;w&yfyif jzpfonf? 0D v#HrSm
jzKwfcscv
H u
dk &f +y;D tvkyo
f rm;rsm;u if;wd@k . aESmif}uKd ;rsm;udk jzwfypfvu
kd o
f nf? Tonfuu
kd
taemuf E d k i f i H u awmf v S e f a &;ud k Zuf v G w f a y;apvd k u f + yD ; Oa&myEd k i f i H r sm;rS
awmfvSefa&;'Da&jrifhudk ac:aqmifvdkufonf?
Oa&my awmfvSefa&; 'Da&v_dif; pwifjrifhwufvmay+yD?
=op}wD;,m;Y awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_ pwifc+hJ yD; [efa*&DY qdAk ,
D uforRwEdik if H ay:xGuf
vmonf? awmfvSefa&;'Da&jrifhESifhtwl uGefjrLepfygwDrsm; a&S@xGufvm=uonf? uGefjrLepf
ygwrD sm; pkaygi;f zG@J pnf;a&;twGuf wwd,uGejf rLepftifwmae&Sief ,f wnfaqmufa&;t wGuf
,cktcg wu,fh tajccHtcsufrsm; ay:xGufvm+yDjzpfonf?
1919 ck rwfvwGif vDeifacgif;aqmifonfh abmf&SDApfrsm;. v_H@aqmfOD;aqmifr_jzifh
EdkifiHtoD;oD;rS uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;. yxruGef*&ufudk armfpudkY usif;ycJh+yD;/ uGefjrLepftif
wmae&Sife,fudk wnfaxmifvdkufonf? udk,fpm;vS,f trsm;tjym;rSm ydwfqdk@r_ESifh e,fchsJ
orm;rsm;. nO;f yef;f ESyd pf ufrr_ sm;a=umifh armfpudo

k @kd a&mufrvmEdik =f uaomfvnf; Oa&myESihf
tar&durS ta&;}uD;qk;H aom Edik if rH sm;onf yxruGe*f &ufo@kd wufa&mufEidk cf o
hJ nf? vDeifu
uGef*&uf. vkyfief;udk OD;aqmifnef=um;cJhonf?
vDeifu "e&Si'f rD u
kd a&pDEiS hf ypPn;f rJt
h m%m&Sipf epf jy\emtay: tpD&ifccH o
hJ nf? olu
qdAk ,
D ufpepf. ta&;ygru
_ kd wifjy+yD; TonfrmS tvkyo
f rm;jynforl sm;twGuf ppfreS af om
'Dru
kd a&pDukd qdv
k akd =umif;jyocJo
h nf? uGe*f &ufrS Edik if t
H m;vk;H &Sd ypPn;f rJrh sm;od@k a=unmpmwrf;
xkwjf yef+y;D / ypPn;f rJt
h m%m&Sipf epftwGuEf iS hf urBmw0ef;vk;H Y qdAk ,
D ufrsm; . atmifyt
JG wGuf
jywfom;pGmwdkufyGJ0if&ef v_H@aqmfvdkufonf?
uGef*&ufu wwd,uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,f. tvkkyftr_aqmifaumfrwDudk wnf
axmifvdkufonf?
Tenf;jzifh EdkifiHwumhawmfvSefaom ypPnf;rJhtzGJ@tpnf; trsdK;tpm;opf uGefjrLepf
tifwmae&Sife,f/ rmufhpf0g'/ vDeif0g' tifwmae&Sife,f ay:xGufvmayonf?
1919 rwfvwGif trt}udrf ygwDuGef*&ufudk usif;ycJhonf? TuGef*&ufrSm yd
yuQjzpfzG,f tcsuftvufrsm; tv,fwGif usif;ycJh&jcif;jzpfonf? wzufwGif qdkAD,uf
tm%mudk qef@usio
f nfh azmufjyefaom r[mrdwEf ikd if rH sm;onf ydrk t
kd iftm;}u;D xGm;vm ae+y;D
wzufwGifrl Oa&my txl;ojzifh ppf_H;EdkifiHrsm;. awmfvSefa&;'Da&jrifhonfh qdkAD,uf EdkifiH.
taetxm; tweftoifh wdk;wuf aumif;rGefvmapaeonf?
uGef*&ufwGif ygwD0if 313766 udk udk,fpm;jyKonfh rJay;Edkifonfh udk,fpm;vS,f 301
OD;ESifh aqG;aEG;Edkifonfh udk,fpm;vS,f 102 OD; wufa&mufcJhonf?
uGef*&uf tzGifhrdef@cGef;wGif vDeifu uGef*&uft}udKumvwGif uG,fvGefoGm;onfh
abmf&SDApfygwD. yxrwef; pnf;Hk;a&;rSL;wOD;jzpfol 0dkdiftJrf-qAm;'favmhAfudk owdw& t
av;jyKvku
d o
f nf?
uGef*&ufu ygwDvrf;pOfw&yfudk csrSwfcJhonf? Tvrf;pOfu t&if;&SifpepfESifh if;.
tjrifq
h ;Hk pepf/ e,fcsh pJ epfukd &Si;f vif;azmfjyxm;onf? if;u"e&Sif 'Dru
kd a&pDpepfEiS hf qdAk ,
D uf
pepf EdkifiHawmfpepf ESpfrsdK;udkEd_if;,SOfjyxm;onf? qdk&S,fvpfpepftwGuf wkdufyGJtwGif;/
"e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;udk trsm;ydik o
f rd ;f ,lonfv
h yk if ef;rsm; +yD;jynfph aHk &;/ wckwnf;aom qd&k ,
S v
f pf
pDru
H ed ;f ESit
hf nD wdik ;f jynfwiG ;f pD;yGm;a&;b0udk pDrt
H yk cf sKyfa&;/ trsKd ;om;pD;yGm;a&; tzG@J tpnf;
wGif tvkyform;or*~rsm;yg0if vkyfaqmifa&;/ qdk&S,fvpfvkyftm;pnf;urf;/ qkdAD,uftzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;. tkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,frsm;Y "e&Sif u|rf;usifynm&Sifrsm;ukd
toH;k csa&;/ qd&k ,
S v
f pfwnfaqmufa&;vkyif ef;wGif tv,ftvwf v,form;rsm;udk wjznf;
jznf; pepfwusodrf;oGif;a&;/ vkyfief;rsm;wGif ygwD. tcdkiftrmvkyfief;rsm;udk tao;pdwf
azmfjyxm;onf?
uGef*&ufu vDeif. wifjycsufjzpfaom vkyfief;pOfwGif e,fchsJpepfudk t&if;&Sifpepf.
tjrifhqkH;pepftjzpf t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkcsuftm; xnfhoGif;&eftjyif/ 'kwd,ygwDuGef*&ufu
twnfjyKcJah om vrf;pOfa[mif;wGiyf g&o

dS nfh pufrv
_ yk if ef;t&if;&Sipf epfEiS hf ukepf nfxw
k v
f yk f
a&; oufoufwkd@. t"dy`m,fzGifhcsufudkyg xnfhoGif;&ef vufcHtwnf jyKvkdufonf? vDeifu
vkyif ef;pOfonf u|eaf wmfw@kd pD;yGm;a&;pepf. _yaf xG;r_ukd xnfo
h iG ;f pOf;pm;+yD; tv,ftvwf
v,form;rsm;u ud,
k pf m;jyKonfh tao;pm; ukepf nfxw
k v
f yk af &;tygt0if wdik ;f jynfwiG ;f &Sd
trsKd ;rsKd ;tjym;jym; uGjJ ym;aeaom pD;yGm;a&;omefrsm; wnf&rdS u
_ kd owdjyK&ef vdt
k yfonf[k
,lqonf? xdk@a=umifhvkyfief;pOftay: aqG;aEG;jiif;ckH&mwGif vDeifu abmf&SDApftjrifrsm;ESifh
qef@usio
f nfh blcg&ifukd tjyif;txef a0zefw
_ cf svu
kd o
f nf? blcg&ifu vkyif ef;pOfwiG f t&if;
&Sifpepf/ tao;pm;ukefpnfxkwfvkyfa&;/ tv,ftvwf v,form;rsm;. pD;yGm;a&; qdkonfh
pum;vkH;rsm;udk jzKwfxm;&ef tqdkwifcJhonf? blcg&if. tjrifrsm;onf qdkAD,ufEdkifiHawmf
jzpfxGef;&mwGif tv,ftvwfv,form;rsm;. tcef;ukdjiif;y,fonfh rif&SDApf-xa&mhpuD
0g'rD sm;udk ud,
k pf m;jyKonf? xd@k tjyif blcg&ifonf v,form;rsm;. tao;pm; ukepf nfxw
k f
vkyfa&;u ul;vwftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk au|;arG;jyKpkxm;onfh tcsufudkvnf; zkH;zdvdkufonf?
vDeifu trsdK;om;a&;jyoemtay: abmf&SDApftjrifrsm;ESifh qef@usifonfh blcg&ifESifh
ysmwmaumhAfwdk@udk qufvuf uef@uGufvdkufonf? olwdk@u vkyfief;pOfwGif vlrsdK;rsm;.
ud,
k yf ikd q
f ;Hk jzwfciG hf pmyd'k yf g0ifjcif;udk qef@usi+f yD; vlrsKd ;rsm; wef;wla&;udv
k nf; qef@usio
f nf?
TauG;a=umfoHonf ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;atmifyGJESifh vlrsdK;toD;oD; ypPnf;rJhrsm;.
aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;udk t[ef@twm;jyKEdkifonf[k ajymqdkvmonf? vDeifu Tblcg&ifESifh
ysmwmaumhAw
f @kd . vk;H vk;H tE &W m,f}uD;vSaom e,fcs@J vrl sKd ;}uD;tjrifrsm;udk jzKwfcsvu
kd f onf?
truGef*&uf. tav;teuf aqG;aEG;csufrsm;wGif tv,ftvwfv,form;rsm;
tay:xm;&Sdonfh ay:vpDESifh ywfouf+yD; tawmfta&;ay; aqG;aEG;cJhonf? ajr,mtrdef@
a=unmcsufa=umifh tv,ftvwfv,form;OD;a& wjznf;jznf;wdk;rsm;vmae+yD; ,cktcg
v,form;xk. trsm;pk}u;D jzpfvmaeayonf? "e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;ESihf ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm; t=um;
,drf;,dkifaewwfonfh tvwfwef;pm; v,form;rsm;. oabmxm;ESifh vkyf[ef onf
jynf w G i f ; ppf E S i f h qd k & S , f v pf w nf a qmuf a &; uH = urR m twG u f tvG e f t a&;}uD ; aom
tcsufjzpfaeonf? jynfwGif;ppf tEdkift_H;onf tvwfwef;pm; v,form;rsm; rnfonfh
buf,drf;rnf/ ypPnf;rJh odk@r[kwf "e&Sifvlwef;pm; rnfonfhvlwef;pm;ESifh r[mrdwfzGJ@rnfqkd
onfh tcsuftay: tvGef}uD;rm;pGmrlwnfaeonf? v,form;xkonf qdkAD,uftm%m
zufodk@ ul;ajymif;vm=uonf? csufrsm;/ wyfjzLrsm;/ ul;vwfrsm;/ qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;
orm;rsm;ESihf rif&ADS pfrsm;onf aAmfv*ga'owGif tvwfwef;pm;v,form;rsm;. axmufcrH _
a=umifh 1918 aEGumv qkdAD,uftm%mukd jzKwfcsvkdufEkdifjcif;jzpfonf? k&Sm;tv,fykdif;u
ul;vwfrsm;. ykeu
f efrw
_ iG v
f nf; tvm;wlyifjzpfonf? ok@d aomf 1918 aqmif;OD;wGif tvwf
wef;pm;v,form;xkonf qkdAD,uftm%mbufokd@ ul;ajymif;vm=uonf? wyfjzLrsm;.
atmifyGJaemufwGif ajr&Sifrsm;. tm%mjyefvnfxlaxmifvmjcif;/ v,form;rsm;. ajrudk
odrf;ydkufjcif;/ v,form;rsm;udk "m;jywdkuf/ ESdyfpufnOf;yef;jcif;rsm; vdkufygvmonfudk v,f
orm;rsm; awG@jrifvmonf? ul;vwfrsm;udk acsr_ef;cJhonfh qif;&Jv,form;aumfrwDrsm;.

vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;uvnf; v,form;rsm;. oabmxm;tajymif;tvJukd taxmuf tul
jyKcJah yonf? TonfEiS ahf vsmn
f pD mG vDeifu 1918 Ed0k ifbmwGif auG;a=umfox
H w
k v
f u
kd o
f nf?
ul;vwfrsm;udk qef@usio
f nfh wku
d yf t
JG m; wc%r# rpGe@f vw
$ b
f /J wcsed w
f nf;wGif qif;&Jv,f
orm;tay: vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm; cdkifcdkifrmrmrSDcdkum/ tvwfwef;pm; v,form;rsm;ESifh oabm
wlnDr_&a&;twGuf oif,lavhvm&rnf? (vDeifusrf;aygif;pkH twGJ23/ pmrsufESm-294)
tvwfwef;pm; v,form;rsm;onf vkH;0r,drf;r,dkifjzpfoGm;jcif; r[kwfaomfvnf;
qdkAD,uftpdk;&ESifh wjznf;jznf; eD;uyfvm+yD; ydkrdkcdkifrmpGm pwif axmufcHvmonf? Tonf
udk trygwDuGef*&ufu csrSwfvdkufonfh tvwfwef;pm;v,form;rsm;qdkif&m ay:vpDu
ydkrdkacsmarm ajyjypfjrefqefapvdkufygonf?
trt}udrf uGef*&ufrSm ygwD.tvwfwef;pm; v,form;ay:vpD. vrf;a=umif;
ajymif;csufjzpfonf? vDeif. tpD&ifcHpmESifh uGef*&uf. qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;onf Tjy\em
tay: ygwD. vrf;pOfopfudk csrSwfvdkufonf? uGef*&ufu ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh uGefjrLepf
tm;vkH;udk tvwfwef;pm;v,form;ESifh ul;vwft=um; wif;usyfonfh ydkif;jcm;csufjyKvkyf
&efESifh tvwfwef;pm; v,form;rsm;. vdktyfcsufrsm;udk eD;eD;uyfuyf avhvm*kjyKjcif;jzifh
if;wdk@udk tvkyform;vlwef;pm;buf a&mufvmatmif pnf;kH;&efawmif;qdkvkdufonf? t
vwfwef;pm; v,form;rsm;. acwfaemufusru
_ kd twif;tusycf ikd ;f apjcif;/ wku
d w
f eG ;f jcif;jzifh
r[kwfbJ aoG;aqmifacsmharmhonfhenf;jzifh ausmfeif;ap&rnf? xdk@a=umifhuGef*&ufu
aus;vufa'orsm;Y qd&k ,
S v
f pfvyk af qmifcsurf sm; (bkt
H zG@J rsm;/ pdu
k yf sKd ;a&; tzG@J rsm;zG@J pnf;jcif;)
taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif twif;t"rRenf;udk tok;H rjyK&ef ne=f um;onf? tvwfwef;pm;
v,form;rsm;. tcsuftcsmtusdK;pD;yGm;udk xdcdkufaponfh udpPrsm; tm; vkH;wGif olwdk@ESifh
vufawG@usonfhoabm wlnDcsuft&&Sd&rnfjzpf+yD; qdk&S,fvpfajymif;vJr_rsm;udk azmfaqmif
emrsm;wGif txl;tcGit
hf a&;rsm;ay;&rnf? uGe*f &ufu tvwfwef;pm;v,form;eJ@
onfh enf;em
wnf+idrfonfhr[mrdwfzGJ@a&;ESifh Tr[mrdwf. acgif;aqmifr_ tcef;udk ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;u
xdef;odrf;xm;a&; ay:vpDudk csrSwfvdkufonf?
trt}udrf uGef*&ufwGif vDeifwifoGif;onfh tvwfwef;pm; v,form;qdkif&m
ay:vpDopfwGif ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf qif;&Jv,form;tay: rSDcdk+yD; tvwfwef;pm;v,f
orm;ESifh wnf+idrfonfh r[mrdwfjyKum/ ul;vwfrsm;udk wdkufcdkuf&efjzpfonf? trt}udrf
uGef*&uf rwdkifrDu ygwDay:vpDrSm a,bk,stm;jzifh tvwfwef;pm; v,form;rsm;udk
=um;xm;&efjzpfonf? tvwfwef;pm; v,form;rsm; ul;vwfrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;oGm;+yD; a,bk
,stm;jzifh "e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESifh yl;aygif;oGm;jcif;udk ygwDu }udK;yrf;wm;qD;&ef qdkvdkonf?
odk@aomf ,cktcg TonfESifh rvkHavmufawmhay? truGef*&ufu tvwfwef;pm; v,f
orm;udk =um;xm;a&;ay:vpDrS wyfjzLESifh EdkifiHjcm;rS usL;ausmfpGufzufr_udk wdkufcdkuf&ef
&nf&G,fcsufESifh qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmifjrifpGm wnfaqmufEdkifa&;twGuf if;wdk@ESifh wnf+idrf

aom r[mrdwfzGJ@a&; ay:vpDodk@ ajymif;vdkufonf?
uGe*f &ufu v,form;xktrsm;pkjzpfaom tvwfwef;pm; v,form;qdik &f m ay:vpD
udkcsrSwfvdkufEdkifr_u EdkifiHjcm;usL;ausmfolrsm;ESifh if;wdk@. aemufvdkufwyfjzLrsm;tm; wdkuf
cdkuf&onfh jynfwGif;ppfwGif atmifyGJtmrcHa&;. tqkH;tjzwfydkif;jzpfcJhonf? 1919 aqmif;
OD;wGif v,form;rsm;tzdk@ qdkAD,uftm%mESifh 'ifeDuift=um; a&G;cs,f&efjzpfvmaomtcg
olwdk@onf qdkAD,ufrsm;udk axmufcHvdkuf=u+yD; ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepftaejzifh rdrd. tE W
&m,ft}uD;qkH;&efoludk atmifEdkifvdkufonf?
wyfeaD wmfwnfaqmufa&;ESihf ywfoufonfjh y\emrsm;uvnf; uGe*f &uf. aqG;aEG;
yGJrsm;wGif txl;ae&m,lvm+yD; xdke,fy,fwGif ppfa&;twdkuftcHqdkonfudk ay:ayguf
vmaponf? xdkppfa&;twdkuftcHwGif ,cktcg ysufokOf;oGm;+yDjzpfaom vuf0JuGefjrL
epfrsm; tkyfpkrS tzGJ@0ifta[mif;tcsdK@ yg0ifae+yD; b,faomtcgurS twkduftcHrsm;wGif
ryg0ifcJhaomfvnf; xa&mhpuD. wyfjy\emrsm; ukdifwG,fvkyfaqmifykHrsm;udk rauseyfonfh
ygwDvkyfom;tcsdK@vnf; yg0ifaeonf? wyfrawmfrS udk,fpm;vS,ftrsm;pkonf xa&mhpuD
tay: xif&Sm;odompGm rkef;wD;ae=u+yD; ol. Zmbk&ifhwyfrawmfa[mif;rS ppfa&; yg&*lrsm;
tay: kdusdK;av;pm;vGef;jcif;udk rauseyf=uacs? ToltcsdK@rSm jynfwGif;ppfwGif ajymif ajymif
wif;wif;yif u|eaf wmfw@kd ukd opPmazmufaeonf? wyfrawmfwiG ;f rS abmf&ADS pf a[mif;}uD;rsm;
tay: xa&mhpuD. armufrm&efvdkonfh oabmxm;udkvnf; rauseyf=uacs? xa&mhpuD.
tusifhrsm;udkvnf; uGef*&ufY Oyrmtjzpfwifjy=uonf? Oyrm a&S@wef;Y wm0efxrf;
aqmifaeonfh xif&Sm;onfh wyfrawmfrS uGefjrLepftcsdK@udk udk,fpdwfwkdif; rusHk av;jzifh
ypfowf&ef}udK; pm;cJo
h nf? TonfrmS &efot
l wGuf wdu
k f u
dk t
f vkyt
f au|; jyKjcif; jzpfonf?
A[dak umfrwDrS 0ifa&mufvmjcif;a=umifv
h nf;aumif;/ ppfwyfrS vlrsm;. qef@usif uef@uu
G rf _
a=umifhvnf;aumif; T&Jabmfrsm;. toufudk u,fvdkufEdkifjcif;jzpfonf?
od@k aomfygw.
D ppfa&;ay:vpDtay: xa&mhpuD. ykzH surf u
_ w
kd u
kd af eonfEiS hf w+yKd if wnf;
ppfa&;twkduftcHwdk@onf ppfwyfwnfaqmufa&;ESifh ywfouf+yD; tcsuftcsdK@wGif
rrSeu
f efaomtjrifrsm; &Sad e=uonf? vDeifEiS hf pwmvifonf ppfa&;twdu
k t
f cHrsm;udk tjyif;
txef a0zef_wfcsvdkufonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf Tppfa&; twdkuftcHrsm;u aysmuf
=um;pdwf"mwf qufvuftouf&Sifa&;udk tumuG,fay;um ykHrSefwyfeDawmfzGJ@pnf;a&;/
wyfa[mif;rS ppfa&;yg&*lrsm;udk tokH;csa&;ESifh rnfonfhppfrSefonfhwyfrS r&Sd&ifrjzpfonfh
oHr%dpnf;urf; xlaxmifa&;wdk@udk wm;qD;ckHcHaeaoma=umifhjzpfonf? &Jabmfpwmvif
uppfa&;twdu
k t
f cHrsm;udk jyefvnfacsyvdu
k +f y;D twif;tusyq
f ;Hk aom pnf;urf; pdw"f mwf
oGif;xm;onfh ykHrSefwyfrawmf wnfaxmif&ef awmif;qdkvkdufonf?
olu u|efawmfwdk@onf wu,fhtvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;. t"dutm;jzifh v,f
orm;rsm;. wyfrawmfw&yf/ pnf;urf;wif;usyfonfh wyfrawmfw&yfxlaxmif+yD; orRw
EdkifiHudk umuG,frvm; odk@r[kwf u|efawmfwdk@ ysufpD;qkH;_H;=urvm;[kqdkonf? ppfa&;t

wdkuftcHrsm;u wifoGif;onfh tqdkjyKcsuftcsdK@udk y,fcs&if;/ uGef*&ufu xa&mhpuDudk
A[dkppftzGJ@tpnf;vkyfief;rsm;wGif wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmap&efESifh wyfrawmfwGif; uGefjrL
epfrsm;. tcef;udk jrifhwifay;&ef awmif;qdkvdkufjcif;jzifh xdk;ESufa0zefvdkufonf?
uGef*&ufwGif ppfaumfr&Sifudk wnfaxmifvdkuf+yD; if;.}udK;yrf;csufa=umifh ppfa&;
jyoemqkH;jzwfcsuftay: uGef*&ufu wnDwnGwfwnf; vufcHtwnfjyKvdkufonf?
TqkH;jzwfcsuf. tusdK;rSm wyfeDawmfudk tiftm;awmifhwif;ap&efESifh ygwDESifhydkI
eD;uyfvmatmif qGJ,lEdkifjcif;wdk@yif jzpfonf?
uGef*&ufu qufvuf+yD; ygwDESifh qdkAD,ufa&;&mrsm;ESifh qdkAD,ufrsm;twGif; ygwD.
acgi;f aqmifne =f um;onfh tcef;udk aqG;aEG;=uonf? 'kw,
d jyoemtay: tjyeftvSejf iif;ckH
aqG;aEG;r_twGi;f uGe*f &ufu tacsmiform; qmykad emhA-f tdZk ifpuD; (Sapronov-Ossinsky)
tkypf .
k tjrifukd y,fcsvu
kd o
f nf? if;wd@k u ygwo
D nf qdAk ,
D ufrsm;. vkyif ef;udk OD;raqmifoifh
[kqckd o
hJ nf?
aemufqkH;ygwD0ifopfrsm; tpkvdkuft+yKHvdkuf 0ifvmr_a=umifh uGef*&ufu ygwD. vlr_
zGJ@pnf;r_wdk;wufaumif;rGef&ef enf;vrf;rsm; a&;qGJ+yD;ygwD0ifrsm; jyefvnfrSwfykHwifpdppf&ef
qk;H jzwfvu
kd o
f nf?
Tonfu ygwD0ifrsm;twGif; yxrqkH; tykyfcsyGJ pwifvdkufonf?
3? 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_ wdk;chsJvmjcif;? qdkAD,ufEdkifiHtm; ydwfqdk@jcif; aumhcsufppfqifa&;ESifh
_H;edrfhr_? 'ifeDuifppfqifa&;ESifh _H;edrfhr_? okH;vppfem;jcif;? e0rt}udrfajrmuf uGef*&u
&uff?
*smreDESifh =op}wD;,m;udk atmifEdkif+yD;aemuf/ r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;onf qdkAD,ufEdkifiHudk
qef@usif&ef ppftiftm;pk}uD;rsm;udk ydk@vGwf&efqkH;jzwfcJhonf? *smreDppf_H;um if;.wyfrsm;
,lu&def;ESifh x&efaumhau;&Sm;rS qkwfcGmoGm;&+yD;aemuf if;wdk@ae&mwGif +Adwdo#ESifh jyif
opfrsm; a&muf&Sdvm=uonf? if;wdk@onf yifv,feufodk@vnf; a&wyfrsm;apvGwfum tdk
'ufqmESihf x&efaumhau;&Sm;wGif cs&yfxm;onf? usL;ausmv
f monfh r[mrdww
f yfrsm;onf
if;wd@k odr;f ydu
k x
f m;onfh a'orS tvkyo
f rm;/ v,form;ukd tpkvu
dk t
f +yHKvku
d f ypfowf&ef
vufraES;cJb
h J if;wd@k . &ufpufru
_ kd azmfjycJo
h nf? wmupfpwefukd odr;f ydu
k +f y;D aemuf &Jabmf&rJS f
,ef (Shaumyan)/ zD&v
dk aD wmhAf (Fioletov)/ *smyg&mZf (Djaparidze)/ rmvD*sif (Malygin)/
tZpfbDaumhAf (Azizbekov)/ aumf*gaemhAf (Korganov)ponfh bmul;rS acgif;aqmif
abmf&SDApf 26 OD;udk x&ef@puufpjyef;a'oodk@ ac:aqmifoGm;+yD; qdk&S,fvpf awmf vSefa&;
orm;rsm; tultnDjzifh &ufpufpGmypfowfum if;wdk@. a'goudk tqkH;pGefazmfjy =uonf?
pGufzufusL;ausmfa&;orm;rsm;u r=umrDrSmyif k&Sm;udk ydwfqdk@&ef a=unmonf?

a&a=umif;vrf;tm;vk;H ESihf jyifyurBmod@k qufo,
G o
f nfh wjcm;vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk jzwfawmuf
vdkufonf?
qdkAD,ufEdkifiHonf buftm;vkH;eD;yg;rS 0dkif;&Hjcif;cHae&onf? r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;onf
qdkufaA;&D;,m;/ atmfhAfpf&Sd if;wkd@. kyfao;a&wyf AdkvfcsKyfaumvfcsuf (Kolchak) tay:
if;wdk@. t"duar#mfvifhcsufrsm;udk ykHxm;cJhonf? ol@udk k&Sm;. tjrifhqkH;tkyfpdk;ol[k
a=unmay;+yD; wdik ;f jynf&dS wefjyefawmfveS af &; tiftm;pktm;vk;H udk ol@acgi;f aqmifra_ tmuf
wGif xm;&Sv
d u
kd o
f nf?
Tenf;jzifh ta&S@buf ppfrsufESmonf t"duppfrsufESmjzpfvmonf?
aumhcsufonf tvGef}uD;vSonfh wyf}uD;udk pkHk;vdkuf+yD; 1919 aEGOD;wGif aAmvf*gokd@
a&mufvrk wwfjzpfvmonf? taumif;qk;H aAmf&ADS pftiftm;pkrsm;onf ol@uw
kd eG ;f xkwf vdu
k +f y;D
uGefjrLepfvli,ftzGJ@rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;udk ta&;ay: ppfom;pkaqmif;vdkufonf? 1919
ck {+yDwGif aumhcsufwyfonf wyfeDawmfrsm;. vufwGif r_rvSqkH;_H;+yD; r=umrDtwGif;
ppfrsufESmwckvHk;rS aemufqkwfoGm;&onf?
a&S@wef;ppfrsufESmwGif wyfeDawmfcsDwufr_ t&SdefjrifhaepOf xa&mhpuDonf oHo,
ruif;zG,f pDrHudef;wckudk wifvmonf? olu ,l&Jvfawmifwef; ra&mufcif csDwufr_udk
&yfqdkif;&ef/ aumhcsufwyfrsm; aemufvdkufaer_udk&yf+yD; wyfrsm;udk ta&S@ppfrsufESmrS awmif
ydik ;f ppfrsuEf mS od@k ajymif;a&$@&eftqdjk yKonf? ygwAD [dak umfrwDu ,l&v
J Ef iS hf qdu
k af A;&D;,m;udk
aumhcsufvufwGif xm;cJh&ef rjzpfa=umif; aumif;aumif;em;vnfonf? tb,fa=umifhqdk
aomf xdak e&mrS *syefEiS hf +Adwo
d #w@kd . tultnDjzifh olonf jyefvnfemvefxEl ikd +f yD; e*kt
d ae
txm; jyef&oGm;Edik af oma=umifjh zpfonf? xd@k a=umifh TpDru
H ed ;f udk y,fcsvu
kd u
f m qufwuf
&ef nef=um;vdkufonf? xa&mhpuDu Tnef=um;csufrsm;udk oabmrwlbJ EkwfxGufpm
wif&m A[dkaumfrwDu y,fcsvdkuf+yD; wcsdefwnf;wGif ta&S@bufppfrsufESm ppfqifa&;rsm;Y
nef=um;ae&mwGif yg0ifaer_rsm;tm;vkH;rS csufcsif;ab;z,f&ef trdef@xkwfvdkufonf? wyfeD
awmfonf aumhcsuftay: xdk;ppfudk ydkrdk}uD;rm;onfh tpGrf;jzifh qifE$J=u+yD; ol@tay: qkH;_H;
r_topfrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifapum ,l&JvfESifh qdkufaA;&D;,m;udk wyfjzLrsm;vufrS vGwfajrmuf
apvdkufonf? Ta'orsm;wGif wyfeDawmfudk a&mifjzLaemufwef;a'orS tiftm;}uD;rm;
vSonfh ygwD0ifxk. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u ulnDaxmufcHr_ay;cJhonf?
1919 aEGOwkwGif e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;u taemufajrmufa'o (abmfvwpfEdkifiHrsm;/
yDxk*d &uf. t0ef;t0dik ;f twGi;f ) wefjyefawmfveS af &;udk acgi;f aqmifaeonfh Adv
k cf sKyf ,l'eD pfcsf
(Yudenich)tm; ta&S@ppfrsuEf mS rS wyfeaD wmf. tmHu
k kd ajymif;vJ&eftwGuf yDxk*d &ufukd
wdkufcdkuf&ef wm0efay;vdkufonf? ,cift&m&Sda[mif;rsm; . wefjyefawmfvSef a&;v_H@aqmfr_
v$rf;rdk;jcif;a=umifh yDxkd*&uft0ef;t0dkif;rS cHwyfESpfckrS tapmifhwyfom;rsm; onf
qdkAD,uftpdk;&udk ykefuefvm=uonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif wefjyefawmfvSefa&; }uHpnfr_ wckudk
a&S@wef;XmecsKyfY azmfxw
k v
f u
kd Ef ikd o
f nf? &efou
l yDxk*d &ufukd +cdr;f ajcmufvmonf? od@k aomf
tvkyo
f rm;a&wyfom;rsm;. ulnaD xmufcrH j_ zifh qdAk ,
D uftpd;k &. vkyaf qmifcsuf rsm;a=umifh
ykefuefonfhcHwyfrsm;rS wyfjzLrsm;udk z,f&Sm;vdkufEdkif+yD; ,l'Depfcsfwyfrsm; H_;edrfh oGm;um
tufpwdk;eD;,m;odk@ jyefarmif;xkwfjcif;cHvkduf&onf?
yDxk*d &ufteD; ,l'eD pfcsf ppf;H_ jcif;u aumhcsuu
f kd ajz&Si;f &ef ydrk v
kd ,
G u
f al pvdu
k +f yD; 1919
cktukefwGif ol. wyfudk vkH;0acsr_ef;vdkufEdkifonf? aumhcsufudk,fwdkif tusOf;om;t jzpf
tzrf;cHvu
kd &f +yD; tmuwfp&f dS awmfveS af &;aumfrwD. pD&ifcsujf zifh ypfowfjcif;cHvu
dk &f onf?
TonfrSm aumhcsuf. tqkH;owfyifwnf;?
qdkufaA;&D;,m; vlxkt=um; aumhcsufESifhywfouf+yD; acwfpm;onfh oDcsif;wyk'f &SdcJh
onf?
- +Adwdo#wdk@xHrS ppf,leDazmif;rsm;
- jyifopfwdk@xHrS wHqdyfyef;yGm;rsm;
- *syefwdk@xHrS aq;vdyfrsm;jzifh
- aumhcsufu OD;aqmifujyaeay+yD @ @ @ ?
- ,leDazmif;rsm;vnf; tpkwfpkwftjywfjywf/
- wHqdyfyef;yGm;rsm;vnf; r&Sdawmh/
- xkd@twl aq;vdyfvnf; iwf+yD/
- aumhcsufae@&ufrSmvnf; ukefoGm;cJh+yD?
olw@kd ar#mv
f ifch surf sm;udk aumhcsuu
f rpGr;f aqmifEikd o
f nft
h wGuf usL;ausmaf &;orm;
rsm;onf qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiHudk wdkufcdkuf&ef if;wdk@.pDrHudef;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJvdkufonf?
tdk'ufqmY cs&yfxm;aom ppfwyfrsm;udk qkwfcGmcdkif;vdkuf&onf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf
qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiH wyfrsm;ESifh qufoG,fxdawG@r_rsm;u if;wdk@udk awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwf
ul;pufjyef@yGm;ap+yD; if;wdk@. e,fcsJ@t&Sifocifrsm;udk pwifykefuefvmaponf? Oyrm
tk'd ufqmY tif'a&rmwD (Andre Marty) OD;aqmifonfh jyifopfa&wyfom;rsm;. ykeu
f efr_
ay:cJhonf? ,cktcg aumhcsufppfH_;oGm;+yD jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm r[mrdwfrsm;onf aumfeD
avmhA.
f }uH&mygjzpf+yD; taysmw
f rf;wyfudk pnf;H;k zG@J pnf;ol Adv
k cf sKyf'ifeu
D if tay: tmHpk ;l
pdkufvm=uonf? xdktcsdefu 'ifeDuifonf awmifydkif;&Sdulbefa'orS qdkAD,uftm%mudk
wdkufcdkufppfqifaeonf? ol.wyfudk r[mrdwfrsm;u vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmuf tajrmuf
tjrm; axmufyHhum qdkAD,uftm%mudk wdkufcdkuf&ef ajrmufydkif;odk@ apvGwfvdkufonf?
,cktcg awmifbufppfrsuEf mS jyifonf t"duppfrsuEf mS jyif jzpfvmonf? 'ifeu
D if onf
1919 aEGwiG f qdAk ,
D uftm%mudk qef@usio
f nfh t"duxd;k ppfukd pwifco
hJ nf? xa&mh puDu
awmifyikd ;f ppfrsuEf mS udk zsuq
f ;D vdu
k +f yD; u|eaf wmfw@kd wyfrsm;onf _;H +yD;&if;_;H &if; jzpfae onf?
atmufwdkbmvtv,fwGif wyfjzLrsm;onf ,lu&def;wckkvkH;udk odrf;ydkufxm;+yD; tdk&Jvfudk
odr;f xm;um usaemfw@kd wyfukd usnq
f rH sm;/ kid zf ,frsm;ESihf pufaoewfrsm; axmufyhH aeonfh
ul;vm;+rdK@odk@ csOf;uyfvmaeonf? wyfjzLrsm;onf armfpudkodk@ csDwufcsOf;uyf vmaeonf?

qkAd D ,uforRwEdik if .
H tajctaeonf tvGet
f rif; pd;k &drzf ,
G f jzpfvmaeonf? ygwu
D vlxu
k kd
wyfveS @f E;_d aqmfvu
kd +f yD; ckc&H efv@H_ aqmfvu
kd o
f nf? vDeifu t&m&m 'ifeD uifukd wdu
k cf u
kd &f ef
twGuf qdo
k nfh auG;a=umfou
H kd wifvu
kd o
f nf? abmf&ADS pfrsm;. Ed;_ aqmf r_jzifh tvkyo
f rm;/
v,form;rsm;onf &efoludk acsr_ef;&ef rdrdwdk@ tiftm;pktm;vkH;udk pkpnf;vdkufonf?
A[dak umfrwDu &Jabmfpwmvif/ Adk &dk aSD vmhAf (Boroshilov)/ td*k sKd eDupfZED iS hf bl'af &mifeD
(Budyonny) wd k @ ud k awmif y d k i f ; ppf r suf E S m od k @ apv$ w f + yD ; 'if e D u if u d k acsr_ e f ; &ef
jyifqifaponf? awmifyikd ;f &Sd wyfeaD wmfppfqifa&; ne=f um;tkycf sKyfrr_ S xa&mhpuDukd z,fmS ;
vdu
k o
f nf? &Jabmf pwmvif a&mufrvmrD awmifyikd ;f ppfrsuEf mS trde@f ay;XmerS xa&mhpuD.
yl;wGaJ qmif&u
G rf E_ iS t
hf wl pDru
H ed ;f wck a&;qGx
J m;onf? ,if;rSm 'Gef uGi;f jyifujkd zwfum EdAk kd q
dk pf
t&yfo@kd OD;wnf+yD; Zm&pfqifrS 'ifeu
D ifukd t"du xd;k ESu&f efjzpfonf? 'Geu
f iG ;f jyifrmS vrf;rsm;
r&SdbJ wyfeDawmfjzwfcsDwuf&rnfh ae&mrsm;uvnf; xdktcsdefu trsm;pkrSm wyfjzL=oZm
oufa&mufaeonfh/ aumhqufrsm;aeonfh t&yfrsm;jzpfaeonf? &Jabmfpwmvifu
TpDrHudef;udk jyif;xefpGm a0zefvdkuf+yD; A[dkaumfrwDodk@ 'ifeDuiftm; wdkufcdkuf&ef ol.pDrH
udef;udk wifjyvdkufonf? TpDrHudef;t& t"duxdk;ESufcsufrSm a&mhawmhAf- 'DkeufcsdKifh0Srf; cg;aumhAf vrf;rS qifEGJ&efjzpf onf? TpDrHudef;u 'ifeDuifwdkufcdkufa&;twGuf u|efawmf
wdk@wyfrsm; tvsiftjref csDwufEdkifa&;udk tmrcHrnfjzpfygonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf wyf
om;rsm;tm; tm;ay;pmemaxmufcHonfh vlxkrsm;&Sdonfh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh
v,form;a'orsm;udk jzwfoef;csDwuf&rnf jzpfaoma=umifhjzpfonf? xdk@jyif Ta'o&Sd
xlxyfrsm;jym;vSaom &xm;vrf;rsm;a=umifh u|ef awmfw@kd wyftwGuf vdt
k yfor# tm;vk;H udk
ykHrSefaxmufyHh ydk@ay;Edkifonf? aemufqkH;rSm TpDrHudef;u 'dkeufausmufrD;aoG; csdKifh0Srf;udk
vGwfajrmufapEdkif+yD; xdk@a=umifhyif EdkifiHawmftm; avmifpm axmufyHhEdkifrnfjzpfonf?
ygwDA[dkaumfrwDu &Jabmfpwmvif. pDrHudef;udk vufcHvdkufonf? 'ifeDuifonf
tjyif;txefckcH+yD;aemuf 1919 atmufwdkbm 'kwd,v0ufwGif tkd&JvfESifh Adkvfkdeufpf
tjywftowf wdkufyGJrsm;wGif wyfeDawmftm; H_;edrfhoGm;ygonf? ol tvsiftjref qkwfcGm
&modk@ u|efawmfwdk@ wyfrsm;u aemufrS vdkufoGm;&if; olonf awmifydkif;odk@ qkwfajy;oGm;
onf? 1920 ckEpS f tpydik ;f wGif ,lu&de;f wckv;Hk ESihf ajrmufyikd ;f aumhau;qyfw@kd rS wyfjzLrsm;udk
&Sif;vif;ypfvdkufonf?
awmifydkif;ppfrsufESmrS tjywftowfwdkufyGJrsm;twGif; e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;onf awmif
ydik ;f &Sd u|eaf wmfw@kd wyfrsm;udk vrf;a=umif;ajymif;a&;ESihf 'ifeu
D ifwyfrsm; tajctae oufom
wd;k wufaumif;rGeaf pa&;twGuf ,l'eD pfcsw
f yfrsm;udk yDxk*d &ufo@kd xyfraH pvGwf cJjh yefonf?
wyfjzLrsm;onf yDxkd*&uf. wHcg;0rsm;odk@wdkif csDwufvmcJhayonf? awmfvSefa&;.
t"dywd+rdK@awmfrS ol&Jaumif; ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf cdkifrmonfh wHwdkif;rsm;tjzpf xuGvm+yD;
+rdK@awmfuu
kd muG,cf o
hJ nf? uGejf rLepfrsm;onf tpOf+rJjzpfco
hJ nft
h wdik ;f wyfO;D rSm &Scd =hJ uonf?
jyif;xefonfhwdkufyGJ+yD;aemuf wyfjzLrsm;onf H_;edrfhum u|efawmfwdk@. e,fjcm;rsm;udk ausmf

jzwf+yD; tufpfwdk;eD;,m;odk@ xGufajy;oGm;cJhonf?
Tonf 'ifeDuif. tqkH;owfyifjzpfonf?
aumhcsufESifh 'ifeDuifwdk@. H_;edrfht+yD; wdkawmif;onfh ppfem;csdef wcsdef&&SdcJhonf?
wyfjzLrsm; acsre_ ;f cHvu
kd &f jcif;/ usL;ausmrf _ H;_ edro
hf mG ;jcif;/ qkAd ,
D uftm%m wEdik if v
H ;Hk Y
cdik rf mawmifw
h if; vmaejcif;/ wcsed w
f nf;wGif taemufEikd if rH sm;rS tvkyo
f rm;rsm;u qdAk ,
D uf
orRwEdkifiHudk ppfa&;t& usL;ausmfr_tay: qef@usifr_rsm; }uD;xGm;vmaejcif;wdk@udk awG@jrif
vmaomtcg e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;onf qdkAD,ufEdkifiHawmftay: olwdk@.oabmxm;udk pwif
ajymif;vJvmonf? 1920 Zefe0g&DvwGif +Adwdef/ jyifopf/ tDwvDwdk@onf qdkAD,uf k&Sm;udk
ydwfqdk@xm;r_tm; &yfvdkuf&efqkH; jzwfvdkufonf?
TonfrSm pGufzufr_wHwdkif;wGif ta&;}uD;onfh csdK;azmufr_w&yfjzpfonf?
Tonfu qdAk ,
D ufEikd if aH wmfonf usL;ausmpf u
G zf ufrE_ iS hf jynfwiG ;f ppfukd ausmef if;Edik f
onf[k rqdkvdkay? e,fcs@Jydkvef. wdkufcdkufcH&r_ tE W&m,f&Sd+rJ&Sdaeao;onf? usL;ausmfonfh
tiftm;pkrsm;tm; ta&S@zsm;a'o/ x&efaumhau;&Sm;ESifh ckdif;rD;,m;wdk@rS vkH;0O\Hk armif;
xkwEf ikd jf cif; r&Sad o;acs? od@k aomf qdAk ,
D uf&k mS ;twGuf ,m,DtoufLS aygu&f um pD;yGm;a&;
jzpfxGef;r_twGuf tiftm;pkrsm;udk ydkItokH;jyKvkdufEdkifayonf? ygwDonf ,cktcg pD;yGm;a&;
jy\emrsm;tay: tmHkydkIpdkufEdkifvmayonf?
jynfwGif;ppftwGif; u|rf;usifonfhtvkyform;rsm;onf pufHk/ tvkyfkHrsm; ydwfypf
vdu
k rf a_ =umifh pufrv
_ yk if ef;rsm;rS xGucf mG oGm;cJ=h u&onf? ygwu
D ,cktcg pufrv
_ yk if ef;rsm;rS
olwdk@vkyfief;rsm;wGif jyefvnfvkyfudkif&ef vkyfaqmif&ygawmhonf? rD;&xm;vrf;rsm;rSm
tajctae tawmfqdk;0g;ae+yD; uGefjrLepfaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmwdk@onf jyefvnfjyKjyifa&; vkyf
ief;rsm; vkyfaqmifae=u&onf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf Tvkyfief;ykHrSefjyef rjzpfygu
pufr_vkyfief; t"du XmecGJrsm;/ jyefvnfykHrSefusa&;udk tjyif;txef vkyfaqmif Edkifrnf
r[kwfaoma=umifhyif pm;eyf&duQmaxmufyHha&; tzGJ@tpnf;udk ydkrdkwdk;cs@J+yD; wdk;wufaumif;
rGefapcJhonf? k&Sm;tm; v#yfppf"mwftm;ay;a&; pDrHudef;rl=urf;udk pwifa&;qGJcJhonf? wyfeD
awmf ig;oef;eD;yg;onf vufeufwyfqifxm;&+yD; ppfyGJtE W&m,fa=umifh wyfxGufcGifhrjyK
Edik yf &J o
dS nf? xk@d a=umifh wyfeaD wmf tpdwt
f ydik ;f w&yfukd vkyt
f m;wyfrawmf rsm;tjzpf ajymif;
vJapvdkuf+yD; pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,fwGif tokH;jyK&onf? tvkyform;/ v,form; umuG,fa&;
aumifpDudk vkyftm;ESifh umuG,fa&;aumifpD tjzpf ul;ajymif;apvdkuf+yD; if;udk ulnD&ef
EdkifiHawmfpDrHudef;aumfr&Sifukd wnfaxmifvu
kd o
f nf?
Ttajctaersm;onf e0rt}udrfajrmuf uGef*&ufzGifhvSpfcsdefwGif ay:aygufaer_
rsm;jzpfonf?
1920 ckEpS f rwfvtukew

f iG f uGe*f &ufusi;f ycJo
h nf? ygw0D ifaygi;f 611987 udk ud,
k pf m;
jyKaomrJay;Edkifonfh udk,fpm;vS,f 554 OD;ESifh rJray;Edkifonfh udk,fpm;vS,f 162 OD;
wufa&mufcJhonf?
uGef*&ufu EdkifiHawmf. vwfwavmwm0efrsm;rSm o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;ESifh pufr_
vkyfief; e,fy,fwGifjzpfonf[kazmfjycJhonf? tvkyform;or*~rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;b0wnf
aqmuf&mwGif yg0ifvkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfr_udk txl;tav;wif;cJhonf?
uGef*&ufu txl;tav;ay; pOf;pm;onfhudpPrSm yxrae&mwGif rD;&xm;vrf;rsm;/
avmifpm pufr_vkyfief;ESifh oH/ oHr%dvkyfief;wdk@udk ykHrSefvnfywfa&;twGuf wckwnfaom
pD;yGm;a&;pDru
H ed ;f jzpfonf? TpDru
H ed ;f . t"dutpDtpOfrmS wdik ;f jynf. v#ypf pf"mwftm;ay;
a&; pDrHudef;jzpf+yD; Tonfudk vDeifu aemifq,fESpfodk@r[kwf tESpfESpfq,ftwGuf
}uD;jrwfonfhvkyfief;pOf[k }udKwifa[mudef;xkwfcJhonf? TonfrSm a=umf=um;vSonfh
k&Sm;. v#yfppf"mwftm;ay;oGif;a&; EdkifiHawmfaumfr&SifpDrHudef;. tajccHjzpf+yD;/ TonfrS
xkwfvkyfay;cJhonfh t&mrsm;onf ,ae@xd ausmfvGef&&Sdaeayonf?
uGef*&ufu rdrdudk,frdrd 'Drdkua&pDA[dkcsKyfudkifr_tkyfpk[k ac:qdkonfh ygwDqef@usif
a&;tkyfpk. tjrifrsm;udk y,fcsvdkufonf? if;wdk@u wOD;wnf; pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_ESifh vkyfief;'g
kdufwmrsm;t=um; bmrS rcGJjcm;bJ wm0ef&Sdonfhpepfudk qef@usifonf? olwdk@u pufr_
vkyfief;rsm; pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;wGif wOD;csif;wm0ef,lr_r&Sdonfh tuef@owfr&Sd tkyfpk pDrHtkyf
csKyfa&;udk oabmusajymqdkcJhonf? T ygwDqef@usifa&;tkyfpk. t"duyk*~dKvfrsm;rSm
qmykad emhA/f tdZk ifpuD;ESihf 0kid -f prm;aemhAf (Y-Smirnov)wd@k jzpfonf? uGe*f &ufwiG f olw@kd tm;
kdifaumhAfESifh wGrfpuD; (Tomsky) wd@k u axmufccH o
hJ nf?
4? ydkveftxufv$mrS qdkAD,ufk&Sm;tm; wdkufcdkufvmjcif;? AdkvfcsKyf&Jef*Jvf. ppfqif;a&;?
ydkvef.t}uHtpnf H_H;edrfhoGm;jcif;? &Jef*Jvf H_;edrfhoGm;jcif;? 0ifa&mufpGufzufusL;ausmfr_
tqkH;owfjcif;?
aumhcsufESifh 'ifeDuif H_;edrhfoGm;=uaomfvnf; qdkAD,uforRwEkdifiHonf wyfjzLrsm;ESifh
usL;ausmaf &;wyfrsm;udk ajrmufyikd ;f a'orsm;/ wmupPwef/ qdu
k af A;&D;,m;/ 'Geaf 'o/ ,lu&de;f
ponfw@kd rS z,f&mS ;&Si;f vif;ypf+y;D if;wd@k .e,fajrrsm;udk wjznf;jznf; jyefvnf&&Sad eaomf vnf;
r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;taejzifh k&Sm;ydwfqdk@a&;udk rvGJra&Smifom zsufodrf;vdkuf&aomf vnf;
olw@kd onf qdAk ,
D uftm%monf rysurf pD;Edik b
f J atmify&JG vmonf qdo
k nfukd vufc&H efjiif;
qdak e=uonf? xd@k a=umifh olw@kd onf qdAk ,
D uf&k mS ;udk aemufxyfw}urd f usL; ausm&f ef qk;H jzwfchJ
=uonf? olwdk@onf Tw}udrfwGif ydkvefEdkifiH. acgif;aqmif t}uD;tuJ jzpfaeaom wefjyef
awmfvSefa&; trsdK;om;"e&Sif yDvfplpuD; (Pilsudski)ESifh ukdif;rD;,m;rS 'ifeDuif wyfuGif;/
wyfusefrsm;udk pkpnf;+yD; xdkae&mrS 'dkeufcsdKifh0Srf;ESifh ,lu&def;wdk@udk +cdrf;ajcmufaeonfh

AdkvfcsKyf&Jef*Jvf (Wrangle)ESpfOD;vkH;udk tokH;cs&ef qkH;jzwf=uonf?
vDeifajymouJhodk@yif ydkveftxufv$mESifh &Jef*Jvfwdk@onf EdkifiHwume,fcs@Jpepfu
qdkAD,ufk&Sm;udk vnfrsdKnpf&ef }udK;yrf;cJhonfh vufESpfzufyif jzpfonf?
ydkvefvlrsdK;rsm;(ykdvf;). t}uHtpnfrSm 'eDyg; (Dnieper)taemufbuf&Sd qkdAD,uf
,lu&def;udk odrf;ydkuf+yD; qdkAD,uf bdkifvdkk&Sm;udk odrf;ydkufum xdka'o. ydkvefpD;yGm;a&;
bk&ifrsm;udk tm%mjyefvnftyfESif;+yD; ydkvef EdkifiH.e,fpyfudk 'efZpfrS tdk'ufqmtxd
yifv,frS yifv,fodk@ wdk;csJ@Edkifrnfjzpfum tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh wyfeDawmfacsr_ef;+yD; qdkAD
,ufk&Sm;Y ajr&Sifrsm;ESifh t&if;&Sifrsm; tm%mjyefvnf&&Sda&;udk vkyfaqmif&ef &Jef*Jvf tm;
if;wdk@taejzifh ulnD&efjzpfonf?
TpDrHudef;udk r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;u oabmwlcJh=uonf?
qdkAD,uftpdk;&onf +idrf;csrf;a&; xdef;odrf;a&;ESifh ppfyGJudka&Smifwdrf;&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh
ydv
k efEiS hf aphpyfaqG;aEG;&ef tcsn;f ES;D }udK;yrf;cJah o;onf? yDvpf pl uD;u +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;&ef
jiif;qefco
hJ nf? olonf ppfom tvdk &So
d nf? olu aumhcsuEf iS hf 'ifeu
D ifw@kd EiS hf wku
d cf u
kd cf &hJ +yD;
ppfyef;aeonfh wyfeaD wmfonf ydv
k efwyfrsm;. wdu
k cf u
kd rf u
_ kd cHEikd rf nfr[kw[
f k wGuq
f cJh onf?
wdkawmif;vSonfh toufSLcGifh&csdefrSm tqkH;owfoGm;cJhay+yD?
1920 {+yDvwGif ydv
k efrsm;onf qdAk ,
D uf,u
l &de;f udk usL;ausm0f ifa&muf+yD; uD;a&mhAu
f kd
odrf;ydkufvdkufonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif &Jef*Jvfu xdk;ppfudk pwifvdkuf+yD; 'dkeufjrpf0Srf;udk +cdrf;
ajcmufvmonf?
wk@H jyefaomtm;jzifh wyfeaD wmfonf ppfrsuEf mS wav#mufv;kH ydv
k ;f rsm;udk wefjyefx;kd ppf
pwifcJhonf? uD;a&mhAfudk jyefvnfodrf;ydkufvdkuf+yD; ydkvefppfbk&ifrsm;udk ,lu&def;ESifh bdkifvdk
k&Sm;rS armif;xkwfypfvdkufonf? awmifydkif;ppfrsufESmrS wyfeDawmfom;rsm;. t&Sdefjyif;vS
aom csw
D ufro
_ nf a*;vD&mS ;&Sd vmaAmhAw
f cH g;0od@k a&muf&v
dS m+yD; taemufbuf ppfrsuEf mS rS
wyfrsm;onf 0gaqm+rdK@ teD;odk@ csOf;uyfrnfhtcg ydkvefwyfrawmfonf vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;
H_;edrfhrnfh wJwJjzpfvmaeonf?
od@k aomf wyfeaD wmf A[dXk mecsKyfrS xa&mhpuDEiS hf ol. aemufvu
kd rf sm;. oHo,ruif;
zG,f vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;a=umifh tcsnf;ESD;jzpfcJh&onf? xa&mhpuDESifh wlcgcsufAfpuD;
(Tukhachevsky) wkd@. tjypfa=umifh taemufbufppfrsufESmrS 0gaqmodk@csDwufonfh
wyfzGJ@onf vkH;0zkdz&Jjzpfaeonf? wyfzGJ@rsm;onf if;wdk@&&Sdonfh taetxm;rsm;udk cdkifrm
atmif vkyfaqmif&ef tcGifhta&;r&&SdcJhbJ&Sdonf? a&S@wef;rS csDwufonfhwyfrsm;rSm a&S@vGef
ae+yD; t&efwyfEiS hf vufeufc,
J rf;rsm;rSm aemufwef;ta0;}uD;Y usecf o
hJ nf? tusKd ;tm;jzifh
a&S@wef;wyfzGJ@rsm;onf vufeufcJ,rf;ESifh t&eftiftm;rsm;ESifh jywfawmufoGm;+yD; a&S@wef;
rSmtqkH;r&Sd jyef@xGufoGm;onf? Tonfu a&S@wef;ppfrsufESmwGif csdK;azmuf&ef vG,ful
oGm;aponf? xdk@a=umifh ydkvef tiftm;av;wpku u|efawmfwdk@. taemufbufppfrsufESm
&Sd ae&mwckukd xd;k azmufvu

kd o
f nft
h cg u|eaf wmfw@kd wyfrsm;onf cJ,rf;r&Sad wmhojzifh qkwf
ay;vdkuf&onf? awmifydkif;ppfrsufESmrS wyfzGJ@rsm;rSmrl vaAmhAf+rdK@wHcg;rsm;odk@a&muf&dSae+yD;
ydv
k efwyfrsm;udk wtm;zdxm;csed w
f iG f emrnfysuv
f aS om awmfveS af &; ppfaumifpOD uUjzpf
ol xa&mhpuDu vaAmhAf+rdK@ odrf;ydkufa&;udk wm;qD;vdkufonf? olu awmifydkif;ppfrsufESmrS
t"dutiftm;jzpfonfh jrif;pD;wyfrawmfukd ta&S@ajrmufo@kd ajymif;a&$@&ef trde@f ay;vdu
k f onf?
Tonfudk taemufydkif;ppfrsufESmodk@ ulnD&ef[laom ta=umif;jycsufjzifh jyKvkyfcJhjcif;
jzpfonf? taemufbufppfrsufESmudk ulnD&eftaumif;qkH;enf;vrf;ESifh wu,fjzpfEdkifaom
wckwnf;aomvrf;rSm vaAmhAfudk odrf;ydkuf&efomjzpfa=umif; tvG,fwul jrifawG@Edkifaomf
vnf; TuJo
h @kd vyk af qmifvu
dk jf cif;jzpfonf? awmifyikd ;f ppfrsuEf mS rS jrif;pD;wyfrawmfqw
k cf mG +yD;
vaAmhAfrS qkwfcGmjcif;onf trSefpifppf awmifydkif;ppfrsufESmrS u|efawmfwkd@wyfrsm; qkwfcGm
jcif;yifjzpfonf? xa&mhpuDxw
k jf yefco
hJ nfh Ttzsuo
f rm; trde@f onf Tenf;jzifh awmifyikd ;f
ppfrsufESmrS u|efawmfwkd@wyfrsm;twGuf em;rvnfEdkifzG,fESifh vkH;0w&m;rr#waom qkwfcGm
r_udk jyKvkyfvkduf&+yD; ydkveftxufv$mrsm; twGuf 0rf;ajrmufzG,fjzpfoGm;awmhonf?
TonfrSm wu,fawmh u|efawmfwkd@. awmifydkif;ppfrsufESmudk r[kwfbJ ydkvef
txufv$mrsm;ESifh r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;udk wdkufkduf ulnDtm;ay;cJhjcif;yif jzpfayawmhonf?
&uftenf;i,ftwGi;f rSmyif ydv
k efwyfrsm;. a&S@w;kd r_u[
kd ef@wm;vdu
k Ef ikd +f yD; u|eaf wmfw@kd
wyfrsm;u jyefvnfxdk;ppftwGuf jyifqifr_rsm; pwifcJhonf? odk@aomf ppfyGJudk qufvuf
rqifEEJ$ ikd af wmh/ wyferD sm;. wefjyefx;kd ppf tvm;vmudk vef@aoma=umifv
h nf; aumif; ydv
k ef
onf 'eDyg; jrpftaemufzuf&dS ,lu&de;f e,fajrESihf bdik v
f kd &k mS ;wd@k ukd ydik q
f ikd cf iG u
hf kd jiif;y,fvu
kd +f y;D
+idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;&ef urf;vSr;f vmonf? 1920 atmufwb
kd m 20 wGif &D*g +idr;f csr;f a&;pmcsKyf
vufrw
S af &;xd;k vdu
k o
f nf? TpmcsKyfEiS t
hf nD ydv
k efu a*vD&mS ;ESihf bdik v
f kd &k mS ; wpdww
f ydik ;f ukd
qufvufxdef;odrf;cGifh&oGm;onf?
ykdvefESifh+idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyf csKyfqdk+yD;aemuf qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiHonf &Jef*Jvfudk tqkH;
owfypf&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf? +Adwdo#ESifh jyifopfwdk@u ol@udk aemufqkH;ay: trsdK;tpm;
aoewfidk zf ,f/ oHcsyu
f mum;/ wifu
h m;/ av,Of ysEH iS hf cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm;udk axmufyahH y;cJh
onf? ol@wGif t&m&Sdrsm; t"duyg0ifxm;onfh wyfjzLrkefwdkif;wyfrsm; (Shock Regiment)
&Sdonf? odk@aomf &Jef*Jvfonf ulbefESifh 'Gefa'owdk@Y cs&yfxm;onfh wyfzGJ@rsm;udk axmufyHh
&ef v,form;ESihf aumhquf toift
h wifu
h rkd # pnf;H;k Edik jf cif;r&Scd ahJ cs? od@k aomfvnf; olonf
'dkeufpfcsdKifh0Srf; wHcg;aygufrsm;txdyif csDwufvmEdkif+yD; u|efawmfwkd@. ausmufrD;aoG;a'o
}uD;udk tE W&m,fay;&ef +cdrf;ajcmufvmonf? xdktcsdefu qdkAD,uftpdk;&. taetxm;rS
wyfeDawmf. rwefwq ppfyef;xm;r_a=umifh _yfaxG;aeygonf? wyfzGJ@rsm;onf tvGefcufcJ
onfh tajcaersm;atmufwiG f rvGrJ a&Smifom csw
D ufae&+yD; wcsed w
f nf;wGif &Je*f v
J u
f kd xd;k ppf
qifum &Je*f v
J u
f kd ulnaD eonfh ruf*Ef kd rif;rJ*h %
kd ;f udv
k nf; acsre_ ;f ae&onf? od@k aomf &Je*f v
J f
onf vufeufud&d,momvGefr_&Sdae+yD; wyfeDawmfwGif wifhum;rsm;r&Sdaomfvnf; &Jef*Jvfudk
ukdif;rD;,m;u|ef;qG,fodk@ armif;xkwfvdkufum xdkt&yfwGif ol@udk &yfwef@xm;vdkufonf?

1920 Edk0ifbmwGif wyfeDawmfwyfzGJ@rsm;onf yD&DaumhAfcHwyfudk odrf;ydkufvdkufonf? onfh
aemuf ukdif;rD;,m;wGifxdk;0ifum &Jef*Jvftiftm;rsm;udk acsr_ef;+yD; wyfjzLrsm;ESifh usL;ausmf
pGuzf ufonfh tiftm;rsm;udk u|e;f pG,t
f &yfrS &Si;f ypfvu
kd o
f nf? ukid ;f rD;,m;onf qdAk ,
D uf
e,fajr jzpfvmcJhonf?
ydkvefe,fcsJ@orm;rsm;. pDrHudef;usqkH;oGm;jcif;ESifh &Jef*Jvf&_H;edrfhoGm;jcif;u pGufzuf
usL;ausmfr_umvudk tqkH;owfapcJhonf?
1920 cktukefY x&efaumhau;&Sm;vGwfajrmuf+yD; tZmbkdif*sefonf trsdK;om;"e&Sif
rlqmaA;wpf (Mussavatist) xrf;ydk;atmufrSvnf;aumif;/ a*smf*sD,monf rif&SDApf trsdK;
om;a&;0g'Drsm;atmufrSvnf;aumif;/ tmar;eD;,m;onf 'uf&Sfeuf (Dashnaks) atmuf
rSvnf;aumif; vGwfajrmufvm=uonf? tZmbdkif*sef/ tmar;eD;,m;ESifh a*smf*sD,mwdk@wGif
qdkAD,uftm%mu atmifyGJ&cJhonf?
Tonfum; pGufzufusL;ausmfr_tm;vkH; tqkH;owfoGm;+yD[k rqdkvdkEdkifao;acs?
ta&S@zsm;a'oY *syefrsm;. usL;ausmrf r_ sm;rSm 1922 ckxd =umcJo
h nf? xd@k jyif pGuzf ufusL;ausmf
r_ topfrsm;vnf; jyKvkyfcJhao;onf? (1921 ckY ta&S@bufwGif tmwmrifqJrf kdaemAfhESifh
qkdif &dGif[efcsifESifh um&DvD,m;Y zifvefwyfjzLrsm;)odk@aomf qdkAD,ufEdkifiH. t"du&efolrsm;
pGufzufusL;ausmfr_. t"dutiftm;rsm;onf 1920 ckESpf tukefydkif;wGif tuGJuGJtjym;jym;
jzpfaeonf?
qdAk ,
D ufrsm;udk wdu
k cf u
kd o
f nfh Edik if jH cm; usL;ausmpf u
G zf ufa&;orm;rsm;ESihf k&mS ; wyfjzL
wdk@udk wdkuf&aomppfyGJonf qdkAD,ufrsm;. atmifyGJESifh tqkH;owfoGm;cJhonf?
qdAk ,
D uforRwEdik if o
H nf if;wd@k .vGwaf jrmufa&;ESihf vGwv
f yfa&;udk xde;f odr;f xm;Edik f
cJhonf?
TonfrmS Edik if jH cm;rS ppfa&;t& usL;ausmpf u
G zf ufrE_ iS hf jynfwiG ;f ppf. tqk;H owfrj_ zpf
onf?
TonfrSm qdkAD,uftm%m. ordkif;0ifatmifyGJjzpfonf?
5? qdkAD,uforRwEkdifiHu +Adwdo#/ jyifopf/ *syef/ ydkvefwdk@rS 0ifa&mufpGufzufonfh tiftm;
rsm;ESifh k&Sm;rSwefjyef awmfvSefa&;orm;/ "e&Sif/ ajr&Sif? wyfjzL pkaygif;tiftm;pkrsm;udk
bma=umifh b,fvkdatmifjrifcJhoenf;/
pGufzuf usL;ausmfonfhumvtwGif; xdyfwef;Oa&myESifh tar&duefowif;pmrsm;ESifh
aqmif;yg;rsm;udk avhvm=unfhygu ppfbufrSaomfvnf;aumif;/ t&yfbufrSaomfvnf;
aumif;/ rnfonfhxif&Sm;onfh pma&;q&mwOD;wa,mufr# aomfvnf;aumif;/ ppfa&;yg&*l
wOD;wa,mufr# aomfvnf;aumif;/ qdkAD,uftm%m tEkdif&vdrfhrnf[k ,kH=unfjcif;r&Sd
a=umif;ukd tvG,fwul awG@&SdEdkifayonf? qef@usifpGmyif EkdifiHtm;vkH;rS xif&Sm;onfh pma&;

q&mrsm;/ ppfa&;yg&*lrsm;ESifh awmfvSefa&;ordkif;q&mrsm;tm;vkH;/ ynm&SdokawoD[k qdk=u
oltm;vkH;uyif qkdAD,uftm%monf ukefqkH;awmhrnfjzpfa=umif;/ if;wkd@. H_;edrfhr_rSm
rvGJra&SmifEdkifawmha=umif; wnDwnGwfwnf; ajymqdkvm=uonf?
qdAk ,
D uf&k mS ;Y pnf;H;k pkpnf;+yD;om; wyfrawmfr&Sb
d /J twdu
k cf &H csed u
f srS wyfeaD wmfukd
wnfaxmif&wm usK;ausmf pGuzf ufa&;orm;rsm;ESihf wyfjzLrsm;twGurf l t&efoifjh yifqif+yD;
om; wyfrawmf&adS eonfh tcsuaf y:wGif tajccHIolw@kd u usL;ausmaf &;tiftm;pkrsm; atmif
yGJcHEdkifonf[k usdef;aowGufxm;cJhonf?
xdk@tjyif wyfeDawmfY tawG@t}uKH&Sd ppfa&;orm;rsm;r&SdbJ trsm;pkuvnf; wefjyef
awmfvSefa&;buf ul;ajymif;oGm;um/ usL;ausmfa&;orm;rsm;ESifh wyfjzLrsm;wGifrlum; TuJh
ok@d aom vlrsm;&Sad eonfqo
kd nfh tcsuaf y:wGiv
f nf; if;wk@d . used ;f aowGurf u
_ kd tajccHxm;
ayonf?
xd@k tjyif k&mS ;pufrv
_ yk if ef; acwfaemufusra_ =umifh wyfeaD wmfonf vufeufEiS chf ,
J rf;
rD;ausmuf csdK@wJhae+yD; &Sd+yD;vufeufrSmvnf; t&nftcsif;nHhzsif;um k&Sm;udkbuftoD;oD;rS
tvkt
H +cKH ydwq
f @kd xm;r_rsm;a=umifh Edik if jH cm;rSvnf; axmufyahH &;rsm; r&&SEd ikd b
f ;l qdo
k nfh tcsuf
ay:wGifvnf; if;wdk@. usdef;aowGufcsufr_udk tajccHayonf? wzufu usL;ausmfa&;orm;
rsm;ESifh wyfjzLrsm;. wyfrSmrl trsm;tjym;/ tv#Hty,fwyfqifxm;+yD; qufvufIvnf;
yxrwef;pm; vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmufESifh ypPnf;rsm;ESifh axmufyHhr_&Edkifayonf?
aemufqkH; olwdk@tajccHonfhtcsufrSm usL;ausmfa&;ESifh wyfjzLrsm;. wyfrsm;onf
k&mS ;. tuG,0f qk;H &d uQmxkwv
f yk o
f nfh a'oudo
k rd ;f ydu
k x
f m;+yD; wyfeaD wmfwiG rf l TuJo
h @kd
a'o r&Sdonfhtjyif pm;eyf&duQmcsdK@wJhr_ESifh &ifqdkifae&onf?
wyfeaD wmftaejzifh TcsKd @wrhJ r_ sm;ESihf tcuftcJrsm;tm;vk;H ESihf &ifqikd af e&onfrmS vnf;
wu,ftrSeyf ifjzpfonf?
TbufwiG o
f m/ od@k aomf TbufwzufwiG o
f m usL;ausmaf &;orm; vl}uD;vlaumif;
rsm;onf vkH;0rSefuefcJhygonf?
TuJhodk@aom pdk;&drfzG,f tm;enf;csufrsm;ESifh &ifqkdifae&vsufu wyfeDawmfonf T
tm;enf;csufrsm;ESifh uif;a0;onhfh usL;ausmfa&;ESifh wyfjzLwyfrawmfudk atmifEdkifcJhonfudk
rnfuJhodk@ &Sif;jyrnfenf;?
1? wyfeaD wmfonf atmifycJG cH o
hJ nf? tb,fa=umifq
h akd omf wyfeaD wmfu wdu
k cf u
kd af y;
ae&onfh qdkAD,uftpdk;&. ay:vpDonf rSefuefonfh ay:vpDw&yfjzpf+yD; jynfolvlxk.
tusKd ;pD;yGm;ESihf udu
k n
f aD oma=umifv
h nf;aumif;/ jynforl sm;uvnf; Tonfukd rSeu
f efonfh
ay:vpDw&yf/ if;wdk@.udk,fydkifay:vpDw&yftjzpf em;vnfoabmayguf+yD; cGif;csufr&Sd
axmufcHcJhaoma=umifhvnf;aumif; jzpfonf?
abmf&SDApfrsm;onf rSm;,Gif;onfh ay:vpDtwGuf/ jynfolvlxku raxmufcHonfh

ay:vpDtwGuf wdkufcdkuf&onfh wyfrawmfonf atmifyGJr&Edkifa=umif; od&Sdayonf? usL;
ausmaf &;orm;rsm;ESihf wyfjzLrsm;. wyfrawmfonf TuJo
h @kd aom wyfrawmfjzpfonf? if;wGif
t&mtm;vk H ; &S d o nf ? tawG @ t}uKH &if h u suf + yD ; om; wyf r S L ;rsm;ES i f h yxrwef ; pm;
vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;eJ@ pm;eyf&duQmrsm; tm;vkH;&Sdonf? olwdk@rSm k&Sm;jynfolvlxk. axmufcH
pmemr_ wckwnf;om csKd @wahJ eonf? k&mS ;jynforl sm;onf pGuzf ufusL;ausmaf &;orm;rsm;ESihf
wyfjzLtkypf ;kd olrsm;. ay:vpDukd axmufvnf; raxmufcEH ikd /f axmufvnf; raxmufcaH cs?
tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf Tay:vpDonf jynfolrsm;ESifh uaump jzpfaeaoma=umifhyif
wnf;? xdk@a=umifh usL;ausmfa&;orm;ESifh wyfjzLwyfonf _H;edrfhoGm;&jcif;jzpfonf?
2? wyfeDawmfonf atmifyGJcHcJhonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf wyfeDawmfonf jynfol
vlxktay: tuGif;rJhopPmapmifhod+yD; TtwGufa=umifhyif jynfolvlxku if;tay:
cspcf ifjrwfE;kd axmufccH +hJ yD; rdrw
d @kd u,
kd yf ikd f wyfrawmftjzpf oabmxm;cJah yonf? wyfeaD wmf
onf jynfov
l x
l .
k om;orD;jzpf+y;D opPm&So
d m;wa,mufu tarhtay: kad oopPm&Sd ouJo
h @kd
vlxktay:wGifvnf; if;u kdaoopPm&Sdygu jynfolvlxk. axmufcHr_&&Sdum rvGJraoG
atmifyGJcH&ayrnf? jynfolvlxkudk qef@usifonfh wyfrawmfonf qkH;H_;r_ESifh &ifqdkif
&ayvdrrhf nf?
3? wyfeDawmfonfatmifyGJcHcJhonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf qdkAD,uftpdk;&onf
aemufwef;wckv;Hk / wwdik ;f jynfv;Hk udk pkpnf;Edik cf +hJ yD; a&S@wef;rSvt
kd yfcsurf sm;udk jznfq
h ;D Edik jf cif;
a=umifjh zpfonf? a&S@wef;udk enf;vrf;tm;vk;H ESihf axmufyEhH ikd o
f onf? cdik rf mawmifh wif;onf?
aemufwef;r&Sdonfh wyfrawmfonf _H;edrfhr_ESifh &ifqkdif&rnfjzpfonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;u
Tonfudk od&Sdem;vnf+yD; xdka=umifhyif wEdkifiHvkH;udk a&S@wef;odk@vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmuf/
ypPn;f ud&,
d m/ tpm;tpmESihf ppfurl sm; axmufyo
hH nfh wyfpcef;wcktjzpf ajymif;vJypfvu
kd f
jcif;jzpfonf?
4? wyfeDawmfonf atmifyGJcHcJhonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf
(u) wyfeDawmfom;rsm;onf ppfyGJ.&nfrSef;csufESifh &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk em;vnf
oabmayguf+yD; if;wdk@. w&m;r#wr_udk todrSwfjyKonf?
(c) ppfyGJ. &nfrSef;csufESifh &nf&G,fcsufrsm;. w&m;r#wr_tay: todtrSwfjyKjcif;u
if;wdk@. pnf;urf;vdkufem apmifhxdef;r_ESifh wdkufcdkufa&;pGrf;&nfudk awmifhwif;cdkifrmaponf?
(*) tusKd ;tm;jzifh wyfeaD wmfonf &efoEl iS hf &ifqikd &f onfh wdu
k yf w
JG av#mufv;Hk r&Scd zhJ ;l
aom/ +ydKifbufuif;onfh udk,fusdK;pGef@r_ESifh xl;jcm;vSaom wcJeufol&Jaumif; pdwf"mwfudk
jyocJo
h nf?
hJ nf? tb,fa=umifq
h akd omf if;. acgi;f aqmifA[do
k nf
a&S@wef;wGifa&m aemufwef;wGifyg abmf&SDApfygwDjzpfonf? if;onf aoG;pnf;nDnGwfr_ESifh
pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;wGif nDnw
G u
f m awmfveS af &; pdw"f mwfjyif;xef+yD; wlnaD om ta&;awmfykH
twGuf rnfonfph eG @f vw
G rf r_ sKd ; twGuu
f rkd qdk tqifoif&h u
dS m oef;csaD om vlrsm;vdpk nf;H;k +yD;
_yaf xG;onfh tajctaewGif enf;rSev
f rf;rSef acgi;f aqmifEikd pf rG ;f wGiv
f nf; rnforl # rausmv
f eG f
Edkifacs?
vDeif ajymcJo
h nfrmS ygw.
D Ed;k =um;wufuGrE_ iS hf if;. wif;usyo
f nfh pnf;urf;a=umifh
ygwD. tm%mydkifrsm;u tpdk;&XmeESifh toif;tzGJ@tm;vkH;wdk@udk pnf;Hk;Edkifr_a=umifh/ A[dk
aumfrwDu xkwjf yefaom auG;a=umfou
H kd jynfol axmifaomif;ode;f oef;wd@k u vlwa,muf
wnf;uJhodk@ pnf;Hk;vkdufemcJhaoma=umifh r,kHEdkifzG,f pGef@vGwfr_rsm;a=umifhomv#if xl;axG
onfh tHh&maomfrsm; jzpfay:Edkif+yD;/ wu,fvnf;jzpfcJhayonf? Tt&mtm;vkH;a=umifh om
v#if u|eaf wmfw@kd onf r[mrdwEf ikd if rH sm;ESihf wurBmvk;H rS e,fcs@J orm;rsm;. ESp}f udr/f ok;H }udr/f
av;}udrfr#aom/ t}udrf}udrfppfqifr_t=um;rSmyif atmifyGJqifEdkifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? (vDeif
vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ2/ pmrsufESm-556)
6? wyfeDawmfonf atmifyGJcHcJhonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf

(u) if;wdk@wyfrawmfom;rsm;xJrS z&ef;ppf (Frunze)/ Adkkd&SDavmhAf/ bl'fa&mifeDESifh
tjcm;vlrsm;uJhodk@aom trsdK;tpm;opf ppfwyfrSL;rsm; ay:xGufapcJhonf?
(c) if;wd@k xrJ S udak wmhApf uD; (Kotovsky)/ csmyg;,ufAf (Chapayev)/ vmZdk (Lazo)/
paumhpf (Shchors)/ ygurkd ef;ud;k (Parkhomenko)uJo
h @kd aom jynfox
l rJ S vlprG ;f aumif;rsm;
wdkufcdkufcJhonf?
(*) wyfeDawmf. EdkifiHa&;ynmay;r_rSm vDeif/ pwmvif/ rdkvdkawmhAf/ umvifeif/
qAm;'favmhAf/ cgumEdkApfcsf/ tdk*sdKeDupfZD/ uD;a&mhAf/ cD,lbkdif&SufAf/ rDudk,ef (Mikoyan)/
Zm'g;aemhAf/ tef'a&;&ufAf (Andreyev)/ yDxa&mhAfpuD; (Petrovsky)/ &mkdpvmAfhpuD;
(Yaroslavsky)/ &DaZmhA/f ZmZifpuD;/ csm'ifukd (Shchadenko)/ rDuvpf (Mekhlis)/ cl;a&SmAfh
(Khrushchev)/ &SAm;edcf (Shvernik)/ pu&mawmhAf (Shkiryatov)polw@kd . vufxw
J iG &f adS e
cJhonf?
(C) wyfeDawmfwGif wyfEdkifiHa&;rSL;uJhodk@aom tvGefajymifajrmufonfh pnf;Hk;a&;rSL;
ESifh v_@Haqmfolrsm;&Sdaeonf? olwdk@onf wyfeDawmfom;rsm;udk cdkif+rJpnf;vkH;aeap+yD; pnf;
urf;pdwf"mwfESifh ppfa&;pGef@pm;r_rsm; ay:xGufvmap&ef pdwf"mwf oGif;ay;um tcsdK@wyf
rSL;rsm;udk opPmazmufvkyf&yf twuftanmufrsm;udk wufuGpGm vsifjrefpGmESifh rqkwfrepf
cdkif+rJpGm zJhxkwfypfcJhonf? wzufwGifvnf; qdkAD,uftm%mudk opPmapmifhod+yD;/ wyfeDawmf
wyfzGJ@udk cdkifcdkifrmrm acgif;aqmifEdkifonfh ygwD0ifESifh ygwDyrS xif&Sm;ausmf=um; *k%fowif;
}uD;onfh wyfrSL;rsm;udk olwdk@onf &J0HhpGmESifh cdkifrmpGm axmufcHcJh=uonf? vDeifu ppfwyf
EdkifiHa&;rSL;rsm;r&Sdygu wyfeDawmfvnf; &SdrSmr[kwfacs?[k qdkcJhonf ?
hJ nf? tb,fa=umifq
h akd omf wyfjzLrsm;. aemufwef;Y
aumhcsu/f 'ifeu
D if/ u&mpfaemhAEf iS hf &Je*f v
J w
f @kd . aemufwef;Y tzd;k wefvaS om abmf&ADS pfrsm;/
ygwD0ifESifh ygwDyrS vlrsm;onf v#dK@0SufpGm v_yf&Sm;cJh+yD; tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;udk
usL;ausmo
f rl sm;ESihf wyfjzLrsm;tm; qef@usiyf ek u
f efxuGapcJo
h nf? qdAk ,
D uftm%m. &efo@l
aemufwef;udk tiftm;csnfheJ@apum Tenf;jzifh wyfeDawmf. a&S@csDwufr_udk vsifjrefapcJh
onf? ,lu&def;/ qdkufaA;&D;,m;/ ta&S@zsm;a'o/ ,l&Jvfawmifwef;a'o/ bdkifvdkk&Sm;ESifh
aAmvf*ga'owdk@rS ygwD0ifrsm;/ wyfjzLrsm;ESSifh usL;ausmfolrsm;. aemufwef;rsm;udk tiftm;
csnehf @J apjcif;jzifh wyfeaD wmfukd tzd;k rjzwfEikd af om aumif;r_jyKcJo
h nfukd vlwikd ;f od&=Sd uygonf?
8? wyfeDawmfonf atmifyGJcHcJhonf? tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiHonf
wyfjzLwefjyefawmfveS af &;ESihf Edik if jH cm;rS pGuzf ufusL;ausmrf r_ sm;udk wdu
k o
f nfw
h u
dk yf w
JG iG f wOD;
wnf; r[kwfbJ qkdAD,uftm%m. wdkufyGJrsm;ESifh if;.atmifyGJrsm;onf urBmwckvHk;rS
ypPnf;rJhrsm;. pmemulnDaxmufcHr_&&SdcJhjcif;a=umifhjzpfonf? e,fchsJorm;rsm;u qdkAD,uf
orRwEdkifiHudk ydwfqdk@pGufzufusL;ausmfr_jzifh rGef;usyfatmifjyKvkyfaepOf e,fcsJ@EdkifiHrsm;rS t
vkyo
f rm;rsm;onf qkAd ,
D ufrsm;bufrv
S u
kd u
f m ulncD o
hJ nf? if;wd@k . qdAk ,
D uf orRw Edik if u
H dk
&efvkdonfh EkdifiHrsm;&Sd t&if;&Sifrsm;tay: qifEGJonfhwdkufyGJrsm;u tqkH;Y e,fchsJ orm;
rsm;twGuf pGuzf ufusL;ausmf &yfqikd ;f oGm;ap&ef ulnv
D u
kd af yonf? +Adwed /f jyifopfEiS hf tjcm;
pGufzufonfh EdkifiHrsm;rS tvkyform;rsm;onf oydwfarSmuf&ef v_H@aqmfvdkuf+yD; usL;ausmf
olrsm;ESifh wyfjzLAdkvfcsKyfrsm;udk ay;ydk@&ef&Sdonfh cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; ukefwifukefcsa&;udk
jiif;qd=k uonf? vkyif ef;aumifpD udk xlaxmif+y;D k&mS ;rSvufz,f=u!qdo
k nfh au;G a=umfoH
nef=um;r_atmufwGif vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif=uonf?
Edik if w
H umh t&if;&Sirf sm;onf u|eaf wmfw@kd tm; wku
d cf u
kd &f ef vufrsm;udk ajrmufvu
kd f
&m TonfrmS if;wk@d . tvkyo
f rm;rsm;u zrf;qD;zd@k ajrmufay;jcif;omv#if jzpfomG ;ayawmh
onf?[k vDeifu qdkcJhonf? (vDeif usrf;aygif;pkH/ twGJ25/ pmrsufESm-405)
tusOf;csKyf
atmufwdkbm awmfvSefa&;u jzKwfcsjcif; cHvkduf&aom ajr&SifESifh t&if;&Sifrsm;onf
wyfjzLAdv
k cf sKyfrsm;ESit
hf wl r[mrdwEf ikd if H tpd;k &rsm;ESiyhf ;l aygi;f +yD; rdrw
d ikd ;f jynf. tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk
qef@usiI
f qdAk ,
D ufajray:wGif yl;aygi;f vufeufuikd w
f u
dk cf u
kd +f yD;/ qdAk ,
D uftm%mudk jzKwfcs&ef
}uHpnfcJhonf? Tonfu k&Sm;. e,fpyfa'orsm;Y wyfjzLrsm;. ykefuefr_ESifh r[mrdwf EdkifiH
rsm;. ppfa&;pGuzf ufrw
_ @kd . tajccHjzpfayonf? tusKd ;tm;jzifh k&mS ;onf if;. pm;eyf&u
d mQ ESihf
ukef=urf;ypPnf; a&aomufjrpfrsm;rS jzwfawmufjcif;cHvdkuf&ayonf?
*smreD ppfa&;t& _;H edro
hf mG ;jcif;ESihf Oa&my&Sd e,fcs@J nGe@f aygi;f tzG@J 2 zG@J twGi;f ppfyt
JG qk;H
owfomG ;jcif;u r[mrdwf Edik if rH sm;udk ydrk kd tiftm;awmifw
h if;ap+yD;/ pGuzf ufusL;ausmrf w
_ @kd ukd
wdk;jrifhvkyfaqmifapum qdkAD,ufk&Sm;twGuf tcuftcJopfrsm; ay:aygufvmaponf?
wzufwiG v
f nf; *smreDawmfveS af &;ESihf Oa&myEdik if rH sm;rS awmfveS af &;v_yf mS ;r_ tpysKd ;
csufrsm;u qdkAD,uftm%mtwGuf EdkifiHwumtajctae tcGifhtvrf;omap+yD; qdkAD,uf
orRwEdkifiH. taetxm;udk oufomcGifh&apygonf?
abmf&SDApfygwDonf tzEdkifiHtwGuf ppfyGJ/ EdkifiHjcm;usL;ausmfr_ESifh "e&Sif/ ajr&SifwyfjzL
rsm;ESifh ppfyGJwdkuf&ef tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;udk v_H@aqmfcJhonf? qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiH.
if;. wyfeDawmfonf aumhcsuf/ ,l'gepfcsf/ 'ifeDuif/ u&mpfaemhAf/ &Jef*Jvf ponfhr[mrdwf
Edik if rH sm;. kyaf o;wOD;+yD; wOD;udk ESrd ef if;vdu
k +f yD;aemuf/ kyaf o;wOD; yDvpf pl uD;udk ,lu&de;f ESihf
bdik v
f kd &k mS ;wd@k rS armif;xkwv
f u
dk +f yD; Tenf;jzifh Edik if jH cm;pGuzf ufa&; tiftm;pkrsm;udk xd;k ESuf
vdkuf+yD; qdkAD,ufEdkifiHrS armif;xkwfvdkufonf?
EdkifiHwum t&if;tESD;. qdkAD,ufe,fajrudk yxrqkH; vufeufudkif wdkufcdkufr_onf
Tenf;jzifhvkH;0 t_H;}uD;_H;+yD; tqkH;owfoGm;onf?
pGuzf ufa&;umvtwGi;f awmfveS af &;. acsre_ ;f jcif;cH&onfh ygwrD sm;jzpfaom qd&k ,
S f
vpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;/ rif&SDApfrsm;/ rif;rJhrsm;ESifh trsdK;om;a&;0g'Drsm;onf wyfjzL Adkvf
csKyfrsm;ESifh usL;ausmfolrsm;udk ulnDaxmufcH=u+yD;/ qdkAD,uforRw EdkifiHtay: wefjyefawmf
vSeaf &; vky}f uHru
_ kd }uHpnfc+hJ yD; qdAk ,
D ufacgi;f aqmifrsm;udk t=urf;zufvyk }f uH&ef pDpOfco
hJ nf?
atmufwb
kd m awmfveS af &;rwdik rf u
D tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;t=um; =oZmtoifw
h if&h dS aom
TygwDrsm;onf jynfwGif;ppftwGif; vlxk}uD;. a&S@arSmufwGif wefjyefawmfvSefa&;ygwDrsm;
tjzpf rdrdudk,frdrdwdk@ azmfxkwfvdkufonf?
jynfwGif;ppfESifh usL;ausmfa&;umvu k&Sm;wGif ygwDrsm;. EdkifiHa&;usqkH;cef;ESifh
uGefjrLepfygwD. aemufqkH;atmifyGJudk awG@jrifvdkuf&ayonf?
tcef; (9)
_ird ;f csrf;pGmpD;yGm;a&; jyefvnfxal xmifa&;vkyif ef;odhk

ul;ajymif;a&;umvtwGi;f rS aAmf&ASD pfygwD (1921=1925)
1? pGufzufusL;ausmfr__H;edrfh+yD;aemufESifh jynfwGif;ppf+yD;aemuf qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiH? jyefvnf
xlaxmifa&;umvtwGif;rStcuftcJrsm;?
ppfyGJtqHk;owf+yD;aemuf qdkAD,uforRwEkdifiHonf +idrf;csrf;pGm pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnf
xlaxmifa&;vkyfief;odk@ vSnfhvm&onf/ ppfyGJ. '%f&m'%fcsufrsm;udk ukpm;&ayOD;rnf?
wkdif;jynf. ausrGysufpD;aeaom pD;yGm;a&;b0udk jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&rnfjzpfI pufr_vkyf
ief;/ rD;&xm;ESifh pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; jyefvnfxlaxmif &ayOD;rnf?
odk@aomf +idrf;csrf;pGmjzpfay:wdk;wufa&; vkyfief;rsm;udk tvGeftu|HcufcJaeonfh tajc
taersm;atmufwGif vkyfaqmif&ayrnf? jynfwGif;ppf atmifyGJcHEdkifjcif;onf tvG,fwul
r[kwfcJhacs? wkdif;jynfonf av;ESpf=um e,fcsJ@ppfyGJESifh oHk;ESpf=um usL;ausmfpGufzufa&;
ppfyGJrsm;a=umifh jymyHkb0odk@ a&muf&dSaeay+yD?
1920 ckEpS f ysr;f r#v,f,mxGuu
f ek rf mS Zmbk&ifacwfu qif;&JErG ;f yg;vSonfh &k&mS ;aus;
k tajctaeqd;k &ef zefw;D vmr_rmS
vufrS ppfyrJG wkid rf D xGuu
f ek .
f xuf0ufr#omjzpfayonf? ydI
1920 ckESpfwGif jynfe,ftawmfrsm;rsm;Y pdkufysKd;a&; ratmifjrifr_ESifh }uHKawG@&onf? pdkufysKd;
a&;rSm em=unf;zG,f tusyftwnf;rsm;ESifh &ifqkdifae&onf?
pufrv
_ yk if ef;tajctaerSm ydrk I
kd yif qk;d &Gm;ae+yD;/ vH;k 0zkzd &J tajctaeod@k a&muf&aSd e
onf? 1920 ckESpf t}uD;pm; pufr_vkyfief;. xGufukefrSm ppfyGJrwkdifrDxGufukef. ckEpS yf w
kH yHk
omomr#omjzpfonf? pufHktvkyfHk trsm;pkonf&yfxm;&+yD;/ owWKwGif;ESifh ausmufrD;aoG;

wGif;rsm;vnf; ysufpD;um a&rsm;jzifh jynfv#Haeonf? tqdk;wum tqdk;qHk;rSm a&ESifhoHr%d
vkyif ef; tajctaeyifjzpfonf? 1921 ckEpS f oHprd ;f xGuu
f ek f pkpak ygi;f rSm 116 300 wef od@k r[kwf
ppfrjzpfrx
D u
G u
f ek .
f oH;k &mckid Ef e_ ;f r#omjzpfonf? avmifpmcsKd wJrh v
_ nf; jzpfaeygonf? o,f,yl @kd
aqmif a&;rsm;vnf; ysufpD;aeonf? jynfwGif;owWKESifh t0wftxnf odkavSmifHkrsm;vnf;
ukefcrf;vkeD;jzpfaeayonf? aygifrkef@/ qD/ tom;/ zdeyf/ t0wftpm;/ rD;jcpf/ qm;/ a&eHqDESifh
qyfjymponfh tajccHvkdtyfonfh ukefrsm;rSmvnf; t}uD;tus,f csdKwJhaeayonf?
ppfyGJjzpfaepOf vlxkonf &Sm;yg;csKdwJhr_rsm;udk onf;nOf;cHEdkif+yD; wcgw&H arharhaysmuf
aysmufyifxm;&dES ikd o
f nf? od@k aomf ppfyv
JG nf; +yD;oGm;+yDjzpfaom ,cktcgY olw@kd onf &Sm;yg;r_
rsm;udk kwfw&uf rcHr&yfEdkifjzpfvmum tjrefjyifqifay;&rnf[k awmif;qdkvmonf?
v,form;rsm;t=um; rausreyfr_awG ay:aygufvmonf? jynfwGif;ppfrD;u tvkyf
orm;vlwef;pm;ESifh v,form;xk. ppfa&;/ EkdifiHa&; r[mrdwfzGJ@r_udk oHcJwifcdkifrm +rJ+rHapcJh
onf? Tr[mrdwfzGJ@r_onf jywfom;&Sif;vif;onfh tajccHay:wGif &yfwnfonf? qdkAD,uf
tm%monf v,form;rsm;tm; ajr,m&&dSap+yD;/ ajr&SifESifh ul;vwfrsm;. ab;rS umuG,f
ay;cJhonf? tvkyform;rsm;u ydkv#H&duQm odrf;qnf;onfhpHepfrSwqifh v,form;xkxHrS
&dumQ rsm;&&dcS o
hJ nf?
,cktcgY TtajccHtcsufonf vHkavmufjcif;r&dSawmhacs?
qdAk ,
D ufEikd if aH wmfonf trsK;d om;umuG,af &; vkt
d yfcsurf sm;twGuf v,form;rsm;
xkwv
f yk o
f nfh ydv
k #&H u
d mQ tm;vH;k udk rvGrJ a&Smifom odr;f qnf;cJ&h onf? jynfwiG ;f ppf atmifyJG
&&dSr_onf ydkv#H&duQm oD;oef@ xm;&dSonfhpepf r&dSbJ/ ppfuGefjrLepfpepf r&dSbJ jzpfEdkifcJhrnf r
[kwaf cs? ppfyEJG iS hf 0ifa&mufpu
G zf ufra_ =umifh Tay:vpDukd vdt
k yfco
hJ nf? ppfyq
JG ufvufjzpfae
oa&G@ v,form;rsm;onf ydkv#H&duQm odrf;qnf;a&;pepfudk rjiif;rqefvdkufavsmEdkif+yD;
ukefpnf&Sm;yg;r_udkvnf; yrmxm;rnfr[kwfay? odk@aomf ppfyGJ+yD;oGm;+yD; ajr&Sifrsm; jyefvm
rnfhtE W&m,fr&dSawmhonfhtcg v,form;rsm;onf if;wdk@. ydkv#H&duQmrsm;tm;vHk; tyfESH&
onfhtwGuf/ ydkv#H&duQmpepftwGuf rauseyfcsufrsm;udk pwifazmfjyvm+yD; ukefpnfrsm;
vHkavmufpGmaxmufyHh&ef awmif;qdkvm=uonf?
vDeifaxmufjyonfhtwdkif; ppfuGefjrLepfpepfwckvHk;onf v,form;rsm;. tusKd;
pD;yGm;ESifh xdyfwdkuf&ifqkdif jzpfvmavawmhonf?
rauseyfcsuf pdwf"mwfonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udkvnf; kdufcwfvmygonf?
ypPn;f rJrh sm;onf jynfwiG ;f ppf.tjyif;xefq;kH aom '%fuckd cH &hJ +yD;/ wyfjzLESihf Ekid if jH cm;wyfrsm;udk
ol&owWdjynfh0pGm/ pGef@vGwfr_}uD;pGmESifh wkdufcdkufcJhum pD;yGm;a&; ysufpD;,dk,Gif;r_ESifh iwfrGwf
acgif;yg;jcif; ab;'%frsm;udkvnf; wkdufcdkufcJh&onf? taumif;qHk; vlwef;pm;tod tjrifh
rm;qHk;/ tpGef@vGwfqHk;ESifh pnf;urf;t&dSqHk; tvkyform;rsm;onf qdk&S,fvpftod pdwf"mwf
jrifrh m;wufuGaeonf? od@k aomf pD;yGm;a&;vH;k 0c|wf cHusru
_ tvkyo
f rm;vlwef; pm;od@k vnf;
*,ufkdufcwfvkdufayonf? qufvufvnfywfaeao;aom pufHktvkyfHk tenf;

i,fr#onfvnf; vnfwcsuf rvnfwcsuf jzpfaeonf? tvkyform;rsm;rSm touf&Sif
aexdkifa&;twGuf tvkyfpHkvkyfudkifae=u&+yD; rD;jcpfrsm;jyKvkyfum aus;&Gmrsm;wGif tpm;
taomufrsm;ESihf e,fvn
S v
hf v
J ,
S v
f yk u
f ikd f (vG,t
f w
d f ukeo
f ,
G af &;) ae=u&ygonf? ypPn;f rJh
tm%m&Sipf epf. vlwef;pm;tajccHonf tiftm;csnehf @J vm+yD;/ tvkyo
f rm;rsm;onf jyef@usJ
ukefum/ aus;&Gmrsm;odk@ xGufajy;ae=uum/ tvkyform;rsm;r[kwfawmhbJ vlwef; pm;ysuf
rsm; jzpfvm=uonf? tvkyform;tcsKdrSm qmavmifiwfrGwfr_ESifh yifyef;qif;&Jr_wdk@a=umifh
rauseyfonfh vuQ%mrsm; pwifjyovmavawmhonf?
ygwDonf wkdif;jynf. pD;yGm;a&;b0udk jzpfxGef;aprnfh jy\emtm;vHk;tay: ay:vpD
vrf;pOfopfw&yf/ tajctaeopfEiS hf udu
k n
f o
D nfh vrf;pOfw&yf a&;qG&J efvt
kd yfvmayonf?
xd@k a=umihf ygwo
D nf pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:wd;k wufr_ jy\emrsm;ay: ay:vpDvrf;pOfa&;qG&J ef
qufvufvkyfaqmifcJhonf?
odk@aomf vlwef;pm;&efoluvnf; idkufjrnf;aeonf r[kwfacs? pdwfysufzG,fpD;yGm;a&;
tajctaeESifh v,form;rsm;. rauseyfcsufrsm;udk rdrdwdk@&nf&G,fcsufrsm;twGuf tjrwf
xkw&f ef }udK;pm;vm=uonf? qku
d af A;&D;,m;/ ,lu&de;f ESihf wJvaf bmhAjf ynfe,f (tifwakd emhAf
ykeu
f efr)_ wd@k wiG f wyfjzLrsm;ESihf qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;orm;rsm; pDpOfonfh ul;vwf ykeu
f efr_
rsm;ay:xGufvmonf? rif&SDApf. qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;/ rif;rJh0g'Drsm;/ wyfjzL rsm;/
trsKd;om;"e&Sifrsm;ponfh wefjyefawmfvSefa&; trsKd;tpm;tm;vHk; jyefvnf wufuG
vm=ujyefonf? &efolrsm;u qdkAD,uftm%mudk wkdufcdkuf&ef wdkufyGJenf;y&d,m,fopfrsm;
usio
hf ;kH vm=uonf? olw@kd u qdAk ,
D uf tqifwefqmudk iSm;&rf;+yD;/ olw@kd . auG; a=umforH mS
vnf; qdAk ,
D ufrsm;usq;kH ygap r[kwaf wmhbJ uGejf rLepfrsm;rygonfh qkAd ,
D uftwGuq
f dk onfh
auG;a=umfoo
H pfukd wifvmonf?
vlwef;pm;&efol. enf;y&d,m,fopfrsm;xJrS xif&Sm;onfhtjzpftysufw&yfrSm ckef;
pwufY wefjyefawmfvSefa&; tm%modrf;r_yifjzpfonf? 1921 ckESpf rwfv 10 }udrfajrmuf
uGeu
f &ufrwkid rf D wywftvdw
k iG f jzpfymG ;cJh onf? wyfjzLrsm;ESihf }uH&mygrsm;jzpfaom rif&ASD pfEiS hf
EdkifiHjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf ykefuefr_udk acgif;aqmifcJhonf? ykefuefolrsm;
onf if;wd@k . &nf&,
G cf sujf zpfaom t&if;&Si/f ajr&Siw
f @kd .tm%mESihf "eypPn;f rsm; jyefvnfxl
axmifa&;udk zk;H uG,&f eftvd@k imS qdAk ,
D uf qdak om qkid ;f bkwu
f kd toH;k csc=hJ uonf? olw@kd u
uGejf rLepfrsm;rygonfh qdAk ,
D ufrsm;twGuf auG;a=umfco
hJ nf? wefjyefawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;
onf qdkAD,uftm%mudk qdkAD,ufauG;a=umfoHtwkjzihf jzKwfcsEdkif&ef "e&Sifaygufp vlxk.
rauseyfcsufrsm;udk tjrwfxkwftoHk;jyK&ef }udK;pm;cJh=uonf?
cke;f pwufyek u
f efr_ xGuaf y:vma&;udk tajctaeESp&f yfu wGe;f aqmfvsijf refapcJh onf?
oabFmrsm;rS oabFmom;rsm;. zGJ@pnf;r_,dk,Gif;vmjcif;ESifh ckef;pwuf&dS aAmf&SDApf
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; tm;enf;vmr_jzpfonf? atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;Y yg0ifcJhaom oabFm
om;a[mif; tm;vHk;eD;yg;rSm wyfeDawmfom;rsm;tjzpf a&Swef;wGif &Gwf&GwfcGsHcGsH wkdufckduf

ae=u&onf? a&wyfwiG f aemufxyf tiftm;jznfw
h if;&mY awmfveS af &;xJwiG f yg0ifavhusihf
oif=um;cH&jcif;r&dSonfh vlopfrsm;jzpfaeonfh olwdk@wawGrSm ydkv#H&duQm odrf;qnf;a&;pepf
tay: v,form;rsm;. rauseyfcsufrsm;udk azmfjyaeonfh tkd;cHoufouf v,form;xk
rsm;jzpfonf? ckef;pwuf&dS aAmf&DSApftzGJ@tpnf;rSmrl a&Swef;twGuf ppfom;pkaqmif;ay;
vkduf&r_rsm;a=umifh tvGeftrif; tm;enf;ayonf? Tonfu qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;
orm;rsm;/ rif&ASD pfrsm;ESihf wyfjzLrsm;udk c&ke;f pwuftwGuf wpwp wd;k 0ifvmEdik af p+yD; tay:
pD;&&dS apvkdufayonf?
ykefuefolrsm; yxrwef;pm;cHwyf/ a&wyfzGJ@vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmuf tajrmuftjrm;
udk odrf;ydkufEkdifoGm;onf? EkdifiHwum wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; tljrL;oGm;=uonf?
odk@aomf olwdk@. aysmf&$ifr_rSm tcsdefapmoGm;onf? c&kef;pwuf ykefuefr_ udk ESdrfESif;&ef ygwDu
ol. taumif;qHk;om;rsm;jzpfaom &JabmfAdkkd&SDavmhAf acgif;aqmifonfh 10 }udrfajrmuf uGef
*&ufrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk apvGwfcJhonf? wyfeDawmfom;rsm;onf yg;v$monfh a&cJjyif
ay: jzwfum ckef;pwufodk@csDwufcJh&+yD;/ a&cJjyifrSm ae&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm;Y tufuGJ+yD;
tawmfrsm;rsm; a&epfaoqHk;&onf? ckef;pwuf. cHwyfrsm;rSm razmufxGif;Ekdifavmuf
atmifjzpfum tjyif;txefwdkufcdkuf&rnf jzpfaomfvnf; awmfvSefa&; tay:opPm&dSr_/
&JpGrf;owWd&dSr_ESifh qdkAD,uftwGuf toufpGef@&ef tqifoifh&dSr_wdk@u atmifyGJ&apcJhonf?
wyfeDawmf. wkdufckdufr_atmufwGif ckef;pwufcHwyfrsm;udk odrf;ydkuf&&dS vdkufonf?
ckef;pwufykefuefr_udk ESdrfESif;odrf;ydkufvkdufEdkifay+yD?
2? tvkyo
f rm;or*~rsm;ESihf ywfoufaomygwaD qG;aEG;yGrJ sm;? 10 }udraf jrmufygwD uGe*f &uf?
twkduftcHrsm;. _H;edrfhr_/ pD;yGm;a&; ay:vpDopf (NEC)) udkfvufcHtwnfjyKjcif;?
ppfyrJG mS ,cktcg +yD;qH;k oGm;+yDjzpf+yD;/ +idr;f csr;f pGm pD;yGm;a&; jzpfay:wd;k wuf&ef vkyaf qmif
oifhum ppfyGJESifh ydwfqdk@r_rsm;. &v'fjzpfaom wif;usyfonfh ppfuGefjrLepfpepf qufvuf
rusio
hf ;kH awmh&ef vDeif0g't
D rsm;pkyg0ifonfh ygwAD [dak umfrwDu &Si;f &Si;f }uD;jrifvm=uonf?
A[dkaumfrwDtaejzifh ykdv#H&duQm odrf;qnf;onfhpepf vkdtyfr_rSm ausmfvGefvm+yD;
v,form;rsm;tm; if;wk@d . ykv
d #&H u
d mQ rsm;ukd oifah vsmo
f vkd toH;k jyKEkid &f ef/ taumuftcGef
yHkpHESifh tpm;xkd;&efodjrifvmonf? A[kdaumfrwDu Tenf;emonf pkdufysKd;a&; jyefvnf
toufoGif;&ef/ pufr_vkyfief;wkd;wufa&;twGuf vkdtyfonfh&duQmESifh pufr_oD;ESHrsm; pkdufysKd;
wkd;chsJ&ef/ ukefpnfrsm;vnfywfa&;ukdtoufoGif;&ef/ +rdKrsm;okd@ ukefpnfrsm; ykdrkdaxmufyHhEkdif
&efESifh tvkyform;/ v,form; r[mrdwfzGJ@r_twGuf pD;yGm;a&;tajccH/ tajccHopfukd wnf
axmif&efjzpfEkdifrnf[k odjrifvmonf?
A[kdaumfrwDtaejzifh t"duwm0efrSm pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk jyefvnftoufoGif;&ef

jzpfa=umif; odjrifaomfvnf; Tvkyfief;udk tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh if;.tvkyform;
or*~rsm;rS axmufcHr_rygbJ rvkyfaqmifEdkifa=umif; em;vnfonf? tvkyform;rsm; Tvkyf
ief;twGi;f yg0ifvma&;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;cGsw+f cHKusro
_ nf 0ifa&mufpu
G zf ufrE_ iS hf ydwq
f @kd r_rsm;
uJodk@yif vlxktwGuf tE W&m,f}uD;vSaom &efoljzpfa=umif;jyo&ef ygwDESifh tvkyform;
or*~rsm;onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;tay: if;wdk@. t&dSef=oZmudk trdef@roHk; rjzpfonfh
a&Swef;rSmuJo
h @kd ppfa&;trde@f rsm; toH;k rjyKbJ acsmah rmhazsmif;zsonfh enf;emrsm; toH;k jyKjcif;/
oabmaygufatmif }udK;pm;jcif;wdk@jzifh rkcsyifatmifjrifEdkifa=umif;udk em;vnfonf?
odk@aomf ygwD0iftm;vHk;onf A[dkaumfrwDESifh wpdwfwnf;w0rf;wnf;r[kwfacs?
twdkuftcH tzGJ@i,fuav;rsm;jzpfaom xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;/ tvkyform;twkduftcHtzGJ@
vuf0JuGefjrLepfrsm; 'Drdkua&pDtv,ftvwf0g'Drsm; ponfwdk@onf OD;aESmuf_yfaxG;
ae=u+yD;/ +idrf;csrf;pGmpD;yGm;a&;wnfaqmufr_odk@ ul;ajymif;a&;twGif; }uHKawG@ae&aom
tcuftcJrsm; a&SarSmufwiG f awGa0,dr;f ,dik af e=uonf? ygww
D iG ;f Y rif&ADS pf/ qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmf
vSeaf &;orm;-bef;ESihf bd@k a&m'fbpfygwD*wd@k rS ygwaD [mif;rsm;ESihf k&mS ;e,fpyfa'orsm;rS trsKd ;
om;a&;wydkif;0g'Drsm; trsKd;pHk&dSaeonf? if;wdk@trsm;pkonf twkduftcHtzGJ@wckckESifh yl;aygif;
rd=uonf? Tolrsm;onf ppfreS o
f nfrh mhupf 0f g'rD sm; r[kw=f ujcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay: wd;k wufr_
w&m;udk rodem;rvnfjcif;/ vDeif0g'ygwD. avhusifhoif=um;ay;r_vnf; r&&dSjcif;wdk@a=umifhf
twkduftcHtzGJ@rsm;. _yfaxG;r_ESifh awGa0,drf;,dkifr_rsm;udkom ydkrdk qdk;0g;vmapcJhonf?
if;wdk@txJrS tcsKdu ppfuGefjrLepfpepf. wif;usyfonfhtkyfcsKyfr_udk av#mhypfjcif;rSm rSm;
onf[k,lq+yD; qef@usifpGmyif ydkI0uftlwif;&rnf [k,lq=uonf? wcsKdurl pD;yGm;a&;
jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;wGif ygwED iS hf Edik if aH wmfonf vufa&Smifaeoif+h yD; if;udk tvkyo
f rm;
or*~rsm; vufwGif; vHk;0yHktyfxm;oifhonf[k jrif=uonf?
ygwDwGif; tcsKd@tkyfpkrsm;twGif; TuJhodk@aom _yfaxG;r_rsm; ay:xGufvmaomtcg
tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk }udKufESpfoufolrsm;jzpfonfh twkduftcHtzGJ@ wckr[kwf wckckrS acgif;
aqmifrsm;onf ygwDtay: aqG;aEG;jiif;cHk&ef awmif;qdk}udK;pm;vm=urnfrSm &Sif;aeonf? T
uJhodk@yifjzpfonf?
xdktcsdefu ygwDay:vpD. t"dujy\emrSm tvkyform;or*~jy\em r[kwfaomf
vnf; aqG;aEG;jiif;cHkr_rSm tvkyform; or*~.tcef;ay:rS pwifcJhonf?
vDeif0g'Dtrsm;pkjzpfonfh A[kdaumfrwDudk qef@usifum vDeifudkwdkufcdkuf+yD; jiif;cHkr_
udkpwifolrSm xa&mhpuDyifjzpfonf? tajctaeudk ydkrdk_yfaxG; qdk;0g;ap&ef&nf&G,fcsufjzifh
1920 Edk0ifbm tpykdif;wGifusif;yaom yOPrt}udrfajrmuf k&Sm;jynfvHk;qkdif&m tvkyf orm;
*bdk@a&mhApfygwD (Borotbists) - a&SmfAiftrsdK;om;a&;ygwD? ,lu&def;qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;.
h nf? (bmomjyefo)l
vuf0*J %
kd ;f ? 1918 ckEpS t
f xd 4if;wd@k . A[dt
k mabmfowif;pm ''BOROTBA"udk xkwaf 0cJo
or*~uGefz&ifhodk@ vma&muf=uaom uGefjrLepfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;. tpnf;ta0;wGif

xa&mhpuDonf 0uftlrsm;ydkwif;&ef ESifh tvkyform;or*~rsm;udk tajymif;tvJjyK&ef
qdkonfh oHo,jzpfzG,f auG;a=umfoHrsm;wifvmcJhonf? olu tvkyform;or*~rsm;udk
csucf si;f tpd;k &tzG@J tpnf;jyKvky&f ef awmif;qdv
k u
kd o
f nf? olu tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;ESihf
qufoG,f&mrSm acsmharmhazsmif;zsonfhenf; toHk;jyKjcif;udk qef@usifh+yD;/ tvkyform;or
*~rsm;twGif; ppfa&;enf;rsm;oGwfoGif;&ef vdkvm;aeonf? xa&mhpuDonf tvkyform;
or*~rsm;twGi;f 'Dru
kd a&pD wd;k chsaJ y;jcif;ukv
d nf;aumif;/ tvkyo
f rm;or*~ tzG@J tpnf; rsm;ukd
a&G;aumufwifajrmufonfhrludkvnf;aumif; qef@usifcJhonf?
tvkyform;vlwef;pm; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif if;rygygu rpOf;pm;Ekdif
avmufatmifjzpfcahJ om acsmah rmhajzmif;zsonhf enf;emrsm;tpm; vH;k 0rvkyrf ae& od@k r[kwf
trdef@ay;jcif; enf;emrsm;oHk;&ef xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;u tqdkjyK=uonf? xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;
ae&m&dSxm;onfh tvkyform;or*~rsm;twGif; Tay:vpDudk usifhoHk;onfh ae&mwkdif;wGif
or*~twGi;f ydyuQrsm;/ rnDnw
G rf r_ sm;ESihf pdw"f mwfusqif;r_rsm;udk jzpfay:apcJo
h nf? if;wd@k .
ay:vpDt& xa&mhpuD0g'rD sm;onf ygwyD tvkyo
f rm;xk}uD;udk ygwq
D ef@usiaf &; jzpfay:apcJ+h yD;
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;twGif; uGJ+yJapcJhonf?
trSefrSmrl tvkyform;or*~rsm;tay: jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;r_onf tvkyform;or*~jy\
emxuf ydkrdkus,fjyefonfh t"dy`m,faqmifayonf? aemufydkif; 1925 Zefe0g&D 17 &ufY
vufct
H wnfjyKcJo
h nfh k&mS ;uGejf rLepfygwD (abmf&ASD pf) A[dak umfrwD rsuEf mS pHn
k D tpnf; ta0;
qH k ; jzwf c suf w G i f azmf j yonf h t wk d i f ; ay:ayguf a eonf h jy\em. wu,f h t csuf r S m
ppfuGefjrLepfpepftay: qef@usifvmonfh v,form;xktay: usifhoHk;rnfhay:vpD/ ygwDy
tvkyform;xktay: usifhoHk;rnfhay:vpDESifh a,bk,stm;jzifh jynfwGif;ppf+yD;qHk;vmcsdefwGif
vlxktm; ygwDu rnfodk@csOf;uyfrnf qdkonfyifjzpfonf? (qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD
(abmf&DSApf) . qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;/ k&Sm; bmomtydkfif; 1? ESm-651)
xa&mhpuD. OD;aqmifra_ tmufo@kd tjcm;ygwq

D ef@usio
f nfh tzG@J rsm;jzpfaom tvkyf
orm;twkdkuftcHtzGJ@ (&Smvf&yfeDaumhAf (Shlyapnikov)/ rufAuf&ufAf (Medvedyev)/
udv
k w
kd idk f (Kollontai) polrsm;) 'Drdkua&pD tv,ftvwf0g'Drsm; (pykdaemhAf (Sapronov)/
'a&mAfepf (Drobnis)/ bdk*wfvufAfpuD; (Boguslavsky)/ tdkpifpuD;/ ADGprm;aemhAf
(V.Smirnov) polrsm;) vuf0JuGefjrLepfrsm;(blcg&if/ y&D,kdb&mZifpuD; Preobraz hensky) rsm;u vkdufygcJh=uonf?
tvkyform;twkduftcHtzGJ@u trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;wckvHk;. pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;udk
k&Sm;jynfvHk;qkdif&m xkwfvkyfolrsm; uGef*&uf odk@tyfESH&ef awmif;qdkonfh auG;a=umfoH
wifvmonf? olwdk@u ygwD. tcef;udk okntxd av#mhcsypfvdk=u+yD; pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:
wdk;wufr_twGuf ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf. ta&;}uD;r_udk jiif;qdkonf? tvkyform;t
wku
d t
f cHtzG@J u tvkyo
f rm;or*~rsm;. tusK;d pD;yGm;onf qdAk ,
D ufEidk if aH wmfEiS hf uGejf rLepf
ygwD. tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;ESifh qef@usifonf[k tcdkiftrmqdk=uonf? olwdk@u tvkyform;

vlwef;pm;tzGJ@tpnf;. tjrifhqHk;omefrSm ygwDr[kwfbJ/ tvkyform;or*~rsm; jzpfonf
[k cH,lxm;onf? tvkyform;twkduftcHtzGJ@onf t&if;cHtm;jzifh ygwDqef@usifonfh
rif;rJhqif'Dudwf0g'Drsm; jzpf=uayonf?
'Drdkua&pDtv,ftvwf0g'Drsm; (Decists) u *dk%f;tkyfpkrsm;twGuf vHk;0 vGwfvyf
cGiu
hf kd awmif;qdv
k m=uonf? xa&mhpuD0g'rD sm;uJo
h @kd yif 'Dru
kd a&pDtv,ftvwf0g'D rsm; onf
qdkAD,ufrsm;ESifh tvkyform;or*~rsm;twGif; ygwD. acgif;aqmifr_udk +zdKzsuf&ef }udK;pm;
cJh=uonf? vDeifu 'Drdkua&pDtv,ftvwf0g'Drsm;ukd tmus,f *dk%f;/ if;wdk@.rludk
qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; rpf&DSApfrsm;. rl [kqdkcJhonf?
vDeifEiS hf ygwu
D kd qef@usiw
f u
kd cf u
kd &f mwGif xa&mhpuDukd blcg&ifu tultnDay;cJo
h nf?
y&D,b
kd &mZifpuD;/ pD&AD &m,maumhAf (Serebryakov)/ qku
d v
kd ef aD umAfh (Sokolnikov)wd@k EiS hf
twl blcg&ifonf =um;cH tkypf u
k kd zG@J pnf;onf? Ttkypf o
k nf *d%
k ;f cGaJ &;orm; tm;vH;k xJ
wGif tqdk;qHk;jzpfaom xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;udk umuG,fay;cJhonf? vDeifu blcg&if. tjyKtrl
onf tawG;tac: qdk;,kwfnpfnrf;r_. txGwftxdyfjzpfonf [k qdkvdkufonf? r=umrD
rSmyif blcg&if0g'Drsm;onf vDeifudk qef@usif&mwGif xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;ESifh ajAmifyl;aygif;vkduf
=uonf?
vDeifEiS hf vDeif0g'rD sm;onf wdu
k cf u
kd af &;tm;udk xa&mhpuD0g'rD sm;tay: ygwq
D ef@usif
a&;tkyfpkrsm;. ausm&dk;tjzpf pkyHkatmvkduf=uonf? olwdk@u tvkyform;or*~ESifh ppfwyf
tzGJ@tpnf;t=um; jcm;em;csufudk vspfvsL_r_twGuf xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;udk jypfwif _wfcs
vdu
k +f yD; tvkyo
f rm;or*~rsm;wGif ppfwyfenf;emrsm; roH;k Edik af =umif; olw@kd ukd owday;vdu
k f
onff? vDeifESifh vDeif0g'Drsm;onf twkduftcHtkyfpkrsm;. rl0g'rsm;ESifh pdwf"mwft&
vHk;0qef@usifonfh if;wdk@udk,fydkifrlrsm;udk a&;qGJcJhonf? TrlwGif tvkyform;or*~udk pDrH
cef@cGJa&;qkdif&m ynmoif=um;&mausmif;/ tkyfcsKyfnef=um;a&;qkdif&m ynmoif=um;&m
ausmif;ESifh uGefjrLepf0g'oif=um;a&;ausmif;tjzpf t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkonf? tvkyform; or*~
rsm;onf if;wkd@. v_yf&Sm;r_tm;vHk;ukd acsmharmhazsmif;zsonfh enf;emrsm; tay:wGif tajccH
oifhonf? okd@rSomvSsif tvkyform;or*~onf tvkyform;xk w&yfvHk;udk/ pD;yGm;a&;
c|wf+cHKusr_udk wkdufyGJqif&ef v_H@aqmfEdkifrSmjzpf+yD; qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&;wGif yg0ifvm
apEdik rf nfjzpfonf?
twku
d t
f cHtyk pf rk sm;udk wku
d cf u
kd &f onfh Twdu
k yf w
JG iG f ygwt
D zG@J tpnf;rsm;onf vDeif.
ywfvnfwGif 0dkif;&HcJh=uonf? wkdufyGJonf armfpudkY txl;jyif;xefonf? Tae&m wGif
twkduftcHrsm;onf +rdK@awmf. ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;udk tkyfpD;rd&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh rdrd.
t"dutiftm;rsm;udk pkpnf;cJh=uonf? odk@aomf T*dk%f;cGJa&; orm;rsm;. vkyf}uHr_rsm;onf
armfpudk aAmf&DSApfrsm;. wufwufuGuG ckcHr_a=umifh ysufjym;oGm;cJh&onf? ,lu&def; ygwD
tzG@J tpnf;rsm;wGiv
f nf; jyif;xefonfw
h u
kd yf jJG zpfymG ;cJo
h nf? xdt
k csed u
f ,lu&de;f uGejf rL epfygwD
A[dak umfrwD. twGi;f a&;rSL; &Jabmfrv

kd akd wmhA.
f acgi;f aqmifrj_ zifh ,lu&de;f aAmf&DS Apfrsm;onf
xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;ESifh &Smvf&yfeDudkAdkuf(&Svf&yfeDukd0g'D)rsm;udk tjywfedrfESif; vkdufonf?
,lu&def;uGefjrLepfygwDonf vDeif0g'D. opPm&dSaxmufcHol jzpf+rJjzpfaeonf? bmul;wGif
twkduftcHrsm; ESdrfESif;a&;udk &Jabmftdk*sKdeDupfZu
D acgi;f aqmifco
hJ nf? tm&S tv,fyikd ;f wGif
ygwD qef@usifha&;tkyfpkwkdufyGJudk &Jabmft,fvfum *gEdkApfu OD;aqmifcJhonf?
ygwD. ta&;}uD;aom a'otzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;vHk;onf vDeif. rludk oabmwl
axmufcHvdkufonf?
1921 rwfv 8 &ufae@wGif 10 }udrfajrmufuGef*&ufudk zGifhvSpfvkdufonf? uGef*&uf
odk@ ygwD0if 732521 udk udk,fpm;jyKonfh rJay;Ekdifonfh udk,fpm;vS,f 694 OD;ESifh rJray;Edkif
udk,fpm;vS,f 296 OD; wufa&mufcJhonf?
uGef*&ufonf tvkyform;or*~ jy\emtay:aqG;aEG;csufudk ed*Hk;csKyfay;+yD;/ vDeif.
rludk trsm;pku oabmwlaxmufcHcJhonf?
uGef*&ufudk zGifhvSpf&mwGif vDeifu aqG;aEG;jiif;cHkyGJrsm;onf cGifhrvGwfEkdifaom ZdrfcHr_
w&yfomjzpfonf[k qdkvdkufonf? olu ygwDwGif; ckduf&efjzpfyGm;r_ESifh uGefjrLepfygwDwGif;uGJ
+yJr_udk &efolu rSef;qEdkifvdkufonf[kqdkonf?
aAmf&ASd pfygwED iS hf ypPn;f rJt
h m%m&Sipf epf twGuf *d%
k ;f *%tkypf rk sm; wnf&aSd ejcif;onf
tvGeftrif;tE W&m,f&dSaea=umif; em;vnfonfhtwGuf 10 }udrfajrmuf uGef*&ufonf
ygwDpnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk txl;ta&;ay;cJhayonf? Tjy\emtay: vDeifu tpD&ifcHcJh
onf? uGe*f &ufu twdu
k t
f cHtzG@J tm;vH;k udk _wcf svu
kd +f yD; olw@kd onf trSepf ifppftm;jzifh
ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;. vlwef;pm;&efoludk ulnDaejcif; jzpfonf [kqdkvdkufonf?
uGef*&ufu *dk%f;tkyfpktm;vHk; zsufodrf;&ef trdef@xkwfvdkuf+yD; ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;
tm;vHk;udk *dk%f;*e0g' ray:aygufap&ef/ wif;usyfpGmapmifh=unfh&ef/ ygwD. qHk;jzwfcsufudk
rvdu
k ef mygu ygwrD S csujf cif;yiftuGi;f rJh xkwyf pf&efukd !e=f um;vdu
k o
f nf? A[dak umfrwD0if
rsm; pn;furf;azmufzsufygu odk@r[kwf *dk%f;*e0g'udk jyefvnftoufoGif;jcif; odk@r[kwf
vufydkuf=unfhaeygu A[dkaumfrwDESifh ygwDrSxkwfy,fjypfr_tygt0if ygwDtjypf'%frsm;
csrSwfEkdif&ef A[dkaumfrwDudk uGef*&ufu tm%mtyfESif;vkdufonf?
vDeiftqdkjyKwifoGif;onfh txl;qHk;jzwfcsuff ygwDpnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&; wGif
Ttcsurf sm;yg0ifc+hJ yD;/ uGe*f &ufu vufcH twnfjyKcJo
h nf? TqH;k jzwfcsuw
f iG f uGe*f &ufu
ygwD0iftm;vHk;udk 10 }udrfajrmuf uGef*&ufumv tcsdef/ tajctaetcsKd wkdif;jynf.
"e&Sifaygufp vlxkt=um; awGa0,drf;,dkifr_udk wdk;rsm;vmaeaponfh tcsuftcsmumvY
ygwDwGif; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;ESifh aoG;pnf;ckdifrma&; ypPnf;rJhwyfOD;. wnDw!Gwfwnf;aom
pdwfqENudk txl;ta&;}uD; vkdtyfaea=umif; owday;vdkufonf?
qHk;jzwfcsufxJwGif TuJhodk@jzpfaomfjim;vnf;/ ygwD. tvkyform;or*~rsm;tay:
taxGaxGaqG;aEG;yGrJ sm; rwdik rf u
D yif ygww
D iG ;f *d%
k ;f cGaJ &;vuQ%mrsm; xif&mS ;vm+yD;jzpf onf?
Oyrm oD;jcm;rlrsm;ESifh tkyfpkrsm;ay:aygufvmjcif;/ cGJjcrf;cGJjcrf;vkyfvmr_rsm;ESifh rdrdwdk@

ydkiftkyfpkrsm;rS pnf;urf;uvem;rsm; wDxGifvmjcif; ponfwdk@jzpfonf? vlwef;pm;tod
Ed;k =um;onfh tvkyo
f rm;tm;vH;k taejzifh rnfonf*h %
kd cf aJG &;0g'rqdk tE &W m,f}uD;a=umif;ESihf
rnfodk@r# cGifhrjyKEdkifa=umif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; od&dSem;vnf&rnf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf
*dk%f;cGJa&;0g'onf vufawG@wGif pkaygif;vkyfief;udk rv$Jra&Smifom tiftm;csnfheJ@jcif;udk
jzpfapum/ tm%m&vmaom ygwDjzpfvmr_a=umifh ydkrdkoJoJrJrJ wkdufcdkufvmaom ygwD.
&efolrsm;twGuf (ygwDwGif;) tuGJtjyJrsm;udk ydkrdkus,fjyef@apum/ Tonfudk wefjyef
awmfveS af &; &nf&,
G cf sut
f wGuf toH;k cs&ef xyfjyefwvJvJ }udK;yrf;r_rsm;udk jzpfay:ap Edik rf nf
jzpfa=umif;yifwnf;[k azmfjyxm;onf?
xdk@tjyif xdkqHk;jzwfcsuf pmwrf;rSmyif uGef*&ufu Todk@wifjycJhonf jynfhpHkukHvHk
nD!Gwfonfh uGefjrLepfvrf;pOfrS rnfonfhaoGzDwdrf;apmif;r_udkrqdk/ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;.
&efolrsm;u tcGifhaumif;,lyHkudk ckef;pwufygwD ykefuefr_ta&;tcif;u txif&Sm;qHk;
jzpfEikd o
f nf? xdt
k csed u
f urBmEh ikd if t
H m;vH;k rS wyfjzLrsm;ESihf wefjyefawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;onf
k&Sm;jynfY ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepfudk jzKwfcsEkdif&ef tmrcHcsuf&dSygu qdkAD,ufauG;a=umf
oHrsm;udkyif vufcH&ef tqifoifh&dSa=umif; tvsiftjref azmfjycJh=u+yD; qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSef
a&;orm;rsm;ESifh "e&SifwefjyefawmfvSefa&;orsm;onf ckef;pwufwGif tay:,Htm;jzifh
qdkAD,uftm%m tusKd;twGuf[kqdkum qdkAD,uftpdk;&udk ykefuefxuG&ef/ v_H@aqmf&ef
auG;a=umforH sm;udk a,bk,stm;jzifh oH;k cJ=h uonf? Ttcsut
f vufrsm;u wyfjzLrsm;onf
k&Sm;&dS ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;. cHwyf}uD;udk tiftm;csnfheJ@ap&efESifh jzKwfcs&ef &nf&G,fcsuf
oufoufjzifh rdrdwdk@udk,fudkrdrdwdk@ uGefjrLepfrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ uGefjrLepfrsm;xuf ydkrdk
vuf0Jusol rsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif; }udK;pm;[efaqmifvkyfaqmifEdkifa=umif;udk aumif;
aumif;jyovdkufonf? ckef;pwufykefuefr_ t}udKumvtwGif; yDxkd*&ufY jzef@a0cJhaom
rif&SDApfpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;uvnf; xdkenf;vnf;aumif;yifjzpfonf? if;wdk@txJwGif ckef;
pwuf olykefrsm;/ qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh wyfjzLrsm;udk wu,fwrf; axmufcH
tm;ay; v_@H aqmfEikd &f ef k&mS ;uGejf rLepfygw.
D oabmuGv
J aJG er_rsm;udk rnfuo
hJ @kd tcGiahf umif;
,lcyhJ /kH wzufwiG f vnf; ykeu
f efru
_ q
kd ef@usi+f yD; qdAk ,
D uftm%mudk axmufco
H rl sm;jzpfa=umif;
jyKjyifrGrf;rHr_ tenf;tusOf;jzifh ajymqdkvmonfudk awG@Edkifayonf?
qH;k jzwfcsupf mwrf;u ygwt
D aejzifh rdr.
d 0g'jzefcsad &;wGif ygww
D iG ;f *k%
d ;f cGaJ &;0g'onf
ygwDwGif;aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;ukda&m/ ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf atmifyGJtwGuf tajccH
ta=umif;tcsufw&yfjzpfonfh ypPnf;rJhwyfOD; &nf&G,fcsuf. aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;ukdyg ab;
tE W&m,fjzpfapEkdifa=umif;ukd tao;pdwf&Sif;vif;aqG;aEG;jy&ef awmif;qkdvkdufonf?
uGef*&ufqHk;jzwfcsufpmwrf;wGif wzufuvnf; ygwDonf if;. 0g'jzef@csda&;wGif
qdkAD,uftm%m. &efolrsm;u toHk;jyKvmonfh aemufqHk;ay: enf;y&d,m,fenf;emrsm;.
xl;jcm;csuu
f kd &Si;f vif;azmfjy&rnf[k qkx
d m;onf? T&eforl sm;onf ajAmifvi$ x
hf x
l m;aom
wyfjzLtvHawmfatmufrS wefjyefawmfvSefa&;. ar#mfvifhcsufuif;rJhr_udk em;vnfoabm

aygufvm+yD; ,cktcg k&Sm;uGefjrLepfygwDtwGif; oabmuGJvGJr_rsm;udk toHk;cs&ef tpGrf;ukef
}udK;pm;vm=uonf? tay:,Htmjzifh qdkAD,uftm%mudk todtrSwfjyK&ef teD;uyfqHk;
taetxm;a&mufaeonfh EkdifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm;odk@ tm%mv$Jajymif;&,l+yD; wefjyefawmfvSef
a&;udk wenf;r[kwfwenf; qufvufvkyfaqmif&ef }udK;yrf;ae=uonf? (vDeif vufa&G;pif
usrf;? twGJ 2 / ESm-680
-680) [k xdkpmwrf;wGif a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf?
qHk;jzwfcsufwGif qufvufazmfjyxm;onfrSm if;. 0g'jzef@csda&;wGif ygwDonf wef
jyef awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;u awmfveS af omtm%m&Sipf epfukd tiftm;csnehf @J jyKwf usapum
Tenf;jzifh t&if;&Sifrsm;ESifh ajr&Sifrsm;. wefjyefawmfvSefa&;udk tjynfht0 atmifyGJcH&ef/
vrf;cif;ay;&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh awmfvSefa&;tusqHk;ygwD teD;pyfqHk; uyfaeaom "e&Sif
aygufptkyfpkrsm;udk t+rJaxmufcHcJhonf? ,cifawmfvSefa&;rsm;. oifcef;pmrsm;udkvnf;
oif=um;ay;&rnf[lIjzpfonf?
ygwpD nf;vH;k nDnw
$ af &; qH;k jzwfcsuEf iS hf eD;eD;uyfuyf qufpyfaeonfh aemuf qH;k jzwf
qif'Dudwf0g'D (Syndicalism) rsm;ESihf rif;rJ0h g'rD sm;.
csuw
f pfcrk mS u|ef awmfw@kd ygww
D iG ;f *qif
wdr;f apmif;r_ jzpf+yD;/ if;udv
k nf; vDeifuyif tqdw
k ifoiG ;f um uGe*f &ufu vufct
H wnfjyKcJh
onf? TqH;k jzwfcsuw
f iG f 10 }udraf jrmuf uGe*f &uf tvkyo
f rm; twdu
k t
f cHtzG@J [kac:qdk
aomtzGJ@udk _wfcsaom tqdkwifcJhonf? uGef*&ufu rif;rJhwydkif; qif'Dudwf0g'Dwydkif; wdrf;
apmif;r_ tawG; tac:rsm;udk 0g'jze@fr_onf ygwD0iftjzpfESifh rudkufnDbJ Twdrf;apmif;r_udk
jyif;jyif;xefxef acsr_ef;wkdufckduf&ef ygwDudk awmif;qdkvdkfufonf?
10 }udrfajrmuf uGefu&ufu ydkv#H&duQmodrf;qnf;onfhpepfudk taumufcGefomef
jzifh tpm;xdk;&ef pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopf (NEP) udk vufcHtwnfjyK&efqdkonfh tvGefta&;
}uD;vSaom qHk;jzwfcsufudk csrSwfvdkufonf?
TppfuGefjrLepfpepfrS pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopf (NEP) odk@ tvSnfhtajymif;onf vDeif
ay:vpD. ^m%fynmtajrmftjrif}uD;r_. xif&Sm;onfh om"uwpf&yf jzpfonf?
uGef*&uf.qHk;jzwfcsufu ydkv#H&duQmodrf;qnf;r_pepfudk taumufcGefomefESifh
tpm;xd;k r_tm;vnf; ajz&Si;f ay;onfh taumufceG o
f mefonf ydv
k #&H u
d mQ odr;f qnf;r_ pepf.
tcGefpnf;=uyfjcif;xuf ydkrdkayghyg;&rnfjzpfonf? taumufcGef pkpkaygif;ta&twGuf udk
aEGOD;pdkufysKd;csdefrwkdifrD ESpfpOfa=unm&efjzpfonf? taumufcGefay;tyf&rnfhae@pGJudkvnf;
wduspGmazmfjy&rnf? taumufcGefta&twGuf. txuf tydkxGufonfh ypPnf;tm;vHk;
v,form; rsm;bmom vH;k 0pDrcH ef@c&JG efjzpf+yD;/ rdrpd w
d q
f ENEiS t
hf nD ydv
k #&H u
d mQ rsm;udk a&mif;cs&ef
*taxGaxGoydwfrsm;/ tzsufvkyfief;rsm;ESifh t=urf;zufenf;wckckjzifh pufr_vkyfief;ESifh tpdk;&tzGJ@udk
tvkyo
f rm;or*~rsm;vufatmufwiG f xm;&ef}udK;yrf;r_/ qd&k ,
S v
f pf0g'. tvGet
f u|o
H mefwckjzpf+yD; vl@tzG@J
tpnf;udk t=urf;zufenf;jzifh vkH;0+zdKcs&ef&nf&G,fonf? (bmomjyefol) (The World Book Dictonary)
vGwfvyfap&rnfjzpfonf? vDeifu ol.rdef@cGef;wGif vGwfvyfpGm ukeful;oef;a&mif;0,fcGifh

onf wkdif;jynf. yxrydkif;wGif t&if;&Sifpepfudk wpHkw&m jyefvnftoufoGif;jcif;udk
jzpfapEdkifonf? woD;yk*~vdu ukefoG,fa&;udk cGifhjyK&efESifh woD;yk*~vdu xkwfvkyfolrsm;udk
pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;i,fav;rsm; vkyfcGifhjyK&efvdktyfonf? odk@aomf Ttcsuftay: a=umuf
vef@raeoifh[kqdkcJhonf? vDeifu ,lqonfrSm wpHkw&maom vGwfvyfonfh ukefoG,fa&;
onf v,form;rsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;rufvHk;ay;+yD; olwdk@ ydkrdkxkwfvkyfapatmifv_H@aqmfay;um
v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;wGif vsifjrefaomjzpfay:wdk;wufr_udk jzpfapEdkifonf? T tajccHay:wGif
EdkifiHawmfydkif pufr_vkyfief;rsm; jyefvnfxlaxmif+yD;/ woD;yk*~vdu t&if;tESD;udk z,fxkwf
Edkifa=umif;/ pGrf;tm;ESifh t&if;tjrpfudk pkpnf;vdkufEdkif+yD;aemuf qdk&S,fvpfpepf. pD;yGm;a&;
tajccHtjzpf tiftm;aumif;vSaom pufr_vkyfief;udk wnfaxmifEdkifrnfjzpfI xdktcsdefusrS
om wkdif;jynfwGif;&dS t&if;&Sifpepf tuGif;tusefrsm;udk jywfjywfom;om; xdk;ppfqifEdkif
rnfjzpfonf?
ppfuGefjrLepfpepfonf +rdKESifh aus;vuf&dS t&if;&Siftpdwftydkfif;rsm;. cHwyfudk ajymif
ajymifyif csOf;eif;0ifa&muf wkdufcdkufodrf;ydkuf&ef =udK;yrf;csufjzpfayonf? Txdk;ppftwGif;
ygwo
D nf a&StawmfveG o
f mG ;+yD;/ if;.tajccHrS jywfawmufjcif;cH&rnfh tE &W m,fEiS hf =uHKawG@
cJh&onf? ,cktcg vDeifonf tajccHzuf ydkrdkwdk;wuf+yD; acwWc%av#mhcs&ef/ cHwyftm;
wkdufcdkufacsr_ef;jcif;udk ydkrdkjznf;jznf;jcif; 0kdif;&Hydwfqdk@onfh enf;emodk@ ajymif;vJ&ef t=uHjyK
wifoGif;cJh+yD;jzpfonf? odk@rSomv#if tiftm;pkpnf;Edkif+yD; xdk;ppfudk wzefqifEGJEdkifayrnf?
wa&mhpuD0g'DESifh wjcm;twdkuftcHrsm;u pDyGm;a&;ay:vpDopfrSm aemufqkwfjcif;
w&yfrv
S I
J$ wjcm;bmrSr[kw[
f k cH,o
l nf? if;wd@k . vrf;pOfrmS vnf; t&if;&Sipf epf jyefvnf
xlaxmif&efomjzpfonft
h wGuf TuJo
h @kd aom t"dym` ,fziG q
hf ckd surf mS olw@dk .&nf&,
G cf suEf iS hf
vnf;uku
d n
f aD eayonf? TonfrmS pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopftay: tE &W m,ft}uD;qH;k ESihf vDeif
qef@usifa&; t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkcsufw&yf yifjzpfonf? x@dka=umifhyif pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopf usifh
oH;k +yD; wESpt
f =um 11 }udraf jrmuf ygwu
D eG *f &ufwiG f vDeifu aemufqw
k rf _ tqH;k owfomG ;
+yD [kqdkum woD;yk*~vdut&if;tESD;tay: xdk;ppfudkjyifqif=u qdkonfh auG;a=umfoH
vDeif/ usrf;aygif;pHk/ twGJ 27/ ESm-213)
wifvu
kd o
f nf? (vD
twdkuftcHorm;rsm; nHhzsif;vSaomrmhufpf0g'Drsm;ESifh abmf&DSApf ay:vpDjy\emrsm;
tay: wwfa,mifum;rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopf. t"dym` ,fuakd omfvnf;aumif;/ NEP
tpykid ;f Y vkyaf qmifco
hJ nfh aemufqw
k af om vuQ%mukad omfvnf;aumif; / em;vnfjcif;r&Scd hJ
acs? txufwGif pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopf.t"dy`m,fukd azmfjy+yD;jzpfonf? aemufqkwfr_
vuQ%mESihf ywfoufIrl aemufqw
k rf E_ iS hf aemufqw
k rf r_ sm;&daS eygonf? ygww
D &yf od@k r[kwf
wyfrawmfw&yfonf qHk;_H;r_ESifh &ifqkdif&aoma=umifh aemufqkwf&onfh tcsdefrsm; &dS&onf?
TuJhodk@aom tcsdefrsKd;wGif wyfrawmf odk@r[kwf ygwDonf rdrdtiftm;udk xdrf;odrf;+yD;
wku
d yf o
JG pf qifE&JG eftwGuf aemufqw
k &f onf? pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopfukd wifoiG ;f onft
h cgu
vDeifwifjycJah om aemufqw
k rf q
_ o
kd nfrmS TuJo
h @kd aom aemufqw
k rf r_ sKd ; r[kwaf cs? tb,f
a=umifq
h akd omf xdt
k csed u
f ygwo
D nf qH;k _;H r_/ ratmifjrifrr_ sm; }uKH &&efa0;pG/ jynfwiG ;f ppf twGi;f
usL;ausmfa&;orm;rsm;ESifh wyfjzLrsm;udk wkdufckdufESdrfESif;vdkufEdkifcsdefyifjzpfonf? odk@aomf
atmify&JG ygwD od@k r[kwf wyfrawmfonf a&Sod@k csw
D uf&mwGif aemufwef;Y vHk avmufaom
tajccHa'or&dSbJ a&StvGeftuH a&mufoGm;aomtcsdefrsKd; &dSwwfonf? T onfu
tvGef}uD;rm;onfh tE W&m,fESifh &ifqkdif&Edkifonf? xkd@a=umifh tawG@t}uHK &ifhusuf
+yD;aomygwD odk@r[kwf wyfrawmfonf rdrdtajccHESifh tquftoG,f rjywfap&ef TuJhodk@
aomtajctaersKd;wGif a,bk,stm;jzifh aemufodk@ tenf;i,fqkwfay;&ef vdktyf+yD;/
tajccHydkrdkeD;uyfpGm wdk;wufvm+yD; ydkrdkaumif;rGefonfh tquftoG,frsm;udk xlaxmif&ef
vdktyfayonf? odk@rSomv#if rdrdvdktyfcsuftm;vHk;udk &&dSEdkif+yD; xdkrSwqifh atmifyGJudk tm
rcHEdkifum ydkrdkpdwfcs,Hk=unfpGmjzifh xdk;ppfudk jyefvnfpwifEdkifrnfjzpfonf? vDeifu pD;yGm;
a&;ay:vpDopfwGif azmfxkwfcJhonfrSm TuJhodk@aom ,m,Daemufqkwfr_rsKd; jzpfonf? uGef
jrLepftifwme,f&Sife,f. pwkwWuGef*&ufwGif pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDudk azmfxkwf&ef wGef;tm;
ay;onfh ta=umif;&if;rsm;udk tpD&ifcH&mY vDeifu u|efawmfwdk@. pD;yGm;a&;xdk;ppftwGif;
u|efawmfwdk@ a&Sodyfu|HoGm;+yD? u|efawmfwdk@twGuf vHkavmufonfh tajccHr&Edkif jzpfae
ygonf[k &Si;f &Si;f qdv
k u
kd o
f nf? xd@k a=umifh vH+k cHKpdwcf s&onfh aemufwef;od@k ,m,Dqw
k f cGm&ef
vdktyfayonf?
twdu
k t
f cHrsm;. uHta=umif;rvSyrkH mS if;wd@k tod^m%frrhJ a_ =umifh pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopf
atmufwGif TuJhodk@aom aemufqkwfr_omefudk em;vnf;rvnfcJhjcif;ESifh olwdk@.
aemufqHk;&ufrsm;txd em;udkvnfroGm;cJhjcif;yifjzpfonf?
10 }udrfajrmuf uGef*&uf. pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopf qHk;jzwfcsufonf qdk&S,fvpfpepf
wnfaqmuf&ef tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;ESihf v,form;xkt=um; =um&Snw
f nfwef@cidk rf m onfh
pD;yGm;a&;r[mrdwfzGJ@r_udk tmrcHvkdufayonf?
Tt"du&nf&G,fcsufudk tjcm;qHk;jzwfcsuf w&yfjzpfonfh trsKd;om;a&;jy\em
qHk;jzwfcsufu jzpfajrmufatmifjrifapcJhonf? &Jabmfpwmvifu trsKd;om;a&;jy\emudk
tpD&ifcHonf? olu u|efawmfwdk@. trsKd;om;a&;zdESdyfr_udk zsufodrf;vdkuf+yD;aomfvnf; T
onfrSm rvHkavmufao;[kqdkonf? vkyf&rnfhwm0efrSm twdwfrSm usefcJhonfhtarGqdk;
rsm;jzpfaom ,ciftzdESdyfcHtrsKd;om;rsm;. pD;yGm;a&;/ EkdifiHa&;ESifh,Ofaus;r_qkdif&m aemuf
usr_rsm;udk zsufodrf;ypf&efjzpfonf? if;wdk@ A[dkk&Sm;udk trSDvkdufvmEdkifa&;twGuf ulnD&
rnf?
&Jabmfpwmvifu qufvufI trsKd;om;a&;jy\emtay: ygwDqef@usifonfh
wdrf;apmif;r_ESpfckjzpfonfh v$rf;rdk;aomvlrsdK; (k&Sm;}uD;) vlrsdK;}uD;0g'ESifh a'ovlrsKd;a&;0g'udk
axmufjycJhonf? uGef*&ufu wdrf;apmif;r_ ESpfckvHk;udk uGefjrLepf0g'ESifh ypPnf;rJhEdkifiHwum
0g'twGuf tE W&m,frsm;tjzpf _wfcsvdkufonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif ydkrdktE W&m,f}uD;onfh
v$rf;rdk;aomvlrsKd;}uD;0g'udk qdkvdkonfrSm Zmbk&ifacwfu k&Sm;vlrsKd;}uD;0g'Drsm;u k&Sm;

r[kwfonfh vlrsdK;pkrsm;tay: azmfjyusifhoHk;vkyfaqmifcJhonfh oabmxm; tuGif;tusef
rsm;tay: t"duxdk;ESuf&ef nGefjyvdkufonf?
3? pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopf. yxrtusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;? 11 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf? jynf
axmifpkqdkAD,ufqdk&S,fvpf orRwEdkifiH xlaxmifjcif;? vDeif emrusef;jzpfr_? vDeif.
or0g,rpDrHudef;? 12 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf?
ygwDwGif;&dS rwnf+idrfonfh t"dutpdwftydkif;rsm;u pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopfudk ckcH
qef@usicf o
hJ nf? ckcrH o
_ nf axmihEf pS af xmihrf v
S monf? yxrwckrmS vdrk eD m'fZD (Lominaze)/
&Smwfpuif (Shatskin)uJo
h @kd aom Ekid if aH &;vla=umifrsm;/ vuf0J avoHypforl sm;xHrjS zpf+yD;/
olwdk@u pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopfqdkonfrSm atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;. atmifoD;atmifyGifh
rsm;udk pGef@v$wfjcif;omjzpfa=umif;/ t&if;&Sifpepfudk jyefoGm;jcif;jzpfa=umif;ESifh qdkAD,uf tm
%m. usqHk;r_omjzpfa=umif;wdk@udk jyo&ef oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm; udkwifjyvm
onf? if;wdk@. EdkifiHa&;ynmrJhr_ESifh pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:wdk;wufr_w&m;rsm;udk odem;vnfjcif;
r&dSr_wdk@a=umifh/ olwdk@onf ygwD.ay:vpDudk em;rvnfEdkifbJ txdwfwvef@jzpfum pdwf"mwf
usqif;+yD; pdwfysufvufavsmhoGm;=uonf? aemufwOD;rSm ajAmiftnHhcHorm;rsm;jzpfaom
xa&mhpuD/ &m'ufcf/ ZDEkdApf/ qdkudkvfeDaumhAf/ uJrDeufAf/ &Smvf&yffeDaumhAf/ blcg&if/ dkifaumhAf
uJhodk@aom olrsm;rSjzpf+yD;/ if;wdk@u u|Efkyfwdk@EkdifiH. qdk&S,fvpfjzpfay: wdk;wufr_ jzpfEdkifacs
&Sdr_wdk@ukd r,Hk=unfbJ/ t&if;&Sifpepf. wefcdk;awmfteE Watmufodk@ 'l;axmufum/
qdAk ,
D ufEidk if YH t&if;&Sipf epf.tqifh ae&mudk ckid rf mawmifw
h if;ap&ef }udK;yrf; onft
h aejzifh
jynfwGif;rSma&m/ jynfyrSmyg woD;yk*~vdu t&if;tESD;tay: ta&;yg t&ma&mufonfh cGifhjyK
csurf sm;jyKvky&f efEiS hf pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,frS qdAk ,
D uftm%m. tqifah e&mtcsK@d ukd woD; yk*v
~ u
d
t&if;tESD;rsm;odk@ay;tyf&ef awmif;qdkvmonf? ay;tyf&efenf;vrf;rSm yl;wGJzufpyf
pawmhukr`%Drsm;wGif EkdifiHawmf. txl;tcGifhta&;&&dSolrsm; tjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;
okd@r[kwf tpkpyf0ifoltjzpfvnf;aumif; vkyfudkif&efjzpfonf?
tkyfpkESpfckpvHk;onf rmhufpf0g'/ vDeif0g'ESifh qef@usifaeonf? ygwDonf ESpfOD;pvHk;udk
zGifhcsazmfxkwf txD;usefjzpfap+yD; tajcmuftvSef@orm;rsm;udka&m tnHhcHa&;orm;udkyg
jyif;xefpGm a0zef_wfcscJhonf?
ygwDay:vpDudk TuJhodk@aomckcHr_u ygwDtaejzifh rwnf+idrfonfhtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk
xkwfy,f&efvdktyfa=umif; aemufxyfowday;Ed_;aqmfvdkufonf? TonfESifhtnD A[dkaumf
rwDonf 1921 ckwGif ygwDwGif;tykyfcsyGJudk jyKvkyfcJh+yD;/ Tonfu ygwDtiftm;awmifhwif;
ckdifrmap&ef tawmftoifh taxmuftuljyKvdkuf=uonf? tykyfcsyGJrsm;udk ajAmiftpnf;
ta0;rsm;wGif ygwDtyrSvlrsm;udk yg0ifv_yf&Sm;wufa&mufapvsuf usif;ycJhonf? vDeifu
ygwo
D nf vl,w
k rf mrsm;/ AsLku
d &ufrsm;/ rk;d om;olrsm; od@k r[kwf ,dr;f ,dik f onfh uGejf rLepf
rsm;ESifh tjyif rsufESmpm udkta&mifjyefqdk;xm;aomfvnf; tlxJtoJxJrSm rif&DSApf
jzpf+rJjzpfaeao;onfh rif&ADS pfrsm;udk vH;k 0oef@pifomG ;atmif jyKvky&f rnf [k t}uHay;cJh onf?
(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 1947/ twGJ 11/ ESm-746)
tykyfcsyGJwGif pkpkaygif;vlaygif; 170000 eD;yg; odk@r[kwf ygwD0ifpkpkaygif; 25 &mcdkifE_ef;

ygwDrS xkwfy,fcH&onf? tykyfcsyGJonf ygwDudk tvGefyif tiftm;awmifhwif; ckdifrmapvdkuf
um if;.vlr_zGJ@pnf;r_udk aumif;rGefwdk;wufapI vlxk. if;tay:,Hk=unfr_udk wdk;wuf&Sd
ap+yD;/ if;.*k%o
f u
d mQ udk jrifw
h ifEikd v
f u
dk o
f nf? ygwo
D nf ydI
k eD;eD;uyfuyf pnf;vH;k aygi;f pyf+yD;
ydkI pnf;urf;aumif;rGefvmonf?
pD;yGm;a&; ay:vpDopf. rSefuefr_udk yxrESpfrSmyif awG@&dSvm&onf? Tay:vpDudk
vufcHusifhoHk;vdkufr_u tajccHopfay:wGif tvkyform;/ v,form;r[mrdwfzGJ@r_udk tvGef
trif; tiftm;awmifhwif; ckdifrmapvdkufonf? ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepfonf tiftm;a&m
pGrf;&nfyg &&dSvmonf? ul;vwf"m;jy aomif;usef;r_udkvnf; vHk;0eD;yg; acsr_ef;vdkufEdkifonf?
,cktcg ydkv#H&duQmodrf;qnf;onfhpepfudk zsufodrf;vdkuf+yDjzpfI tv,ftvwfv,form;
rsm;uvnf; qdAk ,
D uftpk;d &udk ul;vwftzG@J rsm;tm; wku
d cf u
kd &f ef tultnDay;vm=uonf?
qdkAD,uftpdk;&onf pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,frS t"duae&mrsm;jzpfaom t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;/
ul;oef;oGm;vmo,faqmifa&;rsm;/ b%frsm;/ v,fajrESifh jynfwGif;jynfy ukefoG,fa&;
tm;vH;k wd@k ukd ukid pf x
JG m;onf? ygwo
D nf pD;yGm;a&; ppfrsuEf mS wGif taumif;bufo@kd wduscikd f
rmpGm vSnfhajymif;vmonf? v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;onfvnf; tvsiftjrefpwif+yD; a&Swdk;
wufvmonf? pufr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh rD;&xm;vkyfief;rsm;vnf; if;wdk@. yxr atmifyGJrsm;udk
pHcsdefwifvmonf? pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnf touf0ifvmr_ pwifvm+yD; TonfrSm tvGefaES;
aeao;aomfvnf; pdwfcsaocsmaeayonf? tvkyform;ESifh v,form;rsm;u ygwDonf
vrf;rSefay:a&mufaea=umif; odjrifxm;vm=uonf?
1922 ck rwfvwGif ygwDu 11 }udrfajrmufuGef*&ufudk usif;ycJhonf? ,cifuGef*&uf
xufenf;onfh ygwD0ifaygif; 532000 udkukd,fpm;jyKonfh rJay;Ekdifonfhudk,fpm;vS,f 522
wufa&mufcJhonf? rJray;Edkifonfh udk,fpm;vS,f 165 OD; wufa&mufcJhonf? ygwD0ifOD;a&
avsmhoGm;&onhfta=umif;&if;rSm pwifae+yD;jzpfaom ygwDtykyfcsyGJa=umifhjzpfonf?
TuGef*&ufwGif ygwDu pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopf yxrESpfu tusdK;tjrwfrsm;udk jyef
vnfoHk;oyfcJhonf? TtusKd;tjrwfrsm;u vDeifudk uGef*&ufwGif atmufygtwkdif; a=u
nmcGihf &apvdu
k o
f nf?
u|Efkyfwdk@onf wESpfvHk;aemufqkwfaecJhonf? ygwD.trnfjzifh Tonfudk ,ck&yfwHh
&ef u|Efkyfwdk@ awmif;qdk&rnf? aemufqkwfr_. &nf&G,fcsufonfvnf; +yD;ajrmuf&ef &&dS+yD;jzpf
onf? Tumvonf tqH;k owf&efe;D vm+yD od@k r[kwf tqH;k owf+yDjzpfonf? ,ck u|Eykf f wd@k .
&nf&G,fcsufrSm jcm;em;vmay+yD? u|Efkyfwdk@tiftm;rsm;udk jyefvnf pkpnf;&efjzpfonf?

(txuf
783)
txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm 782/ 783
vDeifu pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopfrmS t&if;&Sipf epfEiS hf qd&k ,

S v
f pfpepft=um; aoa&;&Siaf &;
wdkufyGJrnfa=umif; qkdvdkufonf? rnfoltEkdif&rnfenf; qdkonfrSm jy\emjzpfonf?
u|efawmfwdk@ tEkdif&&eftwGufrSmrl tvkyform; vlwef;pm;ESifh v,form;t=um;/ qdk&S,f
vpfpufr_vkyfief;ESifh v,form;rsm;. pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;t=um; r[mrdwfzGJ@ csnfaESmifxm;
r_udk +rdK@ESifhawmt=um; ukefypPnf;zvS,fr_ tpGrf;ukef jzpfay:wdk;wufapjcif;jzifh cdkifcHhaocsm
pdwfcs&atmifvkyfxm;&efjzpfonf? T&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_twwfynmESifh
t&nftcsif;jynfh0aom ukefoG,fa&;enf;ynmrsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;&rnf?
xdkumvwGif ygwD&ifqkdifae&onfh jy\emwoDwwef;}uD;wGif ukefoG,fa&;onf
t"duuGif;quf jzpfaeonf? Tjy\emudk rajz&Sif;Ekdifygu +rdK@ESifhawmt=um; ukefypPnf;
zvS,fr_jzpfay:wdk;wufap&efvnf;aumif;/ tvkyform;ESifh v,form;t=um; pD;yGm;a&; r
[mrdwfzGJ@r_udk awmifhwif;ap&efvnf;aumif; rjzpfEkdifbJ v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;rsm;udkvnf;
wd;k wufapEkid rf nfr[kw/f od@k r[kwf pufrv
_ yk if ef;rSm ysujf ym;aeonft
h ajctaerS vGwaf tmif
ke;f xGuEf idk rf nfr[kwaf y?
xdktcsdfefu qdkAD,ufukefoG,fa&;onf tvGefyif rzGH@+zdK;rwdk;wufao;bJ jzpf+rJjzpfae
onf? ukeo
f ,
G af &;,E &W m;rSm tvGeyf ifrjynfrh pHk rvHrk avmufjzpfae+y;D / uGejf rLepfrsm;u vnf;
uk e f o G , f a &;enf ; ynmrsm;wG i f vnf 0 ,f w wf u |rf ; jcif ; r&d S a o;bJ &ef o l r sm;jzpf o nf h
eufyfrif(Nepmen)wdk@ta=umif;udkvnf; ravhvm&ao;/ odk@r[kwf if;wdk@tm; rnfodk
wdkuf&rnfudkvnf; rod&dSao;acs? eufyfrif odk@r[kwf woD;yk*~vdu ukefonfrsm;onf
t0wftxnfESifh taxGaxGvdktyfonfh ukefypPnf;ukefoG,fa&;udk odrf;,l&&dSEkdfif&ef rzGH@+zdK;
rwdk;wufaom qdkAD,ufukefoG,fa&;tajctaeudk tcGifhaumif;,lcJh=uonf? EkdifiHawmfESifh
or0g,rukefoG,fa&;udk pnf;Hk;zGJ@pnf;a&;rSm tvGef@tvGefta&;ygaom jy\emjzpfvm
onf?
11 }udrfajrmuf uGef*&uft+yD;wGif pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,frS vkyfief;udk t&dSeft[kefESpfq
wdk;I jyefpcJh=uonf? r=umrDu &duQmxGufusqif;r_. tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;udkvnf;
atmifjrifpGmjyKjyifEdkifcJhonf? v,form;rsm;. v,f,mvkyfief;vnf; tjrefjyefI emvef
xlvmonf? rD;&xm;vrf;rsm; ydkrdkaumif;rGefpGm pwifvmonf? jyefvnf vnfywfvmaom
pufHk tvkyfHk ta&twGufrSmvnf; wdk;rsm;vmonf?
1922 ck atmufwdkbmwGif qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiHonf tvGef}uD;rm;onfh atmifyGJo
bifqif,ifusif;ycJhonf? usL;ausmfolrsm;vufwGif aemufqHk;usefcJhonfh qdkAD,ufe,fajr
jzpfaom Avm'DaAmhpawmhAu
f kd wyfeaD wmfEiS hf ta&Szsm;t&yf&Sd ygw0D ifrsm;u *syefrsm; vufrS
jyefvnford ;f ydu
k &f &dcS o
hJ nf?
qdAk ,
D uforRwEdik if .
H e,fajrwckv;kH rS usL;ausmpf u
G zf uforl sm; &Si;f vif;oGm;+yD;aemuf
qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&;ESifh trsKd;om;umuG,fa&; vdktyfcsufrsm;u qdkAD,ufjynfolrsm;
. jynfaxmifpk qufvufcidk rf mawmifw
h if;a&;udk awmif;qdv
k mr_a=umifh ,cktcg qdAk ,
D uforR
w EdkifiHrsm;. wckwnf;aom zuf'&,fEidk fiHtjzpf twlwuG aygif;pyf&ef vdktyfvmonf?
jynfov
l x
l .
k tiftm;pkrsm;tm;vH;k qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepf wnfaqmufa&;vkyif ef;twGuf yl;aygi;f
=u&rnf? wkdif;jynfrSm awmifhwif;ckdifrm+yD; rxdk;azmufEdkifatmifjzpf&rnf? u|efawmfwdk@
wkid ;f jynf&v
dS rl sKd ;wd@k . bufpjkH zpfay:wd;k wufa&;twGuf tcsut
f vufrsm;udk zefw;D ay;&rnf?
Tonfu qdkAD,ufvlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk; ydkrdk &if;&if;ESD;ESD; yl;aygif;xm;&onfh jynfaxmifpk w&yf
jzpfvma&;udk vdktyfvmaponf?
1922 ckESpf 'DZifbmwGif jynfaxmifpkwckvHk;&dS qdkAD,ufrsm;. yxrt}udrfajrmuf
uGef*&ufudkusif;ycJh+yD;/ xdkuGef*&ufwGif vDeifESifh pwmvifwdk@. wifjycsufESifh qdkAD,uf
vlrsKd;rsm;. rdrdpdwfqENtavsmufyg0ifaom EdkifiHawm/f jynfaxmifpkqkdAD,ufqkd&S,fvpf
jynfaxmifpkorRwEkdifiH (U.S.S.R) udkwnfaxmifvdkufonf? tpueOD;Y U.S.S.R
wGifyg0ifonfhorRwEdkiHrsm;rSm k&Sm; qdkAD,uf z,f'&,fqdk&S,fvpforRwEkdifiH (R.S.F.S.R)/
x&efpfaumhau;&Sm;/ qdkAD,ufz,f'&,fqdk&S,fvpforRwEkdifiH/ ,lu&def;qdkAD,ufqdk&S,fvpf
orRwEkid if EH iS hf bkid b
f v
dk dk &k mS ; qkAd ,
D uf qk&d ,
S v
f pforRwEkid if w
H @dk jzpfonf? aemufr=umrD OpPbuf/
wmhcfrifESifh wm*spfqkdonfhvGwfvyfonfh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkorRwEkdifiHrsm; tm&Swkduf
tv,fydkif;wGif wnfaxmifcJhonf? TorRwEkdifiHrsm;tm;vHk;onf ,cktcg wck wnf;aom
qd k A D , uf j ynf a xmif p k E d k i f i H (U.S.S.R) tjzpf rd r d w d k @ . pd w f q EN t avsmuf E S i f h wef ;
wla&;tajccHay:wGif Edik if w
H idk ;f qdAk ,
D uf,el ,
D rH S vGwv
f yfpmG cGx
J u
G cf iG &hf ,lxm;um pnf;vH;k yl;
aygif;vdkuf=uonf?
(U.S.S.R) wnfaxmifvu
kd jf cif;u qdAk ,
D uftm%m. tajccdik rf mvmr_EiS hf abmf&ASD pfyg
wD. trsK;d om; jy\emtay: vDeif/ pwmvif0g'rD sm;. ay:vpD}uD;rm;pGmatmifycJG v
H u
dk Ef idk rf _
udk jyoayonf?
1922 ck Edk0ifbmwGif armfpudkqdkAD,uf. rsufESmpHknDtpnf;ta0;Y vDeifu rdef@cGef;
ajym=um;&m qdkAD,uftkyfcsKyfr_. ig;ESpfumvudk jyefvnfoHk;oyf+yD; pD;yGm;a&;ay: vpDopf
ESifh k&Sm;onf qdk&S,fvpfk&Sm;rkcsjzpfvmrnf qdkaom ckdifrmonfh,Hk=unfcsufudk xkwfazmf
ajym=um;vdu
k o
f nf? TonfrmS wkid ;f jynfo@kd ajym=um;aom ol. aemufq;kH rde@f ceG ;f jzpfonf?
xdak qmif;OD;wGiyf if ygwt
D wGuf uHq;kd rd;k arSmifuscahJ yonf? vDeifonf tjyif;txef emruse;f
jzpfvmonf? ol. emrusef;jzpfr_onf wygwDvHk;ESifh tvkyform;xk w&yfvHk;twGuf
tvGefjyif;xef euf_dif;onfh yk*~dKvfa&; xdcdkufepfemr_yifjzpfonf? tm;vHk;onf if;wdk@
cspfjrwffEdk;vSaom vDeif. touftwGuf a=umuf&GH@xdwfvef@ wkefv_yfpGm ae=u&onf?
od@k aomf emruse;f jzpfaevsuu
f yif vDeifonf ol.vkyif ef;rsm;udk &yfqidk ;f jcif;rjyKacs? tvGef
zsm;emaeonfhwdkifatmif tvGefta&;}uD;aom aqmif;yg;tcsdK@udk a&;om;cJhao;onf? T
aemufqHk;a&;om;csufrsm;wGif olonf aqmif&Guf+yD;onfh vkyfief;rsm;tay: jyefvnfqef;

ppft+yD; qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&; ta&;awmfyHkwGif v,form;xkudk yg0ifvmapjcif;jzifh
u|efawmfwdk@EdkifiHwGif qdk&S,fvpfpepf wnfaqmufa&;twGuf pDrHudef;udka&;qGJcJhonf? T
pDrHudef;wGif qdk&S,fvpfpepf wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;twGif; v,form;yg0ifvma&;udk tm
rcHEkdif&efjzpfaom ol. or0g,rpDrHudef;yg0ifonf?
vDeifu a,bk,stm;jzifh or0g,rtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ txl;ojzifh v,f,mor0g,r
tzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk ul;ajymif;a&;enf;emw&yftjzpf oabmxm;onf? Tenf;emudk oef;aygi;f
rsm;pGmaom v,form;xku em;vnfoabmaygu+f yD; vufvrS ;f rSED ikd o
f nf? t ao;pm;woD;
yk * ~ v d u v,f , mvk y f i ef ; ud k t}uD ; pm; xk w f v k y f a &; tzG J @ tpnf ; rsm; od k @ r[k w f
pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;tjzpf ul;ajymif;&efjzpfonf? vDeifu wkdif;jynf. v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;
jzpfay:wdk;wuf&ef vdkuf&rnfhvrf;pOfrSm v,form;rsm;udk or0g,rtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSwqifh
qdk&S,fvpfpepf wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;twGif; qGJoGif;&ef/ v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;wGif pkaygif;
r_rsm;udk wjznf;jznf;oGif;&ef/ yxra&mif;csjcif;wGif pwif+yD;/ aemufrS ,mxGufoD;ESHrsm;
pdkufysKd;a&;wGif jyKvkyf&efjzpfa=umif; axmufjycJhonf? ypPnf;rJhtm%m&SifpepfESifh tvkyf
orm;vlwef;pm;ESihf v,form;xk. r[mrdwzf @JG r&_ aSd ejcif;/ v,form;xktay: ypPn;f rJrh sm;.
acgi;f aqmifr_ tmrcHcsu&f aSd ejcif;ESihf qd&k ,
S v
f pfpufrv
_ yk if ef;wnf&aSd ejcif;wd@k a=umifh vDeifu
oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom v,form;rsm; yg0ifywfoufonfh pepfwus zGJpnf;xm;aom jzpf
xGef;aeonfh or0g,rpepfonf u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynfwGif jynfh0jynfhpHkaom qdk&S,fvpf
tzGJ@tpnf;wnfaxmifrnfh enf;emjzpfa=umif; ajym=um;cJhonf?
1923 ck {+yDvwGif ygwDonf 12 }udrfajrmuf uGef*&ufudk usif;ycJhonf? TonfrSm
abmf&SDApfrsm; tm%modrf;+yD;aemuf vDeif rwufa&mufEdkifaom yxrqHk;aomuGef*&ufjzpf
onf/ uGef*&ufodk@ ygwD0if 386000 udk udk,fpm;jyKonfh rJay;Ekdifaomudk,fpm;vS,f 408
OD;wufa&mufcJhonf? TonfrSm ,cifuGef*&ufxufenf;+yD;/ enf;&onfhta=umif;&if;rSm
=um;umvxJwGif ygwDtykyfcsyGJ qufvufusif;yae+yD; ygwD0if&mckdifE_ef;tcsKdrSm txkwf
cH&aoma=umifhjzpfonf? rJray;Edkifonfh udk,fpm;vS,f 417 OD;vnf; wufa&mufcJhonf?
12 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufu if;. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif vDeif. r=umcifu
a&;om;cJhonfh aqmif;yg;rsm;/ ay;pm;rsm;rS axmufcHcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;azmfjycJhonf?
uGef*&ufu pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopfudk qdk&S,fvpftajctaetqifhrS aemufqkwfjcif;/
t&if;&Sifpepftm; tavsmhay;vufeufcsjcif;[k vufcHolrsm;udka&m t&if;&SifpepftaESmif
tzGJ@odk@ jyefOD;vSnfh&ef ajymqdkaeoludkyg jyif;xefpGm jypfwifa0zefcJhonf? uGef*&ufwGif T
uJhodk@aom t}uHay;csufrsm;udk xa&mhpuD. aemufvkdufrsm;jzpfaom &m'ufcfESifh u&mpif
(Karassin) wd@k u wifoiG ;f cJo
h nf? olw@kd u qdAk ,
D ufEikd if t
H wGuf aoa&;&Siaf &;wr# ta&;yg
vdktyfaom pufr_vkyfief;cGJrsm;wGif txl;tcGifhta&;rsm;ay;onfhyHkpHjzifh EkdifiHjcm; t&if;&Sif
rsm;. oem;uk%mcH,loifha=umif;/ olwdk@udk tav#mhay;oifha=umif; wifjyvmonf?
atmufwb
kd m awmfveS af &;u y,fzsucf o
hJ nfh Zmbk&iftpd;k &. auG;+rDrsm;udv
k nf; u|eaf wmf
wdk@uay;&ef olwdk@uwifjyonf? ygwDu usefvufeufcs tav#mhay;onfh t}uH ay;csufrsm;
udk opPmazmufr_tjzpf tjypfwif&_wfcs a0zefwHqdyfwyfay;vkdufonf? ygwDu txl;tcGifh
ta&; ay;a&;ay:vpDudk rjiif;y,faomfvnf; qdkAD,ufEkdifiHawmftwGuf tusKd;&dSrnfh vkyf
ief;rsKd;ESifh twkdif;twmrsKd;wGifomay;&efjzpfonf?
uGef*&ufrwkdifrDuyif blcg&ifESifh qdkudkvfeDaumhAfwdk@u EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,fa&;wGif EkdifiH
awmfydkifvkyfxm;r_udk zsufodrf;&ef wifjycJhonf? pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopfonf t&if;&Sifpepfudk
tav#mah y;vku
d af vsmjcif;jzpfonfqadk om ,lqcsut
f ay: Y Tt=uHay;wifjycsuu
f tajccH
xm;jcif;vnf;jzpfonf? vDeifu blcg&ifudk tjrwf}uD;pm;rsm;/ ul;vwfrsm;/ eufyfrif rsm;.
ud,
k pf m;vS,t
f jzpf wHqyd w
f yfvu
dk o
f nf? 12 }udraf jrmuf uGe*f &ufu Edik if jH cm;ukef oG,af &;
. vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_udk tm;enf;csKd,Gif;aprnfh }udK;yrf;csufrsm;udk ckdifrmpGmwGef; vSefypf
vkdufonf?
tE W&m,f}uD;vSonfh v,form;ay:vpDw&yfudk ygwDtm; vufcHap&ef wifoGif;vm
rnfh xa&mhpuD. }udK;yrf;csufudkvnf; uGef*&ufu wGef;vSefypfvdkuf+yD; wkdif;jynfwGif;&dS
tao;pm;v,form; v,f,mvkyfief;v$rf;rkd;r_rSm arhaysmufIrjzpfaom wu,fhtcsuf
tvufjzpfa=umif; xkwaf zmfajymqdv
k u
kd o
f nf? t}u;D pm; pufrv
_ yk if ef;tygt0if pufr_ vkyif ef;
jzpfay:wdk;wufr_rsm;onf v,form;vlxk}uD;. tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh rqef@usif&bJ vkyf
om;vlxw
k &yfv;kH . tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuf v,form;rsm;ESihf eD;uyfpmG yl;aygi;f qufpyfr_ ay:wGif
tajccH&rnf[k xda&mufjywfom;pGm a=unmvdu
k o
f nf? TqH;k jzwfcsurf sm;u xa&mhpuDukd
tajzay;vdu
k jf cif;jzpf+yD; xa&mhpuDu u|eaf wmfw@kd . pufrv
_ yk if ef;rsm;udk v,form;rsm;tm;
toH;k cstjrwfxw
k I
f wnfaqmufoifah =umif; wifjyxm;um wu,f pifppfrmS awmh olonf
ypPnf;rJhrsm;ESifh v,form; r[mrdwfzGJ@onfhay:vpDudk vufcHjcif; rjyKoljzpfonf?
wcsdefwnf;wGif xa&mhpuDu wkdif;jynfumuG,fa&;twGuf ta&;}uD;aom jyLwD
avmhAf/ b&mef;cffponfh vkyfief;}uD;rsm;udk tjrwftpGef;r&dS[laom pGJcsuftajccHay:wGif
ydwfypf&ef tqdkwifcJhjyefonf? uGef*&ufu xa&mhpuD. wifjycsufudk jyif;xefpGma0zef+yD;
y,fcsvu
kd o
f nf?
uGef*&ufodk@ a&;om;ay;ydk@cJhaom vDeif. t}uHay;csuft& 12 }udrfajrmufuGef*&uf
onf ygwDA[dkcsKyfudkifa&;aumfr&SifESifh tvkyform;/ v,form; pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@wdk@ukd
wzGJ@wnf;tjzpf yl;aygif;vkdufonf? Tyl;aygif;vdkufonfhtzGJ@udk ygwDpnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;
xdef;odrf;umuG,fa&;/ ygwDESifh jynfoljynfom;rsm;. pnf;urf;rsm; awmifhwif;ckdifrma&;ESifh
qdkAD,ufEdkifiHawmf puf,E W&m;enf;aygif;pHkjzifh aumif;rGefwdk;wufa&;qdkonfh ta&;}uD;
wm0efrsm;udk tyfESif;ay;xm;vkdufonf?
uGef*&uftpDtpOfwGif ta&;}uD;tcsufrSm trsKd;om;a&;jy\emjzpf+yD;/ TonfESifh
ywfowfonfh tpD&ifcpH mudk &Jabmfpwmvifu wifoiG ;f cJo
h nf? &Jabmfpwmvifu trsK;d om;
a&;jy\emtay: u|efawmfwdk@. ay:vpD. EkdifiHwumta&;ygr_udk tav;ay; ajym=um;cJh

onf? ta&SESit
hf aemufEikd if rH sm;&dS tzdEydS cf jH ynforl sm;twGuf trsK;d om; jy\emudk ajz&Si;f +yD;/
trsKd;om;zdESdyfr_udk y,fzsuf&mwGif qdkAD,uf,leD,Honf pHjyyHkpH jzpfvmawmhonf? olu
qd k A D , uf , l e D , H & d S vl r sKd ; rsm;t=um; pD ; yG m ;a&;ES i f h ,Of a us;r_ rnD r r#jzpf a er_ r sm;ud k
tqH;k owfypf&ef tifwu
kd t
f m;wdu
k f vkyaf qmifcsurf sm; vdt
k yfonf[k axmufjycJo
h nf? olu
trsKd;om;a&;jy\emwGif wdrf;apmif;r_rsm;jzpfonfh k&Sm;vlrsKd;}uD;0g'ESifh a'o "e&Sif
trsKd;om;a&;0g'wdk@tay: jywfjywfom;om;wdkufyGJ0if&ef ygwDudk awmif;qdkvdkufonf?
uGeu
f &ufwiG f trsK;d om;a&;0g'D wdr;f apmif;olrsm;ESihf vlrsK;d pkrsm;tay: if;wd@k . vlrsK;d }u;D
(v$rf;rdk;onfhvlrsKd;) ay:vpDrsm;udk azmfxkwfzGifhcsvdkufonf? xdktcsdefu a*smf*sD,m
trsK;d om;a&;0g'rD sm;jzpfaom rpf'AD meD (Mdivani)ESihf tcsK@d onf ygwu
D kd qef@usiaf e=u onf?
olwdk@onf x&ef@aumhau;&Sm;z,f'a&;&Sif;udk qef@usifcJh=u+yD;/ w&ef@aumhau;&Sm; &dS
vlrsKd;rsm;t=um; cspf=unf&if;ESD;r_ wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;udk qef@usif=uonf? wdrf;apmif;ol
rsm;onf a*sm*f s,
D m&dS tjcm;vlrsK;d rsm;tay: ajymifajymifwif;wif;yif vlrsK;d }u;D rsm;uJo
h @kd usi}hf uH
vk y f a qmif a e=uonf ? ol w d k @ onf wzuf r S a*smf * sD , mr[k w f o l r sm;/ txl ; ojzif h
tmar;eD;,m;rsm;udk tpkvdkuft+yHKvkduf armif;xkwfypfae+yD; a*smf*sD,mvlrsKd;r[kwfolrsm;
ESihf vufxyfonfh a*sm*f s,
D mtrsK;d orD;rsm;udk a*sm*f s,
D mEkid if o
H m;tjzpfrS kyo
f rd ;f onfh Oya'udk
jymef;cJ=h uonf? a*sm*f s,
D m trsK;d om;a&;0g'D wdr;f apmif;olrsm;udk xa&mhpuD/ &m'ufc/f blcg&if/
pufcf&yffepfcf (Skrypnik) ESifh &maumhAfpuD; (Rakovsky)wdk@u axmufcHcJh =uonf?
uGe*f &uf+yD;v#i+f yD;jcif; trsK;d om;jy\emudk aqG;aEG;&ef trsK;d om;orRwEkid if rH sm;rS ygwD
vkyfom;rsm;udk txl;uGefz&ifhac:,l usif;ycJhonf? TwGif "e&Sifwmwm trsKd;om;a&; 0g'D
qlvwef*gvpfAf (Sultan Galiev) tkypf Ek iS hf OpPbuftrsK;d om;a&;0g'D zkid Zf v
l macg'h f *sm,ufAf
(Faizulla Khodjayev)tkyfpk wdk@udk azmfxkwfzGifhcscJhonf?
12 }udrfajrmufygwDuGef*&ufu vGefcJhonfhESpfESpftwGif; pD;yGm;a&;opfay:vpD.
tusKd;tjrwfrsm;udk jyefvnfqef;ppfcJhonf? Tonfrsm;rSm tvGeftm;wufzG,f&m
&v'frsm;jzpf+yD; aemufqHk;ydwfatmifyGJtwGuf ,Hk=unfcsufudk cdkifrmapcJhygonf?
&Jabmfpwmvifu u|Efkyfwdk@ygwDonf pnf;vHk;nDnGwf+yD; wpkwpnf;wnf; ckdifrmae
onf? ygwDonf tvGefta&;ygaom tvSnfhtajymif;. prf;oyfr_udk }uHh}uHhcHEkdifcJh+yD;
xl;cGsefajymifajrmufpGm a&S@odk@csDwufaeonf[k uGef*&ufwGif a=unmvkdufonf?
4? pD;yGm;a&; jyefvnfxlaxmifwnfaqmufa&;twGif; tcuftcJrsm;udk wdkufyGJ qifjcif;?

xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;u if;wdk@.v_yf&Sm;r_udk wdk;jrifhvmjcif;? vDeif emrusef;jzpfr_tm;
tcGifhaumif; ,lI ygwDaqG;aEG;yGJopfrsm;? xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm; _H;edrfhjcif;? vDeifuG,fvGefjcif;?
vDeiftxdrf;trSwfygwD0if av#mufv$mwifjcif;? 13 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf?
trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&; jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;}udK;yrf;&mwGif yxrESpfrsm;wGifyif odom
xif&mS ;aom tusK;d &v'frsm; ay:xGuv
f monf? 1924 ckwiG f e,fy,ftm;vH;k Y wd;k wufrr_ sm;
awG@jrifvm&onf? 1921 ckrSpI aumufyJoD;ESHpdkufysKd;{&d,monf odompGm wdk;vm+yD;
v,form;rsm;. v,f,mvkyif ef;rSmvnf; wjznf;jznf; wd;k wufaumif;rGef vmonf? qd&k ,
S f
vpfpufr_vkyfief;vnf; }uD;xGm;vmvsuf&dSum us,fjyef@vmaeonf? tvkyform;vlwef;
pm;onf ta&twGut
f m;jzifh t}uD;tus,f wd;k yGm;vmvsu&f o
Sd nf? vcrsm;vnf; jrifw
h uf
vmaeonf? tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;.b0onf 1920-21 ckESpfrsm;ESifh E_dif;pmaomf
ydkrdkIaumif;rGefvmonf?
odk@aomf pD;yGm;a&;a=ujyKef;r_ '%f&m'%fcsufrsm; qufvufusef&dS+rJ &dSaeao;onf?
pufr_vkyfief;rSm ppfyGJrwdkifrDtqifhxuf edrfhusaeao;+yD; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_rSmvnf; wkdif;jynf
vdktyfcsufESifh trsm;}uD;uGm[ aemufusaeao;onf? 1923 ckESpf tukefwGif tvkyfvufrJh
1 oef;cef@&dS+yD;/ trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;rSmvnf; tvkyfvufrJhrsm;udk odrf;oGif;&ef tvGefaES;auG;
pGm wdk;wufaeonf? ukefoG,fa&; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_rSmvnf; puf&Hkrsm;rS xGufvmonfh
ukeyf pPn;f rsm;. tvGet
f rif; }uD;jrifv
h o
S nfh aps;E_e;f rsm;a=umifh aESmifah ES;aemufusae& onf?
euf y f r if E S i f h u|Ef k y f w k d @ uk e f o G , f a &;tzG J @ tpnf ; wG i f ; &d S euf y f r if tpd w f t yd k i f ; rsm;u
Taps;E_ef;rsm;udk wkdif;jynftay: pnf;=uyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? Tta=umif;a=umifh k&Sm;
lb,fvfaiGonf tvGeftrif; rwnfr+idrfjzpfum wef;zkd;t&usqif;oGm;&onf? T tcsuf
tvufrsm;u tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;. tajctaeaumif;rGef wdk;wufa&;udk ydwfyif
wm;qD;aeayonf?
1923 ckaqmif;OD;umvwGif u|Ekfyfwdk@. pufr_vkyfief;ESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; tzGJ@t
pnf;rsm;u qdkAD,uf aps;E_ef;ay:vpDudk azmufzsufjcif;a=umifh pD;yGm;a&; tcuftcJrsm;rSm
ydkrdkqdk;0g;oa,mif jzpfvmonf? pufHktvkyfHktwGuf ypPnf;rsm;wefzdk;ESifh v,f,mxGuf
ypPnf;wefzdk;t=um; uGm[csufrSm }uD;rm;aeonf? oD;ESHwefzdk;rSm edrfhusae+yD;/ pufHk tvkyf
Hx
k u
G yf pPn;f rsm; wefz;kd rSm tqrwefjrifrh m;aeonf? pufrv
_ ufrv
_ yk if ef;rsm;wGif tvGef tu|H
tydu
k ek u
f sp&dwrf sm;a=umifh 0efyad e+yD;/ xdak =umifyh if ukeyf pPn;f aps;E_e;f rsm; jrifw
h uf &jyefonf?
v,f o rm;rsm;taejzif h if ; wd k @ oD ; ES H t wG u f &&d S v d k u f o nf h a iG r S m vnf ; tvsif t jref
wefzdk;usqif;oGm;onf? tajctaersm; ydkrdkqdk;0g;csifawmh xdktcsdefu trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;
aumifpD0if xa&mhpuD0g'D ysmwmaumhAfu pufr_vufr_vkyfief; jzpfay:wdk; wufa&;udk &nf
&G,I
f [k toHaumif;[pfum puft
kH vkyf rkH S xGu&f o
Sd nfh ypPn;f rsm;udk aps;E_e;f tjrifq
h ;kH txd
jrifhwifuma&mif;cs+yD; tjrwfrsm;&wwfor# npfxkwf,l&ef &mZ0wfr_wr#}uD;av; onfh

nef=um;csufudk xkwfvkdufonf? trSefrSmrl Tay:vpDonf pufr_vufr_ vkyfief; tajccHudk
usO;f ajrmif;ap+yD; tiftm;csnehf @J aponf? v,form;rsm;twGuf puft
kH vkyf rkH S xGu&f o
Sd nfh
ypPnf;rsm;0,f,l&ef rnfonfh tusKd;tjrwfr#r&dSonfhtwGuf olwdk@ r0,f =uawmhacs?
tusKd;rSm ta&mif;xdkif;oGm;+yD; tusyftwnf;qkdufum xdkrSwqifh pufr_ vufr_vkyfief;rsm;
xd c d k u f u k e f o nf ? vpmrsm;ay;&ef tcuf t cJ r sm; }uH K awG @ vm&onf ? Tonf u
tvkyform;rsm;t=um; rauseyfr_rsm;udk jzpfay:apcJhonf? tcsKdpuf&Hkrsm;wGif ydkrdk
tawG;tac:aemufusonfh tvkyform;rsm;onf tvkyfrvkyf=uawmhacs?
ygwAD [dak umfrwDonf TtcuftcJrsm;ESihf tvGv
J t
JG acsmaf csmjf zpfrr_ sm;udk z,fmS ;&ef
enf;vrf;rsm;udk csrw
S v
f u
kd o
f nf? ta&mif;xkid ;f usqif;oGm;r_ukd ausmv
f m$ ;Ekid &f ef ajcvSr;f rsm;
vSrf;cJhonf? pm;oHk;ukefypPnf;rsm;. aps;E_ef;udk avsmhcsvdkufonf? aiGa=u;udk jyefvnfjyKjyif
&efESifh wnf+idrfckdifrmonfhaiGa=u;,lepf (Cheruonete) udk vufcHtoHk;jyK&ef qHk;jzwfonf?
yHkrSefvpmrsm;udk jyefvnfxkwfay;cJhonf? EdkifiHawmfESifh or0g,rvrf;a=umif;rsm;jzifh ukef
oG,fa&; jzpfay:wdk;wufap&efESifh woD;yk*~vdu ukefonfrsm;ESifh tjrwf}uD;pm;rsm; yaysmuf
ap&ef enf;vrf;rsm;udk a&;qGJvkdufonf?
,ckvt
kd yfonfrmS vlwidk ;f wlno
D nfh }udK;yrf;r_wiG f yg0if=u+yD;/ tuFsv
D ufarmif;yifh um
tm;&yg;& pdwfygvufyg tvkyfvkyf=u&efomjzpfonf? ygwDudk opPm&dSoltm;vHk;u
Tenf;twkdif; pOf;pm;cJh+yD; vkyfaqmifcJh=uonf? odk@aomf xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;u Ttwdkif;
r[kwfcJhacs? olwdk@onf jyif;xefpGmemrusef;jzpfr_a=umifh tdyf&mrSrxEkdifaom vDeifr&dSr_ udk
tcGifhaumif;,lum ygwDESifh tzGJ@. acgif;aqmifr_wdk@udk wdkufcdkuf&ef vkyfaqmifvmonf?
olwdk@u Ttcsdefonf ygwDudkacsr_ef;+yD;/ ygwD.acgif;aqmifr_udkjzKwfcs&ef tcGifhomaom
tcsdefaumif;jzpfonf[k qHk;jzwf=uonf? olwdk@onf ygwDudkwdkufcdkuf&ef vufeuftjzpf
oHk;Ekdifor# t&mwkdif;udk toHk;jyKcJhonf? 1923 ck aqmif;OD;umvtwGif; *smreDESifh
blvfa*;&D;,m;Y awmfvSefa&;H_;edrfhr_/ jynfwGif;Y pD;yGg;a&;tusyftwnf;/ vDeif. emrusef;
jzpfr_ ponfrh sm;jzpfonf? ygwaD cgi;f aqmif rrmruse;f jzpfae+yD; qdAk ,
D ufEidk if aH wmf tcuftcJ
}uHKae&onfh usefumvwGif xa&mhpuDonf abmf&SDApfygwDtay: pwifwdkufckdufvmcJhonf?
olonf ygwDwGif;&dS vDeifqef@usifonfh tpdwftydkif;tm;vHk;udk pnf;Hk;pkpnf;vdkuf+yD;/ ygwD.
acgif;aqmifr_ESifh ygwD. ay:vpDrsm;udkqef@usifonfh twdkuftcHa=unmcsufwpfckudk
zefwD;vdkufonf? Ta=unmmcsufudk twdkuftcHorm; av;q,fhajcmufOD; a=unmcsuf[k
ac:onf? xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;/ 'Drdkua&pDtv,ftvwf0g'Drsm;ESifh vuf0JuGefjrLepfESifh
tvkyo
f rm;twdu
k cf H tkypf rk sm;rS tuGi;f tuserf sm; ponfh twdu
k t
f cHtyk pf rk sm; tm;vk;H
onf vDeif0g'DygwDudk wdkufcdkuf&ef pnf;Hk;oGm;=uonf? 4if;wdk. a=unmcsufwGif pD;yGm;a&;
tusyt
f wnf;tcuftcJrsm;ESihf qkAd ,
D uftm%m+ydKvJru
_ kd edrw
d zf wfvu
kd +f yD; xdt
k ajctaerS
wckwnf;aomxGufayguftjzpf *dk%f;tpktzGJ@rsm;tm; vGwfvyfcGifhay;&ef awmif;qkdvdkuf

onf?
TonfrSm 10 }udrfajrmufuGef*&ufu vDeifwifjycsuft& wm;qD;ydwfyifcJhaom
*dk%f;cGJa&;0g'udk jyefvnfwnfaxmifvm&ef tm;wkdufvmjcif;jzpfonf?
xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;onf v,f,mpkdufysdK;a&; odk@r[kwf pufr_vkyfief; wdk;wufaumif;
rGefa&;twGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ ukefypPnf;rsm;vnfywfa&;wGif wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;
twGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ tvkyform;jynfolrsm;. tajctaeaumif;rGefa&;twGuf
aomfvnf;aumif; t=uHay;wifjycsuf wckwavr#yif rjyKvkyfcJhacs? olwkd@onf Tonfudk
pdwf0ifpm;jcif;vnf; r&Sday? olwdk@ pdwf0ifpm;onfh wckwnf;aomta=umif;rSm ygwDwGif;
*d%
k ;f cGrJ sm; jyefvnfwnfaxmif&ef/ ygwD tajccHtw
k jf rpfrsm;ESihf A[kad umfrwDukd tiftm;csnhf
eJ@ap&ef/ vDeif. tpnf;ta0;rwufa&mufEdkifr_udk tcGifhaumif;,l&efomjzpfonf?
av;q,fhajcmufOD;. a=unmcsufxkwf+yD;aemuf xa&mhpuD. ay;pmwpfapmif
xkwfjyefonf? xkdtxJwGif olu ygwDau'grsm;udk r[kwfrrSef ykwfcwfa&;om;+yD; ygwDtay:
*k%foduQmxdcdkufaponfh pGyfpGJcsuftopfrsm;udk wifvkdufonf? xkdtxJwGif xa&mhpuDxHrS
,cifumvrsm;u ygwDt}udrf}udrf=um;cJh&aom rif&SDApfta=umif;t&ma[mif;rsm;udk
xyfjyefwvJvJ azmfjyxm;ygonf?
yxrtcsuftaejzihf xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;onf ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk wdkufcdkufcJhonf?
ygwDonf oefrmawmifhwif;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;r&Sdv#if qufvuf&Sifoefv_yf&Sm; vkyfudkif
&ef rjzpfEdkifa=umif; olwdk@odonf? twdkuftcHrsm;u ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk tiftm;csnfheJ@
ysufpD;oGm;ap&efvnf;aumif;/ ygwD0ifrsm;u Tonfwdk@udk qef@usifvmap&efvnf;aumif;/
vli,fygwD0ifrsm;u ygwD. vufHk;a[mif;=uD;rsm;ukd qef@usifap&efvnf;aumif; }udK;
pm;cJ=h uonf? TtxJwiG f xa&mhpuDu ygw.
D xa&mhpuD0g'twdu
k cf &H onfh wdu
k yf JG ordik ;f ukd
od u |rf ; em;vnf j cif ; r&S d o nf h vl i ,f y gwD 0 if a usmif ; om;rsm;uk d csOf ; uyf c J h o nf ?
ausmif;om;rsm;. axmufcHr_&&SdEdkif&ef xa&mhpuDu olwkd@ukd ygwD.pdwftcs&qkH; tajct
aejyud&,
d m [k ajrmufyifh ac:qkv
d u
kd +f yD; wcsed w
f nf;rSmyif vDeif0g'D vla[mif;}uD;rsm;onf
ysufpD; ,kd,Gif;oGm;+yD[k ajymqkdvkdufonf? 'kwd,tifwme,f&Sife,f. acgif;aqmifrsm;
ysufpD;,kd,Gif;vmr_ukd &nf!ef;ajymqkd&if; olu abmf&SDApfa[mif;}uD;rsm;vnf; Tvrf;
a=umif;twkdif; av#mufaea=umif; ,kwfrmpGmr[kwfrrSef apmif;ajrmif;ajymqkdcJhonf? ygwD.
ysufpD;,dk,Gif;r_tay: TuJhokd@ _wfcsvkdufjcif;jzifh xa&mhpuDonf olukd,fwkdif. ysufpD;
,dk,Gif;r_ESifh ol. ygwDqef@usifonfhpDrHudef;udk zkH;uG,f&ef }udK;pm;cJhonf?
xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;onf twdkuftcHpmwrf; 2 apmifjzpfonfh av;q,fhajcmufOD;a=u
nmcsufESifh xa&mhpuDay;pmukd ckdifrsm;okdESifh ygwDuvmyfpnf;rsm;t=um; jzef@a0vkduf+yD;
ygwD0ifrsm; aqG;aEG;&efwifjyvkdufonf?
olw@kd u ygwu
D adk qG;aEG;&ef pdeaf c:vku
d o
f nf? Tenf;jzifh xa&mhpuD0g'rD sm;onf ygwu
D kd
taxGaxGaqG;aEG;yGJac:,l&ef zdtm;ay;vdkuf+yD; Todk@ 10 }udrfajrmufuGef*&ufrwdkifrD
tvkyo
f rm;or*~jy\em tay: tjiif;yGm;pOfumvu vkycf o
hJ nft
h wdik ;f jyKvkyjf cif;yifjzpfyg
onf?
ygwo
D nf wdik ;f jynf. pD;yGm;a&;ESiyhf wfoufI ydrk t
kd a&;}uD;aomjy\emrsm;jzifh tvkyf
_yfaeaomfvnf; pdrfac:r_udk vufcHvkduf+yD; aqG;aEG;yGJac:vdkufonf?
ygwDw&yfvkH; 0ifa&mufaqG;aEG;cJh=uonf? wkdufyGJrSm tvGefjyif;xefcJhonf? +rdKawmf&Sd
ygwt
D zG@J tpnf;udk odr;f ydu
k Ef ikd &f ef xa&mhpuD0g'rD sm;u tjyif;txef}udK;yrf;cJrh a_ =umifh armfpudk
wGifwdkufyGJrsm; tjyif;txefqkH; jzpfcJh&onf? odk@aomfaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;onf xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;
twGuf bmrStusKd ;r&Scd ahJ cs? if;wd@k twGuf t&Suw
f uGJ tusKd ;enf;omjzpfc&hJ onf? olw@dk onf
armfpudw
k iG af &m/ qkAd ,
D uf,el ,
D .
H tjcm;a'orsm;wGiyf g vk;H 0_;H edrhf oGm;=u onf? wuUov
kd f
rsm;ESifh Hk;rsm;&Sd uvmyfpnf;tenf;tusOf;r#uom xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;tm; rJay;cJh=uonf?
1924 ck Zefe0g&DvwGif ygwDonf 13 }udrfajrmufuGefz&ifhudk ac:qkdvkdufonf?
uGezf &ifw
h iG f &Jabmf pwmvifu aqG;aEG;yG.
J &&Scd surf sm;udk ed*;Hk csKyf+yD; tpD&ifccH o
hJ nf? uGezf &ifh
u xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;. twdkuftcHjyKr_ukd _wfcsvdkuf+yD;/ TonfrSm rmhufpf0g'rS "e&Sif
aygufpwdrf;apmif;r_ jzpfonf[k a=unmvkdufonf? uGefz&ifh. qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk 13
=udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufESifh uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,f. yOPr}udrfajrmuf uGef*&ufwkd@u
qufvufoabmwl axmufcHcJhonf? EdkifiHwumuGefjrLepfypPnf;rJhrsm;u xa&mhpuD0g'udk
qef@usifwkdufcdkufcJhonfh abmf&SDApfygwDudk axmufcHcJhonf?
odk@aomf xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;onf olwkd@.tzsufvkyfief;rsm;udk &yfrypfcJhacs? 1924 ck
aqmif;OD;wGif xa&mhpuDonf atmufwkdbmoifcef;pmrsm; [kacgif;pOfwyfxm;onfh
aqmif;yg;wpfapmifxkwfa0cJh+yD;/ xa&mhpuD0g'DESifh vDeif0g'udk tpm;xkd;&ef}udK;yrf;cJhonf?
TonfrSm u|efawmfwdk@ ygwDESifh acgif;aqmifvDeiftay: r[kwfrrSef vkyf}uHr_oufoufom
jzpfonf? T toa&ysufapaompmwrf;udk uGefjrLepf0g'ESifh qkdAD,uftm%m. &efoltm;
vkH;u trdt& zrf;udkifvkdufayonf? TuJhodk@ abmf&SDApf0g'. &JpGrf;owWdordkif;tay: r[kwf
rrSef ykzH suaf jymqkjd cif;tay: ygwo
D nf tvGet
f rif;a'gojzpfco
hJ nf? pwmvifu xa&mh puD.
vDeif0g'udk xa&mhpuD0g'ESihf tpm;xk;d &ef }uKd ;yrf;r_tm; _wcf sco
hJ nf? olu xa&mh puD0g'ukd
tawG;tac:pD;a=umif;tjzpf jrKyfESHypf&efrSm ygwD.wm0efjzpfonf [k a=unm vdkufonf?
xa&mh p uD 0 g'. tawG ; tac:a&;&musqk H ; r_ E S i h f vD e if 0 g'umuG , f a &;twG u f
ta&;ygxad &mufonfh vkyaf qmifcsuw
f pf&yfrmS 1924 ck xkwaf 0vdu
k af om &Jabmfpwmvif.
oabmw&m;a&;&mpmtkyf vDeif0g'tajccHrsm; yifjzpfonf? Tpmtkyfonf vDeif0g'ukd
u|r;f usiEf idk ef if;pGm&Si;f vif;jyxm;+yD; av;eufcidk rf maom azmfjycsuv
f nf;jzpfonf? Tpmtkyf
onf urBmay:&Sd abmf&SDApfrsm;.vufxJrS xufjrufvSaomrmhufpf0g'/ vDeif0g' oabm
w&m;a&; vufeufjzpfcJh+yD;/ ,ae@txdvnf; jzpfqJyif&Sdonf? xa&mhpuD0g'Dtm; wdkufcdkufcJh
onfhpmwrf;onf ygwDA[kdaumfrwDxJwGifzGJ@pnf;aom usaemfwkd@wdkif;jynf. qkd&S,fvpf

pepfatmifyGJtjzpf xyfrHwkdufyGJ0if&ef pnf;Hk;v_H@aqmfcJhonf? v_@HaqmfonfhpmwGif qdk&S,f
vpfpepfatmifjrifpGm xyfrHcsDwufEdkifa&;tmrcH&efrSm xa&mhpuD0g'udk tawG;tac:t&
zsufypf&rnfjzpfa=umif; oufaojycJhonf?
xa&mhpuD0g'udk wdu
k yf 0JG ifco
hJ nhf Tumvudk jyefvnfqef;ppf&if; &Jabmfpwmvifuxa&mhpuD0g' rusq;Hk cJv
h #if pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopf. ta=umif;tcsurf sm;atmufwiG f
atmify&JG Edik rf nfr[kwf ,ae@&k mS ;udk qk&d ,
S v
f pf&k mS ;tjzpf ajymif;vJEikd rf nfr[kwf [kqcdk hJ
onf?
odk@aomf ygwD. vDeif0g'D ay:vpDrsm;udk umuG,fapmifha&SmufonfhatmifyGJrsm;tm;
,cktcg ygwDESifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;tay: usa&mufvmaom tepfemqHk;aom ab;
tE &W m,f}uD;u zH;k v$r;f oGm;cJo
h nf? 1924 Zefe0g&D 21 &ufae@wiG f u|eaf wmfw@kd . acgi;f aqmif
ESifhq&m}uD;/ aAmf&SDApfygwDudkwnfaxmifol vDeifonf armfpudk teD; a*:uD&GmwGif uG,fvGef
oGm;cJhonf? urBmay:&dS tvkyform;vlwef;pm;u vDeifuG,fvGefr_udk tqdk;0g;qHk;aom
epfemqHk;H_;r_[k ,lqcJhonf? vDeif. psmyeae@wGif EdkifiHwumypPnf;rJhrsm;u tvkyf ig;rdepf
&yf&ef a=unmvdkufonf? rD;&xm;vrf;/ pufHktvkyfHkrsm;tm;vHk; &yfwef@oGm;=uonf?
vDeiftm; *loGif;pOf wurBmvHk;&dS tvkyform;vlxk}uD;onf rdrdwdk@. zcifESifh q&mtjzpf
vnf;aumif;/ taumif;qH;k rdwaf qGEiS hf umuG,af pmifah &Smufot
l jzpfvnf;aumif;/ 0rf;enf;w,
o ,l}uHK;r&jzifh tav;jyKcJh=uonf?
vDeifudk qHk;H_;vdkuf&r_u qdkAD,uf,leD,H&Sd tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ukd vDeif0g'D ygwD
ywfvnfwiG f ykrd cdk idk rf mawmifw
h if;pGm0kid ;f &HapcJo
h nf? T0rf;enf;ylaqG;onfh ae@&ufrsm; twGi;f
vlwef;pm;tod&Sdonfh tvkyform;wkdif;onf vDeif. awmif;qkdcsuf trdef@rSmwrf;rsm;ukd
taumiftwnfazmf&ef v$Jtyfjcif;cH&aom uGefjrLepfygwDtay: rdrdwkd@.oabmxm;rsm;
ukad zmfjy=uonf? ygwAD [dak umfrwDonf tvkyo
f rm;rsm;xHrS ygw0D ifciG ahf v#mufvm$ axmif
ESifhaomif;ESifhcsDI vufcH&&dSvdkufonf? wdk;wufonfh tvkyform;rsm;. Tv_yfSm;r_udk ygwD
A[dak umfrwDu todtrSwjf yKwk@H jyefvu
kd +f yD; ygww
D iG ;f od@k wd;k wufonft
h vkyf orm;rsm; tm;
0ifcGifh/ vDeiftxdrf;trSwf ygwD0ifcGifhudk a=unmvkdufonf? axmifESifhaomif;ESifh csDaom
tvkyform;rsm; ygwDwGif;odk@ tpkvkduft+yHKvdkuf 0ifa&mufcJhonf? olwdk@onf ygwD. t
a&;awmfyHktwGuf/ vDeif. ta&;awmfyHktwGuf rdrdwkd@toufukd pGef@v$wf&ef tqifoifh
jyifqifxm;olrsm;jzpfonf? umvwdkav;twGif; tvkyform; 240000 onf abmf&SDApf
ygwDwGif;0ifa&mufcJhonf? olwdk@onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. a&Swef;ta&mufqHk;
tpdwftydkif;/ vlwef;pm;tod&dSqHk;ESifh awmfvSefa&;tusqHk; &JpGrf;owWdt&dSqHk;ESifh pnf;urf;
t&dSqHk;olrsm;jzpfonf? TonfrSm vDeif txdrf;trSwf ygwD0ifjcif; jzpfonf?
vDeifuG,fvGefjcif;tay: *,ufkdufr_u u|efawmfwdk@ygwD. vlxkESifh eD;eD;uyfuyf
qufpyfaer_udkvnf;aumif;/ tvkyform;rsm;. toJESvHk;=um;wGif vDeifygwD rnfr#jrifhjrifh
rm;rm;a&muf&dSaeonfudkvnf;aumif; jyovkdufonf? vDeiftwGuf 0rf;enf;ylaqG;onfh

txdrf;trSwf&ufrsm;twGif; qdkAD,ufrsm;. 'kwd,uGef*&ufwGif ygwD. trnfjzifh &Jabmf
pwmvifu cef@nm;wnf=unfpGm t"dmefjyKcJhonf? oluu|efawmfwdk@uGefjrLepfrsm;onf txl;yHkpHoGif;xm;olrsm;jzpfonf? usaemfwdk@onf
txl;ypPnf;rsm;jzifh jyKvkyfxm;olrsm;jzpfonf? u|efawmfwdk@onf }uD;jrwfvSaom ypPnf;rJh
aoe*FAsL[morm;}uD;. wyfrawmf/ &JabmfvDeif. wyfrawmfrSjzpfonf? TwyfwGif 0if
a&mufyg0ifae&jcif;xuf jrifhrm;onfh*k%foduQmr&dSacs? &JabmfvDeif wnfaxmifcJh+yD; acgif;
aqmifcJhaomygwD. ygwD0ifwOD;jzpf&jcif;xuf ydkrdkjrifhrm;onfh *k%foduQmr&dSacs?
u|efawmfwdk@udk cGJcGmoGm;&if; &JabmfvDeifu ygwD0if. }uD;jrwfonfh *k%foduQmudk
jrifhjrifhrm;rm;udkifpGJ+yD;/ oef@pifr_udk xdrf;odrf;&ef wif;usyfpGm awmif;qdkcJhonf? &JabmfvDeif
oif. rdef@rSmcsufudk u|efawmfwdk@ *k%f,lpGm jynfh0aprnfjzpfjzpfa=umif; t"dmefjyKygonf?
u|eaf wmfw@kd udk cGcJ mG oGm;&if; &JabmfveD ifu ygw.
D pnf;vH;k nDnw
G af &;udk rsuv
f ;kH tdrf
ozG,f apmifhxdef; umuG,f&ef wif;wif;usyfusyf awmif;qdkcJhonf? &JabmfvDeif. Trdef@rSm
csufudkvnf; u|efawmfwdk@ *k%f,lpGmjynfh0aprnfjzpfa=umif; t"dmefjyKygonf?
u|efawmfwdk@udk cGJcGmoGm;&if; &JabmfvDeifu ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepfudk xdef;odrf;
umuG,f ckdifrmwifhwif;ap&ef wif;wif;usyfusyf awmif;qdkcJhonf? &JabmfvDeif/ oif.
Trde@f rmS csuu
f v
kd nf; u|eaf wmfw@kd *%
k ,
f pl mG ESihf jynf0h ap&ef tpGr;f uke}f udK;pm;rnfjzpf a=umif;
t"dmefjyKygonf?
u|efawmfwdk@udk cGJcGmoGm;&if; &JabmfvDeifu tvkyform;v,form; r[mrdwfzGJ@r_udk
cdkifrmawmifhwif;apa&;udk u|efawmfwdk@ tpGrf;ukef }udK;pm;&ef wif;wif;usyfusyfawmif;qdk
oGm;onf? &JabmfveD if Trde@f =um;csuu
f kd vnf; u|eaf wmfw@kd *k%,
f jl ynh0f aprnfjzpf a=umif;
t"dmefjyKygonf?
&JabmfvDeifu u|efawmfwdk@EdkifiHwGif;&dS vlrsKd;rsm;. pdwfqENt& aoG;pnf;nDnGwf
yl;aygi;f r_ukd xdr;f odr;f &ef vdt
k yfr/_ if;wd@k tcsi;f csi;f =um; orRwEdik if rH sm;. jynfaxmifpak bmif
twGi;f wGif nD&if;tpfuo
kd zG,f yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G &f efvt
kd yfru
_ kd rem;rae rarmryef; awmif;
qdk wdkufwGef;oGm;cJhygonf? u|efawmfwdk@udk cGJcGmoGm;&if; &JabmfvDeif u orRwEkdifiH rsm;.
jynfaxmifpu
k kd ckid rf map+yD;/ us,jf yef@vmap&ef wif;wif;usyu
f syf awmif;qdo
k mG ;onf? &Jabmf
vDeif Trdef@rSmcsufudkvnf; u|efawmfwkd@ *k%f,lpGmjzifh jynfh0aprnfjzpfa=umif; t"dmefjyK
ygonf?
&JabmfvDeifu wyfeDawmfudk ckdifrmawmifhwif;apa&;ESifh if;. tajctaersm;
aumif;rGef wdk;wufapa&;wdk@onf u|efawmfwdk@ygwD. ta&;}uD;qHk; wm0ef}uD;jzpfa=umif;
w}udrx
f ufru axmufjycJo
h nf? Tod@k jzpfygu &Jabmfw@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd wyfeaD wmfEiS hf a&wyf
eDawmfudk ckdifrmwifhwif;apa&;twGuf tpGrf;ukef}udK;yrf;rnfjzpfa=umif; t"dmefjyK=uygpdk@?
u|efawmfwdk@udk cGJcGmoGm;&if; &JabmfvDeifu uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,f. rlrsm;udk

opPm&dS&ef twif;tusyfawmif;qdkcJhonf? &JabmfvDeif urBm}uD;wckvHk;&dS qif;&Jom;rsm;.
or*~jzpfonfh uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,fudk ckdifrmawmifhwif; us,fjyef@vmap&eftwGuf
usaemfwdk@ toufudk pGef@v$wfrnfjzpfa=umif; t"dmefjyKygonf?
TonfrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm O'gef;wGifusef&pfrnfh abmf&DSApfygwD. acgif;aqmifvDeifudk
abmf&DSApfygwDu jyKtyfonfht"dmef pmwrf;yifjzpfygonf?
1924 ckarvwGif ygwu
D 12 }urd af jrmuf uGe*f &ufukd usi;f ycJo
h nf? uGe*f &ufo@kd ygw0D if
735881 udk ukd,fpm;jyKaomrJay;Ekdifonfh udk,fpm;vS,f 748 OD;wufa&mufcJhonf? ,cif
uGe*f &ufEiS Ehf id_ ;f pmygu ygw0D ifO;D a& odomxifmS ;pGm wd;k jrifv
h m&jcif;rSm vDeif txdr;f trSwf
ygw0D ifjcif;rS ygw0D ifopf 250000 wd;k vmjcif;a=umifjh zpfonf? rJray;Ekid o
f nfh ud,
k pf m;vS,rf mS
416 OD;&dSonf?
uGef*&ufu xa&mhpuDqef@usifha&;*dk%f;. a=unmcsufudk rmhufpf0g'rS "e&Sifaygufp
wdrf;apmif;r_ tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ vDeif0g'. jyefvnfjyifqifcsuftjzpfvnf;aumif;
owfrSwfazmfjy+yD;/ wnDwnGwfwnf; _wfcscJhum 13 }udrfajrmufuGef*&uf. ygwDa&;&m
rsm;ESifhaqG;aEG;yGJ tusKd;&&dScsufrsm; tay:qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk oabmwl axmufcHvkduf
onf?
+rdKESifhaus;vuft=um; taESmiftwnf;udk ckdifrmawmifhwif;ap&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh
uGef*&ufu pufr_vkyfief;rsm; qufvufwkd;csJ&ef OD;pGmyxr tao;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk
vkyfaqmift+yD;/ oHESifhoHr%dvkyfief;rsm; tvsiftjref wkd;wufjzpfay:vma&;twGuf txl;
tav;xm;&ef !ef=um;vdkufonf?
uGef*&ufu jynfwGif;ukefoG,fa&; jynfol@aumfr&SifXmewnfaxmifjcif;udk oabmwl
vdu
k +f yD; ukeo
f ,
G af &;Xmersm;udk aps;uGut
f m; xde;f csKyf&efEiS hf ukeo
f ,
G af &;t0ef;t0dik ;f wGi;f rSm
woD;yk*~vdu t&if;tESD;rsm;udk z,fxkwfypf&ef wm0efrsm;ay;tyfvkdufonf?
aus;vuf&dS twkd;}uD;pm;rsm;udk &Sif;ypfEkdifa&;twGuf uGef*&ufu v,form;rsm;udk
EdkifiHawmfu auG;wdk;jrifh&ef !ef=um;vkdufonf?
uGef*&ufu aus;vuf. ta&;}uD;qkH;wm0eftjzpf v,form;rsm;. or0g,rv_yf
Sm;r_udk tjrifhqHk;jzpfay:wkd;wufap&ef v_Haqmfvdkufonf?
aemufqHk;uGef*&ufu vDeif txdrf;trSwfygwD0ifr_. euf_dif;onfh ta&;}uD;r_udk
tav;wif;vdkuf+yD; vli,fygwD0ifrsm;ESifh vDeiftxdrf;trSwfygwD0ifr_rS 0ifa&mufvmolrsm;
tm; vDeif. rl0g'rsm;ESihf ynmay;a&;rSm t}u;D tus,f vH;k yef;&ef vdt
k yfa=umif; ygwD taejzifh
tmHkpdkufapcJhonf?
5? jyef v nf x l a xmif a &;umvt+yD ; od k @ a&muf & d S v maom qd k A D , uf jynf axmif p k ?

u|efawmfwdk@wkdif;jynf. qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&;ESifh qdk&S,fvpf atmifyGJjy\em? ZZDDEdkApf/
uJ r D e uf A f w d k @ . twd k u f t cH o pf ? 14 }ud r f a jrmuf ygwD u G e f * &uf ? wk d i f ; jynf .
qdk&S,fvpfpufr_ wyfqifa&;ay:vpD?
abmf&DSApfygwDESifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopfvrf;pOftwkdif;
av;ESpaf usmf tm;}udK;rmefwuf }udK;yrf;vkyaf qmifc=hJ uonf? ajymifajrmufvaS om pD;yGm;a&;
jyefvnfxal xmifa&;vkyif ef;rSm +yD;pD;vke;D jzpfvmcJo
h nf? qdAk ,
D ufjynfaxmifp.
k pD;yGm;a&;ESihf
EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pGrf;&nfrSm wjznf;jznf;}uD;xGm;vmaeonf?
TtcsdefwGif EdkifiHwumhtajctaewGif tajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfay:vmcJhonf? e,fcsJ
ppfyGJ+yD;aemuf t&if;&Sifpepfonf vlxk}uD;. yxrOD;qHk;t}udrf awmfvSefa&; wdkufyGJ}uD;udk
=uH=h uHh cHEidk cf o
hJ nf? *smreD/ tDwvD/ blvaf *;&D;,m;/ ydv
k efEiS hf Ekid if t
H csKd &dS awmfveS af &; v_y&f mS ;
r_rsm;rSm acsr_ef;cHvkduf&onf/ Tae&mwGif "e&Sifrsm;udk tavsmhay;vkdufavsma&;orm;
rsm;jzpfaom qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwDrsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;u yl;aygif;ulnDcJhonf? awmfvSefa&;
'Da&onf ,m,Dusqif;r_ESifh }uKHawG@vm&onf? aemufOa&my.t&if;&Sifpepf ,m,Dwpdwf
wydik ;f wnf+idrrf /_ t&if;&Sipf epf. tqifah e&m ckid rf mawmifw
h if;r_rsm; pwifay: ayguf vmonf?
ok@d aomf t&if;&Sipf epf. wnf+idrrf u
_ t&if;&Sit
f zG@J tpnf;udk qG+J zJaeonfh tajccHydyuQrsm;
udk yaysmufatmif rvkyfEdkifacs? TonfESifhqef@usifpGmyif t&if;&Sifpepf. wpdwfwydkif;wnf
+idrfr_u tvkyform;rsm;ESifh t&if;&Sifrsm;t=um; e,fcsJpepfESifh udkvdkeDEkdifiHrsm;t=um; EkdifiH
toD;oD;rS e,fcsJtkyfpkrsm;t=um; ydyuQrsm;udk ydkrdkjyif;xefapcJhonf? t&if;&Sifpepf wnf
+idrrf u
_ ydyuQrsm;topfayguu
f &JG ef/ t&if;&SiEf idk if rH sm;wGif tusyt
f wnf;opfrsm; ay:ayguf
vm&ef pDpOfjyifqifaeonf?
t&if;&Sifpepfwnf+idrfr_ESifh t+ydKif qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpkonfvnf; wnf+idrfvmonf?
od@k aomf Twnf+idrrf E_ pS &f yfonf vuQ%mt& tajccHtm;jzifh uGjJ ym;ay;onf? t&if;&Sipf epf
wnf+idrfr_u t&if;&Sifpepf. tusyftwnf;topfudk edrdwfzwfaeonf? qdkAD,ufjynf
axmifpk.wnf+idrfr_rSm qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pGrf;&nf qufvuf
}uD;xGm;r_udk azmf!ef;aeonf?
taemufEdkifiHrsm;rS awmfvSefa&;rsm; _H;edrfhaeonfh t=um;rS EkdifiHwumtodkif;t0ef;
twGif; qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpktqifhae&monf tvGefaES;onfhE_ef;ESifh jzpfaeaomfvnf;
trSefyifqufvuf }uD;xGm;oefrmvmaeygonf?
1922 ck tDwvD *sDEdktmYusif;yaom EkdifiHwum pD;yGm;a&;uGefz&ifodk@ wufa&muf&ef
qdkAD,uf,leD,Hudk zdwf=um;cJhonf? *sDEdktmuGefz&ifhwGif t&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm;rS awmfvSefa&;rsm;
_H;edrfhoGm;r_rsm;a=umifh tm;wufae=uonfh e,fcsJEdkifiHrsm;u qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiHudk zdtm;
opfrsm;ay;&ef }udK;pm;vm=uonf? Tw}udrfwGifr_ oHwrefenf;jzpfonf? e,fcsJorm;rsm;
u qkdAD,uforRwEdkifiHukd ajymifwif;vSonfh awmif;qkdcsufrsm; wifjyvmonf? atmufwkd
bm awmfvSefa&;u jynfolykdifodrf;qnf;cJhaom pufHktvkyfHkrsm;ukd EdkifiHjcm; t&if;&Sifvuf

okd@ jyefay;&ef Zmbk&iftpkd;&. auG;rsm;udk jyefqyf&ef olwkd@uawmif;qkdonf? tjyeftvSef
tm;jzifh e,fcsJEdkifiHrsm;u qkdAD,ufEdkifiHudk rqkdpavmuf acs;aiGrsm;ay;&ef uwdjyKonf?
qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpku Tawmif;qkdcsufukd y,fcsvkdufonf? *sDEdktm uGefz&ifhrSm
rnfonhhf tusKd ;tjrwfrS r&Scd ahJ y? 1923 ck wGif +Adwo
d #Eikd if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD;avmh'u
f mpGef (Lord
Curzon) . &mZmoHwGifyg&Sdaom 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_topfqkdonfh +cdrf;ajcmufr_ rSmvnf;
if;ESifhxkdufwefonfh jiif;y,fjcif;ukd cHvkduf&onf? qdkAD,ufEdkifiHawmf. tiftm;ukd
prf;oyf=unfh_+yD;/ if;.wnf+idrfr_udk em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;onfhtcg t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;
onf u|efawmfwkd@EdkifiHESifh oHwrefqufqHa&;rsm; jyKvkyf=u&ef wEdkifiH+yD;wEdkifiH pwifvkyf
aqmifvm=uonf? 1924 ckwiG f *&dw+f Adwed /f jyifopf/ *syef/ tDwvDw@kd EiS hf oHwrefqufqaH &;
rsm; jyefvnfxal xmifvu
dk o
f nf? qkAd ,
D ufjynfaxmifpo
k nf &Sn=f umonfh toufLS cGihf tcsed /f
+idrf;csrf;a&;umvwck &Edkifawmhrnfjzpfa=umif; aocsmoGm;onf? jynfwGif; tajctae
rsm;rSmvnf; ajymif;vJvmonf? abmf&SDApfygwD. acgif;aqmifr_jzifh tvkyform;/ v,fo
rm;rsm;. uk,
d u
f sKd ;pGe@f }udK;pm;tm;xkwrf r_ sm;onfvnf; atmifo;D atmifErHS sm; &&Sv
d monf?
trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&; vsifjrefjzpfay:wkd;wufvmr_rSm xifSm;ay:vGifvmonf? 1924-25
bma&;ESpftwGif; v,f,mpkdufysdK;a&;rS txGufypPnf;rsm;onf ppfrjzpfrDtqifhokd@
csOf;uyfvm+yD; ppfrjzpfrD txGufypPnf;. 85 okd@a&muf&Sdvmonf? 1925 wGif qkdAD,uf
jynfaxmifpk. t}uD;pm; pufr_vkyfief;rsm;rS ppfrjzpfrD pufr_vkyfief;rsm;. txGufypPnf;.
av;yHkoHk;yHkcef@ukd xkwfvkyfvm+yD;jzpfonf? 1924-25 bma&;ESpfwGif qkdAD,uf,leD,H
onf +rdKawmfwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;twGuf lb,faiG 385000000 udkjrKyfESH&if;ESD; Ekdif
+yD;jzpfonf? wkdif;jynfukd v#yfppf"mwftm; wyfqifa&;pDrHudef;rSmvnf; atmifjrifpGma&Swkd;
vkyfaqmifae=uonf? trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;wGif qkd&S,fvpfpepfonf if;. tcsuftcsmae&m
rsm;ukd ckid +f rJatmifvyk af qmifaeonf? pufrE_ iS hf ukeo
f ,
G af &;vkyif ef;wGi;f &Sd woD;yk*v
~ t&if;
tESD;rsm;udk wkdufkdufwkdufyGJwGifvnf; ta&;ygaom atmifyGJrsm;&aeonf?
pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_ESifhtwl tvkyform;v,form;rsm;.tajctae qufvuf
aumif;rGefvmr_onf yl;wGJvdkufygvmonf? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf tvsiftjref}uD;
xGm;aeonf? vpmrsm;wkd;jrifhvm+yD;/ xkda=umifh vkyftm;xkwfvkyfr_pGrf;tm;vnf; wufvm
onf? v,form;rsm;. aexdik rf b
_ 0rSm t}uD;tus,f aumif;rGew
f ;dk wufvmonf? 192425 ckwGif tvkyform;v,form;rsm;. EdkifiHawmfonf tvkyform;uav;rsm;ukd ulnD&ef
&nf&G,fcsufjzifh &lb,faiG 290000000 eD;yg;ukd owfrSwf&mxm;ay;Edkifonf? tvkyform;
v,form;rsm;. tajctae aumif;rGefwkd;wufvmr_u vlxkrsm;bufwGif ykdrdk}uD;rm;aom
Edik if aH &; v_yf mS ;r_rsm;ukd a&Saqmifco
hJ nf? ypPn;f rJt
h m%m&Sipf epfonf ,cktcg ykrd ckd ikd rf mpGm
xlaxmif+yD;jzpfonf? abmf&ADS pfygw.
D *k%o
f u
d mQ =oZm*,ufonf }uD;xGm;vmvsu&f dS onf?
trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&; jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;rSm +yD;pD;eD;yg;jzpfaeayjyD? odk@aomf pD;yGm;a&;
jyef v nf x l a xmif a &;ouf o uf r # ppf r jzpf r D t qif h o k d @ a&muf & S d H k o uf o uf r #onf

qkd&S,fpepfwnfaqmufaeonfh e,fajrjzpfaom qkdAD,uf,leD,HtwGuf rvkHavmufacs?
ppfrjzpfrDtqifhonf acwfaemufusonfh EkdifiHtqifhomjzpfonf? xdktqifhxufvGefatmif
csw
D uf&rnf? qdAk ,
D ufEikd if aH wmf&&Sv
d u
dk o
f nfh &Sn=f umaom toufLS cGit
hf csed u
f qufvuf
jzpfay:wkd;wufEdkifajc&Sdr_udk tmrcHvdkufonf?
okd@aomf Tonfu jy\emrsm;udk ta&;w}uD;ay:aygufvmaponf? wckvkH;+cHKonfh
tpDtpOftjrifrsm;/ u|eaf wmfw@kd . wk;d wufrE_ iS hf wnfaqmufa&;wd@k .vuQ%monf rnfo@dk
enf;? qkAd ,
D uf,el ,
D .
H qk&d ,
S v
f pfpepf. uH=urRmonf rnfo@dk enf;? qkAd ,
D uf,el ,
D pH ;D yGm;a&;
wnfaqmufru
_ dk rnfonfv
h rf;twdik ;f wnfaqmufrnfenf;? qk&d ,
S v
f pfvrf;avm ok@d r[kwf
tjcm;vrf;avm? qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfukd u|efawmfwdk@ wnfaqmufoifhygo avm/
wnfaqmufEdkifoavm odk@r[kwf wjcm;pD;yGm;a&;pepf/ t&if;&Sif pD;yGm;a&;pepftwGuf
a&cHajrcH zefwD;ay;&ef u|efawmfwkd@rSm uH=urRmzefvmoavm? qkdAD,uf,leD,HwGif qkd&S,f
vpfpD;yGm;a&;pepf wnfaqmufa&;rSm jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifygoavm? jzpfEdkifcJhygu t&if;&Sif
Edik if rH sm;wGif awmfveS af &;rsm; aESmifah ES;=uef@=umaer_/ t&if;&Sipf epf wnf+idraf er_rsm; t=um;
wnfaqmufEdkifygoavm? pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopfonf wzufwGif wdkif;jynfwGif;&dS qdk&S,fvpf
tiftm;pkrsm;udk ulnDtiftm;awmifhwif;apaomfvnf; wzufwGifrl t&if;&Sifpepf twef
toifh}uD;xGm;r_udk wdk;jrifhay;onfhtwGuf Tenf;jzifh qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&pepfudk wnf
aqmufEkdifygoavm? qkd&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk rnfuJhodk@ wnfaqmuf&rnfenf;? if;
wnfaqmufa&;udkrnfonfhae&mrSpoifhoenf;?ygwDonf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; umv
+yD;qH;k cge;D tcsed w
f iG f Tar;cGe;f rsm; tm;vH;k ESihf &ifqidk v
f m&+yD;/ Tar;cGe;f rsm;rSm oabmw&m;
a&;ar;cGef;rsm;tjzpfr[kwfawmhbJ vufawG@ar;cGef;rsm;/ ae@pOf&ifqkdifae&aom pD;yGm;a&;
ay:vpD ar;cGef;rsm;jzpfvmayonf?
Tar;cGef;rsm;tm;vHk;twGuf wdus&Sif;vif;onfh tajzrsm;vkdtyf+yD;/ odk@aomf pufr_
vkyif ef;ESihf v,f,mpku
d yf sK;d a&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif yg0ifvyk af qmifae&onfh ygw0D ifrsm;ESihf a,bk
,svlxkyg t&if;&Sifpepfvrf;vm; odk@r[kwf qdk&S,fvpfvrf;vm;/ rnfhonfhvrf;twkdif; vkyf
aqmif&rnfudk od&dSEdkifrnfjzpfonf?
Tar;cGe;f rsm;twGuf &Si;f vif;vG,u
f o
l nfh tajzrsm;r&dyS gu u|Eykf w
f @kd . wnfaqmuf
a&; vufawG@vkyfief;tm;vHk;wdk@onf wckvHk;+cHKonfh tjriftpDtpOfr&dS? tarSmifxJwGif
prf;w0g;0g;ESifh tcsnf;ESD;omjzpfonf?
ygwDu Tar;cGef;tm;vHk;twGuf &Sif;vif;wdusonfhtajzrsm;udk ay;vkdufonf?
ygwDu ajz=um;vkdufonfrSmrSefonf? u|Efkyfwdk@wkdif;jynfwGif qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepf
ukd wnfvnf; wnfaqmufEkdifonf? wnfvnf; wnfaqmufoifhonf? tb,fa=umifhqkd
aomf u|efawmfwkd@ qkd&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&; wnfaqmufa&;twGuf jynfh0pHkvifonfh qdk&S,fvpf
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGuf vdktyfonfht&mtm;vHk; &dSaeaoma=umifhjzpfonf? 191& atmuf
wdkbmwGif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf rdrdwdk@ udk,fydkifEkdifiHa&; tm%m&Sifpepfudk xlaxmif

vkdufjcif;jzifh t&if;&Sifpepfudk EkdifiHa&;t& atmifyGJcHvdkufonf? xdktcsdefrSpI qdkAD,uf
tpdk;&onf t&if;&Sifpepf. pD;yGm;a&;tm%mudk acsr_ef;&efESifh qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepf wnf
aqmufa&;twGuf ta=umif;tcsufrsm; zefwD;&ef enf;vrf;tm;vHk;udk vkyfaqmifcJhonf?
Tvkyfaqmifcsufenf;emrsm;rSm t&if;&Sifrsm;ESifh ajr&Sifrsm;.ypPnf;rsm;udk odrf;,ljcif;/ v,f
ajr/ tvkyf&Hk/ puf&Hkrsm;/ rD;&xm;vrf;rsm;ESifhb%fwdkufrsm;udk trsm;ydkiftjzpf ajymif;vJvkduf
jcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopfukd vufct
H wnfjyKjcif;/ Ekid if aH wmfyikd f qd&k ,
S v
f pf pufrv
_ yk if ef;rsm;ukd
wnfaxmifjcif;ESihf vDeif. or0g,rpDru
H ed ;f wd@k azmfaqmifvyk af qmifjcif;wd@k jzpfonf? ,cktcg
t"du vkyfief;wm0efrSm wwkdif;jynfvHk;tES@H qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&; pepfopfudk wnf
aqmufa&;qDodk@ a&S;_&efjzpf+yD;/ Tenf;jzifh t&if;&Sifpepfudk pD;yGm;a&;t& vnf;acsr_ef;
ypf&efjzpfonf? uEfkyfwdk@. vufawG@vkyfief;tm;vHk; u|Efkyfwdk@. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; tm;vHk;onf
Tt"du&nf&G,fcsufudk tusKd;jyK&efjzpfonf? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf Tvkyfief;
udkvkyfvnf;vkyfEkdifonf? vkyfvnf;vkyfayvdrfhrnf? T}uD;rm;vSonfh vkyfief;}uD;udk
taumiftxnfazmf&efrSm wkdif;jynftm; pufr_wyfqifjcif;vkyfief;jzifh pwifa&;jzpfonf?
wkdif;jynf. qdk&S,fvpf pufr_vufr_wyfqifjcif;onf t"duuGif;qufjzpfae+yD;/ TonfESifh
twl qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepf wnfaqmufjcif;udk pwif&rnfjzpfonf? taemufEdkifiHrsm;
.awmfvSefa&;rsm; aESmifhaES;oGm;jcif;uaomfvnf;aumif;/ qdkAD,ufr[kwfonfh EdkifiHrsm;.
t&if;&Sipf epf wpdww
f ydik ;f wnf+idro
f mG ;jcif;uaomfvnf;aumif;/ u|Eykf w
f @kd . qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepf
od@k csw
D ufa&;udk wm;qD;Ekid rf nfr[kwaf cs? pD;yGm;a&;opfay:vpDonf Twm0efvyk if ef;udk ydrk I
kd
vG,u
f al payvdrrhf nf? tb,fa=umifq
h akd omf u|Eykf w
f @kd pD;yGm;a&;pepftwGuf qd&k ,
S v
f pf tajccH
tk w f j rpf c sa&;ud k vsif j ref a p&ef txl ; &nf & G , f + yD ; ygwD u csrS w f v k y f a qmif u sif h o H k ;
aoma=umifhjzpfonf?
TonfrSm u|Efkyfwkd@wkdif;jynfwGif qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&; atmifyGJ&Ekdif/ r&Edkifqkd
onfhar;cGef;udk ygwDu ay;vdkonfhtajz jzpfonf?
odk@aomf wkdfif;jynfwjynfwGif qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmifyGJcHa&;jy\emonf Tae&mwGif
+yD;qH;k oGm;jcif;r&daS =umif; ygwu
D odonf? qdAk ,
D ufjynfaxmifpYk qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepf wnfaqmuf
jcif;onf vlom;rsm;.ordik ;f wGif tvGet
f a&;}uD;aom tvSnt
hf ajymif;w&yfjzpf+yD;/ qdAk ,
d uf
,l e D , H o rR w Ed k i f i H & d S tvk y f o rm;vl w ef ; pm;ES i f h v,f o rm;rsm;. atmif y G J j zpf u m
urBmhordkif;wGif acwfopfwpf&yf ay:xGufapayonf? odk@aomfvnf; TonfrSm qdkAD,uf
,le,
D .
H jynfwiG ;f a&;omjzpf+yD; qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepfatmifycJG aH &;jy\em. tpdwt
f ydik ;f w&yfom
jzpfonf? jy\em. tjcm;tpdwt
f ydik ;f rSm if;. Ekid if w
H umt& jzpfonf? qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepfrmS
wdik ;f jynfwjynfwiG f atmifycJG EH idk o
f nfqakd om oabmw&m;udk taumif txnfazmf&mwGif
&Jabmfpwmvifu Tjy\emtm; jynfwGif;a&;ESifh EkdifiHwuma&;[lonfh zufESpfzufrS
=unfjh rifoifah =umif; xyfjyefwvJvJ axmufjycJo
h nf? jy\em. jynfwiG ;f a&; zufrS =unfv
h #if
qdkvdkonfrSm wdkif;jynfwGif;&dS vlwef;pm;qufqHr_rsm;t&=unfhv#if qdkAD ,uf,leD,H&dS

tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh v,form;xkonf if;wdk@. "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk pD;yGm;a&;t&
acsr_ef;Edkif+yD;/ jynfhpHkonfh qdk&S,fvpftzGJ@tpnf; wnfaxmifEkdifaompGrf;&nf tjynfht0&dS
ae+yD;jzpfonf? od@k aomf jy\em. Ekid if w
H umbufwbufvnf; &daS eao; onf? xdt
k &mrSm
EkdifiHjcm;qufqHa&;e,fy,f/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkESifh t&if;&SifEkdifiH rsm;t=um; qdkAD,uf
jynfolvlxkESifh qdkAD,ufpepfudkrkef;wD;+yD;/ qdkAD,uf,leD,HudkxyfrHI vufeufudkifpGufzufr_
pwif&ef/ qdAk ,
D uf,el ,
D w
H iG f t&if;&Sipf epf jyefvnfxal xmif&ef }udK;yrf;r_topfrsm; pwif&ef
tcGifhaumif;acsmif;aeonhf EkdifiHwum "e&Sifvlwef;pm;t=um; qufqHa&;e,fy,fyif
jzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh qkdAD,uf,leD,Honf wckwnf;aom qdk&S,fvpfEkdifiH jzpfae+yD; usef
EdkifiHtm;vHk; t&if;&SifEkdifiHcsnf;jzpfaeao;um qdkAD,uf,leD,HrSm t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;. 0dkif;
0ef;jcif;udck aH eI/ t&if;&Sirf sm;. usL;ausmpf u
G zf ufr_ tE &W m,f &daS eonf? Tt&if;&Sirf sm;.
0dik ;f 0ef;xm;r_wnf &Sad eo&G@/ t&if;&Sirf sm;. usL;ausmpf u
G zf ufr_ tE&m,fadS ernfqo
kd nfrmS
&Si;f aeonf? qdAk ,
D ufjynforl sm;onf rdrw
d @kd wOD;wnf; }uKd ;yrf;r_jzifh TjyifytE &W m,f jzpfaom
qdkAD,uf,leD,Hodk@ t&if;&Sifrsm;. usL;ausmfpGuf zufr_ tE W&m,fudk ausmfeif;Edkifrnfavm/
rjzpfEkdifay/ olwdk@ rausmfeif;Edkifay? tb,fa=umifh qdkaomf t&if;&Sifrsm;. usL;ausmfpGuf
zufr_udk acsr_ef;Edkif&ef t&if;&Sifrsm;. 0kdif;0ef;r_ukd acs r_ef;Edkif&rnfjzpf+yD;/ tenf;qHk;wkdif;jynf
trsm;tjym;wGif ypPnf;rJh awmfvSefa&;atmifyGJrsm; &&dSrSomv#if t&if;&Sifrsm;0kdif;0ef;r_udk
acsr_ef;Edkifrnfjzpfaoma=umifhjzpfonf? Tonfu azmfjyvdkufonfrSm EdkifiHjcm;vufeufudkif
usL;ausmfpGufzufr_tE W&m,fESifh t&if;&Sifpepf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; }udK;yrf;csufrsm;udk
racsr_ef;Edkifoa&G@ qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHonf TtE W&m,frS umuG,fvHk+cHKr_ tmrcHcsufr&dSoa&G@
t&if;&Sif pD;yGm;a&;zsufodrf;+yD; qkd&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepf wnfaqmufjcif;rsSom&dSonfh
qdk&S,fvpfjynfaxmifpk&dS qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmifyGJqdkonfudk aemufqHk;ydwfatmify[
JG k rowf
rSwEf ikd af cs? Ekid if jH cm;usL; ausmpf u
G zf ufrt
_ E &W m,fukd ausmef if;Edik &f ef t&if;&Si0f ikd ;f 0ef;r_ukd acsre_ ;f
&rnf?
qdAk ,
D uftpd;k &onf rSeu
f efonfah y:vpDukd vkyaf qmifaeoa&G@ qdAk ,
D ufjynforl sm;ESihf
if;wd@k . wyfeaD wmfonf 1918-20 ckEpS u
f t&if;&Sirf sm;. yxrqH;k aom pGuzf ufusL;ausmrf _
udk acsre_ ;f wdu
k cf u
kd v
f u
dk Ef ikd o
f uJo
h @kd Ekid if jH cm;t&if;&Sirf sm;. pGuzf ufusL;ausmrf o
_ pfrsm; udv
k nf;
rk c swd k u f E d k i f p G r f ; &d S a yonf ? od k @ aomf Tonf u t&if ; &S i f r sm;. usL;ausmf p G u f z uf r _
topftE W&m,fudk z,f&Sm;Edkif+yD;jzpfonf[k rqdkvdkacs? yxrusL;ausmf pGufzufr_udk atmif
jrifvu
kd af omfvnf;/ usL;ausmpf u
G zf ufr.
_ a&aomufjrpftpjzpfaom t&if;&Sirf sm;. 0dik ;f 0ef;r_
quf v uf w nf & d S a eoa&G @ / pG u f z uf u sL;ausmf r _ t opf t E W & m,f u d k rz,f & S m ;Ed k i f a cs?
t&if;&Sifrsm;. 0dkif;0ef;r_ qufvufwnf&dSaeygu usL;ausmfpGufzufr_topfudk atmif
jrifvkdufjcif;uvnf; usL;ausmfpGufzufr_tE W&m,fudk z,f&Sm;EdkifOD;rnfr[kwfacs?
Tonfu azmfjyvdkufonfrSm t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;&dS ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;awmfvSefa&;

atmifyGJcHa&;onf qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk&dS vkyfom;jynfolrsm;twGuf ta&;w}uD; t
av;xm;&rnfh jy\emjzpfvmonf?
TonfrSm u|Efkyfwdk@wkdif;jynfwGif qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmifyGJcHa&; jy\emtay: ygwD.
vrf;pOfjzpfonf?
A[dkaumfrwDu Tvrf;pOfudkvmrnfh 14 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGefz&ifhwGif aqG;aEG;&ef
awmif;qdkvdkuf+yD;/ ygwD0iftm;vHk;udk pkpnf;vdkufonfh ygwD. Oya'w&yftjzp/f ygwD.
vrf;pOftjzpf oabmwlaxmufcH+yD; vufcHtwnfjyK&efjzpfonf?
TygwDvrf;pOfonf tjcm;olrsm;xuf twkduftcHrsm;twGuf rdk;}udK;ypfvkdufouJhodk@
jzpfoGm;ayonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ygwDonf Tvrf;pOfwGif tckdiftrmvufawG@
vuQ%myg&dSapum wkdif;jynf. qdk&S,fvpfpufr_wyfqifjcif;twGuf vufawG@pDrHudef;ESifh
qufpyfay;um/ Tvrf;pOfudk ygwD0ifrsm; tm;vHk;tm; pkpnf;vdkufonfh ygwD. Oya'w&yf
tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 14 }udrfajrmuf uGef*&ufqHk;jzwfcsuftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ azmfxkwf&ef
awmif;qdkvdkufjcif;a=umifhjzpfonf?
TygwD.vrf;pOfudk xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;u qef@usifcJh+yD;/ if;udkwkdufcdkuf&ef rif&SDApfrsm;
. t+rJwrf;awmfvSefa&;oabmw&m; udkxlaxmifvkdufonf? Tonfudk rmhufpf0g'
oabmw&m;[kac:qdk&efrSm rmhufpf0g'tm; apmfum;r_wckomjzpf+yD;/ if;wGif qdkAD,ufjynf
axmifpk. qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&; atmifyGJcHEkdifajc&dSr_udk jiif;qdkxm;onf?
blcg&if0g'Drsm;onf ygwD.vrf;pOfudk ajAmifrqef@usif0hH=uacs? odk@aomf Tvrf;pOfudk
qef@usif&ef if;wdk@. udk,fydkif oabmw&m; jzpfaom "e&Sifvlwef;pm;rsm;. qdk&S,fvpf
pepfo@kd +idr;f csr;f pGm}uD;xGm;vma&;qdo
k nfukd auG;a=umfot
H opf csr;f omatmif vky=f u
ESihf wd;k csJ xm;onho
f abmw&m;udk r&Jw&J xlaxmifvu
kd =f uonf? blcg&if0g'rD sm;. tqdt
k &
qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmifyGJqdkonfrSm "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk zsufodrf;jcif; r[kwfbJ zG@H+zdK;atmif
axmufyHhay;jcif; uG,f0apjcif;udk qdkvdkonf?
ZDEdkApfESifh uJrDeufAfwdk@u wkdif;jynf. enf;ynmESifh pD;yGm;a&;aemufusr_wdk@a=umifh
qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmifyJGrcHEdkif[laomtqdkudk t&JpGef@wifjyvm
ao;aomfvnf; r=umrDrSmyif tajrmftjrif&dSpGm aemufqkwfoGm;=uonf?
14 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGefz&ifh ({+yDv 1925 ) u/ ajAmifESifh ykef;v#Kd;uG,fv#Kd; twdkuf
tcHrsm;. Ttav#mhay;a&; oabmw&m;rsm; tm;vHk;udk _wfcsvdkuf+yD; qdkAD,ufjynf
axmifpkwGif qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmifyGJcHa&; vkyfief;twGuf ygwDvrf;pOfudk twnfjyKum T
twGuf qH;k jzwfcsucf srw
S v
f u
kd o
f nf? rv$rJ a&Smifomonft
h wGuf ZDEAkd pfEiS hf uJreD ufAw
f @kd onf
TqHk;jzwfcsufudk axmufcHrJay;cJh=uonf? odk@aomf olwdk@onf wdkufyGJudk a&$@qkdif;
vkdufjcif;omjzpf+yD;/ 14 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufwGif ygwDudk wkdufyGJqif&ef qHk;jzwf
xm;a=umif; ygwDu od&dSonf? olwdk@onf vDeif*&ufwGif aemufvdkufrsm;pkaqmif;ae+yD;

twdu
k t
f cHopf qdo
k nfukd xlaxmifae=uonf?
14 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufudk 1925 ck 'DZifbmwGif zGifhvSpfvdkufonf? ygwDwGif;&dS
tajctaerSm wif;rmaeonf? ygw.
D ordik ;f wav#mufwiG f vDeif*&ufuo
hJ @kd ygw.
D ta&;}uD;
Xme}uD;wckrS udk,fpm;vS,ftm;vHk; A[dkaumfrwDudk twkduftcHjyK&ef jyifqifxm;r_rsKd;
r&dScJhbl;acs? uGef*&ufodk@ ygwD0if 643000 ESifht&HygwD0if 445000 udk udk,fpm;jyKonfh
rJar;Edkifonfh udk,fpm;vS,f 665 OD;ESifh rJray;Edkifonfhudk,fpm;vS,f 641 OD; wufa&mufcJh
onf? Tta&twGufrSm ,cifuGef*&ufodk@ wufa&mufonfh udk,fpm;vS,f ta&twGuf
xuftenf;i,f av#meh nf;onf? wpdww
f ydik ;f xkwyf pfrr_ sm;a=umifh avsmu
h somG ;jcif; jzpfonf?
ygwDqef@usifonfh tpdwftykdif;rsm; xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufcJhonfh wuUodkvfrsm;/ Hk;rsm;.
ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS xkwfypf&jcif;jzpfonf?
A[dkaumfrwD. EdkifiHa&;tpD&ifcHpmudk &Jabmfpwmvifu wifoGif;cJhonf? olu
qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk. EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&; tpGrf;owdW. }uD;xGm;r_udk xif&Sm;jywfom;pGm
yHkazmfjycJhonf? qdkAD,ufpD;yGm;a&;pepf. tm;aumif;csufrsm;a=umifh pufr_vkyfief;a&m
v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;yg ESpfrsKd;pvHk; Ed_if;,SOfcsuft& wdkawmif;vSonfh tcsdefav;twGif;rSmyif
jyefvnf xlaxmifvdkufEdkif+yD; ppfrjzpfrDtqifhodk@ eD;pyfvmonf? odk@aomf T&&dScsufrsm;
aumif;rGeaf omfvnf; Ttcsuu
f u|eaf wmfw@kd widk ;f jynf. acwfaemufusaom v,f,mpdu
k f
ysK;d onfEh ikd if H jzpf+rJjzpfaer_ukd racszsuEf ikd o
f nft
h wGuf Tae&mwGiyf if &yfwef@rypfoifah =umif;
&JabmfpwmvifuwifjycJhonf? wdkif;jynf. pkpkaygif;xkwfvkyfa&;. oHk;yHkESpfyHkrSm v,f,m
pdkufysKd;a&;rS xGuf&dSjcif;jzpf+yD;/ oHk;yHkwyHkomv#if pufr_vkyfief;rS jzpfonf? &Jabmf pwmvifu
,cktcgwGif wdkif;jynfudk t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;tay: pD;yGm;a&;t& trSDtcdkuif;aom pufr_
Edik if t
H jzpfo@kd ajymif;vJ&rnfjh y\emESihf wnfw
h nf&h ifqidk w
f ;dk aerd+yDjzpfa=umif; ajym=um;vdu
k f
onf? TudpPudk vkyfvnf;vkyfEkdifonf? vkyfvnf;vkyf&rnf? wkdif;jynfudk qdk&S,fvpf
pufr_wyfqif&ef/ qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmifyGJcH&eftwGuf wdkufyGJ0ifa&;rSm ,cktcg ygwD.
ta&;w}uD;wm0ef}uD; jzpfvmayawmhonf?
&Jabmfpwmvifu u|efawmfwdk@. EdkifiHudk v,f,mpdkufysKd;onfh EdkifiHtjzpfrS vdktyf
onfhpufr_u&d,mrsm;udk udk,fwkdif}udK;yrf;xkwf,lEdkifonfh pufr_EdkifiHtjzpfajymif;vJa&;
TonfrSm u|efawmfwdk@ taxGaxGvrf;pOf. tESpfom&ESifh tajccHjzpfonf[kqkdcJhonf?
wkid ;f jynfukd pufrw
_ yfqifvu
dk jf cif;u if;.pD;yGm;a&;trDcS u
kd if;r_ukd tmrcHvu
kd +f yD;/ if;.
umuG,fa&;pGrf;tm;udk awmifhwif;apum qdkAD,uf,leD,HwGif qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmifyGJcHa&;
twGuf ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udk zefwD;ay;vdkufonf?
ZDEdkApf0g'Drsm;u ygwD. taxGaxGvrf;pOfudk qef@usifcJhonf? pwmvif. qdk&S,fvpf
pufr_wyfqifa&;pDrHudef;udk qef@usif+yD;/ ZDEdkApf0g'D qdu
k v
kd v
f eD aD umhAf fu xdktcsdefu e,fcJs
avmbtdk;rsm; t=um;acwfpm;aeonfh "e&SifpDrHudef;wckudk wifjyvmonf? xdkpDrHuef;t&
qdkAD,uf,leD,Honf v,f,mpdkufysKd;onfh EdkifiHtjzpf wnf&dS+rJwnf&dSae+yD;/ t"dutm;jzifh

uke=f urf;ypPn;f rsm;ESihf tpm;taomufrsm;udo
k mxkwv
f yk +f yD; Edik if jH cm;od@k xkwu
f ek rf sm; tjzpf
wifydk@um/ EdkifiHjcm;rS pufr_ypPnf;rsm;udk rSm,lwifoGif;&rnfjzpfonf? pufr_ypPnf;rsm;udk
rdrdbmom xkwfvnf;rxkwf&/ xkwfvnf;rxkwfoifhay[kqdkonf? 1925 ck&dS ta=umif;
tcsufrsm;t& TonfrSm pufr_zG@H+zdK;wdk;wuf+yD;EdkifiHrsm;. qdkAD,uf,leD,Htay: pD;yGm;a&;
u|ejf yKr_twGuf pDro
H nfo
h abmoufa&muf+yD; TpDru
H ed ;f rSm t&if;&SiEf ikd if rH sm;rS e,fcsJ orm;
avmbtdk;rsm;. tusKd;aus;Zl;twGuf qdkAD,uf,leD,H. pufr_vkyfief;aemufusr_udk xm0
pOf wnf&dSaea&;yifjzpfonf?
TpDrHudef;udk vufcHvkyfaqmifygu u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynfonf t&if;&SifurBm.
tm;enf;aom v,f,mpdkufysKd;onfh v,form;EdkifiH tpG,ftyGm;w&yftjzpfom ajymif;vJ
oGm;Edik +f yD;/ ywfywfvnf0ikd ;f &Hvsu&f aSd om t&if;&Siu
f rBmtv,fwiG f tumuG,rf /hJ pGr;f tm;rJh
jzpfum tqH;k Y qdAk ,
D uf,el ,
D &H Sd qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepfta&;awmfyykH if ysupf ;D qH;k _;H oGm;Edik af yonf?
uGef*&ufu ZDEdkApf0g'Drsm;. pD;yGm;a&; pDrHudef;udk qdkAD,uf,leD,Htm; u|efjyKa&;
pDrHudef;tjzpf _wfcsvdkufonf?
twdkuftcHopf. tjcm;aom wdkufcdkufr_rsm;rSmvnf; TuJhodk@yif ratmifrjrif
jzpfomG ;onf? Oyrm olw@kd u (vDeifukd tmcHI) u|eaf wmfw@kd . Ekid if aH wmfyidk f pufrv
_ yk if ef;rsm;
rSm qdkS,fvpfpufr_vkyfief;rsm; r[kwfa=umif; ajymqdkonfhtcgwGifvnf;aumif;/ odk@r[kwf
olw@kd u (vDeifuakd emufxyftmcH+yD;) qd&k ,
S v
f pfwnfaqmufa&;vkyif ef;wGif tv,ftvwf
v,form;rsm;onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. r[mrdwfrjzpfEdkifa=umif; ajymqdkonfhtcg
wGifvnf;aumif; olwdk@onf &H_;edrfhoGm;=uonf?
uGe*f &uf twdu
k t
f cHopf. Twdu
k cf u
kd rf r_ sm;udk vDeifqef@usiaf &;tjzpf &_H csa0zef
vdkufonf? &Jabmfpwmvifu twkduftcHopf. xa&mhpuD-rif&SDApftESpfom&ukd azmf
xkwfzGifhcsvdkufonf? olu ZDEdkApfESifh uJrDeufAfwdk@onf vDeifu tav#mhray;pwrf; wdkufyGJ
qifcJh&aom ygwD. &efolrsm;. aw;oDcsif;a[mif;rsm;udkom tyfa=umif;xyfjyefqdkaejcif;
jzpfa=umif;jyovdkufonf?
ZDEdkApf0g'Drsm;onf royfr,yf kyfzsuf[efaqmifxm;onfh xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;rS vGJI
tjcm;rjzpfEdkifa=umif;rSm &Sif;aeygonf?
&Jabmfpwmvif tav;wif;ajym=um;onft
h csurf mS u|Eykf w
f @kd ygw.
D t"duwm0efrmS
qdk&S,fvpfpepf wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;Y tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh tv,ftvwfv,f
orm;rsm;. ckdifrmonfh r[mrdwfzGJ@r_udk xdef;odrf;xm;a&;jzpfonf? xkdtcsdefu ygwDwGif;Y
wnf & d S a eaom v,f o rm;jy\emtay: wd r f ; apmif ; r_ E S p f c k u d k ol u axmuf j ycJ h + yD ; /
TESpfckpvHk;rSm Tr[mrdwfzGJ@r_tay: +cdrf;ajcmuftE W&m,fjyKvsuf&dSonf? yxr wdrf;apmif;
r_rmS ul;vwfrsm;.tE &W m,f avsmah ygw
h u
G cf suf ao;odraf pr_jzpf+yD;/ 'kw,
d rSm ul;vwf rsm;udk
twdww
f vef@ a=umuf&@HG aeum tv,ftvwfv,form;rsm;. tcef;udak vsmah ygh wGucf suf
txif a o;r_ jzpf o nf ? rnf h o nf h w d r f ; apmif ; r_ u yd k r d k q d k 0 g;oenf ; qd k a omar;cG e f ; ud k

&Jabmfpwmvifu ajz=um;&mY ESpcf pk vH;k twlwyl ifjzpfonf? xd@k jyif Twdr;f apmif; csurf sm;
udk qufvufjzpfay:cGifhjyKygu if;wdk@onf ygwDudk ysufpD;,dk,Gif;oGm;apvdrfhrnf? uHtm;
avsmpf mG u|eaf wmfw@kd ygww
D iG f wdr;f apmif;r_ ESpcf pk vH;k udk z,f&mS ;Edik pf rG ;f &do
S nfh tiftm;pkrsm;
&dSaeonf [kajz=um;cJhonf?
wu,fyif ygwDonf vuf0J/ vuf,m wdrf;apmif;r_ESpfckvHk;udk wdkufzsufvdkufEdkif+yD;
okwfoifz,f&Sm;vdkufEdkifonf? pD;yGm;a&; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ jy\emtay: tjyeftvSefjiif;cHk
aqG;aEG;r_rsm;tay: aygif;csKyf+yD; (14) }udrfajrmufygwD uGef*&ufu twdkuftcHorm;rsm;.
tav#mhay;a&;pDrHudef;udk wnDwnGwfwnf;y,fcsvdkufum ,cktcg xif&Sm;ausmf=um;vS
aom qHk;jzwfcsufudkvnf; rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf?
pD;yGm;a&; jzpfay:wd;k wufre_ ,fy,fY uGe*f &ufucH,x
l m;onfrmS u|Eykf w
f @kd . e,fajr/
ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf. e,fajrY jynfhpHkuHkvHkonfh qdk&S,fvpfvl@tzGJtpnf; wnf
axmifa&;twGuf ta=umif;cHtcsuftvHk;pHk &dSonf? (vDeif)uGef*&ufu ,lqonfrSm
uEfkyfwdk@ygwD. t"duwm0efrSm qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkY qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&;
atmifyGJcHEdkifa&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0if&efjzpfonf?
14 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufu ygwD.pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;opfudk vufcHtwnfjyK
vkdufonf?
14 }udraf jrmufueG *f &ufrpS I ygw.
D trnfukd qdAk ,
D uf,el ,
D u
H eG jf rLepfygwD (aAmf&SD Apf)
C.P.S.U (B) [kac:wGiv
f u
dk o
f nf?
uGef*&ufY _H;edrfhoGm;aomfvnf; ZDEdkApf0g'Drsm;onf ygwDudk emcHjcif;r&dSacs? olwdk@onf
14 }udraf jrmufueG *f &uf. qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk pwifwu
kd cf u
kd v
f monf? uGe*f &ufpv#if pjcif;
ZDEdkApfonf uGefjrLepfvli,ftzGJ@. vDeif*&ufjynfe,faumfrwD tpnf;ta0;udk ac:qdkvdkuf
onf? TtzGJ@. acgif;aqmiftkyfpkudk ygwD. vDeif0g'D A[dkaumfrwDtm; rkef;wD;qef@usifr_
pdwf"mwfjzifh ZDEdkApf/ Zmvl;puD; (Zalutsky)/ bmcg&ufAf (Bakayev)/ &ufAf'dkuDarmhAf
(Yevdokimov) / uluvif (Kuklin)/ qmza&mAfh (Safarov) tp&dSonfh ESpfzufrsufESm
orm;rsm;om arG;jrLxm;jcif;jzpfygonf? Ttpnf;ta0;wGif vDeif*&uf jynfe,faumfrwD
u uGefjrLepfvli,ftzGJ@ordkif;wGif r}uHKzl;aomqHk;jzwfcsufudk csrSwfcJhonf? 14 }udrfajrmuf
ygwDuGef*&uf.qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk vdkufem aqmif&Guf&ef jiif;y,fvdkufonf?
odk@aomf vDeif*&uf uGefjrLepfvli,ftzGJ@. ZDEdkApf0g'Dacgif;aqmifrsm;onf vDeif*&uf
uGejf rLepfvil ,ftzG@J rS xk. pdwq
f ENukd rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf # ud,
k pf m;jyKEkid jf cif;r&daS y? x@akd =umifh
olwdk@onf tvG,fwul tacsr_ef;cHvdkuf&+yD; r=umrDrSmyif vDeif*&uf tzGJ@tpnf;onf
uGefjrLepfvli,ftzGJ@twGif; if;ESifhxdkufwefonfhae&mudk jyefvnf&&dSoGm;cJhonf?
14 }udrfajrmufuGef*&uf tqHk;owfcgeD;wGif &JabmfrdkvdkawmhAf/ uD;a&mhAf/ bkdkd&DSavmhAf/
umvDeif/ tJef'D&D,ufAftp&dSonfh uGef*&uf ukd,fpm;vS,ftkyfpkwckudk vDeif*&ufodk@
apv$wf+yD; vDeif*&uf ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;0ifrsm;tm; if;wdk@udk vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;+yD;/ if;wdk@.

udk,fpm;vS,fv$Jtyfr_udk&,lcJhonfh vDeif*&ufudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@. uGef*&uftwGif;&yfcH
cJah om abmf&ASD pfqef@usio
f nfh &yfwnfru
_ kd &Si;f vif;ajymjyapcJo
h nf? uGe*f &ufwiG f wifoiG ;f cJh
aom tpD & if c H p mrsm;ud k aqG ; aEG ; onf h t pnf ; ta0;rsm;onf tvG e f j yif ; xef c J h o nf ?
vDeif*&ufygwt
D zG@J tpnf;. txl;uGezf &ifu
h kd ac:,lco
hJ nf? vDeif*&ufygw0D if trsm;wumh
trsm;pk (97 &mckid Ef e_ ;f ) onf 14 }udrf ajrmuf ygwu
D eG *f &uf. qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk tjynft
h 0
vufcHoabmwlvdkuf+yD;/ ygwDqef@usifa&; ZDEDkApf0g'D twkduf tcHopfrsm;udk _wfcsvdkuf
onf? xkdtcsdefwGif twdkuftcHopf rsm;onf ppfwyfr&dSonfh AdkvfcsKyfrsm; jzpfae=uonf?
vDeif*&ufabmf&DSApfrsm;onf vDeif/ pwmvifwdk@. ygwD. a&Swef;ppfrsufESmwGif
&yf+rJ&yfwnfvsu&f o
Sd nf?
14 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf. &&dScsufrsm;udk ed*Hk;csKyf&mY &Jabmfpwmvifu
qdkAD,uf,leD,HuGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&DSApf) . 14 }udrfajrmufuGef*&uf. ordkif;0ifxl;jcm;
csurf mS twku
d t
f cHopfrsm;trSm;. wu,fZh pfjrpfukd azmfxw
k zf iG chf sEikd jf cif;/ if;wd@k . oHo,
ESihf tydpk um; tc|t
J ypfrsm;udk ypfy,fvu
kd Ef idk jf cif;/ qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepf. a&Swku
d yf v
JG rf;a=umif;udk
&Sif;vif;aocsmusepGm nefjyvdkufjcif;/ ygwDtwGuf atmifyGJtvm;tvmudk azmfxkwfjyo
vkdufjcif;ESifh Tenf;jzifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;tm; qdk&S,fvpfpepfwnfaqmufa&; atmifyGJtay:
r,drf;r,kdif ,Hk=unfr_udk ay;vdkufEkdifonfh tcsufyifjzpfawmhonf[k a&;om;cJhonf?
tusOf;csKyf
+idrf;csrf;pGm pD;yGm;a&; jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;twGuf ul;ajymif;a&;umvESpfrsm;
onf aAmf&DSApfygwDordkif;wGif ta&;}uD;qHk; tcsuftcsmumvyifjzpfonf? wif;rmonfh
tajctaeatmufwGif ygwDonf ppfuGefjrLepfay:vpDrS pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopfodk@ vSnfhajymif;
onfh cufco
hJ nfv
h yk if ef;udk atmifjrifpmG vkyaf qmifEidk cf o
hJ nf? ygwo
D nf pD;yGm;a&;opf tajccH
tkwfjrpfay:wGif tvkyform;/ v,form; r[mrdwfzGJ@r_udk ydkrdktiftm;awmfhwif;apcJhonf?
qdkAD,uf qdk&S,fvpforRwEdkifiHrsm;wGif jynfaxmifpkudk wnfaxmifvdkufEdkifonf?
pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopfa=umifh wkdif;jynf.pD;yGm;a&;b0udk jynfvnfxlaxmif&mwGif
xiSm;odomaom tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;&&dScJhonf? qdkAD,uf,leD,Honf pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnf
xlaxmifa&;umvtwGi;f atmifyEJG iS hf xGuaf y:vm+yD; umvopfjzpfaom pufrw
_ yfqifonfh
umvodk@ 0ifa&mufvmonf?
jynfwiG ;f ppfrS +idr;f csr;f pGm qd&k ,
S v
f pf wnfaqmufa&;od@k ul;ajymif;&mwGif tvGe}f uD;rm;
onfh tcuftcJrsm;udk txl;ojzifh tapmydik ;f umvrsm;wGif awG@}uHKcJ&h onf? abmf&ADS pf0g'.
&eforl sm;/ qdAk ,
D uf,el ,
D u
H eG jf rLepfygwD (abmf&ASD pf)twGi;f &dS ygwq
D ef@usio
f nfh tpdwt
f ykid ;f
rsm;onf vDeifygwu
D kd TumvwGif wav#mufv;kH tjyif;txef qef@usiw
f u
dk yf 0JG if cJ=h uonf?
xa&mhpuDonf TygwDqef@usifonfh tpdwftykdif;rsm;udk acgif;aqmifcJhonf? TwkdufyGJwGif
ol.vuf&Hk;rsm;rSm uJrDeufAf / ZDEkdApfESifh blcg&ifwkd@jzpfonf? vDeifuG,fvGef+yD; aemuf
twdkuftcHorm;rsm;u abmf&SDApfygwDwGif; pdwf"mwfusatmif/ ygwDuGJatmif &nf &G,f+yD;
qdkAD,uf,leD,HY qdk&S,fvpfpepf atmifyGJcHEdkifajc&dSr_tay: r,Hk=unfatmif 0g'jzef@ =uonf?
trSepf ifppfrmS rl xa&mhpuD0g'rD sm;onf qdAk ,
D uf,el ,
D w
H iG f tjcm;ygww
D &yf/ "e&Sio
f pfrsm;.
EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;/ "e&Sifpepf jynfvnfxlaxmifa&;ygwD xlaxmif&ef }udK;pm;vmjcif;jzpf
onf?
ygwDonf vDeif tvHawmfatmufwGif vDeif0g'D A[dkaumfrwD.ywfvnf/ &Jabmf
pwmvif ywfvnfwGif pk&Hk;cJh=u+yD; xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;udka&mESifh if;wdk@. rdwfaqGopf vDeif
*&uf&dS ZDEdkApf/ uJrDeufAf twdkuftcHopfudkyg acsr_ef;ypfvkdufonf?
tiftm;pGrf;&nfESifh tajccHt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk pkpnf;+yD;aemuf abmf&SDApfygwDonf
wkid ;f jynfukd ordik ;f wGit
f qifo
h pfwckjzpfaom qd&k ,
S v
f pfpufrw
_ yfqifonft
h qifo
h @kd a&muf&Sd
apcJhonf?
tcef; (10)
wdik ;f jynftm; qd&k ,

S v
f pfpufrv
+ ufrw
+ yfqifa&;
wdu
k yf t
JG wGi;f rS abmf&ADS pfygwD (1926=1929)
1? qkd&S,fvpf pufr_vufr_wyfqifa&; umvtwGif;rS tcuftcJrsm;ESifh if;wdk@udk ausmfeif;
Edkif&eftwGufwdkufyGJrsm;/ xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;ESifh ZZDDEdkApf0g'Drsm; ygwDqef@usifa&;tkyfpkzGJjcif;/
xdktkyfpk. qkdAD,ufqef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tkyfpk_H;edrfhoGm;jcif;?
14 }udrfajrmuf uGef*&uf+yD;aemuf ygwDonf qkdAD,uftpkd;&. taxGaxGvrf;pOfjzpf
aom wkdif;jynftm; qkd&S,fvpfpufr_wyfqifa&;udk taumiftxnfazmf&eftwGuf tjyif;
txef }udK;pm;vk;H yef;wku
d yf 0JG if&awmhonf// jyefvnfxal xmifa&; umvtwGi;f vkyif ef;wm
0eftm;vHk;xJwGif v,f,mpkdufysdK;a&;vkyfief;udk jyefvnftoufoGif;a&;rSm a&S@qkH;ujzpf+yD;
Tenf;tm;jzifh ukef=urff;ypPnf;rsm;ESihf pm;eyf&duQmrsm;&&Sdvmaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm; wnf&Sd
aeonfh pufHktvkyfHkrsm;udk jyefvnfxlaxmif vnfywfapEdkifrnfjzpfonf//
qkAd ,
D uftpk;d &onf Twm0efukd E_id ;f ,SOcf sut
f & oufawmifo
h ufom vG,u
f pl mG jzifh
udkifwG,fajz&Sif;EdkifcJhonf//
okd aomf jyefvnfxal xmifa&;umvwGif t"dutm;enf;/ csKd @,iG ;f csuf oH;k csu&f cdS o
hJ nf?
yxrtcsufrSm pufHktvkyfkHrsm;rSm tkdrif;ae+yD; wyfqifxm;onfh pufud&d,mrsm;rSmvnf;
a&S;usa[mif;EGr;f aeum r=umrDtwGi;f vnfywfEikd af wmhrnf r[kwjf cif;jzpfonf// ,ckwm0ef
rSm if;wkd@udk acwfrDud&d,mrsm;ESifh jyefvnfwyfqif&efjzpfonf//
'kwd,tcsufrSm jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;umvtwGif;&Sd pufr_vkyfief;onf tvGefusOf;
ajrmif;onfh tajccHtw
k jf rpfay:wGif wnf&adS eonf// wkid ;f jynfwiG f r&Srd jzpf vH;k 0vkt
d yfae aom
pufu&d ,
d m wnfaqmufonfh vkyif ef;}uD;rsm; csKd @wahJ eonf// TuJ@o@kd aom vkyif ef;}uD; rsm;udk
&mESifhcsDI wnfaqmuf&rnfjzpfonf// tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf Tvkyfief;}uD;rsm; r&Sdygu
rnfonfhwkdif;jynfr# tppftrSef pufr_vufr_ wyfqif+yD;jzpfonf[k rajymqkdEdkifaom
a=umifjh zpfonf// ,ckvuf&w
dS m0efrmS Tvkyif ef;}uD;rsm;udk wnfaqmuf+yD; acwfru
D &d,mrsm;
wyfqif&efjzpfonf//
wwd,tcsurf mS TumvtwGi;f &Sd pufrv
_ yk if ef;rsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh tao;pm;
okd@r[kwf tayghpm; pufr_vkyfief;rsm; jzpfaejcif;jzpfonf// Tvkyfief;rsm;onf jzpfay:wdk;
wufae+yD; aumif;aumif;&yfwnfaeEdkif+yD jzpfonf// okd@aomft}uD;pm; pufr_vkyfief;rsm;
tm;enf;r_a=umifh tao;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;rSm wpkHw&maom tcsufxuf ausmfvGefI
qufvufjzpfay:wkd;wuf&ef twm;tqD; tcuftcJrsm;ESifh }uKHawG@ae&onf// wdkif;jynfwGif
t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief; aumif;aumif; jzpfay:wkd;wufrSomv#if tjcm;vkdtyfcsufrsm;
jynfh0Edkifrnf qkdaomtcsufrSm ajym&efyifrvdkacs// ,ckvuf&Sdvkyfief;wm0efrSm tao;pm;
pufr_vkyfief;ukd OD;pm;ay;+yD; owfrSwf&efyifjzpfonf//
Tvkyfief;wm0efopftm;vkH;udk qkd&S,fvpfpufr_vufr_wyfqifa&;ay:vpDu atmif
jrifatmif xrf;aqmif&efjzpfonf//
Zmbk&ifh k&Sm;Y r&SdcJhbl;onfh pufr_vkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom puf,E W&m;opfrsm; pufud
&d,mrsm; wefqmyvmrsm;/ armfawmfum;/ "mwkypPn;f rsm;/ oHEiS o
hf rH %d puf}Hk uD;rsm; ponfh
pufr_vkyfief;opfrsm; trsm;tjym;ukd wnfaqmuf+yD; tif*sifpufrsm;ESifh pGrf;tm;
qkdif&mud&d,mrsm; xkwfvkyfa&;twGuf pnf;Hk;vkyfaqmifum owWKkdif;ESifh ausmufrD;aoG;
wl;azmfa&;wkd@udk wdk;wufvkyfudkif&eff vdktyfaeonf// Tonfwkd@rSm qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkY
qdk&Spfvpfpepf atmifyGJcHa&;twGuf vdktyfcsufjzpfonf//
vufeufud&d,m topftqef;rsm;xkwfvkyfonfh pufr_vkyfief;rsm; zefwD;&ef t
ajrmufrsm;/ tajrmufqHrsm;/ av,mOfysHrsm;/ wifhum;rsm;ESifh pufaoewfrsm; xkwfvkyfa&;
twGuf vkyif ef;opfrsm; xlaxmif&efvt
kd yfonf// Tonfwkd rh mS t&if;&Siu
f rBmu 0kid ;f &Hxm;
onfh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk umuG,fa&;twGuf vkdtyfcsufjzpfonf?
acwfrDpdkufysKd;a&; puf,E W&m;rsm; xkwfvkyf&eftwGuf v,fxGefpufvkyfief;rsm;ESifh
tvkyf&kH}uD;rsm; wnfaqmuf+yD; xdkpufud&d,mrsm;jzihf v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;udk wyfqifjznfh
qnf;ay;&efvdktyfonf// okd@rSom woD;yk*~vdu v,form;uav; oef;aygif;rsm;pGmwdk@.
v,f,mrsm;udk t}uD;pm;pkaygif;ydkifqdkifonfh v,f,majrrsm; tjzpfokd@ ajymif;vJ Edkifrnfjzpf
onf// Tonfw@kd rmS aus;vufa'oY qd&k pS v
f pfpepfatmifycJG aH &;twGuf vkt
d yfcsuf jzpfonf/
Tt&mtm;vHk;udk pufr_wyfqifa&; ay:vpDu atmifjrif&&Sdf&efjzpfonf// wdkif;jynf tm;
pufr_wyfqifjcif;qdkonfrSm Tonfudk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf//
Tr#}uD;rm;onfh twdkif;twm&Sdonfh wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rSm lb,faiGoef;aygif;
axmifEiS chf sI
D vkt
d yfrnfjzpfa=umif; &Si;f aeonf// t&if;&SiEf ikd if rH sm;u acs;aiGrsm; xkwaf cs;&ef
jiif;qkdaeonfhtwGuf EkdifiHjcm;acs;aiGrsm;tay: rSDckd&efrSm rpOf;pm;Ekdifacs/ u|efawmfwkd@onf

Ekid if jH cm;tultnDrygbJ rdrw
d @dk t&if;tjrpfrsm;ay:wGio
f m wnfaqmuf&efjzpfonf? xkt
fd csed f
u u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynfrSm qif;&Jaomwdkif;jynfwjynf jzpfaeonf//
TonfrSm t"dutcuftcJrsm;rS wckjzpfonf//
t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;onf vkyfkd;vkyfpOft& t}uD;pm;pufr_vufief;rsm; wnfaqmuf&m
wGif EdkifiHjcm;rS&&Sdonfh &efyHkaiGrsm; / udkvdkeDaoG;pkyfr_rsm;rSvnf;aumif;/ ppftEdkifcH&onfh
Edik if rH sm;qDrS ppfavsmaf =u;rsm; &,ljcif;rsm;rSvnf;aumif;/ Edik if jH cm;acs;aiGrsm;rSvnf;aumif;/
&&Sdonfh&efykHaiGrsm;jzifh wnfaqmuf=uonf? qdkAD,uf,leD,Honf udkvdkeDrsm;ESifh ppftEdkifcH
&onfh EdkifiHrsm;udk aoG;pkyf+yD; &efykHaiG,lonfh TemrnfysufvSaom enf;emrsm;udk rlt&yif
toH;k rjyKEkid af cs? Edik if jH cm;acs;aiGEiS yfh wfoufIrl t&if;&SiEf ikd if rH sm;u jiif;qdak eojzifh qdAk ,
D uf
,leD,Htzkd@ vrf;ydwfaeonf// &efyHkaiGrSm wdik ;f jynfwiG f;rSmyif &SmazG&&Sd&effjzpfygawmhonf?
&Smvnf;&SmazG awG&Scd o
hJ nf// qdAk ,
D ufjynfaxmifpw
k iG f bma&; a&aomufjrpfrsm;udk
tjcm;rnfonfh t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;rSmrS r&&SdEdkifonfhae&mrsm;rS &,lcJhonf// qdkAD,uf
EdkifiHawmfonf t&if;&Sifrsm; ajr&Sifrsm;xHrS atmufwkdbm qdk&SpfvpfawmfvSefa&;u vk
,lxm;vdkufonfh pufHk/ tvkyfHk ESifhv,f,majrtm;vHk;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;vrf;tm;vHk;
b%fwu
kd rf sm;ESihf jynfwiG ;f jynfy ukeo
f ,
G af &;vkyif ef;rsm;udk odr;f ,lvu
dk o
f nf// Edik if aH wmfyikd f
pufHktvkyfHkrsm;rSvnf;aumif;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;vrf;rsm;/ b%frsm;ESifh ukefoG,fa&;
vkyfief;rsm;rSvnf;aumif; / &&Sdonfh tjrwftpGef;rsm;onf ,cktcgwGif uyfyg;t&if;&Sif
vlwef;pm; tdwx
f o
J @kd a&muf&o
dS mG ;jcif;r&Sad wmhbJ pufrv
_ yk if ef; qufvufw;kd chsJ vkyaf qmif&ef
a&muf&SdoGm;awmhonf//
qdkAD,uftpdk;&onf/ Zmbk&if. auG;rsm;udk zsufodrf;ypfvkdufonf// ESpfpOfjynfolrsm;
onf/ twkd;twGufyif lb,fa&$oef;&mESifhcsDI ay;qyfaecJh=u&onf// ajr,mrsm;tm;
ajr&Sifrsm;ydkifqdkifcGifhudk zsufodrf;vdkufjcif;jzifh qdkAD,uftpdk;&onf ESpfpOfv,form;rsm;
ajriSm;ctjzpf ay;ae&onfh lb,fa&$oef; 500 udk oufomcGi&hf ap vdu
k o
f nf// T0efxyk 0f ef
ydk;rS vGwfajrmuf+yD;aemuf v,form;xkonf EdkifiHawmfudk tiftm;awmifhwif;onfh pufr_
vkyfief;opfrsm; wnfaqmuf&efulnDrnfh taetxm;odk@ a&muf&Sdfvmonf// v,form;rsm;
onf v,fxGefpufrsm;ESifh wjcm;pdkufysKd;a&; puf,E W&m;rsm;&&Sd&ef tvGeftrif; pdwf0ifpm;
vm=uonf//
T0ifaiG t&if;tjrpftm;vHk;onf qdkAD,ufEdkifiHawmf. vufwGif;wGif&Sdygonf//
Tonfrsm;rSm t}uD;pm; pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wnfaxmif&ef lb,foef;aygif; &mESihfaxmifESifh
csI
D xGuv
f mEdik o
f nf// vkt
d yfonfrmS pD;yGm;a&; qefqefcsO;f uyfr/_ &efyakH iGrsm;udk wif;usypf mG
pepfwus acGswmoHk;pGJr_/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm; tukeftusoufomap&ef jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;/
xkwv
f yk af &;p&dwu
f sqif;apjcif; / xkwv
f yk rf r_ [kwo
f nf/ (Unproductive) toHk;tpGJrsm;udk
jzwfawmufjcif; tp&Sdonfwdk hjzpfonf//
TonfrmS vnf; qdAk ,

D uftpd;k & vufcu
H sio
hf ;kH vkyaf qmifco
hJ nfh vrf;a=umif;jzpfchJ onf/
/ wif;usyfonfh pD;yGm;a&; csKyfudkifr_a=umifh t&if;tESSD;jzpfxGef;r_twGuf &&SdcJhonfh &efyHkaiG
rsm;rSm wESpfxufwESpfwdk;rsm;vmcJhonf? Tonfu tvGef}uD;rm;vSonfh wnfaqmuf
a&;vkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom 'lEl;bDa&tm;v#yfppfpufHk/ wmupPwef-qkdufab;&D;,m; rD;&
xm;vrf;/ pwmvif*&uf v,fxeG pf ufpuf/kH pufu&d ,
d mvkyif ef;rsm;/ armfawmfum;vkyif ef;
(AMO-ZIS) ponfh vkyfief;rsm;udk pwifwnfaqmufEdkifapcJhonf//
1926-27 ckESpftwGif; pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif lb,faiGoef; 1000 eD;yg;jrKyfESHEkdif+yD;
aemufoHk;ESpft=um lb,foef; 5000 eD;yg;jrKyfESHvmEkdifonf udkawG@&Sd&onf//
pufr_wyfqifjcif;vkyfief;onf rSefrSefwdk;wufaeonf// t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;onf qdkAD
,uf,leD,H&Sd qdk&S,fvpf pD;yGm;a&;pepf tiftm;}uD;xGm;vmr_tay: t&if;&Sifpepfwnf&Sdr_.
tE W&m,fw&yfftjzpf =unfhjrifcJhonf// xkd@a=umifhyif e,fchsJEdkifiHrsm;onf qdkAD,uf,leD,Hudk
zdtm;opfrsm;ay;&ef wdkif;jynfwGif; rwnfr+idrf rausreyf jzpfapr_rsm;udk zefwD;&ef qdkAD,uf
,leD,H pufr_vufr_wyfqifa&;vkyfief;udk ysufjym;ap&ef odk@r[kwf tenf;qHk; wm;qD;ydwfyif
Edkif&ef olwdk hvkyfEdkifor# tm;vHk;vkyfaqmifcJh=uonf//
1927 ck arvwGif xkdtcsdefu tm%m&aeaom +Adwdo#uGefqmaA;wpf acgif;rm*dk%f;
u Arcos (+Adwdef&Sd qdkAD,ufukefoG,fa&;Xme)udk &efponfh 0ifa&mufpD;eif;r_ jyKvkyfvdkuf
onf// 1927 arv 26 &ufwGif +Adwdo#uGefqmaA;wpftpdk;&onfh qdkAD,uf,leD,HESifh oH
wrefESifh ukefoG,fa&;qufqHr_rsm;udk jzwfawmufvdkufonf//
1927 ZGefv 7 &ufwGif 0gaqm&Sd qdkAD,ufoHtrwf}uD; &JabmfAdkaumhAf (Voikov)
onf ydkvefEkdifiHom;tjzpfcH,lxm;onfh k&Sm;wyfjzLolv#KdwOD;. vkyf=uHowfjzwfr_cHvdkuf&
onf//
TtcsdefavmufrSmyif qdkAD,uf,leD,HYvnf; +Adwdo#olv#Kdrsm;ESifh vrf;v$Ja&;orm;
rsm;onf vDeif*&uf&Sd ygwDuvyfwckrSm jyKvkyfaeonfh tpnf;ta0;Y AHk;ypfoGif;cJh+yD; vl 30
'%f&m&apcJh&m tcsKd@olrsm;. '%f&mrSm tawmfjyif;xefonf//
1927 ckaEG&moDwGif bmvif/ yDuif;/ &Sef[J/ xsefusif;&Sd qdkAD,ufoHHk;rsm;ESifh ukefoG,f
a&;udk,fpm;vS,fXmersm;rSm wcsdefwnf;eD;yg; 0ifa&mufpD;eif; wkdufckdufjcif;cH&onf//
Tonfu qdAk ,
D uftm%m. tcuftcJrsm;udk xyfrw
H ;kd apcJo
h nf// odk aomf qdAk ,
D uf
,le,
D o
H nf t+cdr;f ajcmufrcHbJ e,fcs@J orm;rsm;ESifh if;wd@k . olv#Krd sm;u &efp}udK;yrf;r_rsm;udk
tvG,fwul wGef;vSefvdkufonf// xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;ESihf tjcm;twdkuftcHrsm;. tzsuf
vkyfief;rsm;a=umifh ygwDESifh qdkAD,ufEdkifiHawmf }uHKawG@&onfh tcuftcJrsm;rSmvnf; rao;
vSacs/ qdAk ,
D uftm%mudk qef@usi&f eftwGuf csed b
f mvderf t
S p xa&mhpuDtxd wyfaygi;f pk
omefrsKd;wck xlaxmifvdkufonf[k &Jabmfpwmvifuqkd&mY tusdK;ta=umif; &Sdonf//
14 }udraf jrmufygwD uGe*f &uf. qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;ESihf twdu
k t
f cHorm;rsm;. opPmapmifo
h &d ef
0efcHuwdjyKcsufrsm; &dScJhaomfvnf; twdkuftcHorm;rsm;onf tav#mhray;ao;acs/ qef
usifpGmyif olwdk@onfygwDudk tiftm;csnfheJ@ap&efESifh uGJ+yJ&ef if;wkd. }udK;yrf;csufrsm;udk

ydkrdktm;jznfhvkyfaqmifcJhonf//
1926 ck aEG&moDwiG f xa&mhpuD0g'rD sm;ESihf ZDEAdk pf0g'rD sm;yl;aygi;f +yD; ygwq
D ef@usif a&;tkypf k
wnf a xmif c J h o nf / / Ttk y f p k r sm;ud k H _ ; ed r f h o G m ;onf h twd k u f t cH t zG J @ rsm; tm;vH k ; rS
tuGif;tusefrsm; pkpnf;onfhae&mjzpfap+yD; if;wkd@. vDeifqef@usifaom v#Kd@0SufygwD
w&yftwGuf tajccHtkwfjrpfcsvdkufonf// Tenf;jzifh *dk%f;tkyfpkrsm; zGJ@jcif;udk wm;jrpfxm;
onfh ygwDpnf;urf;rsm;ESifh ygwDuGef*&uf qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk vHk;0azmufzsufvdkufonf?
ygwDA[kdaumfrwDu emrnfysufvSaom rif&SDApfrsm;. =o*kwfvtkyfpkESifh omefwlonfh
TygwDqef@usifa&;tkyfpkudk rzsufodrf;ygu if;.aemufvdkufrsm;twGuf jy\emrsm;
tqH;k owfaumif;rnf r[kwaf =umif; owday;cJo
h nf// odk aomf xkt
d yk pf k aemufvu
kd rf sm;onf
r&yfwef@cJhacs//
D eG *f &uf t}udKumvY olw@kd onf armfpud/k
xdak qmif;OD;&moDwiG f 15 }udraf jrmuf ygwu
vDeif*&ufESifh tjcm; +rKd@}uD;rsm;&Sd pufHkygwDtpnf;ta0;rsm;Y pwifwkdufcdkufvm+yD; ygwDudk
aqG;aEG;yGJopfrsm; jyKvkyfay;&ef zdtm;ay; }udK;yrf;vm=uonf// olwkd@u ygwD0ifrsm;tm;
aqG;aEG;&efwdkufwGef;vmonfh rlrsm;rSm =um;aeus vDeifqef@usifonfh xa&mhpuD-rif&DSApf
rlrsm;udk topfrGrf;rHxm;onfrsm;om jzpfonf// ygwD0ifrsm;onf twkduftcHrsm;udk jyif;jyif;
xefxefjiif;y,fvdkuf+yD; tcsKd@ae&mrsm;wGifrl tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif;rS olwkd@ukdESifxkwfypf
vdkufygonf// A[dkaumfrwDu xkdtkyfpkaxmufcHolrsm;ukd xyfrHI jyif;jyif;xefxef owday;
vdu
k +f yD; ygwo
D nfow
l @dk . tzsuv
f yk if ef;rsm;udk qufvufonf; cHEidk af wmhrnf r[kwaf =umif;
a=unmcJhonf//
xk d t cg twd k u f t cH r sm;onf A[d k a umf r wD o d k @ xa&mh p uD / ZD E d k A pf / uJ r D e uf A f /
qdkudkvfeDaumAfhwkd@ vwfrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom pmwrf;wapmifwifoGif;+yD; olwkd@udk,fwdkif.
*d%
k ;f cGaJ &;vkyif ef;rsm;udk _wcf sum tem*wfwiG f opPmapmifo
h yd grnfjzpfa=umif; uwdjd yKcJh onf/
/ odk aomf xdt
k yk pf o
k nf qufvufwnf&adS e+y;D if;. aemufvu
kd rf sm;uvnf; ygwD qef@usiahf &;
v#Kd@0Sufa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk &yfqkdif;jcif;rjyKcJhacs// olwdk@onf vDeifqef@usifa&; ygwDw&yf
pk p nf ; zG J @ pnf ; a&;ud k quf v uf v k y f a qmif a e=u+yD ; w&m;r0if yH k E S d y f x k w f a 0jcif ; rsm;
pwifvkyfaqmifaeum if;wkd@. axmufcHolrsm;xHrS tzGJ h0ifa=u;rsm; aumufcHvsuf if;w@dk
rl0g'rsm;udk jzef@csdaeonf//
xa&mhpuD0g'DESifh ZDEdkApf0g'Drsm;. tjyKtrlrsm;a=umifh 15 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf
(1926 Edk0ifbm) ESifh uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,f tvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@ wkd;csJ@tpnf;ta0;
(1926 'DZifbm) wkd@wGif xa&mhpuD0g'DESifh ZDEdkApf0g'Drsm;. tkyfpkESifh ywfoufaom jy\
emudk aqG;aEG;um Ttkyfpkudk axmufcHolrsm;rSm ajAmif rif&SDApf0g'rlrsm;udk udkifpGJxm; onfh
*dk%fcGJa&;orm;jzpfa=umif; _wfcsjypfwifonfh qHk;jzwfcsufudk csrSwfvdkufonf//
odkaomf Tonfyif olwdk@udk todw&m;&apjcif;iSm rwwfEkdifchJacs// 1927 ck wGif

+Adwdo#uGefqmaA;wpfrsm;u qdkAD,ufjynfawmifpkESifh oHwrefESifh ukefoG,fa&; qufqHr_
tm;vHk;jzwfawmufcsdefwGifyif xdktkyfpkonf ygwDudk tm;opftifopfjzifh wdkufcdkufvmonf?
vDeif0g'qef@usifa&;rl topfjzpfaom 83 OD;. a=unmcsuf qdkonfudk wDxGif^m%f
qifvm+yD; ygwD0ifrsm;t=um; pwifjzefcsdvmum wcsdefwnf;wGif A[dkaumfrwD taxGaxG
ygwDaqG;aEG;yGJtopfrsm; vkyfaqmifay;&ef awmif;qdkvdkufonf//
TonfrSm twdkuftcHtm;vHk;xJwGif rrSefuefqHk;ESihf rdrdomv#ifrSefonf[k txif
qHk;aom a=unmcsufjzpf[ef&Sdayonf//
if;wkd. a=unmcsufwGif xa&mhpuD0g'DESifh ZDEdkApf0g'Drsm;u olwkdonf ygwD. qHk;
jzwfcsufrsm;/ vkdufemvkyfaqmifa&;udk rnfodkr# xifjrifcsufr&Sda=umif;ESifh olwdk@tm;vHk;u
ygwt
D ay: opPmapmifo
h ad &;udk tav;xm;a=umif; zGi[
hf 0efcx
H m;aomfvnf; trSepf ifppfrmS rl
olw@dk onf ygw.
D qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk ajAmifcsK;d azmuf=u+yD; ygwED iS hf A[dak umfrwDtay: opPm
&Sda&;tawG;tac:udk ysuf&,fjyKcJhonf//
if;wkd. a=unmcsufwGif if;wkduygwDwGif; aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;tay: rnfodk@r#
xifjrifcsurf &Sad =umif;ESihf *d%
k ;f cGaJ &;rsm;udk qef@usiaf =umif; zGi[
hf 0efcx
H m;aomfvnf; trSepf if
ppfrSmrl olwdk@onf ygwD. aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;udk ajAmifcsdK;azmufae=u+yD; *dk%f;cGJa&;twGuf
vkyfaqmifae=uaom qdkAD,ufqef@usifonfh wefjyefawmfvSefa&; ygwDw&yfjzpfvma&; t
wGuf vkt
d yfcsut
f m;vH;k &Sad eonhf if;wkd ud,
k yf ikd w
f &m;r0if vDeifqef@usiaf &; ygww
D &yff vnf;
&Sad e+yD;jzpfonf?
if;wkd@. a=unmcsufwGif if;wdk@u pufr_wyfqifa&;ay:vpDudk axmufcHa=umif;ESifh
A[dkaumfrwDu pufr_wyfqifjcif;udk vsifjrefoifhoavmuf vsifjrefpGm rvkyfudkif[lIyif
tjypfwifajymqdak omfvnf; trSepf ifppfrmS rl qdAk ,
D uf,el ,
D YH qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepfatmifycJG rH _ tay:/
ygwD. qkH;jzwfcsuftay: tjypf&Smum qdk&S,fvpfpufr_vufr_ wyfqifjcif;ay:vpD tay:
ysuf&,fjyK+yD; pufHktvkyfHktcsK@dudk EdkifiHjcm;rsm;odk@ txl;tcGifhta&;yHkpHjzifh ay;tyf&ef
awmif;qdkvmonf? qdkAD,uf,leD,HwGif EdkifiHjcm;t&if;&Sifrsm;. txl;tcGifhta&;rsm;tay:
olwkd@. t"duar#mfvifhcsufrsm;udk yHkxm;vkdufonf?
if;wdk h. a=unmcsufwGif if;wkd@u pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_udk axmufcHa=umif;ESifh
A[dkaumfrwDudk pkaygif;vkyfaqmifa&; taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif jrefoihfoavmuf rjref
[lIyif tjypfwifajymqdkaomfvnf; trSefpiffppfrSmrl olwkd@onf v,form;rsm;udk qdk&S,f
vpfwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;wGif oGwfoGif;onfh ay:vpDudk ysuf&,fjyK=u+yD; tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;ESifh v,form;xkt=um; rajz&Sif;EddkifonfhydyuQrsm; rSm rv$Jra&Smifomjzpf
ay:aeonfqkdonfh tawG;tac:ukd jzef@csda[majymae=uonf? aus;vuf&Sd ,Ofaus;
odrfarG@aom v,fajrtiSm;csolrsm; wenf;- ul;vwfrsm;tay: if;wkd@. ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;
udk yHx
k m;vku
d o
f nf?
TonfrSm twkduftcH a=unmcsufrsm;tm;vHk;xJwGif rrSefuefqHk; tvdrfnmqHk;om

jzpfawmhonf?
TonfrSm ygwDudkvdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;&efjzpfonf?
A[dkaumfrwDu kwfw&ufcsufcsif; taxGaxGaqG;aEG;yGJ usif;yay;&efudk jiif;qdkvdkuf
onf// A[kdu taxGaxGaqG;aEG;yGJudk ygwDpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh tnDom vkyfaqmifEdkifa=umif;/
qdv
k o
kd nfrmS ygwu
D eG *f &ufrwdik rf D ESpv
f tvdw
k iG o
f m vkyaf qmifEikd af =umif; twdu
k t
f cHrsm;
udk ta=umif;=um;vdkufygonf// 15 }udrfajrmuf uGef*&ufrwdkifrD ESpfvtvdkwGif 1927 ck
atmufwb
kd mwGif ygwAD [dak umfrwDu taxGaxGygwD aqG;aEG;yGu
J kd a=unmvdu
k +f yD; wdu
k yf u
JG kd
pwifawmhonf// &v'frSm xa&mhpuD0g'DESifh ZDEdkApf0g'Drsm; tkyfpktwGuf trSefyifa=uuGJ
p&mjzpfayonf? ygw0D if 724000 u A[dak umfrwD. ay:vpDukd axmufccH +Jh yD; ygw0D if 4000
odk@r[kwf 1 &mckdifE_ef;xuf avsmholrsm;u x a&mhpuD0g'DESifh ZDEdkApf0g'D tkyfpktwGuf
axmufcHrJay;cJhonf// ygwDqef@usifa&;tkyfpkukd vHk;0acsr_ef;vkdufonf? ygwD0if trsm;wumh
trsm;pk}uD;u wnDwnGwfwnf;jzifh ygwDqef@usifonfhtkyfpkukd y,fcsvdkufonf?
TonfrSm ygwDu &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyvdkufaom pdwfqENjzpf+yD; twdkuftcHrsm; udk,f
wdkifu TygwDqHk;jzwfcsufudk awmif;cHxm;jcif;jzpfonf?
od@k aomf Ttkypf ak emufvu
kd rf sm;rSm Toifcef;pmudyk if,&l ef ysuu
f u
G cf o
hJ nf? ygw.
D
qH;k jzwfcsuu
f kd vdu
k ef mvm&rnht
f pm; Tonfukd zsuq
f ;D &ef qH;k jzwfvu
kd =f uonf? aqG;aEG;
yGJrsm; r+yD;rDrSmyif t&SufwuGJ tusKd;enf;_H;edrfh&awmhrnfudk od&Sdvm+yD;aemuf olwdk@onf
ygwDESifh qdkAD,uftpdk;&udk ydkrdkjyif;xefonf;oefonfh omefjzifh wdkufyGJ0if&efESifh armfpudk
ESifh vDeif*&ufwdk@wGif ajAmifvlxkqENjyyGJrsm; vkyfaqmif&ef qHk;jzwfvkdufonf? qENjyyGJ
vkyfaqmif&ef a&G;cs,fvdkufonfhae@rSm qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk&Sd tvkyform;jynfolrsm; w
jynfvHk; ESpfpOfawmfvSefa&; txdrf;trSwf vlxkcsDwufyGJ qifEGJaeusjzpfaom Edk0ifbm 7
&ufae@yifjzpfonf? Tenf;jzifh xa&mhpuDEiS hf ZDEAkd pf0g'rD sm;onf pif+ydKifcsw
D ufyv
JG yk &f ef pDpOfchJ
onf? ar#mfvifhxm;onfhtwdkif; tkyfpkaemufvdkufrsm;onf vufwqkyfpm tpG,ftyGm;
tcsK@d uo
kd m vrf;rsm;ay: ac:xkwv
f mEdik cf +hJ yD; TtpG,t
f yGm;rsm;ESihf if;wk@d . q&mocif rsm;udk
vlxkcsDwufyGJ}uD;u zHk;v$rf;vdkuf+yD; vrf;ay:rSm armif;xkwfausmfv$m;jcif; cHcJh&ygonf?
xa&mhpuD ZDEdkApf0g'Drsm;onf/ jywfjywfom;om;yif qdkAD,ufqef@usifolrsm; jzpf
ae+yDjzpfa=umif; oHo,&Sdp&m rvdkawmhacs? ygwDaqG;aEG;yGJtwGif;u olwdk@onf A[dk
aumfrwDudk qef@usif+yD; ygwDudk wifjytoem;cHcJhum ,cktcgwGifrl if;wkd@. oem;pzG,f
vl&mr0ifaom qENjyyGJtwGif; ygwDESifh qdkAD,ufEdkifiHawmfudk qef@usif+yD; &efvdkonfh vlwef;
pm;rsm;udk wifjytoem;cHcJhonf// abmf&SDApfygwD tiftm;csnfheJ@a&;qdkonfudk olwdk@.
&nf&G,fcsuftjzpf xm;vkduf+yD;csdefrSpI olwdk@onf qdkAD,ufEdkifiHawmf tiftm;csnfheJ@a&;
txdudkyif rv$Jra&Smif vkyfaqmifvm=uawmhrnf jzpfonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf qkdAD
,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif abmf&SDApfygwDESifh EdkifiHawmfonf rcGJrcGm twlwGJvsuf &Sdaejcif;
a=umifhjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh xa&mhpuD-ZDEdkApf0g'Dtkyfpk. t"du acgif;aqmifrsm;onf if;

wkd@bmomif;wdk@ ygwDjyifyodk@a&muf&SdoGm;=uonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf qdkAD,uf qef@
usifonfh v_yfSm;r_rsm;txd vkyfaqmifcJholrsm;udk abmf&SDApfygwD0ifrsm;tjzpf qufvuf
vufrcHEdkifawmhacs?
1927 ck Edk0ifbm 14 &ufae@wGif A[dkaumfrwDESifh A[dkxdef;odrf;a&;aumfr&Sifyl;wGJ
tpnf;ta0;u xa&mhpuDESifh ZDEdkApfwdk@udk ygwDrS xkwfy,fypfvdkufonf//
2? qk&d ,
S v
f pfpufrw
_ yfqifa&; wk;d wufvmjcif;/ v,f,mpku
d yf sK;d a&;vkyif ef; aemufusaejcif;/
15 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf/ v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;Y pkaygif;r_ ay:vpD/ xa&mhpuDESifh
ZDEkdApf0g'Dtkyfpkukd ESdrfESif;jcif;/ EkdifiHa&; v#mESpfcGvkyfr_?
1927-ck ukefcgeD;tcsdefwGif qdk&S,fvpfpufr_wyfqifa&;ay:vpD tjywftowf atmif
jrifvmr_rSm {uefrkcsjzpfvmawmhonf// pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopfatmufwGif pufr_wyfqifa&;
vkyfief;onf umvwdktwGif;rSmyif tawmftoifh wkd;wufcJhayonf// pufr_vkyfief;ESifh v,f
,mvkyfief; (opfvkyfief;ESifh ig;zrf;vkyfief; tygt0if) wkd@rS pkpkaygif; txGufrSm ppfrjzpfrD
tqifhodk@ a&muf&Sdvm+yD; ausmfvGefIyifoGm;cJhonf// pufr_vkyfief;rS txGufrSm ppfrjzpfrD
tcsKd;tpm;jzpfaom wkdif;jynf. txGufypPnf; pkpkaygif;. 42 &mckdifE_ef; odk@wufvmcJhonf?
pufr_vkyfief;. qkd&S,fvpftpdwftydkif;onf woD;yk*~vdu tpdwftykdif;udk xdcdkuf
epfemap+yD;aemuf tvsiftjref }uD;xGm;vmae+yD; ,if;rS txGufrSm 1924-25 ck pkpkaygif;
txGufypPnf;. 81 &mckdifE_ef;rS 1926-27 ckwGif 86 &mckdifE_ef;odk@wdk;wufvmcJhonf//
xdktcsdefrSmyif woD;yk*~vdutpdwftydkif;rSmr_ 19 &mcdkifE_ef;rS 14 &mcdkif E_ef;odk@ usqif;oGm;
ayonf?
TonfujyaeonfrmS qd&k ,
S v
f pfjynfaxmifp.
k pufrw
_ yfqifa&;vkyif ef;onf odom
jywfom;pGm qdk&S,fvpfvuQ%maqmifa=umif;/ pufr_vkyfief;onf qdk&S,fvpfxkwfvkyfa&;
pepfokd@ jzpfay:wkd;wufvsuf&Sda=umif;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;ESifh ywfoufI rnfolEkdifrnfenf;
qkdonfh jy\emwGif qdk&S,fvpfpepfu tompD;&&Sdae+yD jzpfa=umif;wkd@yifjzpfonf//
ukeo
f ,
G af &; e,fy,fY woD;yk*v
~ u
d aps;onfrsm;onfvnf; tvsit
f jrefz,f&mS ;jcif;
cHae&um vufum;aps;uGuw
f iG rf qdx
k m;ESihf vufvaD ps;uGuw
f iG yf if if;wk@d . &S,&f ma0pkrmS
1924-25ckwGif 42 &mckdifE_ef; &Sdae&mrS 1926 -27 wGif 32 &mcdkifE_ef;odk@usqif;oGm;onf//
vufum;aps;uGuf&Sd woD;yk*~vdfuaps;onfrsm;. tcsKd;tpm;rSm xdkwcsdefwnf;wGifyif 9
&mckdifE_ef;rS 5 &mckdifE_ef;odk@usqif;oGm;onf?
qd&k ,
S v
f pft}uD;pm; pufr_vkyfief;rSm ydkrdkIyif vsifjrefpGm }uD;xGm;aeonf// jyefvnf
xlaxmifa&;umvt+yD;/ yxrESpfjzpfaom 1927 ck wGif if;. txGufrSm ,cifESpfu xuf
18 &mcdkifE_ef; wdk;wufcJhonf? Twdk;wufr_rSm pHcsdefjzpf+yD; a&S@wef; ta&mufqHk; t&if;&Sif

EkdifiHrsm;. t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;uyif rDrnfr[kwfacs?
odk@aomfv,f,m pdkufysKd;a&;wGif txl;ojzifh oD;ESHpdkufysKd;a&;wGif jcm;em; uGmjcm;ae
onf? v,f,mpdu
k yf sK;d a&; wckv;kH taejzifh ppfrjzpfrt
D qifx
h uf ausmv
f eG af eapumrl if;.
ta&;}uD;qHk;tydkif; oD;ESHpdkufysKd;a&;. pkpkaygif;txGufrSm ppfrjzpfrDtqifh. 91 &mckdifE_ef;
om&Sad e+yD; a&mif;csvu
kd o
f nfh &dumQ oD;ESt
H pk/ qdv
k o
kd nfrmS +rdK@rsm;od@k axmufy&hH ef a&mif;csay;
vdkufaom oD;ESHta&twGufrSm ppfrjzpfrD udef;*%ef;. 37 &mcdkifE_ef; &&Sd&efyif tEkdifEkdifjzpf
onf? xkd tjyifa&mif;csEidk af om oD;ESt
H a&twGuf qufvufusqif;rnfh tE &W m,f&adS ea=umif;
vuQ%mtm;vHk;u jyoaeygonf?
Tonfu 1918 ckEpS u
f pwifco
hJ nfh jzpfpOfwckjzpfaom aps;uGut
f wGuf xkwv
f yk af y;
aeus t}u;D pm; v,f,majrrsm;udk tao;pm; v,f,majrtjzpfo@kd vnf; aumif; tao;pm;
v,f,majrrsm;udk ti,fpm;v,f,majrtjzpfodk@vnf;aumif; cGJypfae aomjzpfpOfonf
qufvufjzpfymG ;aea=umif;/ Ttao;pm;ESihf ti,fpm;v,f,m ajrrsm; onf vufawG@tm;
jzifh obm0pD;yGm;a&;omefo@kd aemufqw
k o
f mG ;ae+yD; aps;uGut
f wGuf rajymyavmufaom
ta&twGufom&Sdonfh oD;ESHudk axmufyHhEkdifa=umif; 1927 ck umvwGif oD;ESHtxGufrSm
ppfrjzpfrD umvxuf tenf;i,fcef@omavsmeh nf;aomfvnf; +rdK@rsm;od@k axmufy&hH ef a&mif;cs
Ekid af om ydv
k #&H u
d mQ rSm ppfrjzpfraD &mif;csEikd af om ydv
k #&H u
d mQ . oH;k yHk wyHx
k uf tenf;i,fr#om
ydka=umif; jyocJhonf?
oD;ESHpdkufysKd;a&;wGif TuJhodk@aom jy\emrsm; qufvufjzpfay:aeygu wyfrawmfESifh
+rdK@aevlxo
k nf a&&Snif wfrw
G af cgi;f yg;jcif;ab;ESihf &ifqikd &f awmhrnfrmS oHo, &Spd &mrvdak cs/
TonfrmS oD;ESpH u
dk yf sK;d a&;. tcuftcJtusyt
f wnf; jzpf+yD;/ if;aemufrS wd&p>mefarG;jrLa&;
uyfab;onfvnf; rvGJraoGygvmayawmhrnf?
Tqdk;0g;vSonfh tajctaerS wckwnf;aom xGufaygufrSm t}uD;pm;v,f,majrodk@
ajymif;vJ&efjzpf+yD; Tonfuomv#if v,fxeG pf ufrsm;/ pdu
k yf sK;d a&; puf,E W&m;rsm; toHk;jyK
Ekdifapum a&mif;csEdkifonfh ydkv#HoD;ESHrsm;udk tqaygif;rsm;pGm wdk;wufapEkdifayvdrfhrnf?
wkdif;jynftwGuf a&G;p&m2 vrf;&Sdonf? wvrf;rSm t}uD;pm; t&if;&Sif v,f,mvkyfief;udk
vkyfaqmif&ef/ TonfrSm v,form;vlxkudk ysufpD;ap+yD; tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh v,f
orm;xk. r[mrdwfzGJ@xm;r_udk zsufqD;um ul;vwfrsm;. tiftm;udkwdk;yGm;ap+yD; aus;
vuf&Sd qdk&S,fvpfpepfusqif;apjcif;udk qdkvdkayonf? aemufwvrf;rSm v,form;uav;
rsm;ydkifqdkifonfh ajr,mrsm;udk }uD;rm;onfh qdk &S,fvpfv,f,majrrsm;/ pkaygif; v,f,m
rsm;tjzpf aygif;pyfvdkufonfhvrf;jzpfonf? TuJhodk@jyKvkyfvdkufygu oD;ESHpdkufysKd;a&;Y
vsifjrefonfh atmifjrifr_rsm;&&Sd&efESifh a&mif;csEdkifaom ydkv#HoD;ESHrsm; tvsiftjref wdk;rsm;
vmap&ef v,fxGefpufrsm;ESifh wjcm;acwfrDpuf,E W&m;rsm; toHk;jyKEdkifrnfjzpfonf?
abmf&SDApfygwDESifh qdkAD,ufEdkifiHawmftzkd@ v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;bufwGif jzpfay:wkd;

wufa&;twGuf pkaygif;v,f,majrvrf;qdkonfh 'kwd,vrf;udkom vdkufEdkifrnfjzpfa=umif;
rSm&Sif;aeonf? Tae&mwGif ygwDudk vrf;!efr_rsm; ay;aeonfrSm v,form;uav;rsm;
pdkufysKd;a&;rS t}uD;pm;or0g,r/ pkaygif;ykdifqdkifonfh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;odk@ul;ajymif;&ef
vkdtyfr_ESihf ywfowfonfh vDeif. oGefoifcsufrsm;yifjzpfonf//
u? tao;pm; v,f,majrvkyfief;twGuf qif;&JwGif;rS vGwfuif;rnfh vrf;r&Sdacs/
(vDeifusrf;aygif;pHk twGJ 24/ ESm / 540)
c// tao;pm; v,f,majrvkyfief;udk ta[mif;twkdif; qufvufvkyfaqmifygu

tcrJhajrrS vGwfvyfonfh jynfoljynfom;rsm;tjzpfESifhyifv#if rv$Jra&SmifombJ
ysufpD;r_ESifh u|efawmfwdk@ &ifqkdfif+rJ&ifqdkif&ayOD;rnf? (txuf yg-twGJ20/ ESm-417)
*? v,form;rsm;. v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;udk qufvufjzpfay: wdk;wufrnf qdkygu
aemuftqifhwckodk@ ul;ajymif;a&;udkvnf; u|efawmfwdk@ cdkifckdifrmrmtmrcHcsuf
ay;&ayrnf// Taemuftqifhonf tusKd;tjrwftenf;qHk;ESifh acwfaemuf tus
qHk;jzpfaom tao;pm; v,form;rsm;. oD;oef@v,fajrrsm;udk t}uD;pm;pkaygif;
v,fajrrsm;tjzpf wjznf;jznf; aygif;pyfpkpnf;wnfaxmifoGm;rnfhjzpfpOf
rkcsyifjzpf&ayrnf// (txufygusrf; twGJ 26/ pmrsufESm-299)
C// u|efawmfwdk@onf v,form;rsm;udk vufawG@b0wGif trsm;pkaygif;xm;onfh
or0g,r xGe,
f uf pdu
k yf sK;d jcif;. tm;omcsurf sm;udjk yo&mYatmifjrifro
S mv#i/f
u|eaf wmfw@dk onf v,form;rsm;udk or0g,r pdu
k yf sK;d a&;enf;emjzifh uln&D mwGif
atmifjrifrSomv#if/ EdkifiHawmf tm%mudkifpGJxm;onfh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;
onf v,form;rsm;udk if;wkd@. ay:vpDrSefuefa=umif; ,Hk=unfvufcH Ekdifvmap
rnfjzpf+yD; v,form; oef;aygi;f rsm;pGm. ppfreS o
f nfh a&&Sncf EH ikd &f nf&adS om vku
d yf g
r_udk tmrcHEdkifrnfjzpfonf// (vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf; armfpudk 1947 / twGJ 2/
pmrsuf ESm- 539)
Tonfrsm;rSm 15 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufrwkdifrD tajctaersm;jzpfayonf// 15

=udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufudk 1927 'DZifbm2 &ufae@wGif zGifhvSpfvdkufonf// uGef*&uf odk@
ygw0D if 887233 OD;ESihf t&Hygw0D if 348957 OD;udk ud,
k pf m;jyKonfh rJay;Ekid o
f nfh ud,
k pf m;vS,f
898 ESifh rJray;Edkifonfh udk,fpm;vS,f 771 OD; wufa&mufcJhonf//
A[kdaumfrwDudk,fpm; &Jabmfpwmvifu tpD&ifcH&mwGif pufr_wyfqifjcif;. tusKd;
aus;Zl;rsm;ESihf qk&d ,
S v
f pfpufrv
_ yk if ef; tvsit
f jref wk;d cs@J vmaer_udk uk;d um;ajymqk+d yD; ygw.
D
atmufygwm0efukd csrSwfvkdufonf?
awmESifhrd@rsm;&Sd pD;yGm;a&;XmecGJrsm;tm;vHk;wGif u|efawmfwkd@. t"du qdk&S,fvpf

tqifhae&mrsm;udk wdk;chsJ+yD; ckdifrmawmifhwif;ap&efESifh trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;rS t&if;&Sif tpdwf
tykdif;udk okwfoifz,f&Sm;ypf&ef yifjzpfonf//
v,f,mvkyfief;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;udk E_dif;,SOf&if; v,f,mvkyfief;. acwfaemufusr_
txl;ojzifh oD;ESHpdkufysKd;a&;bufwGif aemufusr_wkd@udk owdjyK&if; v,f,mvkyfief;. us,f
jyef@aeaom taetxm;a=umifh &Jabmfpwmvifu Ttm;wufzG,fr&Sdaom v,f,m
vkyfief;tjctaeonf trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;wckvHk;udk tE W&m,fjyKEkdifa=umif; tav;wif;
ajym=um;cJhonf//
&Jabmfpwmvifu xGufayguf[m bmvJ [kar;cJhonf//
olu xGufayguf[m us,fjyef@aewJh tao;pm;v,form;rsm;&J@ v,f,majrrsm;udk
twlwuG pkaygif;xGef,uf pdkufysKd;jcif;tay:tajccHonfh t}uD;pm;pkaygif;xm;onfh v,f
,majrrsm;tjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJ&ef ydkrdktqifhjrifhonfh enf;ynmrsm;tay: tajccH+yD; ajr,m
ukdpkaygif;xGef,ufpkdufysKd;jcif;ukd wifoGif;&efyifjzpfonf? xGufaygufrSm tao;pm;ESifh ti,f
pm; v,form;rsm;. v,f,majrrsm;udk jyif;xefpl;pdkufonfh (Intensive) v,f,mvkyfief;
twGuf ody`Henf;usenf;emrsm;/ v,f,mpuf,E W&m;rsm;/ v,fxGefpufrsm; toHk;jyK+yD;
ajr,mudk twlwuG or0g,r pkaygif;xGef,ufpdkufysKd;onfh t}uD;pm;v,f,majrrsm;
tjzpfodk@wjznf;jznf;/ odk@aomfaocsmpGmjzifh zdtm;roHk;bJ erlemyHkpHrsm;jyjcif; azsmif;zs aqG;
aEG;jcif;wkd@jzifh pkaygif;nDnGwfvma&;jzpfonf// tjcm;xGufaygufr&Sd[kqdkcJhygonf?
15 =udrfajrmuf uGef*&ufu v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;wGif pkaygif;r_ jyKvkyfjcif; (collectivi zation) udk tjynf0h qH;k jzpfay:wk;d wufap&ef awmif;qdo
k nfh qH;k jzwfcsuu
f kd csrw
S f vku
d o
f nf/
/ uG e f * &uf u pk a ygif ; v,f a jrrsm;ES i f h Ek d i f i H a wmf v ,f a jrrsm;ud k wk d ; csJ @ +yD ; ck d i f r m
awmif h w if ; apa&;pD r H u d e f ; ud k vuf c H t wnf j yKum v,f , mvk y f i ef ; pk a ygif ; yk d i f q d k i f r _
jyKvky&f mwGif toH;k jyK&rnfh enf;emrsm;ESihf ywfowfonfh &Si;f vif;aocsmonfh !e=f um;csuf
rsm;udk azmfjyay;vkdufonf?
wcsdefwnf;wGif uGef*&ufu !ef=um;csufrsm;ay;cJhonf//
ul;vwfrsm;udk qufvufxkd;ppfqif&efESifh aus;vufa'oY t&if;&Sifpepfjzpfay:
wdk;wufrludk csKyfxdef;rnfh enf;emopfrsm;oHk;+yD; v,form;rsm;. v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;udk
qdk&S,fvpfpepfqDodk@ OD;aqmifvrf;jyoGm;&ef C.P.S.U (B) .qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; / &k&Sm;bmom
tydkif;2/ ESm-260
aemufq;kH wGif pD;yGm;a&;pDru

H ed ;f tajccHcidk rf mpGm tjrpfw,
G af e+yDjzpfI pD;yGm;a&; ppfrsuf
ESmwckvHk;wGif t&if;&Siftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk qdk&S,fvpfpepfu pepfwus xdk;ppfqif&ef &nf
&G,cf sujf zifh uGe*f &ufu trsK;d om;pD;yGm;a&; jzpfay:wd;k wufa&;twGuf yxr 5 ESppf rD u
H ed ;f
a&;qGJ&ef oifhawmfonfh tzGJ@rsm;udk !ef=um;vdkufonf//
qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&; jy\emrsm;tay: qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf+yD;aemuf

uGef*&ufonff xa&mhpuDESifh ZDEdkApftkyfpk acsr_ef;a&;jy\emudk qufvufaqG;aEG;cJhonf?
uGef*&ufutwdkuftcHrsm;onf vDeif0g'ESifh tawG;ac:t& jywfawmufuif;uGm
oGm;+yDjzpfa=umif;/ rif&SDApftkyfpktjzpf ysufpD;,dk,Gif;oGm;+yD;jzpfa=umif;/ jynfwGif;jynfyae
"e&Sit
f iftm;pkrsm;udk tav#mah y; vufeufcsonfv
h rf;udk vdu
k o
f mG ;+yD;jzpfa=umif;ESihf ypPn;f rJh
tm%m&Sifpepf tkyfpdk;r_udk qef@usifonfh wefjyefawmfvSefa&;. toHk;cHud&d,m trSefyif
jzpfomG ;+yD;jzpfa=umif; udk vufct
H odtrSwjf yKcJo
h nf// (C.P.U.S(B) . qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; / tykdif;2/
ESm- 32)
uGef*&ufu ygwDESifh twkduftcHrsm;t=um; jcm;em;r_onf vrf;pOfjcm;em;r_txdodk@

wkd;wufoGm;+yDjzpfa=umif;ESifh xa&mhpuD0g'D twkduftcHrsm;onf qdkAD,uftm%mudk
qef@usifhwdkufcdkufonfhvrf;udk vdkufoGm;+yD jzpfa=umif;awG@&Sdvm&onf// xkd@a=umifhuGef*&uf
u xa&mhpuD0g'D twkduftcHrsm;tay: opPmapmifhodvkdufygaer_ESifh if;wkd@. tjrifrsm;ukd
jzef@csad er_rsm;onf abmf&ADS pfygw0D iftjzpfEiS hf o[ZmwrjzpfEidk af wmha=umif;ukd a=unmvdu
k f
onf?
A[kdaumfrwDESifh A[kdcsKyfukdifa&;aumfr&Sif yl;wGJtpnf;ta0;. qHk;jzwfcsufjzpfaom
xa&mhpuDESifh ZDEkdApfwkd@tm; ygwDrSxkwfypfa&;wkd@ukd uGef*&ufu oabmwlaxmufcHvkduf+yD;
xa&mhpuD/ ZDEdkApf0g'tkyfpk. wufuGonfh tzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpfaom &m'uf/ y&D,dkb&mZifpuD; /
&mavmAfhpuD; / ysmwmaumhAf/ qD&DA&m,maumhAf/ tkdif-prm;aemhAf/ uJrdeufAf/ qmupf/
qmza&mhAf/ vpf&Spf (Lifshitz)/ rDf'DAmeD (Mdivani)/ prDvf*g (Smilga)ESifh 'Drdku&ufwpf
tv,ftvwf0g'Drsm;tkyfpktm;vHk; (qmy&maemhAf/ ADGprm;aemhAf/ bkd*wfvufAfpuD;/
'a&mhAfepfpojzifh ) wkd@udk xkwfypf&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufonf?
tawG;tc:t& _H;edrfhoGm;+yD; pnf;Hk;a&;t& acsr_ef;jcif;cHvdkuf&onfh xa&mhpuDESihf
ZDEkdApf0g'Dtkyfpk aemufvdkufrsm;onf jynfolrsm;=um;wGif; if;wkd@. aemufqHk; t&dyfta&mif
rsm; aysmufqHk;oGm;cJh&onf?
15 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf+yD;v#if+yD;csif; ygwDrS xkwfy,fjcif;cH&onfh vDeif0g'
qef@usifa&;orm;rsm;onf xa&mhpuD0g'udk pGef@ypfa=umif;ESifh ygwDodk@jyefvnf0ifa&mufcGifh
jyK&ef awmif;qdx
k m;onfph mrsm; pwifwifoiG ;f vm=uonf// xdt
k csed u
f ygwo
D nf xa&mhpuD/
&maumhApf uD;/ &m'ufc/f c&ufpw
f ifpf uD; (Krestinsky)/ qdu
k v
dk ef aD umhApf olw@dk onf jynfol
rsm;. &efolrsm;jzpfaeonfrSm =umvS+yDjzpfa=umif;/ EkdifiHjcm;olv#Kdvkyfief;rsm;u iSm;&rf;
ay;urf;xm;onhf olv#Kdrsm;jzpfa=umif; rodcJhao;acs//
xdk@jyif uJrDeufAf/ ZDEdkApf/ ysmwmaumhAf polwkd@onf t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;&Sd qdkAD,ufjynf
axmifpk. &efolrsm;ESifh qdkAD,ufjynfolrsm;udk qef@usif&ef yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; &nf
&G,cf sujf zifh tquftoG,rf sm; xlaxmifxm;+yD; jzpfa=umif;udv
k nf; rodcahJ o;acs// od@k aomf
tcsuftcsmtusqHk; tcsdefumvrsm;Y vDeifESihf vDeifygwDudk r=umc% wdkufckdufcJh=uonfh
Tolrsm;xHrS rnfonfq
h ;kd ,kwrf r_ sK;d rqdk jzpfay:vmEdik af =umif;udk tawG@t=uHKrsm;u ygwu
D kd
oif=um;ay;cJhonf// xdk@a=umifh olwdk@. ygwDodk@ jyefvnf0ifa&mufcGifh&a&; awmif;cHv$mrsm;
tay: oHo,&Spd &mrsm;&Sad eonf// olw@dk . k;d om;r_ukd y%mr ppfaq;csut
f aejzihf atmufyg
ta=umif;tcsufrsm;atmufwGif olwkd@udk ygwDwGif; jyefvnf0ifa&mufcGifhjyKcJhonf?
(u) olwkd@onf xa&mhpuD0g'ukd abmf&SDApfqef@usifonfh qdkAD,ufqef@usifonfh
tawG;tac: w&yftjzpf vlod&Sif=um;_wfcs&rnf//
(c) olwdk@onf ygwD. ay:vpDudk wckwnf;aom rSefuefonfhay:vpDjzpfa=umif;
vlod&Sif=um; todtrSwf jyK&rnf//
(*) olwdk honf ygwDESifh if;. tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk cGif;csufr&dS
vdkufemvkyfaqmif&rnf//
(C) olwkd@onf tprf;umvwckjzwfoef;&rnfjzpf+yD; TumvtwGif; ygwDu ol
wkd@tm; ppfaq;prf;oyfrnf// TumvukefqHk;+yD;ygu ygwDu ppfaq;prf;oyfrl&
v'frsm;tay:rlwnfI wOD;csif;ygwDwGif; jyefvnf0ifa&mufcGifhudk pOf;pm;ay;rnf?
ygww
D iG ;f rS xkwyf ,fc&H olrsm;u Ttcsurf sm;udk vlo&d iS =f um; vufcv
H u
kd &f jcif;onf
rnfonfu
h pd w
P iG rf qdk ygwt
D wGuf tusK;d &So
d nf[k ygwu
D oabmxm;onf// tb,fah =umifh
qdkaomf Tonfu xa&mhpuD ZDEdkApf0g'Drsm;t=um; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk ysufjym;apEkdif+yD;
if;wk@d . pdw"f mwfukd tm;enf;csnehf @J aponf// ygw.
D rSeu
f efrE_ iS hf pGr;f &nfukd aemufxyf w}udrf
azmfjyvkduf+yD; ygwDtwGuf jyefvnf0ifa&mufcGifh wifolrsm;onf kd;om;ygu ,cif
vkyfom;rsm;udk if;wkd@ae&mwGif jyefvnfae&mcsxm;Edkifrnf? rkd;om;yguvnf; trsm;
jynfolrsm;. a&S@arSmufwGif if;wkd@onf vrf;vGJvdkufaeonfh vlrsm;r[kwfbJ rlrJhonfh
tacsmiform;rsm;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk vdrfvnfolrsm;ESifh rjyKjyifEdkifawmhonfh 2
zufrsufESmorm;rsm;jzpfa=umif; azmfxkwfEdkifayvdrfhrnf//
ygwrD S txkwcf &H ol trsm;pkonf jyefvnf0ifciG &hf a&; tcsurf sm;udv
k ufc+H yD; owif;pm
rsm;wGif vlod&Sif=um; 0efcHa=unmcsufrsm; xkwfjyefcJhonf//
olwdk@udk nmwmaxmufxm;aom tm;jzihfvnf;aumif;/ ygwDESifh tvkyform;vlwef;
pm;. bufawmfom;rsm; wzefjyefjzpfvma&; tcGihfta&;udk rjiif;y,fvdkaoma=umifhvnf;
aumif;/ ygwDonfolwkd@tm; ygwDwGif;jyefvnf0ifa&mufcGifh jyKcJhonf?
odk@aomf xa&mhpuDESifh ZDEdkApf0g'Dtkyfpk. OD;aqmifvrf;jyolrsm; . 0efcsawmif;
yefr_rsm;onf cGif;csuf tenf;i,frSvGJI twkta,mifrsm;omjzpfa=umif; tprStqHk; ol
awmfaumif;a,mif aqmifxm;jcif;omjzpfa=umif; tcsdefu jyocJhonf//
Tvl}uD;vlaumif;rsm;onf olwkd@. 0efcsawmif;yefpmrsm; rwifoGif;rDuyif jynfol
vlxak &S@arSmufY olw@dk . tjrifrsm;udk tqifo
h ifu
h muG,af y;Edik o
f nfh Edik if aH &;vrf;a=umif;udk
udk,fpm;jyKEdkifjcif; r&SdawmhbJ rdrdwkd@. udk,fydkifaemufqHk;tjrif tuGif;tusefrsm;udk vlod
&Sif=um; ajcjzifheif;acs&ef tqifoifh&Sdae+yD; olwkd@ESifh qefhusifhbuf jzpfonfh ygwD.tjrif
rsm;udk vlod&Sif=um; csD;usL;Edkifonfh rlrJhaomtacsmiform; *dkd%f;tkyfpkjzpfaeonf? ygwDESifh

tvkyform;vlwefpm;twGif; ckduyfaeEdkif+yD; tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh ol.ygwDudk
tE W&m,fay;Edkifonfh tcGifhta&;&aeygu ykwfoifndKuJhodk@ rnfonfhta&mifudkrqdk ajymif;
vJEkdifayonf?
xa&mhpuDEiS hf ZDEAkd pf0g't
D yk pf .
k OD;aqmifvrf;jyolrsm; onf Ekid if aH &;vlvrd rf sm; Edik if H
a&; 2 zufrsufESmorm;rsm;jzpfa=umif; od&Sdvm=u&onf//
EkdifiHa&; 2 zufrsufESmorm;rsm;onf vdrfnmvSnfhjzm;jcif;jzifh pwifavh&Sd=u+yD;
vlxktvkyform; vlwef;pm;ESifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;.ygwDukd vdrfnmvSnfhjzm;jcif;jzifh/
if;wkd@. qkd;,kwfnpfnrf;vSaom tqHk;owfr_qDodk@ a&mufoGm;=uonf// odk@aomfEkdifiHa&;
2 zufrsufESmorm;rsm;udk omrefvlvdrfvlnmrsm;uJhodk@ oabmxm;I rjzpfacs// EdkifiHa&; 2
zufrsuEf mS orm;rsm;onf rlro
hJ nfEh ikd if aH &; tacsmiform;tkypf jk zpf+y;D jynforl sm;. ,H=k unfru
_ dk
=um&Sn=f umrsm;uyif qH;k H;_ cJ&h um Ekid if aH &;yk*Kd~ vfqo
kd nfh bG@J wq
H yd &f &Sad &;twGuf vdrn
f mjcif;
/ uvdeu
f sjcif;/ ykwo
f ifnKd vdk ta&mifajymif;jcif;ponfh enf;aygi;f pHjk zifh olw@dk tay:,H=k unfrl
jyefvnf&a&;twGuf xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufEkdif&ef =udK;pm;olrsm;jzpfonf// EkdifiHa&; 2 zuf
rsuf E S m orm;rsm;onf rl r J h o nf h Ed k i f i H a &;tacsmif o rm; tk y f p k j zpf + yD ; tcgtcG i f h
oifhonfhtcsdefwGif EdkifiHa&;pifjrifhay: jyefwufum jynfolvlxk. ausmay:wGif olwdk@.
tkycf sKyforl sm;/ tjzpfjyefvnfcpG ;D Edik &f eftwGuo
f m &mZ0wform;rsm;t=um;/ tzG@J tpnf;
. tr_dufo&dkufrsm;t=um;/ jynfolvlxk. tvGeftE W&m,f}uD;vSaom &efolrsm;t=um;rSm
yif axmufcHr_udk&Sm=uH&ef tqifoifhjzpfaeolrsm;jzpf=uonf?
xa&mhpuDESifh ZDEdkApf0g'Dtkyfpk. OD;aqmifvrf;jyolrsm;onf TuJhokd@aom EdkifiHa&;
2 zufrsufESmorm; trsKd;tpm; jzpfonf?
3// ul;vwfrsm;tm; xkd;ppfqifjcif;/ blcg&if-kdifaumhAf ygwDqef@usifa&;tkyfpk/ yxr 5 ESpf
pDrHudef;udk csrSwftwnfjyKjcif;/ qdk&S,fvpf+ydKifqdkifr_ pkaygif;onfh v,fajrv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;
pwifjcif;?
ygwaD y:vpDukd qef@usio
f nfh qd&k pS v
f pfpepf wnfaqmufa&;ukd qef@usio
f nfh pkaygi;f r_
udk qef@usifonfh xa&mhpuD-ZDEdkApf0g'Dtkyfpku OD;aqmifcJhonfh v_H@aqmfr_rsm;ESifh pkaygif;
v,fajrrsm;u bmrS xGu&f v
dS mrSm r[kwaf =umif;/ ul;vwfrsm;[m if;wk@d u,
kd w
f idk f qd,
k &f ,
S f
vpfpepfqo
D @dk }uD;xGm;oGm;rSmjzpfaoma=umifh olw@dk tm; v$wx
f m;oifah =umif;/ "e&Sirf sm;
csrf;omvmr_onf qdk,f&S,fvpfpepftm; rnfodk@r#tE W&m,frjyKEdkifa=umif; ponfwkd@udk
ajym=um;aeonfh blcg&if0g'Drsm; OD;aqmifonfhv_H@aqmfr_rsm;onf wkdif;jynf&Sd t&if;&Sif
tpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh txl;ojzifh ul;vwfrsm;t=um; tvGefwufuGonfh wHk@jyefr_rsm; &&Sdae
onf? ,cktcg owif;pmrsm;rS ul;vwfrsm; od&Sdvm=uonfrSm olwdk@onf wOD;wnf;
r[kwfa=umif; olwdk@rSm yk*~Kdvft& xa&mhpuD-ZDEdkApf / uJrDeufAf/ blcg&if/ kdifaumhAf tp

&Sdolrsm;udk olwkd@. umuG,fay;olrsm;/ jzefajzawmif;yefay;olrsm; tjzpf&&Sd+yD; jzpfa=umif;
yifjzpfonf// obm0uspGmyif Tonfu ul;vwfrsm;. qdkAD,uftpdk;& ay:vpDtay:
ckcHqef@usifonfh pdwf"mwfudk ydkrdkwif;rmapcJhygonf// trSefvnf; ul;vwfrsm;. ckcHr_onf
ydkI acgif;rmvmcJhonf// olwkd@. toifhtwifh pkaqmif;odkavSmifxm;aom ydkv#H&duQmtm;
EkdifiHawmfodk@ a&mif;ay;&efudk olwdk@u wpkwa0;wnf; jiif;qkdvdkufonf// olwkd@onf pkaygif;
v,f,mv,form;rsm;ESifh aus;vuf&Sd ygwDvkyfom;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;tay: t=urf;
zuf=u+yD; pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;ESifh tpdk;&&duQmodkavSmifHkrsm;udk rD;d_@=uonf//
ygwDu ul;vwfrsm;. ckcHr_udk +zdKcGif;EdkifrSom/ v,form;xktus,ftjyef@a&S@wGif
ajAmifwdkufyGJqif+yD; olw@dkudk acsr_ef;EdkifrSomv#if tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh wyfeDawmfonf
&dumQ csK@d wrhJ r_ mS oufomEkid rf mS jzpf+yD; v,form;t=um; pkaygi;f ykid q
f ikd rf _ v_yf mS ;r_onf vnf;
vlxkvuQm%maqmifvmEdkifrnfjzpfonf//
15 }urd af jrmuf ygwu
D eG *f &uf. n$e=f um;csurf sm;udk vku
d ef m+y;D ygwo
D nf ul;vwfrsm;udk
jywfjywfom;om; xkd;ppfqifum qif;&Jom;v,fform;xktay: ckdifckdifrmrmrSDckd/ tv,f
tvwfv,form;xkESifh r[mrdwfzGJ@/ ul;vwfrsm;udk jywfjywfom;om; wdkufyGJqif qdkonhf
auG;a=umfoHudk taumiftxnfazmfcJhonf// owfrSwfxm;aom aps;E_ef;jzifh if;wdk@. ydkv#H
&duQmrsm;udk EkdifiHawmftm; a&mif;csay;a&;udk ul;vwfrsm;. jiif;qefcsuftay: wkH@jyefaom
tm;jzifh ygwDESifh tpdk;&onf ul;vwfrsm;tm; ta&;,l&ef ta&;ay:enf;vrf;tcsKd@udk
csrSwfvdkufonf// &mZ0wfusifhxHk;tydk'f 107 udk toHk;jyK+yD; w&m;&kH;rsm;udk ul;vwfrsm;ESifh
tjrwf}uD;pm;rsm; owfrSwfxm;aom aps;E_ef;jzifh EkdifiHawmftm; a&mif;csay;&ef jiif;qdkygu
ykdv#H&duQmrsm;udk odrf;qnf;cGifhtyfESif;ay;+yD; qif;&Jv,form;rsm;udk odrf;qnf;xm;onfh
ul;vwfrsm;. &duQmrsm;xJrS 25 &mckdifE_ef;udk if;wkd@ pdwf}udKufcef@cGJcGifh tygt0if tcGifht
xl;tcsKd@udk ay;tyfvdkufonf?
Tta&;ay:enf;vrf;rsm;uvnf; tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;&Sdonf? qif;&JESifh t
v,ftvwf v,form;xkonf ul;vwfrsm;udk jywfjywfom;om; wdkufyGJqifr_wGif yg0ifyl;
aygif;vm=u+yD; ul;vwfrsm;onf txD;usefjzpfvmum ul;vwfESifh tjrwf}uD;pm;rsm;.
ckcHr_onfvnf; +yKduGJoGm;cJhonf// 1928 cktukefwGif qdkAD,ufEkdifiHawmfwGif }udKufovdkcef@cGJ
pDpOfEkdifavmufonhf &duQmtvHktavmuf pkaqmif;&&SdvkdufEdkif+yD; pkaygif;ykdifqkdifonfh v,f
,mv_yf&Sm;rlonfvnf; ydkrdkckdifrmaocsmaom ajcvSrf;rsm;jzifha&S@wdk;vmcJhonf//
xkEd pS rf mS yif "e&Sif twwfynmu|r;f usio
f rl sm; yg0ifonfh }uD;rm;vSonfh tzsuo
f rm;
tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfudk 'dkeufpf (Donetz) ausmufrD;aoG;csKdifh0Srf;&Sd &SdwfwD (Shakhty) t&yfY
azmfxkwfvkdufEkdifonf? &SdwfwD tzsuform;rsm;onf ,cifykdif&Sifrsm;jzpfaom &k&Sm;ESihf
EdkifiHjcm;t&if;&Sifrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;/ EkdifiHjcm;ppfolv#KdtzGJ@ESifhvnf;aumif; eD;eD;uyfuyf
qufoG,fcJhonf// if;wkd@. &nf&G,fcsufrSm qdk&S,fvpfpufr_vkyfief; jzpfxGef;wdk;wufa&;udk
acsre_ ;f &efEiS hf qkAd ,

D uf,el ,
D w
H iG f t&if;&Sipf epf jyefvnfxal xmifa&;udk vsijf refap&efjzpf onf?
tzsuform;rsm;onf ausmufrD;aoG;txGufavsmhusap&ef rdkif;wGif;rsm;udk wrifouf
ouf tvGJvGJtrSm;rSm;jzpfatmif pDrHtkyfcsKyf+yD; pufud&d,mrsm;ESifh av0ifavxGuf
u&d,mrsm;udk zsuq
f ;D um wGi;f rsm;+ydKapjcif;/ ayguu
f aJG pjcif;rsm; jzpfapvsuf wGi;f rsm;/ pufkH
rsm;ESihf pGrf;tifpufHkrsm;udk rD;wif_d@cJhonf// tzsuform;rsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;.
tajctae wk;d wufaumif;rGeaf &;udk tpDtpOf&&dS dS ydwq
f @kd c+hJ yD; qkAd ,
D uftvkyo
f rm; umuG,f
a&; Oya'rsm;udk csKd;azmufcJhonf//
tzsuforsm;rsm;rSm Hk;wifw&m;pGJ ppfaq;jcif;cHcJh&+yD; oifhawmfonfh jypf'%frsm;udk
&&dSoGm;=uonf//
ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;tm;vHk;udk &dSwfwD tr_udpPrSm vkdtyfonfh ed*Hk;csKyfcsufrsm;,l&ef A[dk
aumfrwDu!e=f um;cJo
h nf// &Jabmfpwmvifu aAmf&ASD pfp;D yGm;a&;qkid &f m tkycf sKyforl sm;ud,
k f
wkid f xkwv
f yk af &;enf;ynmrsm;wGif u|r;f usio
f rl sm; jzpfvm&rnfjzpfa=umif; od@k ro
S m "e&Siv
f l
a[mif; u|rf;usifolrsm;t=um;rS tzsuform;rsm;. tvdrftnmcH&rnf r[kwfa=umif;ESifh
tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;rsm;t=um;rS enf;ynm&Sio
f pfrsm; arG;jrLa&;udk tjrefvyk af qmif& rnf
jzpfa=umif; a=unmajymqdkcJhonf/
A[dak umfrwD. qH;k jzwfcsuEf iS hf tnD twwfynmausmif;rsm;Y vli,fu
f |r;f usio
f rl sm;
arG;jrLoif=um;a&;onf wdk;wufvmcJhonf? tvkyform;vlwef;pm; ta&;awmfyHktwGuf
opPm&dSaom ygwD0ifrsm; uGefjrLepfvli,ftzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh ygwDrS vlxkaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmwdk@udk
avhvmoif=um;a&;twGuf v_H@aqmfEkdifcJhonf//
ygwDu ul;vwfrsm;tm; xdk;ppfrqifrDESifh xa&mhpuD/ ZDEdkApf0g'Dtkyfpkrsm;tm;
acsr_ef;ae&pOfu blcg&ifESifh dkifaumhAftkyfpkonf tomv#dKae=u+yD; ygwDqef@usifa&; tif
tm;pk. t&Htiftm;tjzpf xdef;odrf;xm;um xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;udk ajAmifraxmufcH&J=ubJ
wcgw&H xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;tm; qef@usif&ef ygwDESifhyif twlyl;aygif; vkyfaqmifcJh=uonf//
odk@aomf ygwDu ul;vwfrsm;tm; xdk;ppfpwif+yD; ta&;ay:enf;vrf;rsm; usifhoHk;vmonfh
tcg blcg&if-kdifaumhAf tkyfpkonf rdrdwdk@. rsufESmzHk;rsm;udk cGmcsvdkuf+yD; ygwDay:vpDrsm;udk
ajAmifqef@usifvmonf// blcg&if-kdifaumhAftkyfpk. ul;vwf0d^mOfonf tay:pD;&vm+yD; ul;
vwfrsm;udk umuG,&f ef ajAmifxu
G v
f m=uonf? olw@kd u ta&;ay:enf;vrf;rsm;udk kyf odr;f &ef
awmif;qd=k uonf? rkyo
f rd ;f ygu pdu
k yf sK;d a&;vkyif ef;onf ysupf ;D ,d,
k iG ;f vmEkid +f yD; ,cktcg
TjzpfpOfrSm pwifae+yDjzpfa=umif;ESifh kd;tolrsm;tm; +cdrf;ajcmuf cJhonf// pdkufysKd;a&;
tzG@J tpnf;rsm;. ydrk akd umif;rGeo
f nfh yHpk rH sm;jzpfaom pkaygi;f v,f,mESihf Edik if yH ikd f v,f ,mrsm;.
}uD;xGm;r_udk rjrifEdkifbJ ul;vwfv,fvkyfief;. usqif;r_udk cHpm;odjrifvmaom olwkd@onf
pkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief;wGif ysufpD;,kd,Gif;vmouJhokd@ ul;vwfv,fvkyfief;. ysufpD; ,kd,Gif;r_ukd
udk,fpm;jyKcJhonf// if;wdk@onf oabmw&m;a&;&m axmufcHr_ &&dSEdkif&ef t"d y`m,fr&dSaom
vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ avsmhusoGm;jcif; oabmw&m; udk wDxGifvm+yD; xdko abmw&m;t&
vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJonf t&if;&Siftpdwftydkif;udk wdkufyGJqif+yD; qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmifyGJ

wyG&J &S+d yD;wkid ;f ydrk akd ysmah ysmif;vma=umif; r=umrDrmS yif vlwef;pm; wdu
k yf o
JG nf avsmu
h somG ;rSm
jzpf+yD; vlwef;pm;&efoluvnf; wdkufyGJrqifawmhbJ vufeuf cstH_;ay;rSm jzpfa=umif;ESifh
tusd K ;quf t m;jzif h ul ; vwf r sm;tm; xd k ; ppf q if & ef rvd k t yf a=umif ; tck d i f t rm
ajymqdkvm=uonf// Tenf;jzifh olwdk@onf pkwfjywfaeaom "e&Sif oabmw&m;jzpfonfh
ul;vwfrsm;onf +idrf;csrf;pGmESifh qdk&S,fvpfpepfokd@ }uD;xGm;oGm; vdrfhrnfqdkonfudk
ta&mifwifcs,fr_ef;vmonf// odk@jzifh ausmf=um;vSaom vDeif0g' oabmw&m;jzpfaom
qdk&S,fvpfpepfwdk;wufr_ taumiftxnfazmfvmonfESifh vlwef;pm; &efol. ckcHr_onf
ydrk o
kd nf;oefjyif;xefonfo
h mefaqmifvmEkid af =umif; vlwef;pm;&efou
l kd acsre_ ;f +yD;rSomv#if
vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ avsmhusoGm; Ekdifrnfjzpfa=umif; qdkonfudk rax rJhjrifjyK jiif;y,fvdkuf
onf//
ygwD&ifqdkifae&onfh blcg&if-kdifaumhAftkyfpkwGif xa&mhpuD-ZDEdkApf0g'DtkyfpkESifh
omeft&om uGjJ ym;onfh vuf,mtacsmiform;tkypf jk zpfa=umif; tvG,w
f ulawG@jrifEikd f
onf// xa&mhpuDEiS hf ZDEAkd pf0g'D tnHch aH &;orm;rsm;onf if;wd@k . yifu,
dk t
f rSet
f aet xm;udk
xm0pOf a wmf v S e f a &;ES i f h ywf o uf o nf h vuf 0 J a wmf v S e f a &; atmf [ pf o H r sm;jzif h
zHk;uG,fxm;Edkifaom tcGifhta&;&&dScJhaomfvnf; ygwDuul;vwfrsm;udk xdk;ppfqifvmonhf
twGuf qef@usifvmaom blcg&if-kdifaumhAf tkyfpkrSmrl if;wdk@. tnHhcHa&; vuQ%mudk
zHk;uG,fxm;Edkfif&ef rwwfEdkfifbJ u|efawmfwdk@ wkdif;jynf&dS azmufjyefa&;tkyfpkrsm; txl;ojzifh
ul;vwfrsm;udk [efaqmifjcif; od@k r[kwf rsuEf mS zH;k pGyjf cif;aomfvnf;aumif; rvkyEf ikd af wmhbJ
umuG,fckcHvm&awmhonf// if;wdk@ 2 zGJ@onf TtcsufwGifom uGmjcm;ayonf//
blcg&if-dik af umhAt
f yk pf o
k nf ygwq
D ef@usiaf &;wlnaD om v_yf mS ;r_twGuf xa&mhpuDZDEdkApftkyfpk tuGif;tusefrsm;ESifh taES;ESifh tjref yl;aygif;=uawmhrnfjzpfa=umif; ygwDtae
jzifh em;vnfod&dSonf//
EdkifiHa&; a=unmcsufrsm;ESifhtwl w+ydKifeuf blcg&if-dkifaumhAftkyfpkonf aemufvdkuf
aemufygrsm;udk pnf;Hk;pkpnf;&ef vkyfaqmifvm=uonf// blcg&ifrSwqifh pvufyfaumhAf
(Slepkov)/ rm&ufpuD (Maretsky)/ tDcsi0f v
J f (Eichenwald)/ *d;k vf'ifbmh*f (Goldenberg)
ponfh vli,f"e&Sifrsm;udkvnf;aumif; xa&mhpuDrSwqifh tvkyform; or*~rsm;rS
jALku
d &uf}uD;rsm; (rDvef cD sepf uD; Melnichansky/ 'k*d ga'gAh f Dogadovponf) udv
k nf;aumif;
kid af umhArf w
S qifh pdw"f mwfusaeaom qdAk ,
D uft&m&d}S uD;rsm; (at-prm;aemhA/f tpfarmuf
(Eismont)/ ADG- prpf(V.Schmidt)ponf) udkvnf;aumif;/ pnf;Hk; yl;aygif;vkduf=uonf//
Ttkyfpkonf EdkifiHa&;t& ysufpD;,dk,Gif;ae+yD; rdrdwkd@. tav#mh ay;a&;pdwf"mwfudk
rzHk;uG,fawmhonfhvlrsm;udk tvG,fwul qGJaqmifpnf;Hk;vkdufEdkfifonf?
xdktcsdefavmufrSmyif blcg&if-kdifaumhAftkyfpkonf armfpudk ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;twGif;rS
tqifhjrifh t&m&dS}uD;rsm; (,l*vmaemhAf (Uglanov)/ udkawmhAf (Kotov)/ ,lcgaemhAf
(Ukhanov)/ lwif (Ryutin)/ ,l*dkwm (Yugoda)/ ykdvefpuD; (Polonsky) polrsm;).
axmufcrH u
_ kd &&dv
S u
dk o
f nf// vuf,mtpdwt
f ydik ;f wckonf tomv#Kd ae+yD; ygw.
D vrf;pOfukd
ajAmifwdkufcdkufjcif;rjyKbJ a&SmifaecJhonf// armfpudkygwDowif;pmrsm;ESifh ygwDtpnf;ta0;
rsm;wGif ul;vwfrsm;udk txl;tcGifhta&;rsm;ay;&ef a&S@aevdkufxm;+yD; ul;vwfrsm;udk
}uD;av;aom taumuftcGerf sm; csrw
S jf cif;udk rvkyo
f ifah =umif; pufrv
_ ufrw
_ yfqifjcif;onf
jynfov
l x
l u
k kd 0efxyk 0f efy;kd jzpfapa=umif;ESihf t}uD;pm;pufrj_ zpfay:wd;k wufa&;rSm tcsed rf wdik f
ao;a=umif; ajymqdv
k m=uonf? ,l*vmaemhAo
f nf 'eDyg; (Dnieper) a&tm;v#ypf pfprD u
H ed ;f
}uD;udk qef@usifuef@uGuf+yD; aiGrsm;udk t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rS tao;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;
od@k v$aJ jymif;ay;&ef awmif;qdv
k u
dk o
f nf? ,l*vmaemhAEf iS hf tjcm;vuf,mtnHch aH &;orm;rsm;
u armfpudkonf o&ufxnfvkyfief;&ufvkyf&m a'ojzpfcJh+yD; qufvuf+yD;vnf; Ttwkdif;
&d&S rnfjzpfa=umif; ajymqd=k uum armfpudw
k iG f tif*sief ,
D m pufrv
_ yk if ef;rsm;wnfaqmuf&ef
rvdktyf[k qdk=uonf?
armfpukd ygwDtzG@Jtpnf;u ,l*vmaemhAfESifh if;. aemufvdkufrsmudk azmfxkwfzGifhcs
vkduf+yD; if;wdk@tm; aemufqHk;owday;um A[dkaumfrwD. ywfvnfwGif ydkrdkIyif 0ef;&Hvkduf
onf? 1928 ckwiG f usi;f yaom C.P.S.U(B) armfpudak umfrwD rsuEf mS pHn
k D tpnf;ta0;wGif
&Jabmfpwmvifu vuf,mwdrf;apmif;r_wGif wkdufcdkufr_udkpkpnf;+yD; ppfrsufESm 2 ckvHk;udk
wku
d cf u
kd &f rnf[k qdv
k u
kd o
f nf// &Jabmfpwmvifu vuf,morm;rsm;rSm ygww
D iG ;f rS ul; vwf
udk,fpm;vS,frsm; jzpfonf[k qkdvdkufonf//
u|efawmfwdk@ygwDwGif vuf,mwdrfa;pmif;r_ atmifjrifv$rf;rdk;jcif;u t&if;&Sifpepf
tiftm;pkrsm;udk }udK;ajzv$waf y;+yD; ypPn;f rJrh sm;. awmfveS af &;tqift
h wef;rsm;udk tiftm;
csnehf @J apum wkid ;f jynfwiG f t&if;&Sipf epf jyefvnfxal xmifa&; tcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk wd;k wufap
ayvdrhfrnf[k &Jabmfpwmvifu qdkcJhonf// (a*s pwmvif/ vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;/ armfpudk 47/
ESm-233)
1929 cktpydkfif;wGif vuf,mmtnHhcHa&;orm;tkyfpkrsm;. tm%mv$Jtyfjcif;cH&aom

blcg&ifonf uJrdeufAfrSwqifh xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;eSifh qufoG,f+yD; ygwDudk yl;wGJwdkufyGJqif&ef
oabmwlnDcsufudk aphpyfaqG;aEG;aea=umif; azmfxkwfod&dS&onf// A[dkaumfrwDonf
vuf,mmtnHhcHa&;orm;rsm;. T&mZ0wfjypfr_ vkyf&yfrsm;udk azmfxkwfzGifhcsvdkuf+yD; T
jy\emonf blcg&if/ kdifaumhAf/ wGrfpuD; (Tomsky)ESifh usefvlrsm;twGuf 0rf;enf;
a=uuGzJ ,
G f tqH;k owfEikd af =umif; owday;vdu
k o
f nf// od@k aomfvuf,m tnHch aH &;orm;rsm;
onf owday;csuu
f kd *krpdu
k cf ahJ cs/ A[dak umfrwD tpnf;ta0;Y olw@kd onf ygwq
D ef@ usiaf &;
a=unmcsufpmwrf;opf wapmifwifoGif;&m ,if;udk A[dkaumfrwDu _wfcsvdkuf onf?
A[dkaumfrwDu xa&mhpuD-ZDEdkApf0g'Dtkyfpkrsm; jzpfysufoGm;yHkudk xyfrH owday; ajym=um;
vkdufonf// odk@aomfvnf; blcg&if-kdifaumhAftkyfpkonf ygwDqefhusifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk
quf v uf vk y f a qmif c J h = uonf / / &d k i f a umh A f / wG r f p uD ; ES i f h bl c g&if w d k @ onf if ; wd k @ .
EkwfxGufpmrsm;udk A[dkaumfrwDodk@wifoGif;+yD; Tenf;jzifh ygwDudk +cdrf;ajcmuf Edkifvdrfrnfh[k

xifcJh=uonf// A[dkaumfrwDu TEkwfxGufpmrsm;. tzsufvkyf[efudk _wfcs vdkufonf//
aemufqHk; 1929 Edkif0ifbmvxJwGif usif;ycJhaom A[dkaumfrwD rsufESmpHknD tpnf;ta0;u
vuf,mtacsmiform;rsm;. tjrifrsm;udk 0gjzef@csad er_rsm;onf ygw0D if tjzpfEiS hf roifah wmf
awmha=umif; a=unm+yD; vuf,mtnHhcHa&;orm;rsm;. acgif;aqmifESifh v_@Haqmfol blcg&if
tm; A[dak umfrwD/ ay:vpfAsLdrk S z,fmS ;&efq;kH jzwfum kid af umhA/f wGrpf uD; ESihf wjcm;vuf,m
tacsmiform;rsm;udk jyif;xefpGm owday;vdkufonf//
tajctaer[efawmha=umif; od&dS&dyfrdvmonfESifh vuf,mtnHhcHa&;orm;rsm;.
acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf if;wd@k . trSm;rsm;ud0k efc+H yD; ygw.
D Edik if aH &;vrf;pOfreS af =umif; axmuf
cHonfhpmwrf; wifoGif;vmonf//
vuf,mtnHhcHa&;orm;rsm;onf if;tkyfpk0ifrsm; 'kuQa&mufjcif;rS a&Smif=uOfEdkif&ef
twGuf ,m,Daemufqkwf&ef qHk;jzwfcJh=uonf//
TonfuygwD. vuf,mtnHhcHa&;orm;rsm;tay: wdkufyGJyxrtqifhudk +yD;qHk;ap
vdkufonf//
ygww
D iG ;f uGjJ ym;r_ topfrsm;u qdAk ,
D uf,el ,
D .
H jyify&eforl sm;wd@k . tmHu
k kd qGaJ qmif
cJhonf// ygwDwGif; oabmuGJvGJr_topfrsm; onf ygwD. tm;enf;csufudk jyojcif; jzpf
onf[k ,Hk=unf+yD; qdkAD,uf,leD,Hudk ppfyGJwGifyg0ifywfoufvm&efESifh pufr_wyfqifa&;
vkyfief;ususee rvkyfaqmifEdkifrD vGJacsmfoGm;ap&ef }udK;yrf;r_topfrsm; pwifvkyfudkifvm
onf? 1929 ck aEG&moDwGif e,fchsJorm;rsm;u wkwfESifh qdkAD,uf,leD,Ht=um; ydyuQ
ay:aygufvmap&ef v_@Haqmfay;+yD; wkwfjynf ta&S@bufrD;&xm;vrf;/ qdkAD,uf,leD,Hu
ydkifqkdifonfudk wkwfppfAdkvfrsm;u odrf;ydkuf&efESifh u|Efkyfwdk@. ta&S@zsm;e,fpyfudk wkwf
wyfjzLrsm;u odrf;ydkuf&ef ajrmufay;cJhonf// odk@aomf wkwfppfAdkvfrsm;. TpD;eif;wkduf
cdkufodrf;ydkufr_rsm;udk tjywftowf ESdrfeif;ypfvkdufEkdif+yD; wyfeDawmf. acsr_ef;jcif;udk cHvkduf
&onfh ppfaoG;uGorm;rsm;onf aemufqkwfoGm;um refcsL;&D;,m;tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh +idrf;
csrf;a&;pmcsKyf csKyfqdkvdkufjcif;jzifh ydyuQtqHk;owfoGm;ygonf//
jyify&efolrsm;. v#Kd@0Sufvkyf}uHr_rsm;ESifh ygwDwGif;&dS oabmuGJvGJr_rsm; &dScJhaomfjim;
vnf; tcuftcJ twm;tqD; tm;vH;k a&S@wiG f ygw.
D +idr;f csr;f a&;ay:vpDonf xyfraH tmifycJG H
vdkufonf//
TudpPrsm; jzpfysuf+yD;r=umrDrSmyif +Adwdo#uGefqmaA;wpfrsm;u jzwfawmufcJhonfh
qdkAd,uf,leD,HESifh *&dwf+Adwdeft=um; oHwrefESifh ukefoG,fa&;qufqHr_rsm;udk jyefvnf
xlaxmifvdkuf=uonf//
jynfwGif;/ jynfy&efolrsm;. wkdufckdufr_rsm;udk atmifjrifpGm wGef;vSefvdkuf+yD;aemuf
ygwDonf t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm; wdk;wufjzpfxGef;a&; qdk&S,fvpf+ydKifqkdifr_udk pnf;Hk;v_@H
aqmfa&;/ EkdkifiHawmfydkifv,f,mESifh pkaygif;v,f,mrsm; wnfaqmufa&;ESifh aemufqHk; trsKd;
om; pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:wk;d wufa&;twGuf yxr 5 ESpf pDru

H ed ;f vufct
H wnfjyKa&;ESihf vkyu
f ikd f
aqmif&Gufa&;wdk@twGuf a&cHajrcHrsm; jyifqifa&;wdk htwGuf tvkyf_yfaeawmhonf?
1929 ck {+yDvwGif yxr 5ESpf pDrHudef;udk tpnf;ta0; tpDtpOf. t"dutpDtpOf
tjzpfxm;+yD; ygwD. 16 }udrfajrmufueG *f &ufudk usif;ycJhonf? uGef*&ufu vuf,mtnHh
cHa&; orm;rsm;wifoGif;onfh 5 ESpf pDrHudef;. tedrfhqHk;uGJvGJr_ (Minimal uariant) udk
y,fcsvu
dk +f yD; tcsut
f vuf tajctaetm;vH;k ukpd pk nf;um tjrifq
h ;kH uGv
J rJG _ (Optimal
uariant) ukd vufcHtwnfjyKvkdufonf//
Todk@jzifh ygwDonf qdk&S,fvpfpepf wnfaqmufa&;twGuf ausmf=um;vSaom yxr
5 ESpf pDrHudef;udk vufcHtwnfjyKvkdufonf//
5 ESpf pDrHudef;u 1928-33 ck umvtwGif; trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;. t&if;tESD; jrKyf
ESHr_twdkif;twmudk &lb,faiG 64600000000 [k owfrSwfvdkufonf// xdktxJrS pufr_
vkyfief;ESifh v#yfppfpGrf;tm;vkyfief;twGuf &lb,faiG 19500000000 o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;
vkyfief;wGif &lb,faiG 10000000000 ESifh v,f,m pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;wGif lb,faiG
23200000000 jrKyfESH&efjzpfonf?
TonfrSm qdkAD,uf,leD,H. pufr_vkyfief;ESifh v,f,mvkyfief;udk acwfrDenf;ynm
rsm; wyfqif&efqdkonfh tvGef}uD;rm;vSaom pDrHudef;jzpffonf?
&Jabmf pwmvifu 5 ESpf pDrHudef;. tajccHwm0efrSm pufr_vkyfief;wckvHk;wnf;udk
omru o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&;ESihf pdu
k yf sK;d a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udv
k nf; qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepf tajccHay:wGif
xyfrHwyfqifEdkif+yD; xyfrHpkpnf;vkyfaqmifEdkfifonfh pufr_vkyfief;rsKd;udk u|efawmfwdk@EdkifiHwGif
wDxGif&efjzpfonf [kqdkcJhonf? (a*s pwmvif vDeif0g' jy\emrsm; armfpudk 47 / ESm 397)
TpDrHudef;rSm }uD;us,fvSaomfvnf; abmf&DSApfrsm;tzkd@ pdwf_wfaxG;p&maomf vnf;
aumif;/ tHh=op&maomfvnf;aumif; r[kwfcJhacs// TtwGufenf;vrf;udk pufr_vufr_ wyf
qifa&;ESifh pkaygif;ydkifqkdifr_ jyKvkyfjcif;wdk@. jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ vrf;a=umif;wpfckvHk;u toifh
jyifqifay;+yD; qdk&S,fvpf+ydKifqkdifr_ qdkonfwGif awG@&dSEdkifum tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;
tm; zrf;pm;xm;onfh vkyftm;wufuGr_v_dif;u a&S@aqmifcJhonf//
16 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGefz&ifhu qdk&S,fvpf+ydKifqdkifr_ qufvuf jzpfay:wdk;wufa&;udk
v_@Haqmfxm;onfh tvkyform; jynfolvlxktm;vHk;. awmif;qdkcsufudk vufcHtwnfjyK
vkdufonf//
qd&k ,
S v
f pf+ydKifqikd rf u
_ pHjyvkyt
f m;pdu
k x
f w
k rf E_ iS hf vkyt
f m;tay: oabmxm;opfrsm;.
om"utrsm;tjym;ukd azmfxw
k v
f u
dk o
f nf? pufrkH sm; pkaygi;f v,f,mESihf Ekid if aH wmfv,f,m
trsm;tjym;wdk@wGif tvkyform;rsm;ESifh pkaygif;v,f,mv,form;rsm;onf EdkifiHawmf
pDrHudef;owfrSwfcsufxuf txGufypPnf;rsm; ausmfvGefap&ef wefjyefpDrHudef; (Counterplan)udk a&;qGJcJh=uonf// olwdk@onf vkyftm;bufwGif ol&Jaumif;0g'udk jyocJhonf// ol
wdk@onf ygwDESifhtpdk;&u csrSwfcJhaom qdk&S,fvpfjzpfay:wdk;wufa&; pDrHudef;rsm;udk jynhfrDHkr#
ru ausmv
f eG I
f yifomG ;cJo
h nf// vkyt
f m;ESiyhf wfoufonfh oabmxm;rSm ajymif;vJomG ; cJah y+y/D
/ t&if;&SifpepfatmufwGif apwemrygaom tjypf'%fESifh rvGwfuif;vSonfh u|efb0 rS
*k%f,lp&mudpP/ *k%fusufoa&jynfh0onfhudpP/ &JpGrf;owWdESifh ol&Jaumif;qefonfhudpP
jzpfvmaeayawmhonf// (pwmvif)
pufr_vkyfief;opf wnfaqmufa&;rsm;onfvnf; wjynfvHk;wGif tvGef}uD;rm;onfh
twkdif;twmjzifh wdk;wufaeonf// 'eDyg; a&tm;v#yfppfpDrHudef;onfvnf; t&dSef&ae+yDjzpf
onf// u&mrmawmhAfESifh a*:avmhAfum oHESifh oHr%dvkyfief;rsm; wnfaqmufa&;ESifh vl
uef@wfpfrD;&xm; pufacgif;vkyfief;rsm; jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;onfvnf; 'dk
eufpfcsKdifh0Srf;Y pwifae+yDjzpfonf// ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;opfrsm;ESifh owWK}udKrD;zdkrsm;vnf;
ay:xGuv
f monf// ,l&v
J f pufu&d ,
d mwnfaqmufa&;vkyif ef;rsm;ESihf b&ifpvDEiS hf bdv
k u
D rfpf
"mwkvkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; ,l&Jvfa'owGif wnfaqmufaeay+yD? rufeDwdka*gh oHESifh oHr%d
pufHkwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm; pwifaeay+yD/ armfpudkESifh a*:uDwGif }uD;rm;vSonfh armf
awmfum;pufHk}uD;rsm; wnfaxmifae=u+yD; a&mhpawmhpf-tGef-'Gef wGif }uD;rm;vSaom
v,fxGefpuf puf&Hk}uD;rsm;/ aumuf&dwfyl;wGJ pufHkrsm;ESifh tvGef}uD;rm;aom v,f,m
vkyfief;puf,E W&m; puf&Hk}uD;rsm;udk wnfaqmufae=uay+yD// qkdAD,uf,leD,H. 'kwd,
ausmufrD;aoG;xGuf&m t&yfjzpfaom uwfZeuf ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm;ukd wkd;csJ@cJhay+yD?
pwmvif*&uf teD;&dS uGif;jyif}uD;wGif q,hfwpfvtwGif; }uD;rm;aom v,fxGefpufHk vkyf
ief;}u;D ay:xGuv
f monf? 'eD;yg; a&tm;v#ypf pfpufEkH iS hf pwmvif*&uf v,fxeG pf ufkH vkyif ef;
xlaxmif&mwGif tvkyform;rsm;onf vkyftm; ukefxkwfvkyfr_wGif urBmhpHcsdefrsm;udk
csK;d ypfvu
dk o
f nf?
pufrv
_ yk if ef;wnfaqmuf&mwGif TuJo
h @dk aom twkid ;f twm}uD;rm;vSonfh jzpfay:wd;k
wufr_ topfrsm;twGuf TuJhodk@aom pdwftm;xufoefr_ESifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;
oef;aygif;rsm;pGm. TuJhodk@aom vkyftm;ol&Jaumif;0g'rsm;onf ordkif;wGifr&dScJhbl;acs//
TonfrSmqdk&S,fvpf+ydKifqkdifr_u arG;zGm;ay;+yD; v_H@aqmfay;vdkufonfh wu,fhppfrSef
aom vkyftm;wufuGr_v_dif;yif jzpfayawmhonf//
Tt}udrw
f iG f v,form;rsm;onf tvkyo
f rm;rsm;aemufusrusecf yhJ g// aus;vufwiG f
vnf; pkaygif;v,f,mvkyfief;rsm;twGuf v_H@aqmfpnf;Hk;aeonfh v,form;xkrsm;t=um;
Tvkyftm;wufuGr_ pdwf"mwfrSm pwifysH@ESH@ae+yDjzpfonf// v,form;xk}uD;onf pkaygif;
v,f,mvkyfief;bufodk@ jywfjywfom;om; OD;vSnfhvm=uonf// Tae&mwGif EkdifiHawmfydkif
v,f,mrsm;ESifh puf,E W&m;ESifh v,fxGefpuf&Hk}uD;rsm;u }uD;rm;onfh tcef;rSyg0ifcJhonf?
v,form;rsm;onf vlpkvla0;jzifh EdkifiHawmfydkifv,f,mrsm;ESifh puf,E W&m;ESifh v,fxGef
pufkHrsm;odk@ vma&muf=uum v,fxGefpufESifh tjcm;v,f,moHk; puf,E W&m;rsm;. vkyf
aqmifcsufrsm;udk =unfh_=u+yD; if;wdk@. okyfazmfaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk tm;usvufcHum
xdktcsdefESifh xdkae&mrSmyif pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;wGif yg0if=updk@[k qHk;jzwfvdkuf=uonf?
rdrdwdk@. ao;i,fvSaom ti,fpm;wpfOD;csif; vkyfaqmifaom v,fajrudk,fpDwGif uGJjym;t

pnf;ajyae+yD; toHk;jyKEdkfifaom rnfonfhud&d,mrSvnf;r&dS/ us,fajymvSaom rxGef,uf&
ao;onfh e,fajrrsm;udk xGef,ufpdkufysdK;&ef enf;vrf;vnf;r&dSbJ rdrdwdk@. v,f,majrrsm;
wd;k wuf&m wd;k wufa=umif;twGuf enf;vrf;r&djS zpfaom qif;&Jjcif;. zdp;D jcif;cH&vsuf rdrw
d @kd yidk f
ud & d , mav;rsm;jzif h o m txD ; usef j zpf a e&onf h v,f o rm;rsm;onf aemuf q H k ; Y
ydkrdkaumif;rGefaomb0twGuf xGuf&yfvrf;udk awG@&dS=uawmhonf// rdrdwdk@. xGufaygufukd
if;wdk@. v,fajruav;rsm;udk or0g,r pkaygif;ykdifqdkifonfh v,f,majrrsm;tjzpfodk@ yl;
aygif;vkdufjcif;wGifvnf;aumif;/ rxGef,uf&ao;onfh rnfhonfh ajrrmudkrqdk xGef,uf
Edik o
f nfh v,fxeG pf ufrsm;wGiv
f nf;aumif;/ Edifk aH wmfu puf,E &W m;/ aiGtm;/ vltm;eSihf t}uH
^m%ftm;jzifh ay;tyfvmonfh ulnrD r_ sm;wGiv
f nf;aumif;/ ul;vwfrsm;. taESmiftzG@J rsm;rS
rdrdwdk@udkvGwfajrmufap&ef &&dSvmonfh tcGifhta&;wGifvnf;aumif; awG@&dSvm&onf// ul;
vwfrsm;udkvnf; qdkAD,uftpdk;&u r=umrDuyif acsr_ef;vdkufjcif;rSm oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom
v,form;rsm;twGuf 0rf;omzG,fjzpfayawmhonf//
TtajccHay:wGif vlxpk ak ygi;f ydik q
f idk o
f nfh v,f,majr v_y&f mS ;r_pwifcu
hJ m aemufyifkd ;f
wGif txl;ojzifh 1929 ck ukefcgeD;Y tvsiftjref jzpfay:xdk;yGm;oGm;+yD; qdk&S,fvpf pufr_vkyf
ief;wGifyif r&dScJhbl;onfh E_ef;xm;eSifh wdk;wufvmcJhonf//
1928 ckwGif pkaygif;v,f,majr. xGef,ufpdkufysdK;onfh {&d,mpkpkaygif;rSm [ufwm
1390000 &dS+yD; 1929 wGif 4262000 [ufwmjzpfvmum 1930 ckwGif pkaygif;v,f,mY
xGef,ufrnfh pDrHudef;wGif 15000000 jzpfvmcJhonf//
&Jabmfpwmvifu }uD;rm;onfhajymif;vJr_ESpf 1929 qdkonfh ol.aqmif;yg;wGif
pkaygi;f v,f,mrsm;. }uD;xGm;r_Ee_ ;f ukd uk;d um;ajymqk&d mY TuJo
h @dk t&Sed t
f [kejf yif;vSaom
jzpfay:wkd;wufr_E_ef;rSm/ jzpfay:wkd;wufr_E_ef;Y xl;jcm;xifSm;vSonf[k a,bk,s owfrSwf
jcif;cH&aom qdk&S,fvpfpepfESifhtnD wnfaqmufcJhonfh u|efawmfwdk@. t}uD;pm; pufr_
vkyfief;uyif trDSrvdkufEdkfifawmha=umif;0efcH&ayrnf [ka&;om;cJhonf//
TonfrSm pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_ jzpfay:wdk;wufjcif;. tvSnfhtajymif;yif
jzpfawmhonf//
TonfrSm vlxkpkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_. tpjyKcsufyifjzpfayawmhonf// &Jabmf
pwmvifuol. }uD;rm;onfhajymif;vJr_ESpf aqmif;yg;wGif vuf&dSpkaygif; v,f,mv_yf
&Sm;r_. toGio
f pfrSm rnfonfenf; [k ar;jref;cJh+yD; atmufygtwdkif;ajzqdkcJhonf//
vuf&dSpkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_. jywfom;onfh toGifopfrSm v,form;rsm;onf
pkaygif;v,f,majrrsm;wGif yl;aygif;&mY ,cifuJhokd@ wuGJwjym;tpkav;rsm;jzifh 0ifa&muf
=ujcif; r[kwfawmhbJ w&GmvHk;/ wckdifvHk;/ a'owckvHk;yif yg0ifcJh=uonf? Tonfu rnf
onfudk qkv
d o
dk enf;? tv,ftvwform;rsm; pkaygi;f v,f,majr v_y&f mS ;r_wiG f yg0ifc=hJ u+yD
[kqdkvdkayonf// TonfrSm v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_. atmufajcodrf;ajymif;

vJr_. tajccHjzpf+yD; qdkAD,uftm%m.ta&;}uD;qHk;atmifjrifr_udk udk,fpm;jyKayonf//
Tonfu ckid rf mawmifw
h if;onfh pkaygi;f ydik q
f idk rf _ jyKvkyjf cif;ay:wGif tajccH+yD; ul;vwf
rsm;udk vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpfrS y,fzsufacsr_ef;vdkuf&ef tcsdef&ifhrSnfhvmae+yD odk@r[kwf
tcsdef&ifhrSnfh+yD; jzpfonf[k qdkvdkayonf//
tusOf;csKyf
1926-29 umvtwGif; ygwDonf wdkif;jynfudk qdk&S,fvpfpufr_/ vufr_wyfqifjcif;
wdu
k yf t
JG wGi;f jynfwiG ;f ESihf Edik if jH cm; ppfrsuEf mS rsm;wGif }uD;rm;vSonfh tcuftcJrsm;ESihf vH;k yef;
wdkufcdkufausmfv$m;cJh&onf// ygwDESifh tvkyform; vlwef;pm;.}udK;yrf;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;
a=umifh qdk&S,fvpfpufr_vufr_wyfqifa&;ay:vpDonfatmifyGJcHcJhonf?
t"dutm;jzifh pufr_vufr_wyfqifa&;jy\emrsm;xJwGif tcufcJqHk;wckjzpfaom
t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief; wnfaqmufa&;twGuf &efyHkaiG pkaqmif;a&;jy\emudk ajz&Sif;EdkifcJh
onf// trsK;d om;pD;yGm;a&;wckv;kH udk jyefvnfjznfw
h if; wyfqifEidk o
f nfh t}uD;pm;pufrv
_ yk if ef;
twGuf tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm;udkcscJhonf//
qd&k ,
S v
f pfwnfaqmufa&; yxr 5 ESpf pDru
H ed ;f udk vufct
H wnfjyKcJo
h nf// pufkH opfrsm;/
EkdifiHawmfydkif v,f,mrsm;ESifh pkaygif; v,f,majr wnfaqmufa&;rsm;onfvnf; tus,f
tjyef@jzpfay:wdk;wufvsuf&dSonf//
qdk&S,fvpfpepfodk@ wdk;wufa&S;_vmr_ESifhtwl wkdif;jynfwGif vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJjyif;xef
vmr_ESifh ygwDwGif; vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ jyif;xefonf;oefvmr_rsm;yg vkdufygvmonf// Twkduf
yG.
J t"du tusK;d aus;Zl;&v'frsm;rSm ul;vwfrsm;. ckcrH u
_ kd acsre_ ;f vdu
k Ef ikd jf cif;/ xa&mhpuDEiS hf
ZDEdkApf0g'D tnHhcHa&;tkyfpkudk qdkAD,ufqef@usifa&;tkyfpktjzpf zGifhcsvkdufEdkifjcif;/ vuf,m
tnHhcHa&;orm;rsm;udk ul;vwfrsm;. udk,fpm;vS,folv#dKrsm;tjzpf zGifhcsvdkufEkdifjcif;//
xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;udk ygwDrS xkwfy,fvkdufEkdifjcif;ESifh xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;ESifh vuf,m tacsmif
orm;rsm;. tjrifrsm;rSm qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&dDSApf) C.P.S.U(B) . ygwD
0iftjzpfESifh rudkfufnDawmha=umif; a=unmvdkufEkdifjcif;wdk@ jzpfonf//
xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;onf abmf&SDApfygwD. tawG;tac:t& acsr_ef;jcif;udkcHvdkuf&+yD;
tvkyform; vlwef;pm;t=um; axmufcHr_ tm;vHk;qHk;_H;oGm;+yD;aemuf EdkifiHa&;t,ltq
w&yftjzpfrS &yfpo
J mG ;=u+y;D rlro
hJ nfh Edik if aH &;vlvrd v
f n
l m tcGit
hf a&;orm;tkypf /k Edik if H a&;v#m
2 cG orm;rsm;jzpfoGm;=uawmhonf//
t}uD;pm;pufrv
_ yk if ef;. tajccHtw
k jf rpfrsm;udck s+yD;aemuf ygwo
D nf qdAk ,
D uf,el D ,H.
qd&k ,
S v
f pfwnfaqmufa&; yxr 5 ESpf pDru
H ed ;f jynf0h ap&eftwGuf tvkyo
f rm; vlwef;pm;ESihf
v,form;xkukd pkpnf; pnf;H;k cJo
h nf// wjynfv;kH tES@H tvkyo
f rm; oef; aygi;f rsm;pGmt=um;
qdk&S,fvpf+ydKifqkdifr_ pdwf"mwfjzpfay:wdk;wufchJ+yD; vkyftm; wufuG pdwfonf }uD;}uD;rm;rm;
tiftm;&SdvSaom v_dif;ozG,fay:aygufvmum tvkyform; pnf; urf;opf (New Labour
discipline) udak y:xGuv
f mapcJo
h nf//
Tumvonf pufr_vkyfief;wGif qdk&S,fvpfpepf. odrf;}uHK;atmifyGJcHr_ v,f,mpdkuf
ysKd;a&;wGif ta&;}uD;aom yxrqHk;atmifyGJcHr_rsm;/ tv,ftvwfv,form;rsm;. pkaygif;
v,f,mbufodk@ ul;ajymif;vmr_ESifh vlxkpkaygif;ydkifqkdifonfh v,f,majrv_yf&Sm;r_ pwif
jcif;rsm;jzifh xl;jcm;aeonfh }uD;rm;aomajymif;vJr_ESpftjzpf tqHk;owfcJhonf//
tcef; (11)
v,f,mpdu
k yf sKd;a&;wGif pkaygif;ydik q
f ikd rf v
+ yk if ef;wdu
k yf w
JG iG ;f rS
abmf&ADS pfygwD (1930=1934)
1? 1930 - 34 twGif;u EdkifiHwumhtajctae/ t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;twGif; pD;yGm;a&; tusyf
twnf;/ refcsL;&D;,m;udk *syefwkd@wdk;chsJodrf;ydkufjcif;/ *smreDY zufqpfrsm; tm%m&&Sd
vm=ujcif;? ppfyGJae&m - ESpfae&m?
qdAk ,
D ufjynfaxmifpYk qd&k ,
S v
f pf pufrv
_ ufrv
_ yk if ef;wGif ta&;ygonfh wd;k wufrr_ sm;
&&Sdae+yD; pufr_vkyfief;rsm; tvsiftjref jzpfay:wdk;wufaecsdef0,f t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;Y
r}uHKbl;aom twdkif;twm&Sdonfh urBmhpD;yGm;a&; t}uD;tus,fuyfqdkufr_onf 1929 ck
ukefcgeD;wGif jzpfyGm;vmcJhum aemufokH;ESpftwGif; ydkrdkonf;oefjyif;xefvmcJhonf? pufr_
vkyfief; tusyftwnf;rsm;onf v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&; tusyftwnf;rsm;ESifh a&maxG;,Suf
wif jzpfae+yD; Tjy\emrsm;u t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;twGuf ydkrdkqdk;0g;apcJhygonf?
pD;yGm;a&;tusyt
f wnf;umv ok;H ESpf (1930 - 33) wGif pufrt
_ xGurf mS 1929 ckEpS Ef iS hf
E_dif;pmv#if tar&duefu 65 &mcdkifE_ef;odk@vnf;aumif;/ +Adwdo#wdk@. txGufE_ef; 86 &m
cdkifE_ef;odk@vnf;aumif;/ *smreDrSm 66 &mcdkifE_ef;odk@vnf;aumif;/ jyifopfrSm 77 &mcdkifE_ef;
odk@vnf;aumif; toD;oD; usqif;oGm;cJh=uonf? odk@aomf xdktcsdefrSmyif qdkAD,uf. pufr_
txGufrSm ESpfqwdk;cJh+yD; 1933 ck wGif 1929 ck txGuf. 201 &mcdkifE_ef;odk@ a&muf&SdcJhonf?
TonfrSm qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfu t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;pepfxuf omvGefr_udk

xyfrHoufaojycsuf jzpfonf? Tonfu urBmay:wGif qdk&S,fvpfpepfEdkifiH wEkdifiHomv#if
pD;yGm;a&;uyfab;rS vGwf+idrf;a=umif; jyocJhonf?
urBmph ;D yGm;a&;tusyt
f wnf;}uD;u tvkyv
f ufrahJ ygi;f 24000000 . iwfrw
G f acgi;f
yg;jcif;/ qif;&Jc|wf+cKHusjcif;rsm;udk jzpfay:apcJhonf? v,f,mtusyftwnf;rsm;uvnf;
v,form;oef;aygif;rsm;pGmudk 'kuQ}uD;pGm a&mufapcJhonf?
urBmhpD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;u e,fcsJEdkifiHrsm;t=um; ppfEdkifonfhEdkifiHESifh ppf_H;onfh
Edik if t
H =um;/ e,fcsJ Edik if rH sm;ESihf udv
k ekd ED iS hf vufatmufcEH ikd if rH sm;t=um;/ tvkyo
f rm;ESihf t&if;
&Sifrsm;t=um;/ v,form;ESifh ajr&Sifrsm;t=um; ydyuQrsm;udk ydkrdkonf;oefvmapcJhonf?
16 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufY A[dkaumfrwDudk,fpm; tpD&ifcH&mwGif &Jabmfpwm
vifu "e&Sifrsm;onf wzufwGif zufqpftm%m&Sifpepf/ qdkvdkonfrSm vlrsKd;}uD;0g'/ e,fcsJ@
0g'ESihf t&if;&Si0f g' tpdwt
f ydik ;f rsm;xJrS tazmufjyefq;Hk aom tm%m&Sipf epfukd xlaxmif+yD;
tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;udk acsre_ ;f ypfjcif;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ wzufwiG f umuG,af &; nHzh si;f aom
EdkifiHrsm;udk acsr_ef;+yD; udkvdkeDESifh=oZmcHe,fajrrsm; jyefvnfcGJa0,l&ef ppfyGJjzpfay:vma&;udk
v_@H aqmfjcif;jzifv
h nf;aumif; pD;yGm;a&;uyfab;rS xGuaf ygu&f mS vdrrhf nf jzpfa=umif; axmufjycJh
onf?
Ttwdkif;vnf; jzpfysufcJhonf?
1932 ckwiG f *syefa=umifh ppfyt
JG E &W m,f yd}k uD;vmcJo
h nf? Oa&myEdik if rH sm;ESihf tar&duef
EdkifiHwdk@onf pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;a=umifh jynfwGif;a&;&mrsm;ESifhom vkH;0vkH;yef;ae&
a=umif;&dypf m;rd+y;D aemuf *syefppf0g'rD sm;onf xdt
k cGit
hf a&;ud,
k +l y;D umuG,af &;nHzh si;f vSonfh
wkwfjynfudk zdtm;ay;um vufatmufcHEdkifiHjyKvkyf&ef qkH;jzwfvdkuf=uonf? ol
wkd@udk,fwdkifv_H@aqmf vkyfaqmifcJhonfh a'otjzpftysufrsm; udk wrifoufouf tjrwf
xkwu
f m *syefe,fcs@J orm;rsm;onf wkwjf ynfukd ppfa=unmjcif;rjyKbJ "m;jyolc;kd rsm;uJo
h @kd
refcsL;&D;,m;twGif; ppfwyfrsm;0ifa&mufvmcJhonf? *syefppfwyfrsm;onf refcsL;&D;,m;
wckv;Hk udk odr;f ydu
k v
f u
kd Ef ikd +f yD; Tenf;jzifh wkwjf ynf ajrmufyikd ;f udk odr;f ydu
k af &;ESihf qdAk ,
D uf
udk wdkufcdkufa&;twGuf oifhwifhtqifajyonfh eif;cHkwckudk jyifqifcJhonf? *syefonf vGwf
vGwfvyfvyf vkyfaqmifEdkif&eftwGuf EdkifiHrsm;tzGJ@csKyfrS E_wfxGufvdkuf+yD; tl;trl;Edkifaom
vsifjrefr_jzifh vufeufrsm; pwifwyfqifcJhonf?
Tonfu tar&duef/ +AdwdefESifh jyifopfwkd@udk ta&Szsm;t&yfY a&wyftiftm; wdk;
wufcdkifrmatmif vkyfaqmifvma&;twGuf wGef;ay;vdkufonf? *syefu wkwfjynfudk vuf
atmufcHjyKvkyf+yD; xdkEdkifiHrS Oa&myESifh tar&duefe,fchsJorm; tiftm;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;&ef rSm
&Sif;aeygonf? olwdk@u if;wdk@. vufeuftiftm;rsm;udk wdk;jrifhvdkufjcif;jzifh tajzay;
vdkufonf?
odk@aomf *syefwGif aemuf&nf&G,fcsuf wckvnf; &Sdaeygao;onf? qdkAD,ufta&Szsm;

a'oudk odrf;ydkuf&efjzpfonf? obm0uspGmyif qdkAD,ufonf TtE W&m,fudk rsufpdrSdwfr
xm;EdkifbJ if;.ta&Szsm;e,fajr. umuG,fa&;udk tjyif;txef wkd;wufvkyfaqmifvmcJh
onf?
Tenf;jzifh ta&Szsm;a'owGif *syefzufqpfe,fcsJ@rsm;a=umifh ppfyGJtwGuf yxr
wae&may:vmcJhonf?
od@k aomf pD;yGm;a&;tusyt
f wnf;u t&if;&Sipf epf. ydyuQrsm;udk jyif;xefapcJo
h nfrmS
ta&Szsm;a'owckwnf; wGio
f mr[kwaf cs? Oa&mywGiv
f nf; ydyuQrsm; jyif;xefvmonf?
pufrv
k yf sK;d a&;twGi;f =um&Sn=f umrsm; usa&mufcahJ om tusyt
f wnf;/
tvk y f v uf r J h O D ; a& tqrwef w d k ; rsm;vmjcif ; ES i f h qif ; &J o m; vl w ef ; pm;rsm;twG u f
ydkrdkrvkHr+cHKjzpfvmjcif;rsm;u tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;. rauseyfcsufrsm;udk avyifhay;cJh
onf? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. rauseyfr_rsm;onf awmfvSefonfh rauseyfr_odk@ wdk;wuf
vmcJhonf? Tonfudk *smreDY txl;awG@&SdEdkifonf? *smreDonf ppfyGJa=umifh aomfvnf;
aumif;/ t*Fvdyf/ jyifopf ppfEdkifolrsm;udk avsmfa=u;ay;ae&jcif;a=umifh aomfvnf;aumif;/
pD;yGm;a&;uyfqdkufr_a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ pD;yGm;a&;t& c|wf+cHKusaeum tvkyform;vlwef;
pm;onfvnf; jynfwGif;"e&Sifrsm;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;t*Fvdyf/ jyifopf"e&Sifrsm;. xrf;ydk;ESpfck
atmufwGif zdpD;ESdyfpufcHae&onf? Trauseyfcsuf. twkdif;twmudk zufqpfrsm; tm%m
r&rD aemufqkH; dkifpwufa&G;aumufyGJY *smrefuGefjrLepfygwDudk rJajcmufoef;ay;vdkufjcif;u
&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; jyoaeonf? *smref"e&Sifrsm;u *smreDY xdef;odrf;xm;onfh "e&Sif'Drdkua&
pDvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;onf olwkd@tay: raumif;r_oufa&mufEdkifa=umif; tvkyform; vlwef;
pm;u TvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;ukd toHk;jyKum awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ukd wkd;csJ@Ekdifa=umif; &dyfpm;
rdvm=uonf? xdk@a=umifh olwkd@onf *smreDY "e&Sifrsm; tm%mxdef;odrf;xm;Edkif&ef
enf;vrf;wckwnf;om &Sdawmha=umif;ESifh TonfrSm "e&SifvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk zsufodrf;&ef/
dkifpwufudk okntjzpfodk@ av#mhcsvdkuf&efESifh t=urf;zufonfh "e&SiftrsKd;om;a&; tm
%m&Sipf epfukd xlaxmif&ef qk;H jzwfvu
kd =f uonf? Ttm%m&Sipf epfuomv#if tvkyo
f rm;
vlwef;pm;udk zdEydS +f yD; *smreD. ppf;H_ r_ukd vufpm;acscsiaf eonfh "e&Siaf ygupf vlwef;pm; tay:
rdrdwkd@tajccHEdkifrnfjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh olwdk@onf jynfolrsm;. rsufpdudk oJESifhyuf &ef
&nf&G,fcsufjzifh rdrdwkd@udk,frdrdwkd@ trsKd;om;qdk&S,fvpfygwD[k ac:qdkaom zufqpfygwDudk
tm%m&&SdapcJhonf? zufqpfygwDonf yxrtcsuf - tvkyform; vlwef;pm;tay:
&eftvdkqkH;ESifh tazmufjyefqkH;aome,fcsJ@"e&Siftpdwftydkif;udk udk,fpm;jyKa=umif;? 'kwd,
tcsuf - vufpm;acs&ef jywfom;onfh ygwDjzpfae+yD; trsKd;om;a&;0g'jyif;xefonfh "e&Sif
aygupf oef;aygi;f rsm;pGmudk vSnzhf sm;Edik o
f nfh ygww
D &yfjzpfa=umif; aumif;aumif;od=uonf?
Tae&mwGif olwkd@udk tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. opPmazmufrsm;jzpfaom *smrefqdk&S,f
'Drdku&ufwpfygwDrS acgif;aqmifrsm;u tultnDay;cJhonf? olwkd@. aphpyfa&;ay:vpDu

zufqpf0g'twGuf vrf;cif;ay;cJhonf?
Tonfrsm;rSm 1933 ck *smrefzufqpfrsm; tm%m&&SdvmapcJhonfh ta=umif;
tcsufrsm; jzpfayonf?
D eG *f &ufY tpD&ifcpH mwGif *smreD&dS tjzpftysurf sm; cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm+yD;
&Jabmfpwmvif u *smreDY zufqpf0g'atmifyGJcHjcif;u tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. tm;enf;csuf vuQ
%mw&yfjzpf+yD; zufqpf0g'udk vrf;cif;ay;cJhonfh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwD. tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;tay: opPmazmufr.
_ &&Scd suw
f &yfjzpfonf[k owfrw
S &f rnfomru TonfrmS
"e&Sifvlwef;pm;. tm;enf;csuf vuQ%mw&yfjzpfa=umif; "e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf ygvDref
pepfEiS hf "e&Si'f rD u
kd a&pDqo
kd nfh enf;vrf;a[mif;rsm;twdik ;f tkypf ;kd &efrjzpfEikd af wmha=umif;ESihf
tusK;d quftm;jzifh jynfwiG ;f a&;ay:vpDwiG f t=urf;zuftyk cf sKyfonfeh nf;udk rv$rJ a&Smifom
okH;pGJvm&a=umif;udkvnf; jyoaeayonf?(a*spwmvif-vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;/ armfpudk 1947/
pmrsufESm-461)
*smrefzufqpfrsm;onf if;wdk@. jynfwGif;a&;ay:vpDudk dkif;pwufv$wfawmftm;

rD;_d jcif;/ tvkyo
f rm; vlwef;pm;udk &ufpufpmG ESyd u
f yG jf cif;/ if;wk@d . tzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk zsuq
f ;D
acsr_ef;jcif;ESifh "e&Sif'Drdkua&pD tcGifhta&;rsm;udk zsufodrf;vdkufjcif;wkd@jzifh pwifvdkufonf?
if;wdk@. EdkifiHjcm;a&;ay:vpDudk EdkifiHaygif;pkHtzGJ@csKyfrS E_wfxGufvdkufjcif;ESifh Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;.
e,fedrdwfrsm;udk *smreDtwGuf ta&;omaprnfh jyefvnfndE_dif;r_rsm;udk t=urf;enf;okH;I
vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf ppfwdkuf&ef ajAmifjyifqifjcif;wkd@jzifh zGifhvSpfvdkufonf?
Tenf;jzifh tv,fydkif;Oa&mywGif *smreDzufqpfrsm;. aus;Zl;a=umifh ppfyGJtwGuf
'kwd,ae&m ay:vmcJhonf?
obm0uspGmyif qdkAD,uf,leD,Htaejzifh Tr# tE W&m,f}uD;udk rsufaphrSdwfrxm;Edkif
bJ taemufEdkifiHrsm;rS tjzpftysufrsm;udk owdrjywfavhvmae+yD; taemufydkif;e,fedrdwf
umuG,fa&; awmifhwif;a&;twGuf pwifcJh&onf?
2? ul;vwftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk uef@owfxdef;csKyfa&;ay:vpDrS ul;vwfrsm;udk vlwef;pm;
w&yftjzpf acsr_ef;ypfa&; ay:vpDodk@/ pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_tay: ygwD. ay:vpDtm;
ykHzsufr_rsm;udk qef@usifwdkufyGJqifjcif;/ vrf;pOfw&yfvkH;wGif t&if;&Sif tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk
xdk;ppfqifjcif;/ 16 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf?
1929 ESifh 1930 twGif; pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;twGif;odk@ v,form;rsm;tpkvdkuf
t+yHKvdu
k f 0ifa&mufvmr_rsm;onf ygwED iS hf tpd;k &. a&Sajy;vkyif ef;wckv;kH . &&Scd sujf zpfonf?
v,f,mpdu
k yf sK;d a&;twGuf pufu&d ,
d mrsm;ESihf v,fxeG pf ufrsm;udk tpkvu
kd f t+yHKvdu
k f pwif
xkwfvkyfay;onfh qdk&S,fvpfpufr_vkyfief;}uD;xGm;vmjcif;/ 1928-29 &duQm0,fa&;

ppffqifr_twGif; ul;vwfrsm;udk jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,ljcif;/ v,form;rsm;udk pkaygif;v,f
,mESihf wjznf;jznf;,Ofyg;aponfh v,f,mor0g,rtzG@J rsm; us,jf yef@vmjcif;/ yxrqk;H aom
pkaygif;v,f,mESifh EdkifiHawmfv,f,mrsm;u xGuf&SdvmonfhE_ef;rsm; aumif;rGefjcif; Tonftm;vkH;u tcdkiftrm pkaygif;ydkifqdkifa&;vrf;udk jyifqifay;vdkuf+yD; &Gmw&GmvkH;/
cdkifwckvkH;ESifh a'owckvkH;&Sd v,form;rsm;u pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;odk@ 0ifvmcJh=uonf?
tcdkiftrm pkaygif;ydkifqdkifa&;vkyfief;onf v,form;trsm;wumh trsm;pk}uD;u pk
aygif;v,f,mrsm;xJodk@ tvG,fwul 0ifa&mufkHr#oufoufjzpfaom +idrf;csrf;onfh jzpfpOf
r#r[kwfbJ ul;vwfrsm;udk qef@usifwdkufcdkuf&onfh v,form;rsm;. wdkufyJGvnf;jzpfonf?
tcdkiftrm pkaygif;ydkifqdkifa&;vkyfief;qdkonfrSm pkaygif;v,f,mzGJ@pnf;xm;onfh
aus;vufa'orsm;rS ajrrsm;tm;vkH;udk pkaygif;v,f,mtzGJ@rsm; vufodk@v$Jajymif;ay;a&;jzpf
onf? odk@aomf Tajr. tpdwftydkif;tcsKdudk ul;vwfrsm;u ydkifqdkifxm;+yD;jzpfaoma=umifh
v,form;rsm;u if;wkd@xHrS odrf;,lum if;wkd@udk v,fajrrsm;rS armif;xkwf+yD; if;wkd@.
u|J/ EGm;/ pufud&d,mrsm;udk odrf;,l/ if;wkd@tm;zrf;qD;/ a'orsm;rS armif;xkwf&ef qdkAD,uf
tm%mydkifrsm;udk awmif;qkdonf?
f ikd af &;vkyif ef; qdo
k nfrmS ul;vwfrsm;udak csre_ ;f
xd@k a=umifh tcdik t
f rm (Solid) pkaygi;f ydik q
a&;jzpfonf?
TonfrmS tcdik t
f rmpkaygi;f ydik q
f ikd af &;vkyif ef;tay: tajccHI ul;vwfrsm;udk vlwef;
pm;w&yftjzpfrS acsr_ef;ypfrnfh ay:vpDjzpfonf?
xdktcsdefu ul;vwfrsm;udk tqkH;owfypfum if;wdk@. ckcHr_udk csKd;azmuf/ if;wkd@udk
vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf acsr_ef;+yD; ul;vwf v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;udk pkaygif;ESifh EdkifiHawmfv,f
,mpdu
k yf sK;d a&;ESihf tpm;xk;d &eftwGuf qdAk ,
D ufjynfaxmifpYk cdik rf mawmifw
h if;onfh ky0f wK
tiftm;tajccH tvkHtavmuf&Sdonf?
1927 ckwGif ul;vwfrsm;onf oD;ESH 600000000 yGwf (yGwf- poodpk&Sm;
tav;csdefjzpfonf/ wyGwf onf 36 113 aygifESifhnDr#onf bmomjyefol)odxw
k v
f yk f
aeqJjzpf+yD; if;wk@d txJrS 130000000 yGwf eD;yg;udk a&mif;csEikd af yonf? xdEk pS rf mS yif pkaygi;f ESihf
EdkifiHawmfv,f,mrS a&mif;csEdkifonfh oD;ESHta&twGufrSm 35000000 yGwfr#omjzpfonf?
1929 ckwGif abmf&SDApfygwD. EdkifiHawmfv,f,mrsm;ESifh pkaygif;v,f,mrsm; jzpfay:wdk;wuf
a&;twGuf cdkifrmonfhay:vpDa=umifhESifh qdk&S,fvpfpufr_vkyfief;u aus;vufodk@ v,f,m
pufud&d,mrsm;ESifh v,fxGefpufrsm; axmufyHh&mwGif wkd;wufaumif;rGefr_wkd@a=umifh pkaygif;
v,f,mESifh EdkifiHawmfv,f,mrsm;onf ta&;}uD;onfh ta=umif;w&yf jzpfvmygonf?
xdkESpfrSmyif pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;ESifh EdkifiHawmfv,f,mrsm;u oD;ESH 400000000 yGwfxuf
ravsmhbJ xkwfvkyf+yD;jzpfum if;wkd@xJrS 130 000000 yGwfausmfudk a&mif;csEdkifcJhonf?
TonfrSm 1927 ckwGif ul;vwfrsm; a&mif;cscJhonfxuf rsm;ygonf? 1930 ckwGif pk
aygif;v,f,mESifh EdkifiHawmfv,f,mrsm;u a&mif;cs&ef oD;ESH 400000000 yGwfausmfudk

xkwfvkyf&efESifh wu,fvnf; xkwfvkyfcJh+yD; TonfrSm 1927 ul;vwfrsm; a&mif;cscJhonfh
ta&twGufESifh rE_dif;,SOfEdkifatmifrsm;onf?
xkd@a=umifh wdkif;jynf. pD;yGm;a&;b0wGif vlwef;pm; tiftm;pkrsm;. r[mrdwfzGJ@r_
tajymif;tvJa=umifhESifh ul;vwfrsm;. oD;ESHtxGufudk pkaygif;ESifh EdkifiHawmf v,f,mrS oD;ESH
txGufESifh tpm;xkd;&efvdktyfaom kyf0wKtajccHwnf&Sdvmr_a=umifh abmf&SDApfygwDonf
ul;vwfrsm;udk csKyfxed ;f a&;ay:vpDrS ay:vpDopfjzpfaom cdik rf monfh pkaygi;f ydik q
f ikd rf _ vkyif ef;
ay:tajccH+yD; olwdk@udk vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf acsr_ef;ypfa&; odk@ vkyfaqmifvmEdkifcJhygonf?
1929 ck rwdkifrDu qdkAD,uftm%monf ul;vwfrsm;udk csKyfxdef;a&;ay:vpDudk usifh
okH;cJhonf? ul;vwfrsm;tay: jrifhrm;onfh taumufcGefrsm; csrSwfjcif;/ owfrSwfxm;onfh
aps;E_e;f jzifh oD;ESrH sm;udk Edik if aH wmfukd a&mif;ay;&jcif;/ olo;Hk Edik o
f nfh ajr,mta&twGuu
f o
kd m
iSm;ay;onfh Oya'jymef;jcif;/ woD;yk*v
~ v,f,mrsm;twGuf tvkyo
f rm;rsm; iSm;&rf;&mwGif
if;. v,f,mtwkdif;twmESifh owfrSwfay;onfh Oya'jymef;jcif;wkd@udk jyKvkyfcJhonf?
odk@aomf ul;vwfrsm; acsr_ef;a&;ay:vpDudk rusifhokH;ao;bJ/ ajr,miSm;&rf;a&;/ tvkyform;
iSm;&rf;a&;wkd@wGif if;wkd@ vkyfaqmifEdkif&ef w&m;Oya'u cGifhjyKxm;+yD; wcsdefwnf;wGifvnf;
if;wkd@udk odrf;ydkufa&;udk wm;qD;ydwfyifxm;onfhtwGuf TbufwGif if;wkd@tm; tawmf
toifh tmrcHcsu&f &Sad eapayonf? Tay:vpD. tusK;d oufa&mufrr_ mS ul;vwfvw
l ef;pm;
}uD;xGm;vmr_udk wm;qD;&efjzpf+yD; if;wkd@txJrS tpdwftydkif;tcsKdrSm TcsKyfxdef;r_rsm;.
zdtm;udkrcHEdkifbJ tvkyftudkif ysufpD;oGm;=uonf? odk@aomf Tay:vpDonf ul;vwfrsm;.
pD;yGm;a&;tajccH taqmufttHkudk vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf rzsufqD;EdkifkHr#ru if;wkd@ acsr_ef;
&efvnf; rjzpfEdkifacs? TonfrSm ul;vwfrsm;udk csKyfxdef;onfh ay:vpDomjzpf+yD; acsr_ef;&ef
r[kwfacs? Tay:vpDonf tcsdefumvwydkif;/ qdkvdkonfrSm pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;ESifh EdkifiH
awmfv,f,mrsm; tm;enf;aeao;+yD; oD;ESHxkwfvkyfa&;Y ul;vwfrsm;udk tpm;rxdk;Edkif
ao;onfh umvtxdom vdktyfayonf?
1929 ckESpf tukefpkaygif;v,f,mrsm;ESifh EdkifiHawmfydkifv,f,mrsm; }uD;xGm;vm
r_ESifhtwl qdkAD,uftm%monf Tay:vpDrS ul;vwfrsm;udk acsr_ef;a&;/ vlwef;pm;w&yf
tjzpf zsufodrf;a&;ay:vpDodk@ kwfw&ufajymif;vJvdkufonf? ajriSm;jcif;ESifh tvkyform;
iSm;jcif; Oya'rsm;udk kyo
f rd ;f vdu
k +f yD; Tenf;jzifh ul;vwfrsm;twGuf ajra&m/ pm&if;iSm;rsm;yg
qkH;_H;vufv$wfoGm;apcJhonf? ul;vwfrsm;tay: odrf;qnf;a&; (Expropriation) wm;
jrpfred @f ukd kyo
f rd ;f vdu
k o
f nf? pkaygi;f v,f,mtusK;d twGuf v,form;rsm;udk ul;vwfrsm;.
jrif;/ EGm;/ wd&dp>mefrsm;/ puf,E W&m;rsm;ESifh v,f,mypPnf;rsm;udk odrf;,l cGifhjyKvdkufonf?
ul;vwfrsm;. ypPnf;rsm; todrf;cH&onf? 1918 ck pufr_vkyfief;e,fy,fY t&if;&Sifrsm;
jynfoyl ikd f todr;f cH&ouJo
h @kd ul;vwfrsm;vnf; todr;f cHvu
kd &f onf? od@k aomf jcm;em;r_ wckrmS
ul;vwfrsm;. xkwv
f yk af &;ypPn;f rsm;onf Edik if aH wmfvuf0,fo@kd a&muf&o
dS mG ;jcif; r[kwb
f J
pkaygi;f v,f,mrsm;wGif pnf;k;H xm;onfh v,form;rsm;. vufo@kd a&muf&o
dS mG ; jcif;jzpfonf?
TonfrSm av;eufeuf_dif;vSaom awmfvSefa&;w&yfjzpfum vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. t
&nftcsif;a[mif; tqifhwckrS t&nftcsif;opf tqifhwckodk@ ckeful;um if;. tusKd;quf
rsm;wGifvnf; 1917 ck atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;ESifh wef;wlcJhayonf?
TawmfvSefa&;. xl;jcm;onfhvuQ%mw&yfrSm EdkifiHawmf. OD;aqmifOD;&GufjyKr_jzifh
txufrS +yD;ajrmuf atmifjrif+yD;rS ul;vwfrsm;. taESmiftzGJ@rsm;udk z,f&Sm;+yD; pkaygif;v,f
,mrsm;wGif vGwfvyfpGmaexdkifEdkifa&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifae=uaom oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom
v,form;jzpfaom atmufajcrS wdkufdkufaxmufcHr_udk &&SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf?
TawmfvSefa&;onf wcsufwnf;ESifh qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&;. tajccHjy\em
ok;H ckukd ajz&Si;f vdu
k f onf?
1? TawmfvSefa&;u u|Ekfyfwkd@jynfwGif;&Sd aoG;pkyfvlwef;pm;trsm;qkH;jzpfonfh
t&if;&Sifpepf jyefvnfxl axmifa&;twGuf a'gufwdkifjzpfaom ul;vwfvlwef;
pm;udk acsr_ef;vdkufonf?
2? TawmfvSefa&;u u|Ekfyfwkd@jynfwGif;&Sd tvkyform;vlwef;pm;/ trsm;qkH;jzpfonfh
v,form; vlwef;pm;tm; t&if;&Sifpepfudk aygufzGm;arG;jrLay;aeonfh wOD;csif;
v,f,mvkyfief;vrf;rS or0g,r - pkaygif;qdkAD,uf v,f,mvkyfief;vrf;odk@
v$Jajymif;ay;vdkufonf?
3? TawmfveS af &;u qdAk ,
D uftyk pf ;kd r_ukd v,f,mpdu
k yf sK;d a&;wGif qd&k ,
S v
f pftajccHjzifh
jznfhqnf;ay;vdkufonf? v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;onf trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;vkyf
ief;cGJrsm;twGif; tus,fjyef@qkH;ESifh aoa&;&Sifa&;wr# ta&;}uD; vdktyfaomfvnf;
zGH@+zKd;wkd;wufr_ tedrfhqkH;vkyfief;cGJ jzpfaeao;onf?
Tonfu wdkif;jynftwGif; t&if;&Sifpepf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;ta=umif;&if;wckudk
acsr_ef;vdkuf+yD; wcsdefwnf;wGif qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepf wnfaqmufa&;twGuf xif&Sm;
jywfom;onfh ta=umif;tcsufopfrsm;udk zefwD;ay;vdkufonf?
1929 ckwGif &Jabmfpwmvifu ul;vwfrsm;udk vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf acsr_ef;onfh
ay:vpD. ta=umif;&if;rsm;udk &Si;f jy&if; v,form;rsm;. tcdik t
f rm pkaygi;f ydik q
f ikd rf v
_ yk if ef;
twGuf vlxkv_yfSm;r_. &&Sdcsufrsm;udk ed*kH;csKyfay;&mY atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;cJhonf?
qdkAD,uf,leD,HY t&if;&Sifpepf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;twGuf pdwful;,Ofae=uonfh
EdkifiHtm;vkH;rS t&if;&Sifrsm;. aemufqkH;ar#mfvifhcsuf - yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_. txGwftjrwf
rl0g'rSm +ydKvJusqif;+yD; aysmufuG,faeonf?
olwdk@u t&if;&Sifpepfa&cHajrcHtwGuf kyf0wKajr=oZm[k oabmxm;aom v,f
orm;rsm;onf rdk;xdatmif ajrmufyifhxm;onfh woD;yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_tvHudk tpk
vdkuft+yKHvdkuf pGef@ypfae=u+yD; pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vrf;/ qdk&S,fvpfvrf;udk vdkufae=u+yDjzpfonf?
t&if;&Sijf yefvnfxal xmifa&;twGuf aemufq;kH ar#mv

f ifch suo
f nf +yKdvu
J saeayonf? (pwm
vif/ vDeif0g'jyoemrsm;/ pmrsufESm-298)
1930 Zefe0g&D 5 &ufae@Y qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwDabmf&SDApf A[dkaumfrwDu

vufct
H wnfjyKcJah om pkaygi;f ydik q
f ikd rf v
_ yk if ef;ESihf pkaygi;f v,f,mrsm; jzpfay:wd;k wufa&;udk
ulnD&ef EdkifiHawmf. enf;vrf;rsm;qdkonfh ordkif;0ifqkH;jzwfcsufxJwGif ul;vwfrsm;udk
vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf acsre_ ;f ypfa&;ay:vpDukd xnfo
h iG ;f azmfjyxm;onf? Tqk;H jzwfcsuw
f iG f
qdkAD,uf,leD,H ckdiftoD;oD;. uGJjym;jcm;em;onfh ta=umif;tcsufrsm;ESifh pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_
vkyfief;twGuf a'o. &ifhrSnfhr_ tqifhtrsdK;rsdK;wdk@udk tjynfhtpkH &Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;onf?
pkaygif;ydkifqkdifr_vkyfief;E_ef; trsdK;rsdK;wdk@udk wnfaqmuf+yD; TtwGuf A[dkaumfrwDu
qdkAD,uf,leD,H. a'orsm;udk tkyfpkokH;pkcGJ&ef &nf&G,fonf?
yxrtkyfpk t"duoD;ESHpdkufysdK;onfh ae&mrsm;/ if;wdk@rSm aumhau;&Syfajrmufydkif; (usL
bef;/ 'GefESifhx&ufpf) aAmfv*gtv,fydkif;ESifh aAmfv*gatmufydkif; t&yfrsm;/ xdkt&yfrsm;wGif
v,fxGefpuf trsm;qkH;&Sd+yD; EdkifiHawmfydkif v,f,mvnf;trsm;qkH;jzpfum +yD;cJhonfh oD;ESH0,f
,la&; ppfqifr_twGif; ul;vwfrsm;ESifh wdkufyGJqif&mwGif tawG@t}uKH trsm;qkH;vnf;&&Sd
xm;+yD;jzpfojzifh pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_ vkyfief;twGuf t&ifhrSnfhqkH;jzpfaeonf? A[dkaumfrwDu
ToD;ESHpdkufysdK;onfhtkyfpkwGif pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief;udk t"dutm;jzifh 1931 aEGOD;wGif
t+yD;owfoifha=umif;wifjyonf?
'kwd,oD;ESHpdkufysdK;onfh ae&mtkyfpk/ ,lu&def; A[dkajrrJha'o/ qdkufab;&D;,m;/ ,l&Jvf/
umZwfpwefEiS hf tjcm;a'orsm;wGif pkaygi;f ydik q
f ikd rf v
_ yk if ef;udk t"dutm;jzifh 1932 ck aEGO;D wGif
t+yD;owfvkyfaqmifEdkifonf?
tjcm;a'orsm;/ e,fajrrsm;ESifh orRwEdkifiHrsm; (armfpudka'o/ x&ef@aumhau;&Sm;/
tv,ftm&SorRwEdkifiHrsm;tp&Sdojzifh) vnf; pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_ vkyfief;udk ig;ESpfpDrHudef;t+yD;
qdkvdkonfrSm 1933 ckESpfxd tcsdefwdk;vkyfEdkifonf?
pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief; t&Sdeft[kefwufvmcJhonfhtwGuf ygwDA[dkaumfrwDu v,f
xGefpufrsm;/ &dwfodrf;pufrsm;/ xGefpuf/ qGJpuf,E W&m;rsm; xkwfvkyfonfh pufHkrsm; wnf
aqmufa&;udk t&Sdefwdk;&efvdktyfonf[k qkH;jzwfonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif A[dkaumfrwDu
pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_. vuf&SdtqifhwGif jrif;rsm;ESifh xGef,ufjcif;. ta&;}uD;r_udk
txifao; *krpdkufonfh wdrf;apmif;r_/ jrif;rsm;udk t&rf;uma&m a&mif;csajz&Sif;ypfr_rsm;udk
jzpfaponfh wdr;f apmif;r_ukd jywfjywfom;om; csKyfuikd pf pfaq; &rnf[k awmif;qdv
k u
kd o
f nf?
1929-30 ckESpftwGuf pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;odk@ EdkifiHawmfacs;aiGrSm rlvpDrHudef;ESifh
Ed_if;pmygu ESpfqwdk; (&lb,faiG 500000000) ay;cJhonf?
pkaygif;v,f,majrrsm;udk wdkif;xGmppfaq;jcif;ESifh e,fajrowfrSwfjcif;rsm;twGuf
ukefusp&dwfudk EdkifiHawmfu uscH&efjzpfonf?
qkH;jzwfcsufwGif tvGefta&;}uD;onfh n$ef=um;csufyg&Sd+yD; if;rSm pkaygif;v,f,m

v_yf&Sm;r_ vuf&Sdtqifh. t"duomefrSm pdkufysdK;a&;or0g,r (Agricultural Artelk&mS ;pum; artel rSvmonf/ wlnaD omvkyif ef; or0g,r zG@J jcif;twGuf pkjcif;[k t"dym` ,f
&onf bmomjyefol) jzpf+yD; t"du xkwfvkyfa&;ypPnf;rsm;udkom pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_ jyKvkyf
&efjzpfonf?
A[dkaumfrwDu ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; pkaygif;v,f,m zGJ@pnf;&mwGif ppfrSefonfh
qdk&S,fvpf+ydKifqdkifr_udk pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief; twkta,mifESifh tpm;xdk;Edkifonfh tE W&m,f
jzpfvmapEdkifaom pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_u txuftrdef@ rsm;ESifh zdtm;ay;onfh
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk qef@usif&ef tav;eufqkH; owday;xm;onf?( C.P.S.U(B)
.qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; twGJ 2/ pmrsufESm-662)
TqkH;jzwfcsufwGif A[dkaumfrwDu ygwD. aus;vufay:vpDopftm; rnfuJhodk@

tokHjyK&rnfqdkonfudk &Sif;vif;xm;onf?
ul;vwfrsm;udk vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf acsre_ ;f ypfa&;ESihf tcdik t
f rm pkaygi;f ydik q
f ikd rf v
_ yk if ef;
ay:vpDonf tiftm;}uD;rm;vSonfh pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_udk v_H@aqmfay;vdkuf onf?
w&Gmvk;H ESihf wc&kid v
f ;Hk &Sd v,form;rsm;onf pkaygi;f v,f,majrxJo@kd yl;aygi;f yg0if vm=u+yD;
rd r d w d k @ vrf ; rS ul ; vwf r sm;ud k armif ; xk w f v d k u f u m ul ; vwf r sm;. aES m if } ud K ;rsm;rS
ke;f xGuv
f u
kd =f uonf?
od@k aomf pkaygi;f ydik q
f ikd rf _ vkyif ef;twGi;f xl;jcm;onfh wd;k wufrr_ sm;ESit
hf wl ygwv
D yk o
f m;
rsm;bufrS tcsdK@tjypftemtqmrsm; pkaygif;v,f,mjzpfxGef;a&;twGif; ygwDay:vpDudk
ykHzsufjcif;rsm; ay:xGufvmcJhonf? A[dkaumfrwDu ygwDvkyfom;rsm;udk pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_ vkyf
ief;rsm;. atmifyGJrsm;tay: r,pfrl;&ef owday;cJhaomfvnf; trsm;tjym;onf tcsdef/ ae
&m/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;rjyK/ v,form;rsm; pkaygif;v,f,mxJ
yg0ifa&;twGuf toifh&Sdr_ tajctaeudk *krjyKbJ pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_ajcvSrf;udk tay:,H tjzpf
om zdtm;ay;vkyfaqmifvm=uonf?
pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;udk pdwfqENt&om wnfaxmif&rnfhrludk azmufzsufa=umif;ESifh
ckid t
f csKd @wiG f ypPn;f rsm;udk odr;f ,lrnf/ rJqENay;cGihf kyo
f rd ;f rnfponfjzifh +cdr;f ajcmufrr_ sm;jzifh
v,form;rsm;udk pkaygi;f v,f,mrsm;twGi;f od@k twif;tusyo
f iG ;f cJah =umif; awG@&v
dS m &onf?
ckid t
f csKd @wiG f jyifqifa&;vkyif ef;rsm;ESihf pkaygi;f ydik q
f ikd rf v
_ yk if ef;ESihf ywfoufaom ygw.
D
ay:vpDtajccHrlrsm;udk pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf &Sif;vif;jyo&rnfhtpm; txufrS AsLkdu&ufqef
pGm trdef@rsm;xkwfjcif; pkaygif;v,f,mwnfaxmifjcif;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI r[kwfrrSef vkyf}uH
onfh udef;*%ef;rsm;udk csJ@um;jcif;ESifh pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief; &mcdkifE_ef;udk uvdrf^m%fqifI
azmif;yGjcif;rsm;jyKvkyfvmonf?
A[dkaumfrwDu pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_. t"duomefrSm t"duxkwfvkyfa&;
ypPnf;rsm;udkom pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_jyKvkyfxm;onfh pdkufysdK;a&; or0g,rjzpf&rnf[k twd
tusazmfjy !ef=um;xm;aomfvnf; ae&mtcsdK@wGif or0g,rudk ausmfjzwf+yD; bkHtzGJ@

wdu
k f u
dk zf @JG &ef acgi;f rmonf}h udK;yrf;r_rsm;/ aps;uGut
f wGurf [kwo
f nfh tdr&f mtaqmuf ttH/k
Edk@pm;EGm;rrsm;/ u|J/ EGm;/ =uuf0uftp&Sdonfrsm;udk pkaygif;ydkifvkyfvdkuf=uonf?
pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief;. ueOD;atmifyGJrsm;tay: ,pfrl;+yD;a'otcsdK@&Sd tm%mydkif
rsm;onf A[dkaumfrwD. pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief;twGif; tcsdefESifh ajcvSrf;uef@owfcsufESifh
ywfoufaom &Sif;vif;aocsmonfh !ef=um;csufrsm;udk azmufzsuf=uonf? azmif;yG
udef;*%ef;rsm;twGuf pdwftm;xufoefae=uaom armfpudka'oacgif;aqmifr_ tzGJ@onf
pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_ vkyfief;+yD;ajrmufa&;twGuf 3 ESpfxufrenf; (1932 ckESpftqkH;ydkif;)
tcsdef&&SdygvsufESifh rdrdatmufajc&Jabmfrsm;udk 1930 ckaEGOD;wGif t+yD;owfvkyfaqmif&ef
owfrw
S af y;vdu
k o
f nf? x&efaumhau;&Sm;ESihf A[dt
k m&Sa'orsm;rS azmufzsurf r_ sm;rSm ydI
k yif
qdk;0g;ayao;onf?
Tay:vpD ykzH suaf oGzrD r_ sm;udk rdrt
d usKd ;twGuf tok;H csum ul;vwfEiS hf if;. uyfzm;
,yfzm;rsm;onf if;wdk@udk,fwdkif pwif+yD;pdkufysdK;a&; or0g,rrsm;zGJ@rnfhtpm; bkHtzGJ@rsm;
zGJ@&efESifh wcsDwnf;ESifh aetdrftaqmufttHkrsm;/ u|J/ EGm;/ =uuf/ bJ/ 0ufponfh wd&dp>mefrsm;
udkvnf; pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_jyKvkyf&ef wifjyajymqdkvmonf?
xdk@tjyif ul;vwfrsm;u v,form;udk pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;xJ r0ifa&mufrD if;wdk@
wd&pd m> efrsm;udk owfypf&ef v_@H aqmfc+hJ yD; rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf qdk tjcm;udo
k ,fomG ;vdrrhf nf[k
ta=umif;jycJhonf? vlwef;pm;&efolrsm;u pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_ vkyfief;pOftwGif; a'ocHtzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;u usL;vGefcJh=uonfh ay:vpDaoGzDr_rsm;ESifh trSm;rsm;tay: v,form;xku
a'gotrsufxGufvm+yD; qdkAD,uftm%mudk qef@usifykefuefr_rsm; ay:aygufvmEdkifonf[k
wGucf sucf =hJ uonf?
ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. trSm;rsm;a=umifh vlwef;pm;&efol. ajAmifusaom aESmifh,Suf
v_@H aqmfonfh qlyrl r_ sm;a=umifh 1930ck azazmf0g&D aemufq;Hk v0ufwiG f pkaygi;f ydik q
f ikd rf v
_ yk if ef;
. rjiif;uG,fEdkifonfh atmifjrifr_rsm; a,bk,s tajccH&Sdaevsufuyif ckdiftcsdK@wGif v,f
orm;xkt=um; pkd;&drfpzG,f rauseyfr_vuQ%mrsm; eufeuf_dif;_dif;xGufay:vmonf? ae&m
tcsdK@Y ul;vwfESifh if;.udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf v,form;rsm;udk qef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
ajymifajymifwif;wif; vkyfaqmif&ef v_H@aqmfEdkifcJhayonf?
pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief;udk xdcdkufapEdkifonfh ygwDvrf;pOfaoGzDr_rsm;. xdwfvef@pzG,f
vuQ%mrsm;udk &&Sdod&Sd+yD;aemuf ygwDA[dkaumfrwDonf csufcsif;yif tajctaersm;udk
jyKjyif&efEiS hf ygwv
D yk o
f m;rsm; trSm;rsm;udk jrefEikd o
f r#jrefpmG jyKjyif&efvyk af qmifco
hJ nf? 1930
rwfv 2 &ufwiG f A[dak umfrwD. qk;H jzwfcsuEf iS hf &Jabmfpwmvif. atmifyEJG iS ,
hf pfr;l jcif;
aqmif;yg;udk xkwfa0vdkufonf? Taqmif;yg;rSm pkaygif;ykdifqdkifr_vkyfief;rsm;twGuf atmif
yGJrsm;tay:,pfrl;vGef+yD; }uD;rm;onfhtrSm;rsm;udk usL;vGefum ygwDvrf;pOfrS aoGzDoGm;ol
rsm;tm;vkH;ESifh v,form;rsm;tm; pkaygif;v,f,mtwGif; 0ifa&mufvmatmif t"rR
vkyfaqmifaeolrsm;tm;vkH;udk owday;vdkufonf? xdk aqmif;yg;wGif pkaygif;v,f,m xl

axmifa&;wGif pdwfqENESifh tnDom vkyfaqmif&rnfhrlESifh pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief; ajcvSrf;ESifh
enf;emrsm;udq
k ;Hk jzwf&mwGif qdAk ,
D ufjynfaxmifpk a'otoD;oD;. uGjJ ym;jcm;em;vsuf &Sad om
tcsuf t vuf r sm;ud k xnf h o G i f ; pOf ; pm;&ef vd k t yf r _ w d k @ ud k t av;wif ; ta&; ay;
a&;om;xm;onf? &Jabmfpwmvifu pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_. t"duomefrSm pdkuf
ysdK;a&; or0g,romjzpfa=umif; oD;ESHpdkufysdK;a&;wGif t"dutokH;jyKonfh t"du xkwfvkyf
a&;ypPnf;rsm;udk pkaygif;ydkifqdkif&rnfjzpfa=umif; tdrfajrrsm;/ aexdkif&mtaqmufttHkrsm;/
Edk@pm;EGm;rtpdwftydkif;rsm;/ wd&dp>mefi,frsm;arG;jrLa&;/ =uufbJponfwdk@udk pkaygif;ydkif
rvkyf&a=umif; xyfrHajymqdkvkdufonf?
&Jabmfpwmvif. aqmif;yg;onf EdkifiHa&;t& tvGefta&;ygcJhonf? Tonfu
ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk trSm;rsm;jyifqif&ef tultnDay;cJh+yD; ay:vpDaoGzDr_rsm;udk tcGifh
aumif;,lum v,form;rsm;tm; qdkAD,uftm%mudk ykefuefvm&ef v_@Haqmfay;&ef ar#mf
vifhaeonfh qdkAD,uftm%m. &efolrsm;udkvnf; jyif;xefpGmxdk;ESufvdkufonf? v,form;
xk trsm;pk}uD;u ,cktcg abmf&ADS pfygw.
D vrf;pOfonf a'otm%mydik rf sm;. acgi;f rmaom
vuf0J aoGzrD r_ sm;ESihf rnfo@kd r# rwla=umif; odjrifvm=uonf? Taqmif;yg;u v,form;
rsm;udk pdwfat;oGm;apcJhonf?
aoGzDr_rsm;ESifh trSm;rsm;udk jyKjyif&ef &Jabmfpwmvif. aqmif;yg;u pwifv_@HaqmfcJh+yD;
xdkvkyfief;jynfhpkHap&ef ygwDA[dkaumfrwDonf aemufxyfxdk;ESufcsuf wckvkyfaqmif&ef qkH;
jzwfcJhum 1930 ckrwfv 15 &ufae@Y pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_twGif; ygwDvrf;pOf aoGzD
r_rsm;tm; wdkufzsuf&ef enf;emrsm;qdkonfh qkH;jzwfcsufudk xkwfa0vdkufonf?
Tqk;H jzwfcsuw
f iG f usL;vGecf o
hJ nfh trSm;rsm;udk tao;pdwf ed*;Hk csKyfcjJG crf;pdwjf zmxm;+yD;
if;wd@k rmS ygw.
D vDeif/ pwmvif0g' vrf;pOfrS aoGzjD cif;jzpfa=umif;ESihf ygw.
D qk;H jzwfcsurf sm;
udk ajymifajymifwif;wif; csdK;azmufr_. &&Sdcsufjzpfa=umif; azmfjyxm;onf?
A[dkaumfrwDu T vuf0JaoGzDr_rsm;onf vlwef;pm;&efolrsm;ukd wkdufkduf toHk;
jyKa=umif; axmufjyxm;onf?
A[kdaumfrwDu ygwDvrf;pOfaoGzDr_rsm;udk rwdkufzsufEdkifolrsm; odk@r[kwf wdkufzsuf
&ef rvdv
k m;olrsm;udk if;wd@k .ae&mrsm;rS z,f&mS ;+yD; tpm;xd;k &rnf[k !e=f um; vdu
k o
f nf?
(qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&SDApf) qkH;jzwf csufrsm; twGJ2/ pmrsufESm-663)
Edik if aH &;trSm;rsm; usL;vGe+f yD; if;wd@k ukd jyKjyifEikd jf cif;r&So

d nfh a'otcsKd @EiS hf e,fajrtcsKd @
(armfpudka'o/ x&ef@pf aumhau;&Sm;) rS ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk A[dkaumfrwDu
ajymif;vJypfcJhonf?
1930 ck {+yDv 3&ufY &Jabmfpwmvif. pkaygif;v,f,m &Jabmfrsm;odk@ jyef=um;
csufaqmif;yg;udk xkwfa0vdkuf+yD; xdkaqmif;yg;xJwGif olu v,form;jy\emtwGif;
trSm;rsm;. Zmpfjrpfta=umif;&if;ESihf pkaygi;f v,f,mv_y&f mS ;r_twGi;f usL;vGecf ahJ om t"du
trSm;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf? if;wdk@rSm tv,ftvwf v,form;rsm;odk@ rSm;,Gif;pGm

csOf;uyfr_/ pkaygif;v,f,m wnfaxmifa&;udk pdwfqENt& jyKvkyf&efqkdonfh vDeif0g'rludk
azmufzsujf cif;/ qdAk ,
D uf,el ,
D H a'otoD;oD;&Sd tajctaersm; uGjJ ym;jcm;em;r_ukd xnfo
h iG ;f
pOf;pm;&efqo
kd nfh vDeif0g'rlukd azmufzsujf cif;ESihf or0g,rtqifu
h kd ausmv
f eG +f yD; wdu
k f u
dk f
bkHtzGJ@ zGJ@a&;}udK;yrf;r_rsm;jzpfonf?
Tvkyfaqmifcsuf tm;vkH;a=umifh ckdiftcsdK@&Sd a'oygwD tvkyform;rsm;u usL;vGefcJh
onfh ay:vpDaoGzDr_rsm;udk ygwDu jyKjyif&mwGif tmrcHcsuf&&SdcJhayonf?
atmifyGJtay:,pfrl;+yD; ygwDvrf;pOfrsm;rS tvsiftjrefvrf;v$JoGm;aeonfh ygwD vkyf
om;tawmfrsm;rsm;udk csufcsif;jyKjyifEdkif&ef A[dkaumfrwDtaejzifh tpGrf;ukef cdkifrmatmif
vkyf/ wif;usyf&efESifh a&pD;udkqef@usif+yD; oGm;Edkifonfh t&nftcsif;&Sd&efvdktyfonf?
ygwDonf pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_twGif; ygwDvrf;pOfaoGzDr_rsm;udk jyKjyif&mwGif
atmifjrifcJhonf?
Tonfu pkaygi;f v,f,mv_y&f mS ;r_ atmifyu
JG kd tajccH awmifw
h if; cdik rf mapEdik cf o
hJ nf?
Tonfu pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_wGif tiftm;}uD;rm;pGm a&S@csDwufa&; ajcvSrf;
opfrsm;udkvnf; jzpfay:apEdkifcJhonf?
ul;vwfrsm;udk vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf acsr_ef;a&;ay:vpDudk ygwDu csrSwfusifhokH;jcif;
rjyKrD t&if;&Siftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk pufr_vkyfief; ppfrsufESmwdk@wGif acsr_ef;ypfa&; &nf&G,fcsuf
jzifh if;wd@k ukd t"dutm;jzifh +rdK@rsm;wGif t[kejf yif;pGm xd;k ppfqifco
hJ nf? xdt
k csed x
f d aus;vuf
a'o v,f,mpdu
k yf sKd ;a&;onf +rdK@rsm;aemuf/ pufrv
_ yk if ef; aemufuseaf ecJo
h nf? tusKd ;quf
tm;jzifh xdk;ppfrSm bufaygif;pkHjynfhpkH+yD; a,bk,s vuQ%mraqmifcJhay? odk@aomf ,cktcg
aus;vuf. acwfaemufusr_qdkonfrSm twdwfwGifusefcJhum ,cktcgul;vwfrsm;udk
vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf acsre_ ;f ypfa&;/ v,form;rsm;. wku
d yf o
JG nf &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; ykaH y:vm
+yD; ygwDuvnf; ul;vwfvlwef;pm;acsr_ef;a&;ay:vpD vufcHtwnfjyKvdkuf+yD;jzpfojzifh
t&if;&Siftpdwftydkif;rsm;tay: xdk;ppfqifr_onf taxGaxG vuQ%maqmifvmonf?
xdk;ppfwpdwfwydkif;onf ppfrsufESmwckvHk;. xdk;ppftjzpfodk@ jzpfay:wkd;wufoGm;cJhonf? 16
}udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf pwifonfhtcsdefwGif t&if;&Siftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk taxGaxG
xdk;ppfqifr_onf awmufav#mufqufvufjzpfay:aeonf?
1930 ZGefv 26 &ufwGif 16 }udrfajrmuf uGef*&ufpwifcJhonf? xkdtpnf;ta0;okd@
ygwD0ifaygif; 1260874 ESifh t&efygwD0if 711609 OD;wkd@ ukd,fpm;jyKonfh rJay;Ekdifonfh
ukd,fpm;vS,f 1268 OD;ESifh rJray; Ekdifonfh ukd,fpm;vS,f 891 OD;wkd@ wufa&muf=uonf?
ygw.
D orkid ;f wGif 16 }udraf jrmufueG *f &ufrmS ppfrsuEf mS wcGiw
f jyifv;Hk wGif qd&k ,
S v
f pf pepf.
odr;f usK;H xd;k ppfqifaom/ ul;vwfrsm;udk vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf acsre_ ;f vdu
k af om/ tcdik t
f rm
pkaygi;f ydik q
f ikd rf v
_ yk if ef;udk taumiftxnfazmfaomuGe*f &uf[k xif&mS ;cJh ygonf? (pwmvif)
A[dkaumfrwD. EdkifiHa&;tpD&ifcHpmudk wifoGif;&mY &Jabmfpwmvifu qdk&S,fvpf

xd;k ppfqifEaJG epOftwGi;f abmf&ADS pfygwu
D rnfonfah tmify}JG uD;rsm; &&Sad ea=umif;wifjyonf?
qdk&S,fvpfpufr_wyfqifa&;vkyfief; t}uD;tus,fwdk;wufae&m wdkif;jynf. txGuf
pkpak ygi;f . pufrv
_ yk if ef; tcsKd ;usa0pkrmS ,cktcg v,f,mpdu
k yf sKd ;a&;txGux
f uf ausmv
f eG f
v$rf;rdk;oGm;ay+yD? 1929-30 bma&;ESpf twGif; pufr_vkyfief;. tcsdK;usa0pkrSm wdkif;jynf
txGuf pkpkaygif;. 53 &mckdifE_ef;xuf ravsmhawmhbJ v,f,m pdkufysdK;a&;. tcsdK;usa0pkrSm
47 &mckdifE_ef;r#omjzpfonf?
1926-27 bma&;ESpftwGif; 15 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufumvu pufr_vkyfief;
. pkpkaygif;txGufrSm ppfrjzpfrD txGuf. 1025 &mckdifE_ef;r#omjzpf+yD; 1929-30 ck 16
}udrfajrmuf uGef*&ufumvwGif 180 &mckdifE_ef;odk@ a&muf&Sd+yD;jzpfonf?
xkwfvkyfa&;ypPnf;rsm; xkwfvkyfjcif;/ puf,E W&m;rsm; wnfaqmufjcif;ponfh t}uD;
pm;pufr_vkyfief;onf wjznf;jznf; tiftm;}uD;xGm;vmaeonf?
u|efawmfwdk@onf u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynfudk v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&; EdkifiHtjzpfrS
pufr_EdkifiHodk@ ul;ajymif;aeonfh t}udKumvodk@ a&muf&SdvmcJhay+yD[k &Jabmfpwmvifu
uGef*&ufwGif tm;&yg;& vufckyfoHrsm;t=um;wGif a=unmvdkufonf?
odk@aomf&Jabmfpwmvifu qufvuf&Sif;jyonfrSm pufr_vkyfief; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_.
jrifrh m;onfEh e_ ;f udk pufrv
_ yk if ef; jzpfay:wd;k wufr.
_ tqift
h wef;ESihf a&maxG;rypf&efjzpf onf?
qdk&S,fvpfpufr_vkyfief;wGif r}uKHzl;avmufaomE_ef;jzifh jzpfay:wdk;wufaeaomfvnf;
u|efawmfwdk@onf pufr_vkyfief;jzpfay:wdk;wufr_. tqifhtwef;ESifhywfoufIrl zGH@+zdK;
wd;k wuf+yD; t&if;&SiEf ikd if rH sm;. aemufY aemufususe+f rJ useaf eao;onf? qdAk ,
D uf,el ,
D u
H kd
v#yfppf"mwftm;wyfqifa&;wGif xl;jcm;pGmwdk;wufaeaomfvnf; v#yfppfyg0gbufwGif
aemufusaeonfuakd wG@&ESd ikd o
f nf? "mwfowWKvkyif ef;wGiv
f nf; aemufusaeonfukd awG@Eikd f
onf? pDru
H ed ;f t& qdAk ,
D uf,el ,
D rH S oHprd ;f txGurf mS 1929-30 wGif 5500000 wef jzpf&ef
jzpf + yD ; 1929 *smreD r S oH p d r f ; txG u f r S m 13400000 wef / jyif o pf r S 10450000
wefjzpfaeayonf? u|Efkyfwdk@. enf;ynmESifhpD;yGm;a&; acwfaemufusr_udk tcsdeftenf;i,f
twGif; jyKjyifaumif;rGefvmEdkifa&;twGuf u|efawmfwdk@. pufr_vkyfief; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_E_ef;
udk qufvuft&SdefjrifhwifoGm;&rnf? xdk@jyif qdk&S,fvpfpufr_vkyfief; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_E_ef;udk
avsmhusoGm;&ef }udK;yrf;aeonfh tacsmiform;rsm;udk tjywfom;qHk; wdkufyGJqif&rnf?
u|Ekfyfwdk@. pufr_vkyfief;jzpfay:wdk;wufr_E_ef;udk av#mhcs&ef vdktyfa=umif; ajymqdk
aeonfholrsm;onf qdk&S,fvpfpepf. &efolrsm;/ u|Ekfyfwdk@. vlwef;pm;&efol. udk,fpm;
vS,frsm;jzpfonf[k &Jabmfpwmvifu qdkcJhonf? (pwmvif/ vDeif0g'jyoemrsm;/ pmrsufESm 369)
yxrig;ESppf rD u
H ed ;f . yxrESpf vkyif ef;pOfatmifjrifpmG jynf0h +yD; ausmv
f eG o
f mG ;onfh tcg
H ed ;f udk av;ESpEf iS jhf ynf0h apa&;auG;a=umfoH ay:xGuv
f mcJh onf?
vlxt
k =um;rSm ig;ESppf rD u
pufr_vkyfief;XmecGJrsm; (a&eH/ opf&GufopfaqG;rsm;udk ajr=oZmvkyfonfhvkyfief;/ taxG axG

puf,E W&m;wnfaqmufa&;/ pdkufysdK;a&;/ puf,E W&m;vkyfief;/ v#yfppfypPnf;vkyfief;) onf/
if;wdk@. pDrHudef;rsm;udk tvGefatmifjrifpGm taumiftxnfazmfae&m ig;ESpf pDrHudef;udk 2
odk@r[kwf okH;ESpftwGif;wGif jynfh0Edkifawmhrnfjzpfonf? Tonfu ig;ESpfpDrHudef;udk
av;ESpfESifhjynfh0apa&; qdkonfh auG;a=umfoHrSm jzpfEdkifa=umif; jyovdkuf+yD; oHo,&Sd
aeolrsm;. tacsmif0g'udk Tenf;jzifh zGifhcsvdkufonf?
16 }udrfajrmuf uGef*&ufu ygwDA[dkaumfrwDudk qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&;twGif;
wufuGonfhabmf&SDApft&Sdefudk xdef;odrf;xm;a&;ESifh ig;ESpfpDrHudef;udk wu,fyif av;ESpf
ESifhjynfh0apa&;udk tmrcH&ef!ef=um;vdkufonf?
16 }udrfajrmufuGef*&ufumvwGif qdkAD,uf,leD,H. v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;jzpfay:
wdk;wufr_wGif tvGefta&;}uD;onfh tajymif;tvJjzpfay:aeonf? us,fhjyef@vSonfh v,f
orm;xk}uD;onf qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepfo@kd vSnahf jymif;vm=uonf? 1930 ck arv 1 &ufae@ t"du
oD;ESH pdu
k yf sKd ;onfah 'orsm;. pkaygi;f ydik q
f ikd rf v
_ yk if ef;onf v,form; tdraf xmifprk sm; . 4050 &mckdifE_ef;ukd tusKH;0ifvmapcJhonf? (1928 aEGOD;wGif 2-3 &mckdifE_ef;om &SdcJhonf?)
pkaygif;v,f,m. oD;ESHpdkufysdK; {&d,mrSm 36000000 [ufwmodk@ a&muf&SdcJhonf?
xdk@a=umifh 1930ck Zefe0g&D 5 &ufae@u A[dkaumfrwDqkH;jzwfcsufwGif csrSwfcJhaom
wd;k wuf&rnfh vkyif ef;pOf (30000000 [ufwm) rSm jynf0h onfxuf ausmv
f eG o
f mG ;cJah y+yD?
pkaygif;v,f,m jzpfay:wdk;wufa&;. 5 ESpf pDrHudef;rSm ESpfESpftwGif; 1 qcGJausmfydkI +yD;
ajrmufoGm;cJhonf?
ok;H ESpt
f wGi;f pkaygi;f v,f,mrS a&mif;csco
hJ nfh txGut
f a&twGurf mS tqav;q,f
ausmfoGm;cJhonf? 1930 ckESpfwGif wkdif;jynftwGif; a&mif;0,faeonfh oD;ESHxuf0ufausmfrSm
pkaygif;v,f,mrSjzpf+yD; if;wdk@txJwGif EdkifiHawmfv,f,mrsm;rS xkwfvkyfonfh oD;ESHrsm;
rygao;acs?
Tonfu ,cktcsdefrSpI v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;. uH=urRmudk yk*~vduv,f,mrsm;u
rqkH;jzwfEdkifawmhbJ pkaygif;ESifh EdkifiHawmfv,f,mrsm;uom qkH;jzwfawmhrnfjzpfa=umif;
qdv
k akd yonf?
v,form;rsm; pkaygif;v,f,mtwGif;odk@ tpkvdkuft+yKHvdkuf 0ifrvmrDu qkd&S,fvpf
tm%monf t"dutm;jzifh qd&k ,
S v
f pfpufrv
_ yk if ef;tay:wGif rScD akd e&+y;D ,cktcgwiG rf l tvsif
tjref wdk;wufus,fjyef@vmaeaom qdk&S,fvpfpdkufysdK;a&; tpdwftydkif; pkaygif;ESifh EdkifiHawmf
v,f,mrsm;wGifvJ rSDcdkvmEdkifonf?
16 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufu qkH;jzwfcsufwckwGif azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; pkaygif;
v,f,m/ v,form;rsm;onf qdkAD,uftm%m. ppfrSefcdkifrmaom a'gufwdkifjzpfvmay
onf?
3? trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;XmecGJrsm;tm;vkH;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;ay:vpD/ enf;ynmwdk@.

ta&;ygr_/ pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_ qufvufyhsHESH@vmjcif;/ puf,E W&m;ESifh v,fxGefpuf
tvkyf rkH sm;. Edik if aH &;Xmersm;/ ig;ESppf rD u
H ed ;f udk av;ESpEf iS +hf yD;ajrmufomG ;jcif;. tusKd ;aus;Zl;
rsm;/ ppfrsufESmwckvkH;Y qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmifyGJcHjcif;/ 17 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf?
t}uD;pm; pufr_vkyfief; txl;ojzifh puf,E W&m;wnfaqmufa&;rsm;udk wnfaxmif
cJ+h yD; rdr.
d ajcaxmufay:rdrd cdik cf ikd rf mrm&yfwnfvmEdik u
f m toift
h wifh vsijf refonfh ajcvSr;f
jzifh jzpfay:wdk;wufvmaea=umif; xif&Sm;vmonfhtcg ygwDu &ifqdkifvm&onfh aemuf
wm0efw&yfrSm trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;XmecGJrsm;tm;vkH;udk acwfrDenf;rsm;jzifh jyefvnfwnf
aqmuf&efjzpfonf? avmifpmpufr_vkyfief;/ "mwfowWKvkyfief;/ tao;pm;pufr_vkyfief;/
tpm;taomufvkyfief;/ opfvkyfief;/ vufeufvkyfief;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;vkyfief;ESifh v,f
,mpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;odk@ acwfrDenf;ynmrsm;/ acwfrDpuf,E W&m;rsm; wyfqif&ef
jzpfonf? v,f,mxGufypPnf;ESifh pufHkxGufypPnf;rsm; awmif;qkdr_tvGeftrif; wdk;jrifhvm
onfhtwGuf xkwfvkyfa&;XmecGJrsm;tm;vkH;twGuf txGufudk ESpfqESifh okH;q jrifhwif&efvdk
tyfvmonf? odk@aomf pufHktvkyfHkrsm;ESifh pkaygif;v,f,mESifh EdkifiHawmfv,f,mrsm;onf
acwfrDud&d,mrsm; tvkHtavmuf wyfqifxm;rSomv#if xdkodk@xGuf&SdEdkifrnfjzpfonf? ud&d
,m ta[mif;tEGrf;rsm;jzifh vdktyfonfh txGufwdk;r_udk tmrcHEkdifrnfr[kwfacs?
trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&; t"duXmecGJrsm;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif;rjyKbJ t+rJ}uD;xGm;
vmaeonfh wdkif;jynfESifh pD;yGm;a&;pepf. awmif;qdkr_opfrsm;udk jznfhqnf;Edkifrnfr[kwfacs?
jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif;rjyKbJ ppfrsufESmwckvkH;Y qdk&S,fvpfpepf. xdk;ppfqifr_udk
tjynft
h 0 azmfaqmifEikd rf nf r[kwaf cs? tb,fah =umifq
h akd omf +rdK@EiS hf aus;vufrsm;&Sd t&if;
&Siftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk vkyftm;ESifh ydkifqdkifr_ tzGJ@tpnf;opfrsm;ESifhom wdkufcdkufacsr_ef;&rnf
jzpfonfomru enf;ynmopfrsm;/ enf;ynmbufqdkif&m omvGefr_rsm;ESifhvnf; wdkufcdkuf
acsre_ ;f &rnfjzpfonf?
jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif;rjyKbJ enf;ynmt&/ pD;yGm;a&;t& acwfrDonfh t&if;&Sif
EdkifiHrsm;udk trDSvdkufI ausmfwufEdkif&efrjzpfEdkifacs? tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf qdkAD,uf,leD,H
onf pufrv
_ yk if ef; jzpfay:wd;k wufrE_ e_ ;f wGif t&if;&SiEf ikd if rH sm;xuf omvGeaf omfvnf; pufr_
vkyfief; jzpfay:wkd;wufr_tqifhtwef; pufr_txGufypPnf; ta&twGufwGif tawmfyif
aemufus usef+rJusefaeao;onf?
if;wkd@udk trDSvdkuf&eftwGuf xkwfvkyfr_qdkif&m XmecGJwdkif;udk enf;ynmopfrsm;
wyfqif&rnfjzpf+yD; acwftrDqkH; enf;ynmrsm;ESifh jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&rnfjzpfonf?
enf;ynmjy\emonf tifrwefrS ta&;}uD;vmcJhonf?
t"dutwm;tqD;rSm acwfrpD uf,E &W m;ESihf pufu&d ,
d mrsm; rvkaH vmufr[
_ k odyrf qdk
Edik af cs? tb,fah =umifq
h akd omf u|Eyfk w
f @kd . wnfaqmufa&;pufrv
_ yk if ef;u acwfru
D &d ,
d mrsm;
udk xkwfvkyfEdkifonfh tajctaeodk@ a&muf&Sdae+yD;jzpfonf? odk@aomf u|Ekfyfwdk@. vkyfief;tkyf

csKyfolrsm;. rSm;,Gif;onfhoabmxm; jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; umvtwGif; enf;ynm
ta&;}uD;r_tay: if;wkd@. txiftjrifao; _wfcsr_ponfwdk@u ydkqdk;aeonf? if;wdk@.
tjrifwGif enf;ynmjy\emrsm;onf yg&*lrsm;. udpPomjzpfonf? 'kwd,wef;pm; t
a&;ygr_ avmufomjzpfonf? "e&Sifyg&*lrsm;udk =unfh=uyf&ef v$Jay;xm;&efjzpfonf? uGefjrL
epfvkyfief;tkyfcsKyfolrsm;onf xkwfvkyfa&;. enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&mbufwGif 0ifa&mufpGuf
zuf&ef rvdktyfbJ ydkIta&;}uD;onf[k qdk&rnfh pufr_vkyfief;. taxGaxGpDrH tkyfcsKyfr_udk
*kkjyK&rnf[k oabmxm;=uonf?
xdk@a=umifh "e&Sifyg&*lrsm;onf xkwfvkyfa&;jyoemrsm;wGif vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vkyf
aqmifcGifh&ae=u+yD; uGefjrLepf vkyfief;tkyfcsKyfolrsm;url taxGaxG !ef=um;a&;vkyfief;
vufrSwfxdk;jcif; tvkyfukdom xdef;odrf;xm;cJh=uonf?
TuJhokd@aom oabmxm;rsKd;u taxGaxG vrf;!efr_ukd !ef=um;csuf pmajymif
rsm;tjzpf bmtusKd;rS jzpfxGef;rvmEkdifonfh tcsnf;ESD;pm&Gufrsm;tay:wGif vufrSwfxkd;
ae=uonfhtjzpfokd@ ysufpD;,kwfavsmhoGm;aprnfjzpfa=umif; ajym&efyifrvkdacs?
uGejf rLepfvyk if ef;tkycf sKyforl sm;u enf;ynmqdik &f m jy\emrsm;wGif Tod@k w
_ cf stxif
ao;onfh oabmxm;rsm; qufvufxm;&Sdaeygu acwfrDt&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;udk ausmfvGef&ef
rqdkxm;ESifh rDSatmifvdkufEdkifrnfyif r[kwfa=umif;&Sif;vif;aeayonf? Toabmxm;onf
txl;ojzifh jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;umvwGif u|efawmfwdk@ wdkif;jynfudk acwfaemufusap
Edik +f yD; jzpfay:wd;k wufrE_ e_ ;f udv
k J av#mch sypfayvdrrhf nf? trSerf mS rl enf;ynmjy\emrsm; tay:
TuJhodk@aom oabmxm;jcif;rSm tcsdK@aom uGefjrLepfvkyfief; tkyfcsKyfa&;orm;t
pdwftydkif;wdk@. pufr_vkyfief;jzpfay:wdk;wufa&;E_ef;udk aESmifhaES;av#mhcsypf&efqENudk v#dK@
0SufzkH;uG,fonfh rsufESmzkH;uef@vef@um wckr#omjzpfonf? odk@rSom xkwfvkyfa&;twGuf
wm0ef&Sdolrsm;udk yg&*lrsm;tay: v$Jcs+yD; rdrdwdk@rSmrl tjypfvGwfrsufESmrysuf aeEdkifayrnf?
uGefjrLepfvkyfief; tkyfcsKyfa&;orm;rsm;onf enf;ynmjy\emrsm;tay: tmHkpdkuf
vm&ef enf;ynmrsm;udk vdkufpm;vm&ef vdktyfvmonf? abmf&DSApfvkyfief; tkyfcsKyf
a&;orm;rsm;tzdk@ acwfopfenf;ynmrsm; u|rf;usifa&;onf aoa&;&Sifa&;wr# ta&;}uD;
a=umif; olwdk@udkjyo&efvdktyfonf? odk@r[kwfygu u|Ekfyfwdk@wdkif;jynfudk acwfaemufusjcif;
ESifh xdkif;r_dif;tDvnfaeaom b0odk@ jyefydk@rnfh tE W&m,f&Sdaeygawmhonf?
Tjy\emudk rajz&Sif;Ekdifygu qufvufwdk;wufa&;rSm rjzpfEkdifacs?
TonfESifh qufpyfI ta&;}uD;qkH;rSm 1931 ck azazmf0g&DvY pufr_vkyfief; refae
*smrsm;. yxruGefz&ifhwGif &Jabmfpwmvif rdef@=um;cJhonfh rdef@cGef;jzpfonf?
&Jabmfpwmvifu t&Sdefudk tenf;i,fav#mhcs&ef v_yf&Sm;r_udk xdef;csKyf&efrjzpfEdkif
bl;vm;[k wcgw&H tar;cH&ygw,f? rjzpfbl;&Jabmfwdk@ jzpfudkrjzpfEdkifbl;? t&Sdefudk vkH;0r
av#mh&? t&Sdefudk av#mhvdkufjcif;[m aemufav#musoGm;jcif;jzpfygw,f? aemuf+yD; aemuf
av#musoGm;olrsm;udk olrsm;uEdkifwwfygw,f? 'gayr,fh u|efawmfwdk@u tEdkifrcHvdkbl;?

u|efawmfwdk@ tH_;ray;&bl;/
k&Sm;EdkifiHa[mif;ordkif;&J@ vuQ%mwcku aemufususefaer_/ acwfaemufusr_wdk@
a=umifh tqufrjywf tEdkifcH&r_rsm;jzpfw,f? rGef*dkcef;rsm;u tEdkifusifhcJhw,f? wl&uDrsm;u
tEkid u
f sichf w
hJ ,f? qG'D ifya'o&mZfrsm;u tEdik u
f sichf w
hJ ,f? ykv
d efEiS hf vpfoel ;D ,m; txufvm$
rsm;u tEkid u
f sichf w
hJ ,f? +Aw
d o
d #EiS jhf yifopf t&if;&Sirf sm;u tEdik u
f sichf w
hJ ,f? *syefrLS ;rwf rsm;u
tEdkifusifhcJhw,f? acwfaemufusr_a=umifh tm;vkH;u tEdkifusifhcJh=uw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd [m acwfrED ikd if rH sm;&J@ aemufrmS ESpif g;q,f od@k r[kwf tESpf 100 aemufus
useaf eygw,f? 'gukd q,fEpS f twGi;f trDvu
dk &f r,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd trDvu
dk rf vm;/ 'grrS [kwf
tacsr_ef;cHrvm;?
tvGefqkH; 10 ESpftwGif; acmwfrDEdkifiHrsm;aemuf aemufususefaer_udk trDSvdkuf&r,f?
'DtwGuf u|efawmfwdk@rSm yuwdb0 tcGifhtvrf;rsm; tukef&Sdygw,f? vdkaewmwckwnf;
uawmh 'DtcGit
hf vrf;rsm;udk oifah wmfpmG tok;H csEikd w
f hJ t&nftcsi;f jzpfygw,f? 'g[mvnf;
u|eaf wmfw@kd tay: rlwnfaeygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd tay:rSmom jzpfw,f? 'DtcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk
tokH;cswwfatmif u|efawmfwdk@ oif,l&r,fh tcsdefa&mufyg+yD? xkwfvkyfa&;rSm 0ifa&muf
pGufzufjcif;rjyK&qdkwJh ykyfodk;aewJhay:vpDudk pGef@ypf&r,fh tcsdefa&mufyg+yD? tcsdefumveJ@
udkufnDwJhay:vpD/ t&m&mwdkif;0ifa&muf&r,fh ay:vpDopfudk csrSwf&r,fh tcsdefa&mufyg+yD?
wu,fvdk@cifAsm;[m pufHkrefae*sm wa,mufjzpfygu pufHk&J@udpPtm;vkH;rSm 0ifa&mufpGuf
zufyg? t&m&mwdkif;udk ppfaq;=unfh_yg? bmwckrS tvGwfray;ygeJ@? avhvmyg? xyfavhvm
yg? abmf&SDApfrsm;[m enf;ynmu|rf;usif&r,f? abmf&SDApfrsm;udk,fwdkif yg&*lrsm;jzpf&r,fh
tcsdefa&mufvmyg+yD? wnfaqmufa&;umvrSm enf;ynmu t&m&mudkqkH;jzwfw,f?
(pwmvif/ vDeif0g'jy\emrsm; armfpudk 47/ pmrsufESm-355/ 358)
&Jabmfpwmvif rde@f ceG ;f . ordik ;f 0ifta&;ygrr_ mS uGejf rLepfvyk if ef; tkycf sKyfa&;orm; rsm;.
enf ; ynmtay: txif a o;_ w f c sonf h o abmxm;ud k tqk H ; owf y pf v k d u f + yD ; enf ;
ynmjy\emrsm;udk &ifqdkifapum abmf&SDApfrsm;udk,fwdkif enf;ynm u|rf;usifa&;wdkufyGJ
tqifhopfw&yfudk zGifhvSpfay;vdkufonf? xdkenf;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief; wdk;
wufa&;udk tulnDay;vdkufonf?
xdktcsdefrSpI enf;ynmqkdif&m twwfynmonf "e&Sifyg&*lrsm;. vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_rS
csKyf+idrf;oGm;+yD; abmf&SDApfvkyfief; tkyfcsKyfa&;orm;rsm;udk,fwdkif ta&;}uD;*kjyK&rnfh
jy\emjzpfvmum yg&*lqdkonfh pum;onfvnf; avSmifajymifac:a0:onfh pum;r[kwf
awmhbJ enf;ynmu|rf;usifonfh abmf&SDApfrsm;twGuf *k%f,lzG,fpum;jzpfvmonf?
xdktcsdefrSpI enf;ynmwwfu|rf;+yD; pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk nef=um;vkyfaqmifEdkifaom
yg&*leDrsm; axmifESifhaomif;ESifhcsDI ay:aygufvmEdkif+yD; wu,fvnf; ay:aygufvmcJhonf?
if;wd@k rmS qdAk ,

D ufenf;ynm/ twwfynm&Sio
f pfrsm;/ tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;ESihf v,f
orm;xk. twwfynm&Sif/ ynmwwfrsm;jzpfum ,cktcg if;wdk@onfpufr_vkyfief;rsm;
pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_. t"du tiftm;pkjzpfvmawmhonf?
Tonftm;vkH;u pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;wdk;wufap&efjzpf+yD;
wu,fvnf; wd;k wufvmapcJo
h nf?
jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;vkyif ef;udk pufrv
_ yk if ef;ESihf o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&; vkyif ef; wGio
f m
uef @ owf x m;jcif ; r[k w f a cs? v,f , mpd k u f y sd K ;a&;vk y f i ef ; wG i f yd k I yif v sif j ref p G m
jzpfay:wdk;wufaeonf? ta=umif;&if;udkawmh a0;a0; &Sm&efrvdkay? v,f,mvkyfief;onf
tjcm;vkyif ef;rsm;xuf pufrw
_ yfqifra_ vsmeh nf;aeao;+yD; Tae&mwGif acwfrD puf,E W&m;
rsm; vdt
k yfro
_ nf tjcm;ae&mrsm;xuf ydrk kd jyif;xefaeonf? pkaygi;f v,f,m ta&twGurf mS
wvxuf wv/ wywfxufwywf}uD;xGm;vm+yD; v,fxGefpufrsm;ESifh tjcm;v,f,mokH;
puf,E W,m;rsm; axmifESifhaomif;ESifhcsDI vdktyfvmr_a=umifh acwfrDv,f,mokH; puf,E W
&m;rsm; axmufyHha&;udkwdk;jrifh&efrSm ta&;w}uD;vdktyfr_ jzpfvmonf?
1931 ckESpfwGif v,f,majrv_yf&Sm;r_ qufvufwdk;wufr_udk awG@jrif&onf? t"du
oD;ESHpdkufysdK;onfh ckdifrsm;wGif v,f,majr 80 &mckdifE_ef;ausmfrSm pkaygif;v,f,mtjzpf
yl;aygif;vdkuf+yD;jzpfaeonf? Tae&mwGif tcdkiftrm pkaygif;ydkifqdkifa&;vkyfief;onf t"du
tm;jzifh atmifjrif+yD;jzpfaeonf? odyfta&;r}uD;onfh oD;ESHpdkufysdK;onfh ckdifrsm;ESifh pufr_
oD;ESHpdkufysdK;onfh ckdifrsm;wGifrl v,f,majr. 50 &mckdifE_ef;ausmfrSm pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;
jzpfaeay+y?D ,cktcg pkaygi;f v,f,m 200000 ESihf Edik if aH wmfv,f,m 4000 &Sad e+y;D if;wd@k wiG f
wdik ;f jynfo;D ES{H &d,mpkpak ygi;f . ok;H ykEH pS yf u
Hk kd pdu
k yf sKd ;=u+yD; wOD;csi;f v,form;u ok;H ykw
H yku
H o
kd m
pdu
k yf sKd ;ae=uonf?
TonfrSm aus;vufwGif qdk&S,fvpfpepf}uD;rm;pGm atmifyJGcHjcif; jzpfayonf?
od@k aomf pkaygi;f v,f,mv_y&f mS ;r_. wd;k wufru
_ kd ,cktxd twdrt
f eufxuf tvsm;
vdkufwdkif;xGmae=ujcif;r#om jzpfonf? pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;onf ta&twGuft& wdk;rsm;
ae+yD; wckdifrS wckdif ysH@ESH@aeaomfvnf; pkaygif;v,f,mvkyfief;wGif aomfvnf;aumif;
odk@r[kwf vlyk*~dKvfrsm;. u|rf;usifr_wGifvnf;aumif; wajy;nDwdk;wufvmjcif; r[kwfacs?
TonfrmS pkaygi;f v,f,mrsm;rS acgi;f aqmifau'grsm;ESihf twwfynm&Sirf sm;. }uD; xGm;r_u
pkaygif;v,f,mrsm; ta&twGuft& }uD;xGm;vmr_udk trDrvdkufEdkifjcif; a=umifhjzpfonf?
tusdK;qufrSm pkaygif;v,f,mopfrsm;. vkyfief;rSm t+rJojzifh auseyfzG,f r[kwfbJ
pkaygi;f v,f,mrsm;ud,
k w
f ikd yf if tm;enf;+rJ enf;aejcif;jzpfonf? pkaygi;f v,f,m rsm;twGuf
r&Srd jzpfvt
kd yfonfh pmwwforl sm; (pm&if;jyKpko/l odak vSmifkH refae*sm/ twGi;f a&;rSL;pojzif)h
aus;vufY &Sm;yg;r_ESifh pkaygif;vkyfief; t}uD;pm;rsm; pDrHtkyfcsKyf&mwGif v,f orm;rsm;
tawG@t}uKH r&Sdr_rsm;uvnf; ydkrdkaemufusapcJhonf? pkaygif; v,f,mv,form; rsm;onf
,refae@u woD;yk*v
~ u
d v,form;rsm;jzpfc+hJ yD; ajruGuif ,fav;rsm;wGif v,f ,mvkyo
f nfh
tawG@t}uKH&Sdaomfvnf; t}uD;pm;pkaygif;v,f,mvkyfief;rsm;wGif tawG@ r}uKHr&Sdacs?

TuJhodk@aom tawG@t}uKHudkvnf; w&ufwnf;ESifh r&Ekdifay?
tusdK;quftm;jzifh pkaygif;v,f,mvkyfief; yxrtqifhrsm;udk }uD;rm;onfh tm;enf;
csurf sm;u aESmif,
h u
S w
f m;qD;cJyh gonf? pkaygi;f v,f,mvkyif ef;rsm;wGif pnf;H;k r_ tvGen
f zhH si;f
ae+yD; tvkyform;pnf;urf;rsm; avsmh&Jaeonfudk awG@&Sd&onf? pkaygif;v,f,m trsm;
tjym;wGif 0ifaiGrsm;udk jzef@a0&mwGif tvkyfvkyf&ufESifh rcGJa0bJ rdom;pk0ifOD;a&ESifh cGJa0ay;
aeonf? tacsmifco
kd rl sm;u }udK;}udK;pm;pm; yifyifyef;yef; vkyaf eonfh pkaygi;f v,f,m v,f
orm;rsm;xuf 0ifaiGydk&aeonfh tjzpftysufrsm;vnf; r=umc%jzpfysufaeonf? pkaygif;
v,f,mpDrH tkyfcsKyfolrsm;. tm;enf;csufrsm;u tzGJ@0ifrsm;. wufuGpdwfudk avsmhusap
cJhonf? tvkyfjyif;xefonfh &moDwGifyif tvkyfrwufonfh tzGJ@0iftrsm;tjym; &Sdae=u+yD;
aqmif;wGif;ESif;rsm;usvmonftxd oD;ESHrsm;r&dwfodrf;&bJ &Sdaewwfonf? &dwfodrf;&mwGif
vnf; awmf&ad &mf&v
d yk =f uojzifh oD;ESt
H ajrmuftjrm; qk;H H;_ &jyefonf? puf,E &W m;rsm;/ jrif;rsm;/
vkyif ef;rsm;twGuf wOD;csi;f wm0ef,rl r_ &Sjd cif;u pkaygi;f v,f,mvkyif ef;rsm;udk tm; enf;ap+yD;
0ifaiGudkavsmhusaponf?
,cifu;l vwfrsm;ESihf uyfyg;&yfyg;rsm; pkaygi;f v,f,mrsm;xJo@kd wd;k a0S@0ifa&mufvmEdik f
+yD; wpkHw&m ,kH=unfcH&aom tqifhae&mrsm;&&Sdaeonfh a'orsm;wGif tajctaerSm ydkrdk
qdk;&Gm;aeayonf? r=umc%yif ,ciful;vwfrsm;onf rod&onfh t&yfrsm;odk@ ajymif;a&$@
oGm;=u+yD; tzsuv
f yk if ef;rsm;vky&f ef &nf&,
G cf sujf zifh &nf&,
G cf suf &S&d jdS zifh pkaygi;f v,f,mrsm;
twGif; wdk;a0S@0ifa&mufcJh=uonf? wcgw&HwGif ygwDvkyfom;rsm;ESifh qdkAD,uft&m&Sdrsm; .
owdayghavsmhr_a=umifh ul;vwfrsm;onf if;wdk@. ae&yfrSmyif pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;xJodk@
0ifa&mufvmEdkifcJh=uonf? ,ciful;vwfrsm;u if;wdk@. enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk tukeftpif
ajymif;vJvdkufr_u if;wdk@pkaygif;v,f,mtwGif; xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufr_udk vG,fulapcJhonf?
,cifu ul;vwfrsm;onf pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;udk ajAmifwdkufcdkufcJh+yD; pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;rS
acgif;aqmifau'grsm;/ a&S@wef;a&mufv,form;rsm;udk kdif;pdkif;pGm ESdyfpufnOf;yrf;jcif;/
,kwf,kwfrmrm vkyf}uHowfjzwfjcif;/ if;wdk@.tdrfrsm;/ pyg;usDrsm;udk rD;d_@jcif; ponfrsm;
jyKvkyfcJh=uonf? Tenf;rsm;jzifh v,form;xk a=umufvef@oGm;+yD; pkaygif;v,f,m 0if
a&mufa&;rsm;udk aemufqkwfoGm;vdrfhrnf[k xifcJh=uonf? ,cktcg pkaygif;v,f,mtay:
ajAmifwdkufyGJ_H;edrfhoGm;+yDjzpfojzifh olwdk@. enf;y&d,m,fudk ajymif;vJcJh=uonf? olwdk@onf
aoewfwrkd sm; ab;z,fxm;vdu
k +f yD; ,ifaumifwaumifuakd wmif tE &W m,frjyKonfh tjypfrhJ
olrsm;tjzpf [efaqmifvm=uonf? qdkAD,ufudk axmufcHaom opPm&Sdolrsm;tjzpf ykHzrf;
vm=uonf? pkaygi;f v,f,mtwGi;f 0ifa&mufro
d nfEiS hf if;wd@k . tzsuv
f yk if ef;udk cd;k a=umif
cdk;0Suf pwifvkyfaqmif=uawmhonf? olwdk@onf pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;udk twGif;rSaeI zkdz&J
jzpfatmif/ tvkyform;pnf;urf;rsm; tm;enf;atmif oD;ESHpm&if;tif;rsm;ESifh vkyfief;rSwfpk
rsm; _yaf xG;atmifvyk af qmif=uonf? pkaygi;f v,f,mrsm;rS jrif;rsm;udk wrifoufouf v#m
emcGgem/ 0JemESifh wjcm;a&m*grsm;ESifh ul;pufapjcif; odk@r[kwf *krpdkufr_a=umifhvnf;aumif;/

tjcm;ta=umif;rsm;a=umifhvnf;aumif; 'kuQdwjzpfapjcif;wdk@rSm olwdk@. tzsufvkyfief;
pDru
H ed ;f . wpdww
f ydik ;f jzpf+yD; r=umc% atmifjrifc=hJ uygonf? olw@kd onf v,fxeG pf uf rsm;ESihf
v,f,mpuf,E W&m;rsm;udk zsufqD;cJh=uonf?
pkaygif;v,f,mrsm; tm;enf;+rJ tm;enf;aeao;+yD; if;.vkyfom;rsm;uvnf;
tawG@t}uKHenf;+rJ enf;aeao;onfhtwGuf ul;vwfrsm;onf r=umc%yif pkaygif;v,f
,mv,form;rsm;udk vdrv
f nfvn
S zhf sm;Edik u
f m tzsuv
f yk if ef;rsm;udv
k nf; tjypf'%frcH&bJ
usL;vGeEf ikd cf =hJ uonf?
ul;vwfrsm;. tzsufvkyfief;rsm;udk tqkH;owfypf&efESifh pkaygif;v,f,mvkyfief;rsm;
cdkifrmawmifhwif;apa&;wdk@ tvsiftjrefaqmif&Guf&eftwGuf vltm;/ t}uH^m%ftm;ESifh
acgif;aqmifr_wGif xda&mufonfh tultnDrsm;udk tvsiftjrefay;&ayrnf?
TtultnDudk abmf&SDApfygwDrS ay;vmcJhonf?
1933 Zefe0g&DwGif ygwDA[dkaumfrwDu pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;&Sd puf,E W&m;rsm;ESifh
v,fxGefpuf tvkyfHkrsm;wGif EdkifiHa&;Xmersm; zGJ@pnf;&efqkH;jzwfcsuf csrSwfvdkufonf? ygwD
vkyfom; 17000 cef@udk TEdkifiHa&;Xmersm;wGif wm0ef,l+yD; pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;udk ulnD&ef
aus;vufokd@apv$wfvkdufonf?
TulnDr_onf tvGeftrif;xda&muf tusdK;&SdcJhonf?
ESpfESpftwGif; (1933-1934) puf,E W&m;ESifh v,fxGefpuf tvkyfHkrsm;rS EdkifiHa&;Xme
rsm;onf pkaygif;v,f,m v,form;rsm;. wufuGonfh tzGJ@rsm;wnfaxmif&mwGif
vnf;aumif;/ pkaygi;f v,f,mvkyif ef;wGi;f &Sd tm;enf;csurf sm;udk z,fmS ;&mwGiv
f nf;aumif;/
pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;udk cdkifrmawmifhwif;ap&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ &efolul;vwfrsm;ESifh
tzsuform;rsm;udk acsr_ef;&mwGifvnf;aumif; }uD;rm;pGmaumif;r_jyKcJh=uonf?
EdkifiHa&;Xmrsm;onf if;wdk@.wm0efudk txl;atmifjrifpGm xrf;aqmifEdkifcJh=uonf?
olwdk@onf pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;. pnf;Hk;a&;udka&m/ vkyfpGrf;&nfudkyg cdkifrmap+yD; if;wdk@t
wGuf t&nftcsif;jynfh0onfh yk*~dKvfrsm; avhusifhay;um pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_ydkif;wGif wdk;wuf
aumif;rGefapI pkaygif;v,f,mtzGJ@0ifrsm;. EdkifiHa&;a&csdefudk jrifhwifay;cJhonf?
pkaygif;v,f,mrsm; cdkifrmawmifhwif;a&;twGuf pkaygif;v,f,morm;rsm;a&S@odk@
}udK;yrf;csDwufa&;twGuf v_H@aqmf&mwGif tvGefta&;}uD;aomudpPrSm pkaygif;v,f,m rkef
wdkif;wyfzGJ@ tvkyform;rsm; (Shock Worker) . jynfvkH;qdkif&myxruGef*&uf (1933/
azazmf0g&D) ESifh xdkuGef*&ufY &Jabmfpwmvif ajym=um;cJhonfh rdef@cGef;jzpfonf?
&Jabmfpwmvifu aus;vuf&Sd pkaygif;v,f,mrwdkifrD pepfa[mif;ESifh pkaygif;
v,f,mpepfopfwdk@udk Ed_if; ,SOf+yD;ajym=um;&mwGif pepfa[mif;atmufY v,form;wdik ;f onf wOD;csi;f oD;oef@tvkyv
f yk =f u&+yD; if;wk@d .
bdk;bGm;rsm;. enf;ema[mif;rsm;twkdif; tvkyfvkyf&mwGif a&S;a[mif;ud&d,mrsm;/
acwfaemufusonfh ud&,
d mrsm;udk ok;H cJo
h nf? olw@kd onf ajr&Sirf sm;ESihf t&if;&Sirf sm;/ ul;vwf
ESifh tjrwf}uD;pm;rsm;twGuf tvkyfvkyfcJh=uonf? olwkd@onf tvGefqif;&JcsdK@wJhpGm
aexdik cf =hJ u+yD; wyg;olrsm;udk csr;f omuG,0f apcJo
h nf? pkaygi;f pepfopfatmufwiG f v,form;
rsm;onf acwfrDud&d,mrsm;jzpfaom xGefpufrsm;/ v,f,mokH;puf,E W&m;rsm; tokH;jyKI
pkaygif;nDnmpGm twlwuG tvkyfvkyf=uonf? olwdk@onf olwdk@twGufESifh olwdk@.pkaygif;
v,fajrrsm;twGuf tvkyfvkyf=uonf? olwdk@onf t&if;&Sifrsm;ESifh ajr&Sifrsm;/ ul;vwfrsm;
ESifh tjrwf}uD;pm;rsm;r&SdbJ aexdkif=uonf? olwdk@onf olwdk@. om,m0ajymr_ tqifht
wef;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_ wae@wjcm;jrifhwufvma&; &nf&G,fcsufjzifh tvkyfvkyfudkif=uonf?
(pwmvif/ vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;/ ESm 443)
Trdef@cGef;wGif &Jabmfpwmvifu v,form;rsm;taejzifh pkaygif;v,f,menf;vrf;

vufcHvkyfaqmifjcif;a=umifh tb,ft&mrsm;udk atmifjrif&&SdcJhonfudk jyovdkufonf?
abmf&SDApfygwDonf qif;&Jv,form; oef;aygif; rsm;pGm pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;odk@ 0ifa&muf&ef
ESihf ul;vwfrsm;.u|eb
f 0rS vGwaf jrmuf&efun
l cD o
hJ nf? pkaygi;f v,f,mrsm;od@k 0ifa&mufc+hJ yD;
taumif;qkH;ajrrsm;udk&&Sdum rdrdwdk@udk,fwdkif pDrHcef@cGJEdkifonfh taumif;qkH; xkwfvkyfa&;
ud&,
d mrsm;udk vuf0,f&xm;+yD;jzpfonfh ,cifqif;&JcsKd @wphJ mG aexkid cf &hJ aom qif;&Jv,form;
oef;aygif;rsm;pGmonf ,cktcg pkaygif;v,f,mv,form;rsm;tjzpf tvwfwef;pm; v,f
orm;rsm;tqifo
h @kd jrifw
h ufvmum ky0f wKydik ;f qdik &f m vk+H cKHru
_ kd &&Sv
d mcJ=h uonf[k axmuf
jycJo
h nf?
TonfrSm pkaygif;v,f,mjzpfay:wdk;wufr_. yxrtqifh yxratmifjrifcsuf
jzpfonf?
&Jabmfpwmvifu aemufwqifrh mS pkaygi;f v,f,mv,form;rsm; ,cifqif;&J v,fo
rm;a&m/ ,ciftvwfwef;pm;v,form;a&m ESpfOD;vkH;udk ydkrdktqifhjrifhrm;onfh tqifh
od@k jriw
hf if&ef pkaygi;f v,f,m v,form;rsm; tm;vk;H csr;f om0ajymap&efEiS hf pkaygi;f v,f,m
tm;vkH;udk abmf&SDApfjzpfvmatmif vkyfaqmif&efjzpfonf[kqdkonf?
&Jabmfpwmvifu-,cktcg pkaygif;v,f,mv,form;rsm; csrf;om0ajymvm&ef
wckwnf;om vdkawmhonf? if;rSm olwdk@taejzifh pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;wGif wufwufuGuG
tvkyfvkyf&ef/ v,fxGefpufESifh puf,E W&m;rsm;udk aumif;rGeftokH;0ifpGm tokH;jyK&ef/ 0efwif
wd&p>mefrsm;udk aumif;rGepf mG tok;H cs&ef/ ajrudk vkypf rG ;f &nf&pdS mG xGe,
f ufpu
kd yf sKd ;&efEiS hf pkaygi;f
v,f,mydkifypPnf;rsm;udk jrwfEdk;&efjzpfonf[k a&;xm;onf? (txufygpmtkyf/ pmrsufESm 448)
&Jabmfpwmvif.rdef@cGef;rSm pkaygif;v,f,mv,form;oef;aygif;rsm;pGm. pdwfxJwGif

euf_dif;pGmpGJ+idoGm;+yD; pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;twGuf vufawG@vkyfief;pOf jzpfoGm;ygonf?
1934 cktukefwGif pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;onf awmifhwif;ckdifrmaom tiftm;pkrsm;

jzpfvmonf? qdAk ,
D uf,el ,
D &H dS v,form;tdraf xmifprk sm; tm;vH;k . av;yko
H ;kH yHEk iS hf pkpak ygi;f
oD;ESHpkdufysKd;{&d,m. 90 &mckdifE_ef;cef@onf pkaygif;v,f,m jzpfvm=uonf?
1934 wGif qkdAD,ufaus;vufa'oY v,fxGefpufaygif; 281000 ESifh &dwfodrf;puf yg
yl;wGJxm;onfhpuf (harvester combine) 32000 &Sdvmay+yD? xdkESpf aEGOD;pdkufysdK;r_rSm 1933
ckESpfxufpmv#if 15 &uf 20 &ufr# apm+yD;cJh+yD;/ 1932 ckESpfxuf 30-40 &ufr#apm+yD;cJh onf?
EdkifiHawmfodk@ &duQmtyfonfh pDrHudef;rSm 1932 ckESpfxuf okH;v apmjynfh0cJhonf?
TonfrSm pkaygif;v,f,mrsm; ESpfESpftwGif; rnfr#cdkifrmpGm tajccHcs+yD;jzpfonfudk
jyovdkufjcif;jzpf+yD; ygwDESifh tvkyform;/ v,form; EdkifiHawmf. }uD;rm;vSaom ulnD
axmufyHhr_a=umifhyifjzpfonf?
Tpkaygif;v,f,mpepf. tcdkiftrmatmifyGJESifh yl;wGJygvmonfh v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;
wdk;wufaumif;rGefr_wdk@u qdkAD,uftpdk;&twGuf aygifrkef@ESifh wjcm;ypPnf;rsm; &m&Sif
vkyx
f m;r_w@kd ukd zsuo
f rd ;f apEdik cf +hJ yD; tpm;taomufrsm; xde;f csKyfrr_ &Sd a&mif;0,fciG jhf yK vku
d af p
EdkifcJhonf?
puf,E W&m;ESifh v,fxGefpuf tvkyfHkrsm;rS EdkifiHa&;Xmersm;onf if;wdk@tm; ,m,D
zefwD;xm;r_. &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk xrf;aqmif+yD;aemuf A[dkaumfrwDu olwdk@tm; if;wdk@
a'orsm;&Sd ckdifygwDaumfrwDrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;apvdkuf+yD; omrefygwD tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tjzpf
ajymif;vJypf&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf?
ig;ESpfpDrHudef;udk atmifjrifpGm jynfh0apvdkufjcif;jzifh Tatmifjrifr_tm;vkH; v,f,m
pdkufysdK;a&;wGifa&m/ pufr_vkyfief;wGifyg &&Sdjzpfay:apEdkifcJhonf?
1933 ck tpwGif yxr ig;ESpfpDrHudef;onf owfrSwfxm;onfh tcsdefxufapmpGm
av;ESpfESifhokH;vtwGif; jynfh0Edkif+yD jzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;vmonf?
Tonf qdAk ,
D uf,el ,
D .
H tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;ESihf v,form;xk. }uD;rm;vSaom
&mZ0ifwGifavmufonfh atmifyGJjzpfonf?
1933 ck Zefe0g&DY usif;ycJhaom A[dkaumfrwD rsufESmpkHnD tpnf;ta0;ESifh ygwDA[dk
csKyfxed ;f a&;aumfr&Sif tpnf;ta0;wGif tpD&ifc&H mY &Jabmfpwmvifu yxrig;ESppf rD u
H ed ;f .
&&Sdcsufrsm;udk a0zefokH;oyfonfhtpD&ifcHpmwGif yxrig;ESpfpDrHudef; taumiftxnfay:a&;
}udK;yrf;onfh umvwGif ygwDESifh qdkAD,uftpdk;&onf atmufazmfjyyg t"du&&Sdcsuf}uD;rsm;
&&SdcJhonf[k &Sif;jycJhonf?
1? qdkAD,uf,leD,H. pufr_xGufukeftcsdK;tpm;onf wdkif;jynfjzpf pkaygif;xkwfvkyfa&;
.70 &mckdifE_ef;odk@ wufvmojzifh wdkif;jynfudk v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;EdkifiHrS pufr_EdkifiH
tjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJapvdkufonf?
2? qdk&S,fvpf pD;yGm;a&;pepfonf pufr_vkyfief;e,fy,f&Sd t&if;&Siftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk

zsufqD;acsr_ef;ypfvdkuf+yD;/ pufr_vkyfief;wGif wckwnf;aom pD;yGm;a&;pepf
jzpfvmonf?
3? qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfonf v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;e,fy,fY ul;vwfrsm;udk vlwef;
pm;w&yftjzpf zsufqD;acsr_ef;vdkuf+yD; v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;wGif }uD;pdk;v$rf;rdk;onfh
tiftm;pkjzpfvmonf?
4? pkaygif;v,f,mpepfu aus;vufa'o&Sd qif;&JrGJjymusr_ESifh vdkcsifawmifhwr_rsm;udk
tqkH;owfay;vdkuf+yD; qif;&Jv,form;oef;aygif;rsm;pGmonf kyf0wKydkif;qdkif&m
vkH+cKHr_ tqifhtwef;odk@ jrifhwufvmygonf?
5? pufr_vkyfief;wGif;&Sd qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfu tvkyfvufrJhjzpfr_udk zsufodrf;
vdkuf+yD; XmecGJtcsdK@wGif tvkyfcsdef 8 em&D owfrSwfxm;qJjzpfaomfvnf; vkyfief;
trsm;tjym;wGif tvkyfcsdef 7 em&DESifh usef;rma&;ESifh rnDnGwfonfh vkyfief;rsm;wGif
6 em&D owfrSwf+yD;jzpfonf?
6? trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;XmecGJtm;vkH;&Sd qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmifyGJrS vlvlcsif;/ aoG;pkyfr_udk
zsufodrf;vdkufEdkifjcif;jzpfonf?
yxrig;ESppf rD u
H ed ;f atmifjrifcsurf sm;. tcsKyfoabmrSm tvkyo
f rm;/ v,form;rsm;
tm; aoG;pkyfr_xrf;ydk;atmufrS vkH;0vGwfajrmufapvdkuf+yD; qdkAD,uf,leD,H vkyfom;jynfol
tm;vkH;wdk@twGuf csrf;ajr@om,m0ajym+yD; ,Ofaus;onfh b0vrf;udk zGifhvSpfay;vdkufjcif;
jzpfonf?
1934ck Zefe0g&DvwGif ygwDonf 17 }udrfajrmuf uGef*&ufudk usif;ycJhonf? xdkuGef*
&ufo@kd ygw0D if 1874488 ESihf t&efygw0D ifaygi;f 935298 udk ud,
k pf m;jyKonfh rJay;Edik o
f nfh
udk,fpm;vS,f 1225 OD;ESifh rJray; Edkifonfh udk,fpm;vS,f 736 OD; wufa&mufcJhonf?
TuGef*&ufu vGefcJhonfh uGef*&ufrSpI ygwD.vkyfief;rsm;udk jyefvnfqef;ppfonf?
pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_b0wGif;&Sd XmecGJrsm;tm;vkH;Y qdk&S,fvpfpepfa=umifh tjywftowf
atmifjrif&&SdcJhonfh tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;udk todtrSwfjyK+yD; ygwD. taxGaxGvrf;pOfonf
ppfrsufESmwckvkH;Y atmifjrifa=umif; rSwfwrf;wifvdkufonf?
17 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufonf ordkif;wGif atmifyGJcHolrsm;. uGef*&uf[k
xif&Sm;vlodrsm;onf?
A[dkaumfrwDvkyfief; tpD&ifcHpmwGif &Jabmfpwmvifu qdkAD,uf,leD,HtwGif;
TumvtwGif; jzpfysufcJhonfh tajccHajymif;vJr_rsm;udk axmufjycJhonf?
TumvtwGi;f qdAk ,
D uf,el ,
D o
H nf t&if;tjrpfrpS ajymif;vJ+yD; acwfaemufusrE_ iS hf
tv,facwfwGif usef&pfr_ OcGHudk cGJypfvdkufonf?
v,f,mpdkufysdK;aom EdkifiHrS pufr_EdkifiHjzpfvmcJhay+yD? wOD;csif;tao;pm; v,f,m
pdkufysdK;aomEdkifiHrS pkaygif;t}uD;pm; pufr_wyfqifxm;onfh v,f,mpdkufysdK;aomEdkifiH jzpf
vmcJhay+yD? pmrwwfayrwwf/ ,Ofaus;r_r&Sd/ rodem;rvnfaomEdkifiHrS qdkAD,uf,leD,H&Sd

trsdK;om;toD;oD; bmompmayESifh oif=um;ay;aeonfh txufwef;/ tv,fwef;ESifh
rlvwef;ausmif;rsm;jzifh jynfh0aeonfh pmwwfaywwf/ ,Ofaus;r_&Sdonfh EdkifiHwcktjzpfodk@
a&muf&SdvmcJh+yD; odk@r[kwf a&muf&Sdvmaeay+yD? (pwmvif/ vDeif0g'jy\emrsm;/ pmrsufESm -470)
xdktcsdefwGif EkdifiH. pufr_vkyfief; 99 &mckdifE_ef;rSm qdk&S,fvpfpufr_vkyfief;jzpfaeay+yD?
qkd&S,fvpf v,f,mvkyfief; pkaygif;v,f,mvkyfief;ESifh EkdifiHawmfv,f,monf wkdif;jynf .
pkpkaygif;oD;ESHpkdufysKd;onfh {&d,m. 90 &mckdifE_ef;cef@&Sdonf? ukeful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;Y
t&if;&Siftpdwftykdif;rsm;onf vHk;0yifz,f&Sm;jcif; cHvkduf&ayonf?
pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpD vkyfaqmifaepOf vDeifu u|efawmfwdk@wkdif;jynfwGif vlr_pD;yGm;a&;
omef tpdwftydkif; 5 ck&Sdonf[k qdkcJhonf? yxrtrsdK;rSm tz}uD;pdk;onfh (Patriarchal)
pD;yGm;a&;pepfjzpf+yD; rsm;aomtm;jzifh obm0 pD;yGm;a&;omefjzpfonf? qdkvdkonfrSm
vufawG@tm;jzifh ukefoG,fa&;r&Sdonfh omefjzpfonf? 'kwd,omefrSm v,form;/
v,f,mtrsm;pk ud,
k pf m;jyKonfh tao;pm;ukepf nfxw
k v
f yk af &;jzpf+yD; v,f,mxGuyf pPn;f
rsm;udk v,form;rsm;ESifh vufr_ynmonfrsm;u a&mif;cs=uonf? pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopf.
yxrESpfwGif TpD;yGm;a&; omefonf vlOD;a&. trsm;wumh trsm;pk}uD;udk csKyfudkifxm;
onf? wwd,omefrSm woD;yk*~vdu t&if;&Sif pepfjzpf+yD; pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopf. tapm
ydik ;f umvwGif jyefvnfpwif&iS o
f efvmonf? pwkwo
mefrmS Edik if aH wmf t&if;&Sipf epfjzpf+yD;
t"dutm;jzifh txl;tcGifhta&;omefjzpfum }uD;xGm;us,fjyef@vmjcif; odyfr&SdcJhacs? yOPr
omefrSm qdk&S,fvpfpepfjzpf+yD; qdk&S,fvpf pufr_vkyfief;onf tm;enf;+rJ tm;enf;aeao;
um EdkifiHawmfv,f,mESifh pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopftpydkif;wGif
pD;yGm;a&;t& rajymyavmufao;bJjzpfaeum EdkifiHawmf ukefoG,fa&;ESifh or0g,rtzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;onf xdktcsdefu tm;enf;aeao;onf?
vDeifu Tomefrsm;tm;vkH;xJrS qdk&S,fvpfomefonf txufpD;&&Sdrnf jzpf
onf[q
k o
kd nf?
pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopfonf qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;omef vkH;0atmifyGJcHa&;twGuf
a&;qGJcJhjcif;jzpfygonf?
17 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufusif;ycsdefYrl T&nf&G,fcsufrSm atmifjrifx ajrmuf
+yD;jzpfonf?
&Jabmfpwmvifu ,cktcg yxr/ wwd,ESifh pwkxvlr_pD;yGm;omefr&Sdawmh[k
u|Ekfyfwdk@ajymEdkifay+yD? 'kwd, vlr_pD;yGm;a&;omefudkvnf; ta&;r}uD;onfh vufatmufcH
tqifhodk@ ydk@ypfvdkufEdkif+yD; yOPr vlr_pD;yGm;a&;omefjzpfonfh qdk&S,fvpfomefomv#if
,cktcg +ydKifbufr&Sd v$r;f rd;k xm;+yD; trsKd ;om;pD;yGm;a&;wckv;Hk rSm wckwnf;aom cHn
h m; onfh
tiftm;pkjzpfaeayonf[k qdkcJhonf? (txufyg/ pmrsufESm-472)
&Jabmfpwmvif. tpD&ifcHpmwGif ta&;}uD;aom jyoemwckrSm tawG;tac:a&;&m

EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifr_ jy\emyifjzpfonf? oluygwDudk a&S@odk@ owday;ajym=um;vdkufonf?
ygw&D eforl sm;/ tacsmiform;rsm;ESihf ta&miftaoG; trsKd ;rsKd ;&So
d nfh trsKd ;om;a&;0g'rD sm; onf
_H;edrhfoGm;+yD;jzpfaomfvnf; if;wdk@. tawG;tac: tuGif;tusefrsm;onf ygwD0iftcsdK@
acgi;f xJwiG f pGu
J seaf eao;+yD; r=umc%yif azmfjycsurf sm;&Sad eonf? pD;yGm;a&;b0ESihf txl;o
jzifh vlrsm;. pdwfxJwGif t&if;&Sifpepf &Sifoefusef&Sdaer_u usqkH;oGm;onfh vDeif0g'udk
qef@usiaf &; tkypf .
k tawG;tac:rsm; jyefvnf&iS o
f efvma&;twGuf a&cHajrcHaumif; jzpfae
onf? jynfolrsm;. pdwfaeoabmxm;jzpfay:wdk;wufr_onf if;wdk@.pD;yGm;a&; tqifht
wef;udk trDrvdkufEdkifacs? tusdK;quftm;jzifh "e&SiftawG;tac: tuGif;tusefrsm;onf
vlrsm;. pdwx
f w
J iG f use&f +dS rJ use&f adS eao;+y;D pD;yGm;a&;b0Y t&if;&Sipf epf zsuo
f rd ;f +y;D onfw
h ikd f
qufvuf&Sd aeEdkifonf? u|Ekfyfwdk@udk,fwdkifyif owd}uD;pGmxm; apmifh=unfhae&onfh
ywfywfvnf t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;uvnf; TtawG;tac:rsm; &Sifoefusef&Sdaea&;twGuf
arG;jrL}udK;pm; vkyfaqmifaea=umif;udkvnf; owd&Sdae&rnf?
&Jabmfpwmvifu trsdK;om;a&;jyoemwGif vlrsm;.pdwfxJY t&if;&Sif0g' tuGif;
tusefrsm; &Sifoefvsuf &Sdaeao;+yD; txl;ojzifh acgif;rmvSa=umif;udkvnf; tav;xm;
ajym=um;cJhonf? abmf&SDApfygwDonf r[mk&Sm; vlrsdK;}uD;0g' wdrf;apmif;r_udka&m a'otrsdK;
om;a&;0g' wdrf;apmif;r_udkyg ppfrsufESmESpfckvkH;udk qef@usifwdkufcdkufcJhonf? orRwEdkifiHtcsdK@
(,lu&de;f / bdik v
f kd &k mS ;pojzif)h wd@k wiG f ygwt
D zG@J tpnf;rsm;onf a'otrsKd ;om;a&;0g'tay:
qef@usifwdkufcdkuf&ef avsmh&Jvm=u+yD; &efvdkonfhtiftm;pkrsm;tm; pGufzuf usL;ausmfa&;
tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;um EdkifiHawmftwGuf +cdrf;ajcmuf tE W&m,fjyKvmonftxd
}uD;xGm;cGifhjyKcJhonf? trsdK;om;a&;jy\emwGif rnfonfhwdrf;apmif;r_u tE W&m,fjzpf o
enf;qdkonfh ar;cGef;udk ajz=um;&mY &Jabmfpwmvifu t"dutE W&m,frSm u|efawmfwkd@ qufvuf rwdkufcdkufbJ &yfypf+yD; Tenf;jzifh wdkif;
jynfudk +cdrf;ajcmuftE W&m,fjyKvmEdkifonftxd }uD;xGm;vmapcJhonfh wdrf;apmif;r_jzpf
onf[k qdck o
hJ nf? (txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-507)
&Jabmfpwmvifu ygwDudktawG;tac:a&;&m EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;udk ydkrdkwufuGpGm vkyf
aqmif=u&ef/ &efvdkonfh vlwef;pm;rsm;ESifh vDeif0g'udk&efvdkonfh wdrf;apmif;r_rsm;. tawG;
tac:ESifh tawG;tac:tuGif;tusefrsm;udk azmfxkwfzGifhcs&ef v_H@aqmfvdkufonf?
olutpD&ifcHpmY qufvufaxmufjy&mwGif rSefuefonfh qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk vufcH
twnfjyKvdu
k jf cif; wckwnf;jzifh atmifyu
JG kd tmrrcHEikd af =umif;/ atmifyu
JG kd tmrcH Edik &f efrmS
vlrSefae&mrSefjzpf&ef vdktyfa=umif;/ acgif;aqmiftzGJ@. qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnf
azmfEdkifolrsm;udk ae&may;+yD; qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; taumiftxnfay:, ray: ppfaq;=unfh_&ef
vdktyfa=umif; axmufjycJhonf? TuJhodk@aom pnf;Hk;a&;qdkif&m vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;r&Sdygu
qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;onf vufawG@b0ESifh uif;uGm+yD; pm&Gufay:rSmyif &Sd+rJ&Sdaernfh tE W&m,f&Sd
onf? Ttcsufukd axmufcH&ef &Jabmfpwmvifu &JabmfvDeif. ausmf=um;vSaom ajym

pum;wckjzpfonfh pnf;Hk;a&;qdkif&mvkyfief;wGif t"dutcsufrSm vlyk*~dKvfa&G;cs,fr_ESifh
qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; taumiftxnf ay:, ray: t+rJppfaq; =unfh_jcif;jzpfonf qdkonfudk
udk;um;vdkufonf? &Jabmfpwmvifu vufcHtwnfjyK+yD;aom qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifh T
qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk taumifxnfazmfjcif;/ taumifxnfay:, ray: ppfaq;qkH;jzwfjcif;wdk@.
pnf;Hk;a&;qdkif&mvkyfief;t=um; rnDr#uGm[r_onf u|efawmfwdk@. vufawG@vkyfief;twGif;
rSm t"duraumif;qdk;0g;r_ jzpfonf[kqdkonf?
ygwDESifhtpdk;&. qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; taumiftxnfay:ray: ydkrdkaumif;rGefpGm ppfaq;
=unfh_Edkif&ef 17 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufu uGefjrLepfygwD A[dkaumfrwDvufatmuf wGif
ygwDxdef;odrf;a&;aumfr&Sif (Party Control Commisson) ESifh qdkAD,uf,leD,H jynfol@
Edik if aH &;rSL;rsm; aumifpv
D ufatmufwiG f qdAk ,
D uf xde;f odr;f a&; aumfr&Siu
f kd wnfaxmifvu
kd f
=uonf? 12 }udraf jrmuf ygwu
D eG *f &ufu csrw
S cf o
hJ nfh wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmif&ef xlaxmifchJ
onfh A[dkxdef;odrf;a&;aumfr&SifESifh tvkyform;v,form; pkHprf;ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@ESpfck vkyf
ief;wm0efrsm; +yD;pD;oGm;onfhtwGuf if;wdk@ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf?
&Jabmfpwmvifu tqifo
h pfo@kd a&muf&adS eaom ygw.
D pnf;H;k a&;qdik &f m vkyif ef;rsm;udk
atmufygtwdkif; ykHpHcsay;vdkufonf?
1? u|eaf wmfw@kd . pnf;H;k a&;qdik &f m vkyif ef;rsm;onf ygw.
D Edik if aH &;vrf;pOf vdt
k yfcsuf
rsm;ESifh qDavsmfudkufnD&rnf?
2? pnf;Hk;a&;qdkif&m acgif;aqmifr_udk EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifr_tqifhtxd jrifhwif&rnf?
3? pnf;H;k a&;qdik &f m acgi;f aqmifru
_ kd ygw.
D qk;H jzwfcsurf sm;ESihf Edik if aH &;auG;a=umforH sm;
taumiftxnfazmfa&; tmrcHonfhvkyfief;rsm;ESifh vkH;0wef;wljzpf&rnf?
ed*;Hk csKyftaejzifh &Jabmfpwmvifu ygwu
D kd owday;&mwGif qd&k ,
S v
f pf0g'onf }uD;rm;
onfhatmifyGJrsm;udk &&SdcJh+yD; xdkatmifyGJrsm;tay: u|Ekfyfwdk@taejzifh w&m;r#wpGm *k%f,loifh
aomfvnf; u|Ekfyfwdk@onf atmifyGJa=umifh r,pfrl;oifh/ atmifyGJa=umifh pdwf}uD;r0ifoifh
a=umif; owday;vdkufonf?
u|Ekfyfwdk@onf ygwDudkom,m roGm;apoifhbJ Edk;Edk;=um;=um;&Sdaeap&rnf? u|Ekfyfwdk@
onf tdyfaysmfoGm; jcif;rjyKbJ tcsdefra&G;tqifoifhjzpfae&rnf? vufeufjzKwfjcif;rjyKyJ
vufeufwyfqif&rnf? ygwDudkzsufodrf;jcif;rjyKbJ 'kwd, ig;ESpfpDrHudef; taumiftxnf
azmfa&;twGuf cg;awmif;}udKufxm;&rnf[k &Jabmfpwmvifu ajym=um;cJhonf?
(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm 517)
17 }udrfajrmuf uGef*&ufwGif trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&; jzpfay:wdk;wufa&;twGuf 'kwd,

ig;ESpf pDrHudef;tay: &JabmfrdkvdkawmhAfESifh &JabmfcD,lbdkif&SufAfwdk@u tpD&ifcHpmrsm; wifoGif;
=uonf? 'kwd, ig;ESpfpDrHudef;.vkyfief;rSm yxr ig;ESpfpDrHudef;xufyif ydkrdk}uD;rm; us,f
ajymonf? 'kwd, ig;ESpfpDrHudef;umv tqkH;owfonfh 1937 wGif pufr_vkyfief;txGuf rSm
ppfyGJrwdkifrD umvxufEd_if;,SOfygu &SpfqeD;yg;wdk;jrifh&efjzpfonf? 'kwd, ig;ESpfpDrHudef;

umvtwGif; XmecGJrsm;tm;vkH;Y +rdK@awmfjzpfay:wdk;wufr_/ &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_rSm lb,faiGaygif;
133000000000 jzpf&efjzpf+yD; yxr ig;ESpfpDrHudef;umvtwGif;u lb,fvfaiG aygif;
64000000000 ausmfr#avmufom&Sdonf?
+rdK@awmf wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;opf. }uD;rm;vSonfh twdkif;twmu trsdK;om;pD;
yGm;a&;XmecGrJ sm;tm;vk;H udk enf;ynmydik ;f qdik &f m ud&,
d mrsm; jyefvnfwyfqifEikd af &;udk tmrcH
csufay;vdrfhrnf?
'kwd,ig;ESpfpDrHudef;rSm t"dutm;jzifh v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&; pufr_vufr_wyfqifjcif;
jynfph aHk tmifvyk af &; jzpfonf? v,fxeG pf uftm;vk;H pkpak ygi;f rSm 1932 ckwiG f jrif;aumifa&tm;
2250000 &Sdae&mrS 1937 wGif jrif;aumifa&tm; 8000000 txuf wdk;jrifhvm&ef jzpf
onf? pDrHudef;u ody`Henf;us pdkufysdK;a&;enf;emrsm; (oD;ESHrsm;udk rSefuefpGm tvSnfhuspdkuf
ysdK;a&;/ a&G;cs,f+yD;rsdK;aphrsm;udkokH;a&;/ aqmif;OD;xGef,ufjcif; pojzifh) udk tus,ftjyef@
tokH;csEdkifa&;udk jynfhwif;atmifaqmif&Gufay;onf?
o,f,yl @kd aqmifqufo,
G af &;vkyif ef;rsm;. enf;ynmqdik &f m jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;
twGuf }uD;rm;vSonfh pDrHudef;}uD; a&;qGJonf?
'kwd,ig;ESpfpDrHudef;wGif tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;. kyf0wWKypPnf;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_
tqifhtwef; ydkrdkjrifhrm;aumif;rGefvma&;twGuf us,fjyef@onfh vkyfief;pOfwdk@yg&Sdonf?
17 }udrfajrmuf uGef*&ufu pnf;Hk;a&;qdkif&m jy\emrsm;tay: tav;xm; *kpdkuf
+yD; &JabmfcgumEdAk pfcs.
f tpD&ifcpH mESihf qufpyfI ygwED iS hf qdAk ,
D ufrsm;. vkyif ef; qk;H jzwfcsuf
rsm; csrSwfcJhonf? ,cktcg ygwD. taxGaxGvrf;pOfu tEdkif&+yD; ygwDay:vpDudk oef;aygif;
rsm;pGmaom tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;. tawG@t}uKHu }udK;pm;prf;oyf vkyfaqmifcJh+yD;
jzpfojzifh pnf;Hk;a&;qdkif&mjy\emonf ydkrdkta&;}uD;vmonf? 'kwd,ig;ESpf pDrHudef;.
_yfaxG;vSaom wm0efopfrsm;u e,fy,ftm;vkH;rS vkyfief;tqifhtwef; ydkrdk jrifhrm;a&;udk
awmif;qdkvdkufonf?
'kw,
d ig;ESppf rD u
H ed ;f . t"duvkyif ef; wm0efrsm;jzpfaom t&if;&Sit
f pdwt
f ydik ;f rsm;udk
vk;H 0acsre_ ;f &ef/ pD;yGm;a&;b0ESihf vltrsm;. pdwx
f w
J iG &f adS eaom t&if;&Sipf epf tuGi;f tusef
&Sifoefaer_rsm;udk ausmfv$m;&ef/ trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;wckvkH;udk acwfrDenf;ynmrsm;ESifh
tjynfht0 jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef/ enf;ynmqdkif&m ud&d,mopfrsm;ESifh vkyfief;udkifief;
opfrsm; tok;H csa&;udk avhvmoif=um;&ef v,f,mpdu
k yf sKd ;a&;udk pufrw
_ yfqifa&;/ xkwv
f yk f
EdkifpGrf;udk wdk;jrifh&efwdk@tm; e,fy,ftm;vkH;rS vkyfief;rsm; aumif;rGefwdk;wufa&; twGuf
yxrqk;H ESihf a&S@wef; ta&mufq;Hk vkyif ef;rSm vufawG@pnf;H;k a&;qdik &f m acgi;f aqmifrq
_ o
kd nfh
jy\emESifhtwl usaemfwdk@taejzifh acgif;rmpGmESifh tm;csif;&ifqdkifae=u&onf? Tonfudk
pnf;&k;H a&;qdik &f m jyoemtay: uGe*f &uf. qk;H jzwfcsurf sm;wGif azmfjyxm;onf? (C.P.S.U(B)
qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;twGJ 2/ pmrsufESm-591)
17 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufu ygwDpnf;urf;opfrsm;udk csrSwfcJhonf? yxrOD;pGm

y%mr tcsD;pum; xnfhoGif;vdkufjcif;jzifh ta[mif;ESifhjcm;em;oGm;onf? Ty%mrtcsD;
pum;wGif uGefjrLepfygwD. t"dy`m,ftusOf;csKyfudk azmfjyxm;+yD; ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ
twGif; if;.tcef;ESifh ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; if;.ae&mudk owfrSwf
jymef;xm;onf? pnf;urf;opfrsm;wGif ygwD0ifrsm;. wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk tao;pdyf azmfjy
xm;onf? ygwD0ifopfrsm; odrf;oGif;&mwGif ydkrkdwif;usyfonfh owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh pmem
axmufcHonfh tkyfpkrsm;ESifh ywfoufonfhpmydk'frsm; xnfhoGif;vdkufonf? pnf;urf;opfrsm;
wGif ygwD.pnf;Hk;a&;qdkif&m taqmufttHkESifh ywfoufI ydkrdktao;pdyfusaom &Sif;vif;
csufrsm;yg0ifum ygwDuvmyfpnf; odk@r[kwf tajccHtzGJ@tpnf;ESifh ywfoufI pmydk'fopf
rsm;vnf; xnfhoGif;xm;onf? 17 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufrSpI ygwDuvmyfpnf;rsm;udk
tajccHtzGJ@tpnf;[k ac:qdkcJhonf? ygwDwGif;'Drdkua&pDESifh ygwDpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh
ywfoufonfh pmydk'ftopfrsm;vnf; xyfrHxnfhoGif;azmfjycJhonf?
4? blcg&if0g'Drsm; EdkifiHa&;ESpfrsufESmorm;rsm;tjzpf ysufpD;,dk,Gif;oGm;jcif;/ xa&mhpuD0g'D
ESpzf ufrsuEf mS orm;rsm;/ wyfjzLvlowform;rsm;ESihf olv#Kd *k%
d ;f tjzpf ysupf ;D ,d,
k iG ;f oGm;jcif;/
uDa&mhAf ,kwfrmpGm vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&jcif;/ abmf&SDApfEdk;=um;r_udk jrifhwif&ef ygwD. vkyf[ef
rsm;?
u|eaf wmfw@kd wdik ;f jynftwGi;f qd&k ,
S v
f pf0g' atmifjrifrr_ sm;a=umifh aysm&f i$ 0f rf;ajrmuf
&olrsm;rSm ygwDomru tvkyform;rsm;/ pkaygif;v,form;rsm;omru u|efawmfwdk@
qdkAD,ufynmwwfrsm;ESifh qdkAD,uf,leD,H&Sd kd;om;ajzmifhrwfonfh jynfoljynfom;rsm;
tm;vkH;vnf;yg0ifonf?
odk@aomf _H;edrfhoGm;&onfh aoG;pkyfvlwef;pm; tuGif;tusefrsm;twGufrl aysmf&$ifp&m
ta=umif;r&Scd ahJ cs? qef@usipf mG yif Tatmifjrifrr_ sm; tcsed u
f mv=umavav olw@kd ukd a'go
jzpfapavavjzpfonf?
Tatmifjrifr_rsm;u _H;edrfhoGm;onfh vlwef;pm;rsm;/ (uyfyg;/ ,yfyg;rsm;jzpfaom blcg
&if/ xa&mhpuD)wkd@. aemufvkduftuGif;tusef tptersm;ukd a'golykefxapygonf?
Tvl}uD;rif;rsm;u tvkyo
f rm;/ pkaygi;f v,f,m v,form;rsm;. atmifjrifrr_ sm;udk
tuJjzwf&mwGif TuJo
h @kd aom atmifjrifcsuw
f ikd ;f udk cs;D usL;axmremjyKcJo
h nfh jynfov
l x
l .
k
tusdK;pD;yGm;ay:wGif tajcrcHbJ wu,fhb0tjzpftysufrSefrsm;ESifh vkH;0tquftoG,f
jywfaeonfh if;wdk@. pufqkyf&GH@&SmzG,f ykyfodk;aqG;ajr@aeonfh*dk%f; tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;tay:
tajccHayonf? u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynfwGif qdk&S,fvpfpepf atmifjrifcsufrsm;u ygwD.
ay:vpDatmifyJGESifh if;wdk@udk,fydkifay:vpDrsm; H_;edrfhr_udkjyoaeaomfvnf; Tvl}uD;rif;rsm;
onf xif&Sm;odomvSonfh trSeftcsuftvufrsm;udk vufcH+yD; wlnDonfh ta&;awmfykH
twGuf vufwGJvkyfaqmif=u&rnfhtpm; if;wdk@. H_;edrfhr_/ c|wf+cKHusr_wdk@twGuf ygwDESifh

jynfolvlxkudk pwifvufpm;acsvm=uonf? olwdk@onf tvkyform;/ pkaygif;v,f,m
v,form;rsm;. ta&;awmfykHudk qef@usifonfh tzsufvkyfief;rsm;/ ,kwfrmnpfnrf;onfh
vkyf}uHr_rsm; pwifvkyfaqmifvm=uonf? ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm; azmufcGJjcif;/ pufHkrsm;
rD;wifd_@jcif;/ pkaygif;ESifh EdkifiHawmfydkif v,f,mrsm;udk zsufqD;jcif;ponfwdk@udk jyKvkyf=uonf?
tvkyform;/ pkaygif;v,f,mv,form;rsm;. atmifjrifcsufrsm;udk acszsuf&efESifh qdkAD
,uftpdk;&tay: rausreyf tkHuGr_rsm;jzpfvma&;udk &nf&G,fIvkyfaqmif=ujcif;jzpfonf?
TuJhodk@ wzufuvkyfaqmifae&if;uyif if;wdk@. vufwqkyfpmvlpkudk zGifhcsazmfxkwfjcif;/
zsuq
f ;D cH&jcif;ab;rS umuG,af y;&eftvd@k imS olw@kd onfygwt
D ay: ydrk o
kd pPm&So
d nfyh aHk qmifc+hJ yD;
txl;rsufESmvdktm;& csD;usL;ajrmufyifhum kdaoc,0yfwGm;cJhonf? wu,ftrSefrSmrl
tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;udk qef@usifonfh rormr_rsm;/ tzsufvkyfief;rsm;udk qufvuf
vkyfaqmifae=uonf?
D eG *f &ufwiG f blcg&if/ kid af umhAEf iS hf wGrpf uD;wd@k onf aemifw&onfh
rdef@cGef;rsm; ajym=um;+yD; ygwDESifh ygwD.atmifjrifcsufrsm;udk rdk;xdatmif ajrmufyifh
csD;usL;ajymqdkcJhonf? odk@aomf uGef*&ufu if;wdk@. rdef@cGef;rsm;xJrS rkd;om;r_ESifh v#mESpf
cGjzpfaer_wdk@udk &dyfrdod&Sdvdkufonf? ygwDu if;wdk@xHrS ar#mfvifhxm;onfrSm atmifjrifr_rsm;
tay: csD;usL;r_rsm;/ bkef;awmfbGJ@rsm;r[kwfbJ qdk&S,fvpfppfajrjyifwGif if;wdk@. wm0ef
ausyGefpGm vkyfaqmif&rnfh vkyfief;rsm;omjzpfonf? Tonfudk blcg&if0g'Drsm;onf tcsdef
umv=um=umyifv;Hk 0 vuQ%mrjycJyh g? Tvl}uD;rif;rsm;. Avmoufouf rde@f ceG ;f rsm; onf
trSefpifppf uGef*&ufjyify&Sd if;wdk@. aemufvdkufrsm;udk v#mESpfcGvkyf&mwGif oifcef;pm
ay;&efESifh vufeufrcs&ef v_H@aqmfvdkufjcif;omjzpfa=umif; ygwDuawG@jrifod&Sdvkdufonf?
uGef*&ufwGif xa&mhpuD0g'D/ ZDEdkApfESifh uJrDeufAfwdk@uvnf; rdef@cGef;rsm;ajym=um;cJh+yD;
if;wd@k . trSm;rsm;tay: if;wd@k u,
kd w
f ikd f tvGet
f u|aH 0zefwu
kd cf u
kd +f yD; ygwt
D ay:vnf; if;.
atmifjrifcsufrsm;a=umifh tvGeftu|H csD;usL;jyefonf? odk@aomf uGef*&ufu if;wdk@.
atmhESvkH;emzG,f udk,fhudk,fudk a0zeftjypfwifr_ESifh vGefvGef;aom ygwDtay: csD;usL;r_rsm;
onf roef@&Sif;aomvdyfjymudk umuG,fzkH;uG,f&efomjzpfa=umif; odjrifvdkufonf? odk@aomf
Tvl}uD;rif;rsm;onf uGef*&ufY csdKtDaeaom rdef@cGef;rsm;udkajym=um;&if; wzufu
tufpftJrfuDa&mhAfudk ,kwfrm pGmvkyf}uH&ef }uHpnfaea=umif;udkrl ygwDonf odvnf; rod
ao;/ ouFmruif;vnf; rjzpfao;acs?
1934 ck 'DZifbm 17 &ufae@Y tufpt
f rJ u
f aD &mhAo
f nf vDeif*&uf prdv
k ef YD ajcmufv;Hk jyL;
usnfqHjzifh ,kwfrm&ufpufpGm vkyf}uHowfjzwfjcif;cHvdkuf&onf?
vkyf}uHowfjzwfoludk vufyl;vuf=uyfzrf;rdvdkuf+yD; if;rSmvDeif*&uf&Sd qdkAD,uf
qef@usifonfh ZDEdkApf0g'D rsm;ESifh zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh v#dK@0SufwefjyefawmfvSefa&; tkyfpk0ifwOD;
jzpfaeonf?
uDa&mhArf mS ygwED iS hf tvkyo

f rm;vlwef;pm;rsm;. cspjf rwfE;kd jcif;cHojl zpf+yD; Tvky}f uHowf
jzwfr_u jynfolvlxkt=um; eufeufd_if;d_if; xdcdkufv_yfSm;um wwdkif; jynfvkH;wGif
0rf;enf;r_ESifha'go trsufacsmif;acsmif;xGufr_wdk@ zkH;v$rf;oGm;cJhonf?
pkpH rf;ppfaq;r_rsm;u od&v
dS m&onfrmS 1933 ESihf 1934 ckwiG f vDeif*&ufwiG f ajratmuf
wefjyefawmfvSefa&; t=urf;zuftkyfpkwck wnfaxmifcJh+yD; ZDEdkApf twkduftcHtkyfpkrS
tzGJ@0ifa[mif;rsm;yg0ifum vDeif*&ufA[dkqdkonfu acgif;aqmifcJhonf? Ttkyfpk.
&nf&G,fcsufrSm uGefjrLepfygwD. acgif;aqmifrsm;udk vkyf}uHowfjzwf&efjzpfonf? tufcf
tJru
f aD &mhAu
f kd yxrqk;H aom om;aumiftjzpfa&G;cs,cf o
hJ nf? TwefjyefawmfveS af &; tkypf k
0ifrsm;. xGufqdkcsufrsm;t& olwdk@onf EdkifiHjcm;t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; ESifh
qufoG,f+yD; if;wdk@xHrS &efykHaiGrsm;vufcH&&SdcJh=uonf?
TtzG@J tpnf;rS azmfxw
k zf rf;rdonfh tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk qdAk ,
D uf,el ,
D t
H jrifq
h ;Hk w&m;&k;H ESihf
ppfckH&kH;u tjrifhqkH;tjypf'%fay;um ypfowf&eftrdef@csvdkufonf?
r=umrDrmS yif armfpudAk [dk [kac:qdo
k nfh ajratmufwefjyefawmfveS af &; tzG@J tpnf;
wck wnf&Sdaer_udk azmfxkwfod&Sdvm&onf? y%mr pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;ESifh w&m;Hk;ppfaq;csuf
rsm;t& ZDEdkApf/ uJrDeufAf/ &ufAfa'hguDaemhAfESifh xdktzGJ@tpnf;. wjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;.
if;wdk@aemufvdkufrsm;t=um; t=urf;zufpdwfoabmxm;rsm; arG;jrLjyKpkysdK;axmifay;&m
wGifvnf;aumif;/ ygwDA[dkaumfrwD0ifESifh qdkAD,uftpdk;&tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk vkyf}uHowfjzwf&ef
}uHpnfr_wGifvnf;aumif; qdk;,kwfpGmyg0ifcJhykHrsm;udk azmfxkwfvdkuf Edkifonf?
tufpftJrfuDa&mhAf (S.M.Kirov)udk vkyf}uHowfjzwf&mwGif pnf;Hk;v_H@aqmfolwOD;
jzpfcJh+yD; vlowform;tm; tjrefowf&ef wdkufwGef;cJhaom ZDEdkApfonf uDa&mhAfudk
tvGefcsD;usL;xm;onfh tokbpmwrf;udk a&;om;cJh+yD; ykHESdyfxkwfa0&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf?
Tolrsm;onf Tr#txd qdk;,kwf+yD; v#mESpfcGvkyfcJh=uonf?
ZDEkdApf0g'Drsm;onf w&m;Hk;Y aemifw&[efaqmifxm;=uonf? odk@aomfolwdk@onf
w&m;cHb0Yyif ESpfzufrsufESmvkyfaeao;onf? olwdk@ESifh xa&mhpuD. qufpyfr_udk zkH;uG,f
xm;=uonf? olw@kd onf xa&mpuD0g'rD sm;ESit
hf wl zufqpfov
l #Kd vkyif ef;rsm;wGif rdrw
d @kd u,
kd f
rdrw
d @kd a&mif;pm;xm;+yD;jzpfonf qko
d nft
h csuu
f dk zH;k uG,x
f m;=u onf? olw@kd .pHak xmufEiS hf
tzsufvkyfief;ukd zHk;uG,fxm;=uonf? olwkd@onf w&m;Hk;Y blcg&if0g'Drsm;ESifh olwdk@ .quf
pyfr_udkvnf;aumif;/ yl;aygif;xm;onfh xa&mhpuD/ blcg&if0g'Drsm;. zufqpfa=u;pm;*kd%f;
wnf&Sdaer_ udkvnf;aumif; zkH;uG,fcJhonf?
aemufyikd ;f Yod&dS ay:xGuv
f m&onfrmS &JabmfuaD &mhAf vky}f uHrr_ mS Tyl;aygi;f xm;onfh
xa&mhpuD/ blcg&if*dk%f;. vufcsufjzpfonf?
1935 ckrSpI ZDEdkApftkyfpkonf zkH;uG,fxm;aom wyfjzLtzGJ@tpnf;w&yf jzpfaeonf
rSm &Sif;vif;vmae+yD; if;tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk wyfjzLrsm;tjzpf vkH;0tjynfhyif taooabmxm;
oifhayonf?
wESpf=um+yD;aemuf od&Sdvm&onfrSm uDa&mhAfvkyf}uHr_udk tppftrSefwdkuf&dkuf pnf;&kH;

vkyfaqmifolrsm;rSm xa&mhpuD/ ZDEdkApf/ uJrDeufAfESifh if;.taygif;tygrsm;jzpfa=umif;ESifh
tjcm;A[dkaumfrwD0ifrsm;udkvnf; owfjzwf&ef }uHpnfcJhao;a=umif;yifjzpfonf? ZDEdkfApf/
uJreD ufA/f bmcg&ufA/f &ufa'gu
h aD rmhA/f yDuv
J f (Pikel)/ tdik t
f eJ f prm;aemhA/f rm&uf aumhApf uD;
(Mrachkovsky)/ wm- Am*ef;,ef; (Ter-Vaganyan)/ kdif;*dk;vf (Reingold) ponfw
h @kd ukd
Hk;wifw&m;pGJcJhonf? oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;ESifh jzpfonfhtwGuf olwdk@onf vlxk
wufa&mufEdkifonfh w&m;Hk;Y vlod&Sif=um;0efcH&+yD; olwdk@onf uD;a&mhAf vkyf}uHr_udk pnf;Hk;
vkyfcJhHkr#ru tjcm;aomygwDESifh tpdk;&acgif;aqmiftm;vkH;udk owfjzwf&ef pDpOfcJha=umif;
udv
k nf; xkwaf zmf0efccH =hJ u&onf? aemufyikd ;f pkpH rf;ppfaq;r_rsm;t& T vlq;kd rsm;onf olv#Kd
vkyfief;wGifyg0ifywfoufae+yD; vrf;vGJaprnfhvkyf&yfrsm;udkvnf; vkyfaqmifcJha=umif; od&Sd&
onf? ygwt
D ay:opPm&Sad v[ef a=umifoal wmfrsuEf mS zk;H ESihf zGi[
hf 0efccH surf sm;jzifh zk;H uG,x
f m;
onfh Tolrsm;. ,kwrf mvSaom pdw"f mwfEiS hf Edik if aH &; tusiphf ku
d q
f ;kd tjynfh t0udv
k nf;
aumif;/ if;wdk@. &GHrkef;zG,f ,kwfrmyufpufr_ESifh opPmazmufr_udkvnf;aumif;/ 1936 ck armf
pudkY jyKvkyfcJhaom w&m;Hk;ppfaq;r_Y azmfxkwfod&SdcJh=u&onf?
Tvlowform; olv#Kd *d%
k ;f . t"duacgi;f aqmifEiS hf v_@H aqmforl mS **sL;'g;pf xa&mhpuD
yifwnf;? ol. wefjyefawmfvSefa&;nef=um;csufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfcJhonfh ol.
vufaxmufESifh olv#dKrsm;rSm ZDEdkApf/ uJrDeufAfESifh if;wdk@. xa&mhpuD0g'Daemufvdkufrsm;
jzpfonf? olw@kd onf qdAk ,
D uf,el ,
D u
H kd t&if;&SiEf ikd if rH sm;u wdu
k cf u
kd o
f nft
h csed t
f cgwiG f ysupf ;D
oGm;a&;twGuf jyifqifcJh=uonf? olwdk@onf tvkyform;/ v,form; EdkifiHawmfESifh ywf
oufI t_;H ay;vdpk w
d &f o
dS rl sm; (Defeatist) jzpf+yD; *smrefEiS hf *syefzufqpfrsm;. &G&H mS zG,f tap
tyg;rsm;ESifh olv#dKrsm;jzpfoGm;awmhonf?
tufpt
f rJ u
f aD &mhAt
f m; ,kwrf mpGmvky}f uo
H wfjzwfrw
_ iG f yg0ifywfoufco
hJ rl sm;udk H;k wif
w&m;pGJqGJ&mrS ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; &,lvdkufonfh t"duoifcef;pmrSm olwdk@onf rdrdwdk@.
EdkifiHa&;rsufuef;usr_ESifh EdkifiHa&;owdayghavsmhr_udk tqkH;owfypf&efESifh rdrdwdk@. Edk;=um;r_ESifh
ygwD0iftm;vkH;wdk@. Edk;=um;r_udk jrifhwif&efjzpfayawmhonf?
tufpt
f rJ u
f aD &mhAf vky}f uHowfjzwfr_ jy\emtay: ygwt
D zG@J tpnf;rsm;od@k jzef@a0onfh
A[dkaumfrwD. pmwrf;wGif Todk@yg&Sdonf?
u? udk,fhtiftm;}uD;xGm;vmavav &efoluydkrdk,Ofyg; vdrRmaysmhnHhvmavav
jzpfvrd rhf nf[al om rSm;,Gi;f onfh ,lqcsurf S ayguzf mG ;vmonfh rdru
d ,
kd rf rd d auseyfEpS o
f rd ahf e
aom tacsmiform;0g'udk u|Ekfyfwdk@tqkH;owfypf&rnf? T,lqcsufrSm vkH;0rSm;,Gif;onf?
TonfrSm u|Ekfyfwdk@. &efolrsm;onf wOD;csif;r#ru tm;vkH;+cKHIvnf; qdk&S,fvpfpepfodk@
**sL;'g;pfqkdwm c&pfawmftm; zrf;qD;owfjzwf&ef vmolrsm;tm; vufaxmufcscJhaom c&pfawmf.
om0uwOD;? (bmomjyefol)
wjznf;jznf;csO;f uyfvm+yD;tqk;H Y ppfreS af om qd&k ,

S v
f pfrsm;jzpfvmvdrrhf nf[k tmrcHco
hJ nfh
vuf,mwdrf;apmif;r_ aemufxyfw}udrfay:aygufvmjcif;omjzpfonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;onf
olwdk@. atmifyGJay:wGif ,pfrl;&efr[kwf/ rdrdwdk@&mxl; tqifhae&mrsm;wGif tdyfaysmfae&ef
r[kwf? u|Ekfyfwdk@ vdktyfonfrSm rdrdwdk@udk,frdrd auseyfESpfodrfhaer_ r[kwfbJ Edk;=um;r_ ppfrSef
onfh abmf&SDApfEdk;=um;r_jzpfonf? &efolrsm;. tajctae ar#mfvifhcsufrJhvmavav
qdkAD,uftm%mudk qef@usifwdkufyGJ0if&mwGif wckwnf;aom tm;udk;tm;xm;tjzpf
tvGeftu|H aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk wufuGpGmqkyfudkifavav jzpfvmrnfudk owd& oifh
onf? u|Ekfyfwdk@onf Tonfudk owd&Sd+yD; Edk;Edk;=um;=um;&Sd&rnf?
c? u|Eyfk w
f @kd onf ygw0D ifrsm;udk ygwo
D rdik ;f ta=umif; ygwo
D rdik ;f twGi;f rS ygwq
D ef@usif
onfh tkypf rk sm;/ wckcsi;f a&m tm;vk;H +cKHIyg ygw.
D vrf;pOfukd qef@usiw
f u
kd cf u
kd o
f nfh if;wd@k .
enf;emrsm;ESihf enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk oif=um;avhvmay;&ef pepfwus oifah wmfpmG pnf;H;k v_@H
aqmf=u&rnf? xdk@tjyif ygwDqef@usifa&; tkyfpkrsm;udk wdkufcdkuf&mwGif ygwD.enf;y&d,m,f
ESihf enf;emrsm;/ Ttkypf rk sm;udk acsre_ ;f atmifjrifajz&Si;f apvdu
k Ef ikd o
f nfh ygw.
D enf;y&d,m,f
ESifh enf;emrsm;udkvnf; ydkIoif=um;ay;&rnf? ygwD0ifrsm;onf ygwD. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH'Drdk
u&ufrsm;/ qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;/ rif&SDApfESifh rif;rJh0g'Drsm;udk rnfuJhodk@acsr_ef;
atmifjrifajz&Sif;vdkufonfudk od&Sd&efvdktyfHkr#ru xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;/ 'Drdku&uf tv,f
tvwf0g'Drsm;/ tvkyform;twdkuftcHrsm;/ ZDEdkApf0g'Drsm;/ vuf,mwdrf;apmif;olrsm;/
vuf,m - vuf0J pdwfl;aygufolrsm;ponfrsm;udkvnf; rnfuJhodk@ acsr_ef;vdkufa=umif;udkyg
od&Sd&efvdktyfonf? ygwD.ordkif;udk od&Sdem;vnfr_onf ygwD0ifrsm;. awmfvSefa&; Edk;=um;
r_udk tjynfht0 tmrcHcsufay;onfh ta&;}uD;qkH;/ tvdktyfqkH; enf;emjzpfonf qdkonfudk
rnfonfhtcgr# rarhtyfay?
TumvtwGi;f tvGet
f a&;ygonfh tjzpftysurf mS 1933 ckY ygw.
D tqifah e&mrsm;
rSm rawmfwq a&muf&v
dS molrsm;/ rppfreS o
f nfh tpdwt
f ydik ;f rsm;udk xkwyf ,ftykycf sjcif;rsm;
pwifcJh+yD; txl;ojzifh uDa&mhAf owfjzwfr_t+yD;Y ygwD0ifrsm;. rSwfwrf;rsm;udk taocsm
av;eufppfaq;=unfh_jcif;ESifh ygwD0ifu'fjym;ta[mif;rsm;udk topfESifhvJvS,fay;jcif;
rsm;jzpfonf?
ygwD0ifrsm;. rSwfwrf;rsm;udk ppfaq;jcif;rjyKrDu ygwDtzGJ@tpnf; tawmfrsm;rsm;Y
ygwu
D 'fjym;rsm;udk udik w
f ,
G &f mwGif wm0efrrhJ r_ sm;ESihf aygah vsmrh r_ sm;&Scd o
hJ nf? tzG@J tpnf; tcsKd @Y
vk;H 0onf;cHEikd zf ,
G rf &Sad om uGejf rLepfrsm; rSwyf w
Hk ifjcif;Y upOfu
h vsm; zkzd &Jjzpfrr_ sm; awG@&&dS +y;D
Ttjzpfudk &efolrsm;u olwd@k. ,kwfrmvSonfh &nf&G,fcsufrsm;twGuf vSnfh um ygwD0if
u'fjym; ydik q
f ikd rf u
_ kd tzsuv
f yk if ef;rsm;/ olv#Kd vkyif ef;rsm;. uef@vef@umtjzpf ok;H cJ=h u onf?
ygwt
D zG@J tpnf;rsm;. acgi;f aqmiftrsm;tjym;onf ygw0D ifopfrsm; rSwyf Hk wifa&;ESihf ygw0D if
u'fjym;rsm; xkwfay;a&;rsm;udk omreftqifhedrfh yk*~dKvfrsm;udkv$Jxm;+yD; wcgw&H ,kH=unf
pdwfcs&jcif;r&Sdao;onfh ygwD0ifrsm;udkyif v$Jay;xm;wwfonf?
1935 arv 13 &ufae@pGJESifh xkwfa0onfh pmwrf;wGif A[dkaumfrwDu rSwfykHwifjcif;/

vkH+cKHpGm odrf;qnf;jcif;ESifh ygwD0ifu'frsm; xkwfay;jcif;wdk@wGif ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;vkH;udk
ygwD0if.rSwfwrf;udk aocsmusepGm ppfaq;&efESifh rdrdwdk@ygwD tdrf}uD;wGif abmf&SDApfpnf;rsOf;
pepfudk xlaxmif&ef nef=um;vdkufonf?
ygwD0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;ukd ppfaq;jcif;onf }uD;rm;onfh EdkifiHa&;wefzkd; oufa&mufr_
&SdcJhonf? ygwD0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;udk ppfaq;&&Sdcsufrsm;ESifh qufpyf+yD; ygwDA[dkaumfrwD. rsuf
ESmpkHnDtpnf;ta0;u 1935 'DZifbm 25 &ufwGif qkH;jzwfcsufwckcscJh+yD; Tppfaq;r_onf
ygwD0ifrsm;twGif; cdkifrmawmifhwif;a&;twGuf tvGefta&;ygaom pnf;Hk;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;
aqmif&Gufcsufw&yfjzpfonf[k a=unmcJhonf?
ygwD0ifrSwfwrf;rsm; ppfaq;+yD; ygwDu'frsm;ukd vSJvS,fay;+yD;aemuf ygwD0ifopfrsm;
odrf;oGif;a&;ukd jyefpapcJhonf? TonfESifh ywfoufI A[dkaumfrwDu ygwD0ifopfrsm;ukd
ygwDwGif tvHk;t&if;ESifh 0ifcGifhrjyKyJ wu,fwrf; a&S@wef;a&mufonfholrsm;/ tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;ta&;awmfyHktwGuf wu,fwrf;opPm&Sdolrsm;/ tvkyform;rsm; t=um;rS/ v,f
orm;rsm;t=um;rS/ wufuGonfhynmwwfrsm; t=um;rS taumif;qHk;vlrsm;/ qkd&S,fvpf
pepfwkdufyGJ e,fy,ftoD;oD;rS ppfaq;prf;oyfcH+yD;olrsm; ukd wOD;csif;wif;usyfpGm 0ifcGifhay;
&ef awmif;qkv
d u
dk o
f nf?
ygwD0ifopfrsm;ukd 0ifcGifhpwifay;jcif;ESifh ywfoufI A[kdaumfrwDu ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;
rsm;udk owday;nef=um;vdkufonfrSm &efvdkonfhtpdwftydkif;rsm;onf ygwDwGif;odk@
wdk;0ifvm&ef qufvuf}udK;yrf;vdrfhrnfjzpfa=umif; owd&Sd&efjzpfonf? tusdK;quftm;jzifh
abmf&SDApf Edk;=um;r_udk tjrifhqkH;odk@ jrifhwif&ef/ vDeifygwDtvHudk tjrifhqkH;v$ifhxl&ef/ ygwD
twGi;f od@k &efvo
kd nfh rppfreS o
f nfh trSww
f rJah &mufvmonfo
h rl sm; ryg0ifvm&efrmS ygwt
D zG@J
tpnf;wdik ;f . wm0efjzpfonf? (qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD abmf&SDApf) A[dkaumfrwD. qkH;jzwfcsuf/
pufwifbm 29/ 1936- y&my'gowif;pm eHygwf 270/ 1936wGif azmf jycJhonf?)
ygwDwGif;xkwfy,fjcif;rsm;ESifh cdkifrmawmifhwif;apr_rsm; jyKvkyfum ygwD.&efolrsm;udk

acsr_ef;/ ygwDvrf;pOf aoGzDr_rsm;udk rnmrwm tav#mhray;wdkufcdkuf+yD;aemuf abmf&SDApf
ygwDonf A[dkaumfrwD. ywfvnfwGif ydkrdkodyfonf;pGm pnf;vkH;cJhonf? TA[dkaumfrwD.
acgif;aqmifr_atmufwGif ygwDESifhEdkifiHawmfonf ,cktcg tqifhopfw&yf vlwef;pm;rJh
qdk&S,fvpfvl@tzGJ@tpnf; wnfaqmufa&;udk +yD;ajrmufapa&;odk@ 0ifa&mufvmcJhawmhonf?
tusOf;csKyf
1930-34 umvwGif abmf&SDApfygwDonf tm%m&+yD;aemuf ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;.
tcufcJqkH;ordkif;0if jy\emudk ajz&Sif;cJh&onf? xdkjy\emrSm oef;ESifhcsDaom v,form;
uav;rsm;tm; pkaygif;v,f,mvrf; qdk&S,fvpfpepfvrf;udk vufcHvma&;jzpfonf?
aoG;pkyfvlwef;pm;xJrS ta&twGuftrsm;qkH;jzpfonfh ul;vwfrsm;udk acsr_ef;
vdkufjcif;ESifh v,form;trsm;pku pkaygif;v,f,mvrf;udk vufcHvdkufjcif;wdk@u wdkif;jynf
wGif;&Sd aemufqkH;t&if;&Sifpepftjrpfudk zsufqD;ay;vdkuf+yD; v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;Y qdk&S,fvpf
pepf. aemufqkH;ydwfatmifyGJudk&&Sdapum aus;vufY qdk&S,fvpftm%m tjynfht0 cdkifrm
awmifhwif;apcJhonf?
pnf;Hk;a&;qdkif&m jy\em tcuftcJtcsdK@udk ausmfv$m;+yD;aemuf pkaygif;v,form;
onf cdkifcdkifrmrmay:xGufvm+yD; csrf;om0ajymonfhvrf;odk@ csDwuf0ifa&mufvmcJhonf?
yxrig;ESpfpDrHudef; &&Sdcsufrsm;u u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHudk yxrwef;pm; qdk&S,fvpft}uD;pm;
pufr_vkyfief;ESifh pufr_wyfqifxm;onfh pkaygif;v,f,m pdkufysdK;a&;ykHpHjzifh qdk&S,fvpfpD;
yGm;a&;pepf. r,drf;r,dkifaom tajccHtkwfjrpfudk csay;+yD; tvkyfvufrJhjzpfr_udk tqkH;owf
ypfum vlvlcsif;aoG;pkyfr_pepfudk acsr_ef;vsuf vkyfom;jynfolrsm;. kyf0wKESifh ,Ofaus;r_
tqifhtwef;udk wjznf;jznf; wdk;jrifhay;rnfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk zefwD;ay;&efjzpfonf?
T}uD;rm;vSonfh atmifjrifcsufrsm;onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;/ v,form;rsm;ESifh
wdik ;f jynf.vkyo
f m; jynfot
l m;vk;H a=umifh &&Scd jhJ cif;jzpf+yD; a,bk,stm;jzifh ygwED iS t
hf pd;k &wd@k .
&J&ifh+yD;awmfvSefa&;usum tajrmftjrif&Sdonfh ay:vpDa=umifhjzpfonf?
ab;ywfvnf0dkif;&Hvsuf&Sdaom t&if;&SiftoD;oD;onf qdkAD,uf,leD,H. pGrf;tm;
udkcsnfheJ@ csdK;zJhypf&ef }udK;pm;ae+yD; qdkAD,uf,leD,HtwGif; vlowform;rsm;/ tzsuform;
rsm;/ olv#dKrsm;*dk%f;udk pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfEdkifiHa&;twGuf ESpfqwdk;vkyfaqmifcJh=uonf? T
ywfywfvnf&Sd t&if;&Sifrsm;. &efvdkonfhvkyfaqmifr_rsm;onf *smreDESifh *syefY zufqpf 0g'
tm%m&vmonfhtcg ydkrdkodomxif&Sm;vmonf? xa&mhpuD0g'DESifh ZDEdkApf0g'Drsm; t=um;
zufqpf0g'onf opPm&Sd aus;u|efrsm;udk &SmazGawG@&SdcJh+yD; xdkolrsm;onf pkHaxmuf&ef/
tzsufvkyfief;vkyf&ef/ t=urf;rzuf0g'ESifh aoG;uGJ&eftr_rsm;udk jyKvkyf&efESifh qdkAD,uf,leD,H
usq;Hk +yD; t&if;&Sipf epfjyefvnf xlaxmif&ef twGuf vkyaf qmif=u&ef tqifoif&h adS e=uonf?
qdkAD,uftpdk;&onf Tvlqdk;vl,kwfrmrsm;udk wdkif;jynf. opPmazmufrsm;tjzpf
jynfolrsm;. &efolrsm;tjzpf &uf&ufpufpuf oHvufoD;jzifh qkH;rtjypfay;cJhonf?
tcef;(12)
qk&d ,
S v
f lt
h zGJ t
h pnf;wnfaqmufa&;
atmifjrif_y;D ajrmufa&;wku
d yf t
JG wGi;f rS abmf&ADS pfygwD
zGJ ph nf;tkycf sKyfyt
kH ajccHpnf;rsOf;opfudk vufcu
H sifo
h ;kH jcif;(1935=1937)
1? 1935 - 37 ckESpfu EdkifiHwumhtajctae? pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf; ,m,Davsmh usoGm;
jcif;? pD;yGm;a&;uyf ab;topf pwifvmjcif;? tDwvDu t,fbD;qD;eD;,m;udk odrf;ydkufvdkuf
jcif;? pydefudk *smreDESifh tDwvD 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;? tv,fydkif; wkwfjynfudk *syefrsm;
usL;ausmf0ifa&mufjcif;? 'kwd, e,fcsJ@ppfyGJ pwifvmjcif;?
1929 ckEpS f 'kw,
d ESp0f uftwGi;f t&if;&SiEf ikd if rH sm;Y jzpfymG ;cJo
h nfh pD;yGm;a&; uyfab;onf
1933 ckEpS u
f ek f txd =umanmif;cJo
h nf? xdak emuf pufrv
_ yk if ef;rsm; usqif;r_ &yfqikd ;f oGm;cJ+h yD;/
tusyt
f wnf;umvt+yD;/ tDvnfaeaomumv ay:ayguv
f mcJ+h yD; wpkw
H &mjyefvnf&iS o
f ef
vmum wpkw
H &mOD;armhvmonfh t&dyt
f a&mif ay:ayguv
f monf? od@k aomf T OD;armhvmr_
onf ydrk jkd rifrh m;vmonfh tajccHopfay:wGif pufrv
_ yk if ef; pef;xjcif; (boom) udjk zpfay:vmap
Edik o
f nfh trdsK;tpm;rsKd ;r[kwaf cs? urBmt
h &if;&Sif pufrv
_ yk if ef; onf 1929 ckEpS f tqifo
h @kd yif
ra&mufEikd af o;bJ 1937 ckEpS f tv,favmufwiG f xdt
k qif.
h 95-96 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f om a&muf&dS
}udKyrf;Edik cf o
hJ nf? 1937 ckEpS f 'kw,
d ESp0f ufwiG f pD;yGm;a&; uyfab;opf pwifvmcJjh yD; yxrOD;pGm
tar&duefEdkifiHudk xdcdkufapcJhonf? 193& ckESpf tukefwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&Sd tvkyf
vufrJhOD;a&rSm 10 oef;odk@wufvmcJhonf? +AdwdefYvnf; tvkyfvufrJhrsm; tvGefvsifjref
wdk;yGm;aeonf?
Todk@jzifh t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;onf yxrpD;yGm;a&;uyf. tysuftpD;rsm;rS emvefrxlrD

rSmyif pD;yGm;a&;uyftopfESifh &ifqdkifvm&ayonf? tusdK;qufrSm e,fcsJ@EdkifiHrsm;t=um;
ydyuQrsm;onf "e&SifESifhypPnf;rJhrsm;t=um; ydyuQrsm;uJodk@yif ydkrdkonf;oefjyif;xef
vmjcif;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh usL;ausmf&efponfh EdkifiHrsm;onf rdrdwdk@jynfwGif;. pD;yGm;a&;
tusyt
f wnf;a=umifh qk;H _;H &r_rsm;udk axrdumrdEikd af p&eftwGuf tjcm;umuG,af &; nHzh si;f
onfh EdkifiHrsm;tay: tEdkifusifh&ef ESpfqwdk;}udK;yrf;vmcJh=uonf? emrnfysuf usL;ausmf&ef
ponfh ESpfEdkifiHjzpfonfh *smreDESifh *syefudk ,ckt}udrfwGif wwd, tDwvDEdkifiHu yl;aygif;cJh
onf?
1935 ckEpS w
f iG f zufqpftw
D vDonf t,fbq
D ;D eD;,m;udk wdu
k cf u
kd +f yD; vufatmufcjH yK
vdu
k o
f nf? tDwvDu Tod@k jyKvky&f mwGif rnfonfh ta=umif;jycsurf #vnf;r&S?d Edik if w
H umh
w&m;Oya'wGif cdkifvkHaomta=umif;vnf; r&Sdacs? zufqpfrsm;twGuf acwfpm;aeonfh
ppfa=unmjcif;r&Sb
d J olc;kd / "m;jyrsm;uho
J @kd wdu
k cf u
kd jf cif;omjzpfonf? TonfrmS t,fb;D qD;
eD;,m;wjynfwnf;om xd;k ESuw
f u
kd cf u
kd cf &H jcif;r[kwf +Aw
d ed yf g xdcu
kd &f onf? Oa&myrS tdE,
dN ESihf
a,bk,stm;jzifh tm&Swdkufodk@ +Adwdef. a&vrf;c&D;udk xdcdkufjcif;jzpfonf? +Adwdef onf
tDwvDwdk@ t,fbD;qD;eD;,m;Y tajcrusEdkifa&;twGuf wm;qD;&ef tcsnf;tESD;}udK;pm;
cJhao;onf? aemufydkif;Y tDwvDonf vGwfvGwfvyfvyf v_yf&Sm;Edkif&ef EdkifiHwumtzGJ@csLyfrS
E_wfxGufvdkuf+yD; {&mrtwdkif;twmt& pwif vufeufwyfqifvmonf?
Tod@k jzifh Oa&myESihf tm&St=um; twdq
k ;Hk a&a=umif;c&D;ay:wGif ppfyu
JG iG ;f qufopfwck
ay:xGufvmonf?
zufqpf*smreDonf Amaq;+idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsLyfudk wzufowf qkwf+zJvdkuf+yD; Oa&my
ajrykHudk t=urf;zuf jyefvnfcGJa0&ef pDrHudef;udk vkyfaqmifvmonf? *smrefzufqpfrsm;onf
tdrfeD;em;csif;EdkifiHrsm;udk vufatmufcHjyKa&; }uKd;yrf;r_udkvnf;aumif;/ tenf;qkH; *smrefvl
rsdK;rsm;aexdkifonfh xdkEdkifiHrsm;. e,fajrrsm;ukd odrf;ydkuf&ef}udK;pm;r_udkvnf;aumif; zkH;uG,f
xm;jcif;r&Sdacs? TonfESifhtnD olwdk@onf yxr =op}wD;,m;udk odrf;ydkuf&ef xdk@aemuf
csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;udk wdkufcdkuf&ef/ xdk@aemuf jzpfEdkifonfrSm ydkvef? TEdkifiHwGif *smref
vlrsdk;rsm; tpkvdkuft+yKHvdkuf aexkdifonfh ae&ma'orsm;&Sd+yD; *smreDESifhvnf; e,fedrdwf
pyfaeonf? onfhaemuf aumif;yg+yD? u|efawmfwdk@ apmifh=unfhao;wmaygh?
1936 aEG&moDwGif *smreDESifhtDwvDonf pydeforRwEdkifiHudk ppfa&;t& usL;ausmf
pGufzufr_ pwifcJhonf? pydefzufqpfrsm;udk axmufcHr_qdkonfh ta,mifaqmifr_atmufwGif
olwdk@onf jyifopftaemufydkif;&Sd pydefe,fajrwGif ppfwyfrsm;udk cdk;a=umifcdk;0Suf cs&yfxm;+yD;/
awmifydkif;Y bmvm&pfu|ef;rsm;ESifh *sDba&mfvfwm/ taemufbufY twWvefwdwfyifv,f
ajrmufydkif;Y bpPau(Biscay) yifv,fauG@&Sdonfh ZkHe,f pydefa&jyifY olwdk@. a&wyfukd
cs&yfxm;onfh tcGifhta&;udk &&Sdvdkuf=uonf? 1938 tpydkif;Y *smrefzufqpfrsm;onf
=op}wD,m;udk odr;f ydu
k v
f u
kd +f yD; Tenf;jzifh 'if;nL tv,fyikd ;f a'orsm;ESihf tvSr;f rDonfh
t&yfrsm;wGif tajccsvdkuf+yD; awmifydkif;Oa&my at'&m;wpf yifv,fqDodk@ wdk;csJ@vm

EdkifcJhonf?
*smreDESifh tDwvDzufqpfrsm;onf pydefudk usL;ausmfpGufzufr_ wdk;csJ@vkyfaqmifae+yD;
wcsed w
f nf;wGif olw@kd onf pydet
f eD rsm;udo
k m wdu
k cf u
kd af ejcif;jzpfum tjcm;t}uH tpnf
rsm; vkH;0r&Sda=umif; urBmudk tmrcHaeygonf? odk@aomf Tonfvltrsm;udkom vdrfvnf
vSnfhzsm;Edkifonfh/ kdif;pdkif;vSonfh/ paumavmufrS aZmufreufonfh zkH;uG,fvdrfnm
r_omjzpfonf? trSefrSmolwdk@onf tmz&dutm&S Y udkvdkeDtrsm;tjym; ydkifqdkifxm;onfh
+AdwdefESifh jyifopfwdk@. a&a=umif;qufoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif;ay: cGxdkifvdkufjcif;jzifh xdkEdkifiHrsm;
udk xdk;ESufvdkufjcif;jzpfonf?
=op}wD;,m;ukd odrf;ydkufvdkufonfh udpPwGifr_ Amaq;pmcsKyfudk qef@usifonfhwdkufyGJ
tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ yxr e,fcsJ@ppftwGif;u qkH;_H;oGm;cJhonfh e,fajrrsm;udk jyefvnf odrf;
ydu
k +f yD; rdrw
d @kd . trsKd ;om;tusKd ;pD;yGm; umuG,&f ef *smreD. }uKd;yrf;csut
f jzpfvnf; aumif;
vufcHtwnfjyK&ef rjzpfEdkifacs? =op}wD,m;onf ppfyGJrwdkifrDuvnf;aumif;/ ppfyGJ
t+yD;wGifvnf;aumif;/ *smreD. tpdwftydkif;r[kwfcJhacs? =op}wD;,m;tm; t=urf;zuf
odr;f ydu
k v
f u
kd jf cif;onf Edik if jH cm;e,fajrudk ajAmife,fcs@J usL;ausmrf _ w&yfomjzpfonf? Tonf
u zufqpf*smreDonf taemufOa&mywdkufY }uD;pdk;v$rf;rdk;aea&;twGuf }uHpnf}udK;pm;
vma=umif; &Sif;vif;xif&Sm;oGm;apygonf?
TonfrSm tjcm;t&mrsm;xuf jyifopfESihf *&dwf+Adwdefwdk@. tusdK;pD;yGm;udk xdk;ESuf
wdkufcdkufvdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf?
Tod@k jzifh Oa&myawmifyikd ;f =op}wD;,m;/ at'&m;wpf e,fajrESihf Oa&mytaemuf zufpeG ;f
pydefESifh if;.a&jyife,fajrwdk@wGif ppfyGJuGif;qufopfwck ay:xGufvmonf?
1937ckESpfwGif *syefzufqpf0g'Drsm;onf ayzif;udk odrf;ydkufvdkufum tv,fydkif; w
kwfjynfudk usL;ausmf+yD; &Sef[Judkodrf;,lvdkufonf? vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu refcsL;&D;
,m;udk *syefwdk@ usL;ausmfcJhonftwdkif; tv,fydkif;wkwfjynfudk usL;ausmf&mYvnf; *syef
rsm;. jyKvkyfaeusenf; "m;jyykHpHjzifh *syefrsm;udk,fwdkif yg0ifvkyfaqmifcJh=uonf? a'o
tjzpftysuftrsdK;rsdK;tay: rkd;rom;tjrwfxkwfIvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHwum pHcsdefrsm;/
pmcsKyfrsm;/ oabmwlncD sut
f m;vk;H wd@k ukd csKd ;azmufjcif;jzifv
h nf;aumif; vkyaf qmifc=hJ uonf?
xsJefusif;ESifh &Sef[Judk odrf;ydkufvdkufjcif;u }uD;rm;vSonf@ wkwfjynfaps;uGuf tcsuftcsm
rsm;udk *syefvufwGif;usa&mufoGm;apcJhonf? *syefrsm; &Sef[JESifh xsJefusif;wdk@udk udkifxm;
oa&G@ tv,fydkif;wkwfjynfY aiGt}uD;tus,f &if;ESD;jrKyfESHxm;onfh *&dwf+AdwdefESifh tar
&duefwdk@udk tcsdefra&G;armif;xkwfEdkifayonf?
odk@aomf wkwfjynfolrsm;ESifh if;wdk@wyfrawmf. *syefrsm;udkckcHonfh &JpGrf;owWd
ajymifajrmufvaS om wku
d yf rJG sm;/ wkwjf ynfwiG f }uD;rm;vSaom trsKd ;om;pdwEf ;kd =um;vmjcif;/
}uD;rm;vSaom vltiftm;ESifh e,fajrtiftm; t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh aemufqkH;wkwfjynf
e,fajrrS usL;ausmfolrsm;udk vkH;0armif;xkwf+yD;onfhtxd vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ qifEGJa&;

twGuf wkwftrsKd;om;tpkd;&. qHk;jzwfcsuf/ Tt&mtm;vHk;u wkwfjynfY *syefe,fcsJ@
orm;rsm;twGuf tem*wfr&Sda=umif;/ b,fawmhrSvnf;&Sdrnf r[kwfa=umif;udk ,kHrSm;oH
o,&Sdp&mrvdkatmif jyovdkufonf?
od@k aomf b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf ,ckvuf&t
dS csed w
f iG f *syefu wkwu
f ek o
f ,
G af &; tcsut
f csm
rsm;udk udkifxm;r_ESifh wkwfjynftay: if;. ppfyGJu *&dwf+AdwdefESifh tar&duefwdk@. tusdK;pD;
yGm;rsm;udk }uD;rm;pGm xdk;ESufvdkufr_rsm;rSm trSefyifjzpfonf?
xdk@a=umifh ypdzdwfa'o wkwfe,fajrwGif ppfuGif;qufwckxyfrHay:aygufvmygonf?
Ttcsuftm;vkH;u 'kwd,e,fcsJ@ppfyGJ trSefyifpwifvdkuf+yD jzpfa=umif;jyovdkufay
onf? TppfyGJudk a=unmjcif;r&SdbJ cdk;a=umifcdk;0Suf pwifvdkuf=uonf? EdkifiHtrsm;ESifh trsdK;
om;rsm;onf rodromjzifh 'kw,
d e,fcs@J ppfypJG uf0ef;twGi;f od@k av#m0ifomG ;=uonf? *smreD/
tDwvD/ *syefqdkonf@usL;ausmfonfh EdkifiH 3 EdkifiHrS tkyfpdk;ol zufqpft0ef;t0dkif;rsm;u
urBmeh ,fajrtoD;oD;Y ppfyu
JG pkd wifvu
kd jf cif;jzpfonf? *sb
D a&mfvw
f mrS &Se[
f t
J xd jzef@usuf
xm;onfh }uD;rm;us,fajymaome,fajray: Y jzpfyGm;cJhonf? jynfolvlxkoef;aygif; 500 udk
ppfypJG uf0ef;twGi;f qGo
J iG ;f vdu
k o
f nf? aemufq;Hk cGjJ crf; pdwjf zmcsut
f & Tppfyo
JG nf *&dw+f Aw
d ed /f
jyifopfESifh tar&duefwdk@rS t&if;&SiftusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;udk qef@usifqifE$JcJhjcif; jzpf onf?
ppfyGJ.&nf&G,fcsufrSm usL;ausmfonfhEdkifiHrsm;twGuf tusdK;&Sdap+yD; 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH rsm;[k
ac:qdkonfh EdkifiHrsm;.tusdK;pD;yGm;udk xdcdkufaprnfh urBmESifh =oZmcHe,fajrrsm;udk
jyefvnfcGJa0,l&ef jzpfonfhtwGufa=umifhaywnf;?
'kwd, e,fcsJ@ppfyGJ. xl;jcm;onfh vuQ%mw&yfrSm ,cktcsdefxd ppfyGJukd pwifqifE$J
wdk;csJ@vkyfaqmifolrsm;rSm usL;ausmfonfh tiftm;}uD; EdkifiHrsm;jzpfonf? tjcm;tiftm;}uD;
EdkifiHrsm;jzpfonfh 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH}uD;rsm;onf TppfyGJu trSeftm;jzifh if;wdk@tm; &nfpl;
aomfvnf;/ if;wd@k u bmrSyyl efp;kd &drrf r_ &Sd [efaqmif+yD;/ aemufqw
k f vufa&Smifaeum +idr;f csr;f
a&;jrwfEdk;r_udk atmf[pfae=uonf? zufqpfusL;ausmfolrsm;ukd jypfwif}udrf;armif;=uonf?
xkd@aemuf usL;ausmfolrsm;vufokd@ if;wkd@.ae&mrsm;ukd wppD/ wppDay;tyfaeum wcsdef
wnf;rSmvnf; ckcH&efjyifqifaea=umif; tcdkiftrmajymqkdaejyefonf?
TppfyGJonf awG@&onfhtwdkif; cyfqef;qef;jzpf+yD;/ wzufowfjzpfcJhonf? odk@aomf
Tonfu ppfyGJudk t,fbD;qD;eD;,m;/ *syefESifhwkwfjynf&Sd umuG,fa&;csdK@wJh nHhzsif;onfh
jynfolrsm;tay: tjywftowftEdkif&onfh &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfaomppfyGJtjzpfrS rwm;qD;
EdkifcJhacs?
TppfyGJ. wzufowfjzpfr_vuQ%mudk 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm; . ppfa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/
tm;enf;r_tay: ykHcsygu rSm;ayvdrfhrnf? trSefrSm 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm; onf zufqpf Edkif
iHrsm;xuf tiftm;awmifhwif;onf? jzpfay:wdk;yGm; us,fjyef@vSonfh urBmppf. wzuf
owfvuQ%mrSm zufqpftm%mrsm;udck ck rH nfh 'Dru

kd a&pDEikd if rH sm; . nDnw
G af &; wyfaygi;f
pk r&Sdr_a=umifhjzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm; [kac:qdkolrsm;onf wu,fawmh zufqpf
EdkifiHrsm;. tvGeftu|Hrsm; tay: vufcHoabmwljcif;vnf;r&Sd/ Tzufqpf EdkifiHrsm;
tiftm;}uD;xGm;vmrnfudkvnf; a=umufvef@pdk;&drfcJh=uonf? odk@aomfolwdk@onf Oa&my&Sd
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_eJ@ tm&Swdkuf&Sd trsdK;om; vGwfajrmufa&; v_yf&Sm; r_tay:
ydI
k a=umufvef@p;kd &dr=f u+yD; T tE &W m,f}uD;rm;vSaom v_y&f mS ;r_twGuf zufqpf0g' onf
tvGeaf umif;rGeaf omtqdyaf jzaq;tjzpf oabmxm;=uonf? Tta=umif; a=umifyh if
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;. tkyfcsLyfonfh t0ef;t0dkif;/ txl;ojzifh +Adwdef. tkyfcsKyfol
uGefqmaA;wpf t0ef;t0dkif;rsm;u rme}uD;vSaom zufqpftkyfcsKyfolrsm;udk tvGeftu|H
rvky=f u&ef awmif;yefonfh ay:vpDukd udik pf x
JG m;+yD; wcsed w
f nf;wGif olw@kd u zufqpfrsm;udk
tjynfht0em;vnf oabmaygufa=umif;ESifh wckvkH;+cKHI tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;
r_ESifh trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tay: olwdk@. azmufjyefonfh ykvdyfay:vpDrsm;
tay: pmemEdkifa=umif;odem;vnfapcJhonf? TonfESifh ywfoufI +Adwdef. tkyfcsLyfol
todik ;f t0dik ;f onf Zmbk&ifvufatmufumvu k&mS ; vpfb&,fb&k ifEh ikd if 0H g'D (Monarchist)
"e&Sifrsm; vufcHusifhokH;cJhonfh ay:vpDESifh t=urf;zsif;tm;jzifh wlnDonfh ay:vpDudk
vk y f a ejcif ; jzpf o nf ? k & S m ;-vpf b &,f " e&S i f r sm;onf wzuf w G i f Zmbk & if a y:vpD .
tvGet
f u|rH sm;udk a=umufvef@p;kd &drrf o
d vd/k wzufwiG v
f nf; jynforl sm;udk ydrk I
kd a=umuf
&G@H onft
h wGuf Zmbk&ifukd awmif;yefw;kd v#K;d onfh ay:vpDukd usio
hf ;Hk vm+y;D tusKd ;quf tm;jzifh
jynfou
l kd qef@usiw
f u
kd cf u
kd &f ef Zmbk&ifEiS hf yl;aygi;f }uHpnfvm=u&onf? od=uonfh twdik ;f yif
k & S m ;. vpf b &,f b k & if E d k i f i H 0 g'D "e&S i f r sm;onf TES p f z uf r suf E S m ay:vpD t wG u f
wefz;kd }uD;pGmay;cJ&h onf? ordik ;f u +Adwed .
f tkycf sKyfol t0ef;t0dik ;f xHraS &m/ jyifopfEiS hf tar&d
uef&Sd if;wdk@. rdwfaqGrsm;xHrSyg tukodkvf tjypf'%fudk twif;tusyf awmif;qdkayvdrfh
rnf[k wifpm;ajymqdkEdkifayonf?
qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkonf TuJodk@aom EdkifiHwumh tajctaetajymif;tvJudk
rodusdK;u|Hyum edrdwfqdk;rsm;udk vpfvsL_jcif;rjyKEdkifa=umif; &Sif;aeygonf? usL;ausmfolrsm;
pwifonfh rnfonfhppfyGJrqdk rnfr#yifao;i,fygap +idrf;csrf;pGmaevdkonfh EdkifiHrsm;twGuf
+cdrf;ajcmufr_tE W&m,fyifjzpfonf? EdkifiHrsm;udk odomxif&Sm;jcif;r&SdpGm cdk;,l+yD; jynfol
oef;aygif; 500 yg0if ywfoufae&onfh 'kwd,e,fcsJ@ppfyGJonf EdkifiHrsm;tm;vkH;ESifh yxr
ae&mwGif qdkAD,uf,leD,HtwGuf tE W&m,ft}uD;qkH; +cdrf;ajcmufr_jzpfaeonf? Tonfudk
*smreD/ tDwvDEiS hf *syefw@kd . uGejf rLepf qef@usiaf &;tkypf k xlaxmifvu
kd jf cif;u av;eufpmG
jyovdkufonf? xkd@a=umifh u|efawmfwdk@EdkifiHonf +idrf;csrf;a&;ay:vpDudk vufcHusifhokH;&if;
e,fpyfumuG,af &;rsm;ESihf wyfeaD wmfEiS hf a&wyfw@kd . wdu
k cf u
kd af &;pGr;f &nfrsm; wd;k wufcikd rf m
awmifhwif;a&;twGuf vkyfaqmifvmcJh=u&onf? 1934 ckESpf ukefcgeD;wGif qdkAD,uf,leD,H
onf EdkifiHwum tzGJ@csKyfodk@ 0ifa&mufcJhonf? TuJodk@ 0if&onfhta=umif;rSm tzGJ@csKyfonf
tm;enf;r_&Sdaomfvnf; usL;ausmfolrsm;udk azmfxkwfzGifhcsEdkifonfh ae&mtjzpf xrf;aqmif

Edkif+yD; tiftm;csnfheJ@aomfvnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;ud&d,mwcktjzpf ppfyGJay:vmjcif;udk wm;qD;
Edik af umif; wm;qD;Edik rf nf jzpfaoma=umifw
h nf;? qdAk ,
D uf,el ,
D t
H aejzifh ,ckvkd tcsed rf sKd ;wGif
EdkifiHrsm;tzGJ@csKyfuJhodk@ tiftm;csnfheJ@onfh EdkifiHwumh tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfudkyif vspfvsL_&ef
roifh[k,lqonf? 1935 ck arvwGif jyifopfESifh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkonf usL;ausmf
wdkufcdkufcH&ygu tjyeftvSefulnDa&;pmcsKyfudk csKyfqdkvkdufonf? qdkAD,uf jynfaxmifpkeJ@
csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;t=um; tvm;wlpmcsKyfudk w+ydKifwnf;csKyf qdkvdkufonf? 1936 ckESpf
rwfvwGif qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkonf rGef*dkvD;,m;jynfol@orRwEdkifiHESifh tjyeftvSef ulnD
a&;pmcsKyf csKyfqdkcJh+yD;/ 1937 ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif wkwforRwEdkifiHESifh rusL;ausmfa&;pmcsKyf
csKyfqckd o
hJ nf?
2? qdAk ,
D uf,el ,
D .
H pufrv
k yf sKd ;a&; qufvufw;kd wuf vmjcif;? 'kw,
d
5 ESpfpDrHudef; tcsdefapmI +yD;pDjcif;? v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&; jyefvnff wnfaqmufr_ESifh pkaygif;
ydkifjyKvkyfonfhvkyfief; t+yD;owfr_? au'grsm; ta&;}uD;ykH ? pwufcaemhAf v_yf&Sm;r_?
vl a er_ t qif h t wef ; wuf v mjcif ; ? ,Of a us;r_ t qif h t wef ; wuf v mjcif ; ? qd k A D , uf
awmfvSefa&;. tiftm;?
1930-33 ckESpf pD;yGm;a&; tusyftwnf;t+yD; 3 ESpf=um+yD;aemuf t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;Y
pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;opf pwifvmcsdefwGif qdkAD,uf,leD,HEdkifiH. pufr_vkyfief;onf
Tumvwav#mufvkH; tqufrjywf rSefrSefwdk;wufvsuf&Sdonf? urBmht&if;&Sifpufr_ vkyf
ief;wckvkH;taejzifh 1937 ckESpf tv,fwGif 1929 ckESpf xkwfvkyfa&;tqifh. 95-96
&mcdik Ef e_ ;f udk tEdik Ef idk &f &Scd +hJ y;D 1937 ckEpS f 'kw,
d ESp0f ufwiG f tusyt
f wnf;opf. 'kurQ sm; t=um;
usa&mufomG ;csed Yf qdAk ,
D uf,el ,
D .
H pufrv
_ yk if ef;onf rSerf eS pf yk v
Hk monfh wd;k wufr_ a=umifh
1937 ckESpftukefwGif 1929 ckESpf txGuf. 428 &mcdkifE_ef; odk@r[kwf ppfrjzpfrD txGuf.
700 &mckdifE_ef;ausmf&&Sdvmonf?
Tatmifjrifr_rsm;rSm ygwDESifh tpdk;&u ZGJebJ}uD;pGm vkyfaqmifcJhum jyefvnfwnf
aqmufa&;ay:vpD. wdu
k f u
kd &f &Scd surf sm;yifjzpfonf? Tatmifjrifcsurf sm;. &v'frmS 'kw,
d
5 ESpfpDrHudef; tcdsefapmI +yD;pD;oGm;jcif;jzpfygonf?
1937 {+yD 1 &uf / qdkvdkonfrSm 4 ESpfESifh 3 v twGif; +yD;pD;oGm;jcif;jzpfygonf?
TonfrSm qdk&S,fvpfpepf. ta&;}uD;qkH;atmifyGJjzpfonf? v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;Y
wdk;wufr_rSmvnf; twlwlyifjzpfonf? oD;ESHpdkufysdK;onfh {&d,mpkpkaygif;rSm (1913 ckESpf
ppfrjzpfrD) wGif [ufwmaygif; 105,000,000 &Sdae&mrS 1937 wGif 135,000,000
odk@wdk;rsm;vmcJhonf? oD;ESHtxGufrSm 1913 ckESpfwGif 4,800,000,000 yGwf &Sd&mrS 1937
wGif 6,800,000,000 yGwf od@k wufvmum 0g*rG ;f t=urf;rSm 44,000,000 yGwf rS 174,000,000
yGwfodk@/ *kHav#mfrSm 19,000,000 yGwfrS 31,000,000 yGwfodk@/ o=um;csufonfh rkefvmOeDrSm

654,000,000 yGwfrS 1,311,000,000 yGwfodk@/ qDxGufoD;ESHrSm 129,000,000 yGwfrS
306,000,000 yGwfokd@wkd;wufcJhygonf?
1937 ckESpfwGif pkaygif;v,f,mwckwnf; (EkdifiHawmfykdif v,f,mryg) uxGuf&Sdonfh
a&mif;0,fEkdifonfh ykdv#HoD;ESHrSm 1700000000 yGwfausmfcJh+yD; 1913 ckESpfu ajr&Sifrsm;/
ul;vwfrsm;/ v,form;rsm; twlwuG a&mif;cscJhonfh oD;ESHxuf tenf;qHk; 400000,000
yGwfausmfcJhonfukd azmfjy&efvkdygonf?
v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&; vkyfief;cGJwckjzpfonfh wd&dp>mefarG;jrLa&;wckomv#if ppfrjzpfrD
tqifhxuf aemufus+rJ aemufusaeao;+yD; ydkrdkaES;auG;onfhE_ef;jzifh qufvufwdk;wufaeyg
onf?
v,f,mpdu
k yf sKd ;a&;udk pkaygi;f ydik v
f yk af qmifonfh vkyif ef;ESihf ywfoufIrl jynfph o
Hk mG ;+yD[k
,lqEdkifygonf? 1937 ckESpfY pkaygif;v,f,modk@0ifcJhonfh v,form; tdrfaxmifpk aygif;rSm
18,500,000 &Sd+yD; v,form;tdrfaxmifpk pkpkaygif;. 93 &mckdifE_ef; &Sd+yD;/ pkaygif;v,f,m
oD;ESHxGuf {&d,mrSm v,form;rsm;. oD;ESHxGuf{&d,mpkpkaygif;. 99 &mckdif E_ef;&Sdonf?
,cktcgwiG f v,f,mpdu
k yf sK;d a&; vkyif ef;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufrE_ iS hf v,f,mpdu
k yf sK;d
a&; &nfrSef;csufrsm;twGuf v,fxGefpufESifh puf,E W&m;rsm; trsm;tjym; axmufyHhay;r_
wdk@. atmifoD;atmifESHrsm; ay:xGufvmcJh+yD;jzpfonf? pufr_vkyfief;ESifh pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;
jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif; +y;D jynfph o
Hk mG ;r_. tusK;d &v'ftjzpf trsKd ;om;pD;yGm;a&;onf ,cktcg
yxrwef ; pm; enf ; ynmrsm;jzif h aygaygrsm;rsm; wyf q if + yD ; jzpf o nf ? puf r _ v k y f i ef ; /
pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;pepfESifh ppfwyfwdk@wGif acwfrDenf;ynmrsm;jzpfaom
puf,E W&m;ESifh pufud&d,mrsm;/ v,fxGefpufESifh v,f,mokH;puf,E W&m;rsm;/ rD;&xm;ESifh
yifv,ful;oabFmrsm;/ tajrmufESifh wifhum;rsm;/ av,mOfysHESifh ppfoabFmponfh ypPnf;
tajrmuftjrm; wyfqifcJh+yD;jzpfayonf? Tenf;ynmtm;vkH;udk }uKd;udkiftokH;jyK+yD;
tjrwftrsm;qkH; xkwf,lEdkifonfh ynmonfrsm; axmifESifhaomif;ESifhcsDI vdktyfcJhonf? T
t&mr&Sdygu enf;ynmrsm;udk u|rf;usifonfh vltvkHtavmufr&Sdygu enf;ynmonf
toufr&S/d tok;H rjyK&aomt&m jzpfomG ;rnft
h E &W m,f&o
dS nf? TonfrmS tvGet
f a&;}uD;
onfh tE W&m,fjzpf+yD; enf;ynmrsm;udk }uKd;udkiftokH;jyKEdkifaom/ u|rf;usifaom ynmonf
rsm; wd;k yGm;r_onf enf;ynmus,jf yef@vmr_EiS hf tnDvu
kd I
f rrDEikd yf J tvGeaf emufus useaf ecJh
jcif;.&v'fjzpfonf? pufr_vkyfief;tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sd tawmfrsm;rsm;onf TtE W&m,fudk
rjrifbJ enf;ynmrsm;onf rdrdbmom tvkyfvkyfoGm;vdrfhrnf [k ,kH=unfae=uonfh
tcsufu jy\emrsm;udk ydkrdk_yfaxG;apcJhonf? xdk@tjyif ,cifu olwdk@onf enf;ynm.
ta&;ygr_udk txifao;_wfcscJh+yD;/ ,cktcgYr_ tvGeftu|H txif}uD;um udk;uG,fqnf;uyf
vmjyefygonf? enf;ynmudk u|rf;usifonfholrsm;r&Sdygu enf;ynmonf toufrJhonfh
t&mjzpfa=umif;udk em;vnfodjrifjcif; r&Sd=uacs? enf;ynmudk tpGrf;ukefjzpfxGef;Edkif&efrSm

enf;ynmu|rf;usifolrsm; vdktyfa=umif;udk odem;vnfjcif;r&Sd=uacs?
xdk@a=umifh enf;ynmu|rf;usifonfh au'grsm;jy\emonf t"du ta&;}uD;onfh
tcsufjzpfvmawmhonf? enf;ynmtay:wGif tvGeftu|H pdwftm;xufoefr_ jyo+yD;
tusdK;quftjzpf enf;ynmu|rf;usifolrsm;/ au'grsm; tay:txiftjrifao;onfh tkyfcsLyf
olrsm;onf rdrw
d @kd . tmkpH ;l pdu
k rf u
_ kd enf;ynmrsm; avhvmu|r;f usirf &_ &dS efEiS hf enf;ynm rsm;udk
udkifpGJtokH;csEdkif+yD; tpGrf;ukeftokH;csEdkifonfh au'gynmonfrsm; tajrmuftjrm;
arG;jrLa&;wGif tppt&m&m vkyfaqmifay;&ef vSnfhajymif;ay;&rnf?
,cif jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;umv pwifpOfjzpfaom wdkif;jynfwGif enf;ynm
&Sm;yg;pOfu ygwDonf jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;umvtwGif; enf;ynmonf t&m&mudk
qk;H jzwfonf [laomauG;a=umfou
H kd xkwjf yefcahJ omfvnf; ,cktcgYrl enf;ynmrsm; aygayg
rsm;rsm; &Sdvm+yD;aomtcg jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;onf t"dutm;jzifh +yD;jynfhpkH+yDjzpfaom
tcgESifh wdkif;jynfY au'g&Sm;yg;r_ESifh }uHKawG@ae&aomtcg ygwDtwGuf auG;a=umfoHtopf
w&yfxkwfjyef&ef wm0efusa&mufvmygonf? enf;ynmtay: odyftmkHrpdkufyJ/ enf;ynm
udk tjynfht0 tokH;csEdkifonfh au'gay:wGif tmkHpdkufonfh auG;a=umfoHw&yf xkwf&efjzpf
onf?
Tjy\emESifh ywfoufI 1935 ckESpf arvwGif wyfeDawmf tu,f'rDrS bGJ@&ausmif;
qif;rsm;tm; &Jabmfpwmvif ajym=um;cJhonfh rdef@cGef;rSm tvGefta&;}uD;onf?
&Jabmfpwmvifu - ,cifuenf;ynmonf t&m&mudq
k ;Hk jzwfonf [k u|eaf wmf
wdk@ qdkavh&SdcJhonf? TauG;a=umfoHonf twwfynm&Sm;yg;r_ tqkH;owfypfa&;twGuf
u|efawmfwdk@udk tultnDay;cJh+yD; yxrwef;pm; enf;ynmrsm;ESifh jynfolrsm;udk wyfqif
ay;onfh vkyfief;cGJrsm;tm;vkH;wGif us,fajymvSaom enf;ynmqdkif&m tajccHudk zefwD;
ay;cJo
h nf? TonfrmS tvGeaf umif;onf? od@k aomfTonfrmS rvkaH vmufay? ,cktcsed w
f iG f
rvHkavmufao;ay? enf;ynmudk qufvufjzpfay:+yD; tjynfht0 tokH;csEdkif&eftwGuf
enf;ynmu|r;f usio
f nfo
h rl sm; vdt
k yfonf? Tenf;ynmudk twwfynmpnf;urf; tm;vk;H
eJ@tnD u|rf;usiftokH;csEdkifonfh au'grsm; vdktyfonf? enf;ynmu|rf;usifonfholrsm;r&Sd
ygu enf;ynmonf taoyifjzpfonf? enf;ynmu|rf;usifolrsm;. pDrHuGyfuJr_atmufwGif
enf;ynmonf xl;axGonfh tH&h maom0frsm;udk vkyv
f nf;vkyaf qmifEikd o
f nf? vkyv
f nf;vky&f
rnfjzpfonf? u|efawmfwdk@. yxrwef;pm; pufkH/ tvkyfkHrsm;wGif u|efawmfwdk@. EdkifiHawmf
ydkif v,f,mrsm;ESifh pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;wGif/ u|efawmfwkd@. o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;pepfwGif/
u|eaf wmfw@kd . wyfeaD wmfwiG f Tenf;ynmudk }udK;udik t
f ok;H csEikd o
f nfh au'g tvkt
H avmuf
&Syd gu u|eaf wmfw@kd wikd ;f jynfonf vuf&t
dS qifx
h uf ok;H av;qydjk rifo
h nfh &v'frsm;udk tmrcH
Edkifonf? xdk@a=umifhyif ,cktcgY vlawGtay:/ au'gawGtay:/ enf;ynmu|rf;usifonfh
tvkyform;rsm;tay: ta&;xm;=u&jcif;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifhyif +yD;cJhonfhumv/ twwf
ynm&Sm;yg;onfhumvudk a&mifjyef[yfonfh enf;ynmonf t&m&m qkH;jzwfonf [l

aom au;G a=umfoaH [mif;ae&mwGif au;G a=umfoo
H pf au'grsm;onf t&m&mqk;H jzwf onf
qdkonfESifh tpm;xdk;vmjcif;jzpfonf? ,cktcg TonfrSm t"du jzpfaeayonf?
urBmuydkifqdkifonfh tzdk;weft&if;tESD;tm;vkH;xJwGif wefzdk;t&SdqkH;ESifh tqkH;
tjzwftusqkH;rSm vl/ au'gjzpfonfqdkjcif;udk odzdk@tcsdefusa&mufvmay+yD? ,ckvuf&Sd
tajctaewGif au'grsm;onf t&m&mqk;H jzwfonf qdo
k nfukd em;vnf&rnf? u|eaf wmf
wdk@ pufr_vkyfief;/ v,f,mvkyfief;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;ESif@ ppfwyfwGif au'gaumif; t
ajrmuftjrm;&Sdygu u|efawmfwdk@wkdif;jynfudk rnfolr# &efjyKcsdK;ESdrfEdkifrnf r[kwfay? TuJodk@
aom au'grsm;r&Sdygu u|efawmfwdk@onf ajcESpfzufpvkH; roefrpGrf;jzpfaeolESifh wlayvdrfh
rnf? (a*s pwmvif/ vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;? t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 1947 ckESpf? pmrsufESm 523/ 524)
Tod@k jzifh ,ckumv. t"duwm0efrmS twwfynmonf au'grsm; t&Sed jf riahf vhusihf
arG;jrL&efESifh enf;ynmopfrsm;udk tvsiftjref u|rf;usifvma&;jzpfvmonf? Tonfwdk@rSm
vkyt
f m;xkwv
f yk rf _ (productivity of labour) tqufrjywfjrifw
h uf aea&;twGuf &nf&,
G f
ayonf?
TuJhodk@au'grsm; ay:xGufvmjcif;/ enf;ynmtopfrsm;udk u|Ekfyfwdk@ jynfolrsm;u
u|rf;usifvmjcif;ESifh vkyftm;xkwfvkyfr_ tqufrjywf jrifhwufaejcif;wdk@. txifSm;qkH;
OyrmrSm pwufcaemhAf (Stakhanov) v_y&f mS ;r_yifjzpfonf? Tv_y&f mS ;r_onf 'dek ufZf csKd if0h rS ;f
&Sd ausmufrD;aoG;vkyfief; pwifay:ayguf jzpfxGef;wdk;wufvm+yD; tjcm;pufr_vkyfief;cGJrsm;/
rD;&xm;vkyfief;rsm;odk@ ysH@ESH@oGm;um aemufydkif;wGif v,f,mvkyfief;odk@vnf; a&muf&Sd
oGm;awmhonf? Tv_yf mS ;r_ukd pwifzefw;D ol tv,fyikd ;f tmrDEkd ausmufr;D aoG;wGi;f ('dek ufZ)f
cdsKif0h rS ;f rS ausmufr;D aoG;wl;orm; tvufZD pwufcaemhAf (Alexei Stakhanov) . trnfukd
ta=umif ; jyK+yD ; pwuf c aemh A f v_ y f & S m ;r_ [ k a c:wG i f j cif ; jzpf o nf ? pwuf c aemh A f u d k
ausmufr;D aoG;wl;jcif;wGif ,cifpcH sed af [mif;tm;vk;H udk csKd ;ypfonfh eDuw
d mtdik Zf akd wmhAf (Nikita
Izotov) uausmw
f ufco
hJ nf? 1935 ckEpS /f =o*kwf 31 &ufae@Y pwufcaemhAo
f nf tvkyq
f ikd ;f
wqd k i f ; twG i f ; ausmuf r D ; aoG ; 102 wef u d k wl ; cJ h + yD ; pH c sd e f t xG u f E _ e f ; xuf 14
qausmfoGm;cJhonf? Tonfu txGufpHcsdefrsm;jrifhwifa&;ESifh vkyftm;xkwfvkyfr_ wdk;wuf
a&;topfw&yftwGuf tvkyform;ESifh pkaygif;v,f,mv,form;rsm;. vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_
w&yfukd zGiv
hf pS af y;vdu
k o
f nf? um;vkyif ef;XmerS blp*D sif (Busygin)/ zdeyfvyk if ef;rS prDwmeif
(Smetanin)/ rD;&xm;vkyif ef;rS c&DAakd emhpf (Krivonoss)/ opfvyk if ef;rS rlZifpuD; (Musinsky)/
t0wftxnfvkyfief;rS tAf'dku&m; ADEdk*&m'dkAm (Evdokia Vinogradova)ESifh rm&D,m
ADEkd*&m'dkAm (Maria Vinogradova)ESifh v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;rS rm&D,m 'ifrfcsufudk (Maria
Demchenko) / rm&D,memwifukd (Meria Gnatenko)/ yDtif*s,fvDem (P.Angelina)/
ydkvm*lwif (Polagutin)/ udkvufaqmhAf (Kolesov)/ udkAm'ufcf (Kovardok)ESifh bdk&if
(Borin)? Tolrsm;onf pwufcaemhAf v_yf&Sm;r_. yxrqkH;aom pHjyrsm;jzpf=uonf?
olwdk@udk wyfESifhcsDaom tjcm;pHjyrsm;u trDvdkufcJh=u+yD;/ olwdk@onf ,cifpHjyrsm;.

vkyftm;xkwfvkyfr_udk ausmfvGefcJh=uonf?
1935 ck Edk0ifbmvY u&ifrvifwGif usif;ycJhaom yxrt}udrf pwufcaemhAfrsm;.
wjynfvkH;qdkif&m (All-union) uGefz&ifhESifh xdkuGefz&ifhwGif &Jabmfpwmvif ajym=um;cJhonfh
rdef@cGef;u pwufcaemhAf v_yf&Sm;r_udk t}uD;tus,f v_H@aqmfay;vdkufonf?
xdkrdef@cGef;Y &Jabmfpwmvifu pwufcaemhAf v_yf&Sm;r_onf qdk&S,fvpf+ydKifqdkifr_.
'Da&vdi_ ;f opfwck/ qd&k ,
S v
f pf+ydKifqikd rf .
_ tqifjh rifo
h pfw&yfukd azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf? twdwu
f
vGefcJhonfh 3 ESpfu qdk&S,fvpf+ydKifqkdifr_ yxrtqifhumvu qdk&S,fvpf+ydKifqdkifr_onf acwf
opfenf;ynmESihf rvG{J uefaygi;f pyfxm;jcif; r&Sad o;acs? trSeaf jym&v#if xdt
k csed u
f u|eaf wmf
wdk@wGif acwfrDenf;ynm tvGef&Sm;yg;aeonf? wzufwGifr_ qdk&S,fvpf+ydKifqdkifr_. vuf&Sdt
qifh pwufcaemhAfv_yf&Sm;r_rSm acwfrDenf;ynmESifh rvGJ{uefwGJzufrdcJhonf? pwufaemhAf
v_yf&Sm;r_rSm tqifhjrifhenf;ynmr&Sdygu pOf;pm;Iyifr&Edkif? u|efawmfwdk@wGif &Jabmfpwuf
caemhA/f blp*D si/f prDwmeif/ c&DAakd emhA/f ADE*k &m'dAk m ponfh vkyif ef;enf;ynm rsm;udk wwfu|r;f
+yD; if;wd@k ut
kd ok;H csum a&S@wef;wifEikd o
f nfh Oyrmrsm; trsm;tjym;&Sx
d m; ygonf? vGecf o
hJ nfh
3 ESpfu TuJhodk@aom vlrsdK;rsm;r&SdcJh? odk@r[kwf tEdkifEdkifom &SdcJhygonf? pwufcaemhAf
v_yf&Sm;r_. xl;jcm;csufrSm rvkHavmuf rjynfhpkHjzpfaeonfhtwGuf enf;ynma[mif;rsm;udk
zsuo
f rd ;f vdu
k +f yD;/ udpt
P awmfrsm;rsm;wGif a&S@wef;ta&mufq;Hk t&if;&Sif Edik if rH sm;. vkyt
f m;
xkwfvkyfr_udk ausmfvGefEdkifcJhonf? Tenf;jzifh u|efawmfwdk@ wdkif;jynf. qdk&S,fvpfpepfudk
qufvufcdkifrmvmap&ef vufawG@jzpfEdkifajcrsm;/ tcsrf;omtuG,f0 qkH;aomEdkifiHtjzpfodk@
u|efawmfwdk@ wdkif;jynfudk ajymif;vJapEdkifonf? jzpfEdkifajcrsm;udk zefwD;ay;onfh tcsufyifjzpf
ay onf? (txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm 526/ 527)
pwufcaemhAfrsm;. vkyfief;enf;emrsm;udk &Sif;jy&if; tem*wfwdkifjynftwGif; pwuf
caemhAfv_yf&Sm;r_. }uD;rm;vSaom xl;jcm;csufudk azmfjy&mY &Jabmfpwmvifu qufvuf
ajym=um;onfrSm
u|efawmfwdk@. pwufcaemhAf &Jabmfrsm;udk ydk+yD;eD;eD;uyfuyf=unfh=uyg? olwdk@[m
b,fvdkvlpm;rsdK;awGygvJ? olwdk@[m trsm;aomtm;jzifh vli,f odk@r[kwf vlvwftvkyf
orm;ESifh tvkyforrsm;jzpf+yD; ,Ofaus;r_ESifh enf;ynmtwwfynmrsm;&Sdum vkyfief;wdus
rSefuefjywfom;&mY pHjytcef;azmfxkwf=u+yD; vkyfief;twGif; tcsdef/ ta=umif;tcsuf
tvufukd av;av;eufeuf wefz;kd xm;Edik u
f m/ rdepfrsm;udo
k mru puUe@f rsm;udyk if xnfo
h iG ;f
wGufcsufwwfolrsm;jzpfonf? if;wdk@trsm;pkonf tedrfhqkH;enf; ynm (Technical
minimum- qkd&S,fvpfpufr_vkyfief;wGif;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;twGuf tedrfhqHk;vkdtyfonfh
twwfynm) oifwef;rsm;udk wufa&mufcJhzl;olrsm;jzpf+yD; enf;ynm/ twwfynmrsm;udk
qufvufoif,lae=uonf? olwkd@onf wcsdK@tif*sifeD,mrsm;/ twwfynm&Sifrsm;ESifh vkyf
ief;tkyfcsKyfolrsm;wGif &Sdaeaom tpOftvm0g'pGJrsm;ESifh xdkif;r_dif;aejcif; (stagnation)
rsm;uif;a0;+yD; a&S@odk@&J&J}uD;csDwufaeonf? acwfrrD aemufusaeonfh twwfynm pHcsdef

rsm;udk acsr_ef;+yD; ydkrdkjrifhrm;onfh pHcsdefopfrsm;udk zefwD;ae=uonf? olwdk@onf pufr_vkyfief;
acgi;f aqmifrsm;u a&;qGaJ y;onfh pD;yGm;a&;pDru
H ed ;f rsm;ESihf ykpH cH say;xm;aom vkyEf ikd af csrsm;udk
jyKjyifcsufrsm; wifoGif;vm=uonf? olwdk@onf tif*sifeD,mrsm;ESifh twwfynmonfrsm;
ajymqdrk u
_ kd r=umc%jznfph u
G jf cif;/ trSm;jyifjcif;rsm;udk vkyv
f m=uonf? olw@kd u xdo
k rl sm;udk
r=umc% oif=um;ay;+yD; a&S@wdk;&ef wGef;ay;=uonf? tb,fa=umifh qdkaomf olwdk@onf
if;wdk@. vkyfief;enf;ynmudk vkH;0tjynfhtpkH u|rf;usifolrsm;jzpf+yD; twwfynmrsm;xHrS
tjrifhqkH; npfxkwfEdkifor# npfxkwfEdkifpGrf;&Sdolrsm; jzpfjcif;a=umifhyifjzpfonf? ,ae@
pwufcaemhAfrsm;onf ta&twGuf enf;yg;aeao;aomfvnf; reufjzefwGif if;wdk@. 10
qjzpfvmEdkifonfudk rnfolu oHo,jzpfvmEdkifrnfenf;? pwufcaemhAfrsm;onf pufr_
vkyif ef;wGif topftqef;wDxiG o
f rl sm;jzpfa=umif;/ pwufcaemhAv
f y_ f mS ;r_onf u|eaf wmfw@kd
pufr_vkyfief;. tem*wfudk udk,fpm;jyKa=umif;/ Tv_yf&Sm;r_wGif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;.
,Ofaus;r_ESifh enf;ynmtqifhtwef; tem*wfjrifhwufEdkifr_rsdK;aphrsm; yg&Sdaea=umif;/
Tv_yf&Sm;r_onf qkd&S,fvpfpepfrS uGefjrLepfpepful;ajymif;a&;twGufESifh ^m%vkyftm;/
um,vkyt
f m; uGmjcm;r_ukd zsuo
f rd ;f a&;twGuf vdt
k yfonfh ukev
f yk pf rG ;f tm;. pHcsed t
f ne;f
(indices) jrifhrsm;ukd rdrdwOD;wnf;jzifh atmifjrif&&SdEdkifonfh vrf;a=umif;udk zGifhvSpfay;
a=umif;qdkonfudk&Sif;raeaybl;vm;? (txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm 529)
pwufcaemhAf v_y&f mS ;r_ ys@H E@HS omG ;jcif;ESihf 'kw,
d - 5 ESppf rD u
H ed ;f tcdseaf pm+yD;vdu
k jf cif;u
vkyfom;jynfolrsm;. ,Ofaus;r_ESifh aexdkifr_tqifhtwef;wGif wdk;wufvmr_topftwGuf
ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udk zefwD;ay;vdkufonf?
'kwd, 5 ESpf pDrHudef;umvtwGif; tvkyform;ESifh kH;0efxrf;rsm;. vpmpm&if;rSm 2
qausmfwdk;cJhonf? pkpkaygif; vpmpm&if; (payroll) rSm 1933 ckESpfwGif lb,faiG
34,000,000,000 &Sad e&mrS 1937 wGif lb,faiG 81,000,000,000 od@k w;kd vmcJo
h nf? vlra_ &;
tmrcH&efykHaiGrSmvnf; xdkumvwGifrSmyif 4600,000,000 rS 5600,000,000 lb,fodk@
wdk;cJhonf? 1937 wESpfwnf;rSmyif vlr_a&;tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;vma&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_
vdktyfcsufrsm;&&Sd&ef tem;,lpcef;rsm;/ usef;rma&;pcef;rsm;/ aq;kHrsm;ESifh usef;rma&;Xm
ersm;wGif tvkyo
f rm;ESihf 0efxrf;rsm;twGuf Edik if aH wmfrS tmrcHaiG 10,000,000,000 lb,f
aiGudkwdk;csJ@okH;pGJcJhonf?
aus;vufrsm;Y pkaygif;v,f,mpepfonf tcdkiftrm te,fxdkif wnfwef@ae+yD;
jzpfonf? Tonfudk 1935 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v
D Y usi;f yaom pkaygi;f v,f,m rkew
f ikd ;f vkyo
f m;
rsm;. 'kwd,uGef*&ufu csrSwfvdkufaom v,f,mor0g,r pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh xm0pOf
vkyyf ikd cf iG hf (perpetual tenure) ESihf if;wd@k xeG ,
f ufpu
kd yf sK;d aom ajr,m. pkaygi;f v,f,mrsm;
twGuf wm0efcGJa0r_rsm;u }uD;rm;pGm taxmuftuljyKcJhonf? pkaygif;v,f,mpepf cdkifrm
awmifhwif;vmjcif;u aus;vufvlxkt=um;&Sd qif;&Jr_ESifhrvkHr+cKHjzpfr_udk tqkH;owfypf
vdu
k o
f nf? ,cifveG cf o
hJ nfh 3 ESpu
f pkaygi;f v,f,morm;rsm;onf wae@vyk cf ,lepf (workday-unit) twGuf oD;ESH 1 uDvrkd S 2 uDv*kd &rf om&&Scd +hJ y;D / ,cktcgYrl oD;ESpH u
kd yf sKd ;r_ a'orsm;rS
pkaygif;v,f,m v,foorm; trsm;pkonf 5 uDvdk8&rf rS 12 uDvdk*&rf&&Sdaeum
trsm;tjym;rSm wae@vkyfc w,lepf twGuf 20 uDvdk*&rfyif&&Sdaeonf? xdk@tjyif tjcm;
xGufukeftrsKd;tpm;ESifh 0ifaiGrsm;vnf;&Sdaeygonf? oD;ESHpdkufysKd;onhf a'orsm;rS pkaygif;
v,f,m tdrfaxmifpkrsm;wGif ESpfpOf&duQm yGwf (poods) 500 rS 1500 txd &&Sdvmonfh
olrsm;rSm oef;ESifhcsD&Sdae+yD; 0g*Grf;/ rkHvmO/ *kHav#mf/ wd&dp>mefarG;jrLa&;/ pyspfoD;ESifh toD;tESH
pdkufysdK;a&;/ [if;oD;[if;&GufpdkufysdkK;a&;a'orsm;Yvnf; ESpfpOf0ifaiGrSm lb,faxmif/ aomif;
csaD eayonf? pkaygi;f v,f,mrsm;onf xGe;f um;u,
G 0f vm=uonf? ,cktcg pkaygi;f v,f,m
tdrfaxmifpkrsm;. t"dua=umifh=ur_rSm pyg;usDopfrsm;/ *dka'gifopfrsm; aqmuf &efjzpf+yD;
taqmuftOD;a[mif;rsm;rSm ESpfpOf&&Sdonfh tenf;tyg;twGufom aqmufvkyf xm;ojzifh
,cktcg wtdrfaxmifvdktyfr_. q,fykHwykHr#yif r&Sdacs? 1936 ckESpfY jynfol vlxk.
vlaer_tqifhtwef; jrifhvmonfhtwGuf tpdk;&onf om;zsufcsr_udk wm;qD;onhf
Oya'jymef;+yD; wcsed w
f nf;rSmyif om;zGm;Hrk sm;/ uav;xde;f ausmif;rsm;/ Ed@k wu
kd Xf mersm; (milk
centres) ESihf oli,fwef;ausmif;twGuf }uD;rm;us,jf yef@vo
S nfh pDru
H ed ;f udk csrw
S v
f u
kd f onf?
1935 ck E S p f w G i f Tvk y f i ef ; twG u f l b ,f a iG 875,000,000 ok H ; cJ h + yD ; / 1936 ck E S p f
wGifrl2,174,000,000 lb,faiG tukefcH&ef vsmxm;onf? tdrfaxmifpk}uD;olrsm;twGuf
oifhawmfonfhaxmufyHhaiGrsm;ay;&ef Oya'jymef;onf? TOya't& 1937 wGif axmufyHh
aiGpkpkaygif; lb,f 1,000,000,000 xkwfay;cJhonf?
roifrae& tuGif;rJhynma&;pepf usifhokH;r_ESifh ausmif;rsm;topf aqmufvkyfay;
jcif;wdk@u jynfolvlxk. ynma&;wdk;wufr_udk vsifjrefapcJhonf? wdkif;jynfw0ef; ausmif;
trsm;tjym; wnfaqmufco
hJ nf? rlvwef;ESihf tv,fwef; ausmif;om;OD;a&rSm 1914 ckEpS w
f iG f
8,000,000 &Sd&mrS 1936-37 ckESpfpmoifESpfwGif 28,000,000 odk@wdk;rsm;cJhonf?
xdkumvwGifyif wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;rSm 112,000 rS 542,000 odk@wdk;vmcJhayonf?
TonfrSmppfrSefvSaom ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&; w&yfyifwnf;? vlxk. vlr_zlvkHa&;
ESifh ,Ofaus;r_tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;vmjcif;onf u|efawmfwdk@ qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; tif
tm;/ pGrf;&nfESifh tEdkifrcHt_H;ray;jcif;wdk@udk a&mifjyef[yfjyonf? twdwfu awmfvSefa&;
rsm;onf vlxkudk vGwfvyfa&;ay;aomfvnf; vlxk. kyf0wKypPnf;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_t
ajctaersm;udk av;av;eufeuf wdk;wufaumif;rGefatmif rvkyfEdkifr_a=umifh qkH;_H;cJ@&onf?
Tae&mrSm t"dutm;enf;csujf zpfonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd awmfveS af &;rsm;ESihf tjcm; awmfveS f
a&; tm;vkH;. jcm;em;csufrSm TawmfvSefa&;onf jynfolrsm;udk Zmbk&iftkyfpdk;r_ESifh t&if;
&Sipf epfatmufrS vGwaf jrmufapkrH u jynfov
l x
l .
k vlrz_ v
l aHk &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ tqift
h wef;
udk t&if;tjrpfrpS I wd;k wufaumif;rGeaf pjcif;yifjzpfonf? Tae&mrSm if;. tiftm;pGr;f &nf
ESifh tEdkifrcHt_H;ray;jcif;yifjzpfonf?
pwufcaemhAfrsm;. jynfvkH;qdkif&m yxruGefz&ifhwGif &Jabmfpwmvif ajym=um;&mY

u|efawmfwdk@. ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;onf jynfolrsm;udk EdkifiHa&;tusKd;rsm;omru
kyf0wKypPnf;tusKd;rsm;udkvnf; jyoay;Edkifonfh urBmay:&Sdwckwnf;aom awmfvSefa&;jzpf
onf? tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. awmfveS af &; tm;vk;H xJwiG f tm%m&,lEikd o
f nfh awmfveS af &;wck
udkom u|efawmfwdk@odonf? xdkawmfvSefa&;rSm yJ&pfbkHtzGJ@jzpfonf? odk@aomf =um=umrcHcJh?
if;u t&if;&Sipf epf. tcsKyftaESmifrsm;udk acsre_ ;f &ef }udK;yrf;cJo
h nf rSeaf omfvnf; acsre_ ;f &ef
tcsdefr&&SdcJhyJ/ jynfolrsm;udkvnf; awmfvSefa&;. kyf0wKtusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;ukd rjyoEkdifcJhacs?
u|efawmfwkd@. awmfvSefa&;onf t&if;&Sifpepf. tcsKyftaESmifrsm;ukd acsr_ef;+yD; jynfol
vlxkudk vGwfvyfcGifhay;&kHr#ru jynfolvlxk. b0csrf;om uG,f0vmap&ef kyf0wK t
a=umif;tcsufrsm;udkvnf; zefwD;ay;onfh wckwnf;aom awmfvSefa&;jzpfayonf? T
onfrmS u|eaf wmfw@kd awmfveS af &;. pGr;f &nfEiS hf rcsK;d ESrd Ef ikd rf j_ zpfonf? (txufygpmapmif/ pmrsuEf mS 532)
3? qdkAD,ufrsm;. (8) }udrfajrmuf uGef*&uf? qdkAD,uf,leD,H. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccH

Oya'pnf;rsOf;opfudk vufcHtwnfyjcif;?
1935 ckESpf azazmfyg&DwGif qdkAD,ufqdk&S,fvpfjynfaxmifpkorRwEdkifiH/ qdkAD,ufrsm;.
7 }udrfajrmuf uGef*&ufu 1924 ckESpfu vufcHtwnfjyKcJhonfh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk.
zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
Hk ajccHOya'udk ajymif;vJ&ef qk;H jzwfcsucf sco
hJ nf? yxrzG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyu
Hk kd 1924
ckESpfu pwifvufcHcsdefrSpI qdkAD,uf,leD,H. b0onf tvGef}uD;rm;pGm ajymif;vJ+yD;jzpfI
zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk jyKjyif&ef vdt
k yfvmcJo
h nf? TumvtwGi;f wdik ;f jynfwiG ;f &Sd
vlwef;pm;tiftm;pkrsm;. qufqHr_onf vkH;0ajymif;vJcJh+yD; qdk&S,fvpf pufr_vkyfief;opf
udkvnf; zefwD;wnfaxmifcJh+yD;jzpfonf? ul;vwfrsm;udkvnf; acsr_ef;cJh+yD; pkaygif;v,f,m
pepfvnf; atmifyGJcHum xkwfvkyfa&;y&dabm*rsm;tm; qdk&S,fvpfydkifqdkifr_udkvnf; trsdK;
om;pD;yGm;a&;. vkyfief;cGJwdkif;Y qdkAD,uftzGJ@tpnf;. tajccHtjzpf xlaxmif+yD;jzpfonf?
qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepf atmifycJG v
H u
kd rf u
_ a&G;aumufypJG epf ydrk 'kd rD u
kd a&pDusa&;ESihf wef;wlnrD #aom
tm;vkH;v#dK@0SufrJESifh wdkufdkufrJay;cGifh usifhokH;a&;udkjzpfEdkifapcJhonf?
qdkAD,uf,leD,H. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtopfudk &Jabmfpwmvif OuUtjzpf aqmifGuf
onfh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHa&;qGJa&; aumfr&Sifu xdk&nf&G,fcsufjzifh a&;qGJcJhonf? rl=urf;udk EdkifiH
t0ef; avhvmaqG;aEG;cJh&m aqG;aEG;yGJrSm 5 vcGJ =umjrifhcJhonf? xdkaemuf qdkAD,ufrsm;. 8
}udrfajrmuf uGef*&ufwGif wifoGif;cJhonf?
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'topf rl=urf;udk vufcHtwnfjyK&ef odk@r[kwf y,fcs&ef
twGuf txl;ac:,lusif;yaom qdkAD,ufrsm;. 8 }udrfajrmufuGef*&ufudk 1936 ckESpf
Edk0ifbmvwGifusif;ycJhonf?
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'topf rl=urf;ESifhywfouf+yD; uGef*&ufY tpD&ifcH&mwGif

&Jabmfpwmvifu 1924 zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'tm; usio
hf ;Hk csed rf pS I qdAk ,
D uf,el ,
D YH
ay:aygufcJhaom t"duajymif;vJr_rsm;udk a&wGufjyocJhonf?
1924 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHukd pD;yGm;a&; ay:vpDopfumv tapmydkif;wGif
a&;qGJcJhonf? xdktcsdefu qdkAD,uftpdk;&onf t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wdk;wufr_udk qdk&S,fvpf
pepf jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ESifh ,SOfwGJvsuf cGifhjyKqJjzpfcJhonf? t&if;&SifpepfESifh qdk&S,fvpfpepf
qdkonfhpepf ESpfckt=um; +ydKifqdkifr_jzpfpOftwGif; pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,fY qdk&S,fvpfpepfu
t&if;&Sifpepftay: atmifyGJcHEdkifa&;udk pnf;Hk;vkyfaqmif&efESifh tmrcHEdkif&eftwGuf
qdkAD,uftpdk;&u pDpOfcJhonf? rnfolEdkifrnfenf; qdkonfhjy\emudk rajz&Sif;Ekdifao;acs?
a[mif;EGrf;acwfaemufusae+yD; rvkHavmufaom twwfynm ud&d,mrsm;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;
onf ppfrjzpfrDtqifhudk rrDao;acs? v,f,mvkyfief;rS ykHazmfr_rsm;rSm ydkIyiftm;r&p&mjzpf
onf? Edik if aH wmfv,f,mESihf pkaygi;f v,f,mrsm;rSm/ wOD;csi;f v,form; v,f,mrsm;. us,f
ajymvSaom ork'&N mjyifxrJ S u|e;f ao;/ u|e;f r$m;r#om jzpfaeao;onf? xdt
k csed u
f jy\emrSm
ul;vwfrsm;udk acsr_ef;a&; r[kwfao;bJ/ xdef;csKyfa&;r#omjzpfao;onf? qdk&S,fvpftpdwf
tydkif;rSm wdkif;jynfukefoG,fa&;. 50 &mckdifE_ef;r# avmufom&Sdao;onf?
1936 ckESpf qdkAD,uf,leD,H. ykHomefrsm;rSm vkH;0uGJjym;jcm;em;cJhay+yD? xdktcsdefwGif
wdkif;jynf. pD;yGm;a&;b0onf vkH;0ajymif;vJoGm;cJhay+yD? t&if;&Sif tpdwftydkif;rsm;onf
vkH;0tacsr_ef;cHvdkuf&+yD; qdk&S,fvpfpepfonf pD;yGm;a&;b0tm;vkH;Y atmifyGJcHaeonf?
,cktcg ppfrjzpfrD txGufxuf 7 qwdk; xGufEdkifao;onfh tiftm;awmifhwif;vSaom
qd&k ,
S v
f pfpufrv
_ yk if ef;&Sv
d m+yD;/ woD;yk*v
~ pufrv
_ yk if ef;rsm;udk vk;H 0ab;z,fvu
kd Ef ikd af eyg+yD?
acwfrpD uf,E &W m;rsm; wyfqifxm;+y;D urBmay:wGif tcsKd ;tpm; t}u;D rm;qk;H vnfywf aeonfh
pkaygif;v,f,mESifh EddkifiHawmfv,f,mrsm;omefESifh pufr_wyfqifxm;onfh qdk&S,f
vpfv,f,mvkyfief;onfvnf; v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;Y atmifyGJcHaeonf? 1936 ckESpfY
ul;vwfrsm;onf vlwef;pm;tjzpfrS aysmufuG,foGm;+yD; woD;yk*~vdu v,form;rsm;onf
wdkif;jynf. pD;yGm;a&;b0wGifrnfonfh ta&;ygonfhtcef;r# r&Sdawmhacs? ukefoG,fa&;rSm
EdkifiHawmfESifh or0g,rrsm;. vufxJwGif vkH;0pkykHpkpnf;xm;+yD;jzpfonf? vlvlcsif; aoG;pkyf
r_pepfonfvnf; xm0&zsufodrf;vdkuf+yDjzpfonf? xkwfvkyfa&;y&dabm*rsm;. qdk&S,fvpf
trsm;ydik pf epfonfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;b0vkyif ef;cGJ tm;vk;H wGif qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepf. r,dr;f ,dik af om
tajccHtkwfjrpftjzpf xlaxmif+yD;jzpfonf? qdk&S,fvpfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;opfY tusyftwnf;
rsm;/ qif;&JcsdK@wJhjcif;ESifh tvkyfvufrJhjzpfr_rsm;onf xm0& aysmufuG,foGm;cJhay+yD? qdkAD,uf
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;0if tm;vkH;twGuf ,Ofaus;r_&Sd+yD; csrf;omuG,f0onfh b0&&Sd&ef tcsuft
vufrsm;udk zefwD;ay;vdkufonf?
&Jabmfpwmvifu ol. tpD&ifcHpmwGif qdkAD,uf,leD,H vlxk.vlwef;pm; zGJ@pnf;r_
onfvnf; tvm;wl ajymif;vJvmcJhonf [kqdkonf// jynfwGif;ppfumvtwGif; ajr&Sifvl
wef;pm;ESifh e,fcsJ@"e&Sifa[mif;}uD;rsm;udkvnf; acsr_ef;cJh+yD;jzpfonf? qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmuf

a&;ESpfrsm;twGif; aoG;pkyfonfhtpdwftydkif;tm;vkH; t&if;&Sif/ ukefonf/ ul;vwfESifh tjrwf
}uD;pm;wdk@udk acsr_ef;cJh+yD;jzpfonf? acsr_ef;cH&+yD; aoG;pkyfvlwef;pm;xJrS rajymyavmufaom
tenf;tusOf;r#om usefaeao;+yD; r=umrDumvtwGif; vkH;0acsr_ef;+yD; jzpfvdrfhrnf?
qdkAD,uf,leD,H&Sd vkyfom;jynfolrsm;jzpfonfh - tvkyform;/ v,form;ESifh ynm
wwfrsm;- onf qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&; umvtwGif; av;av;eufeuf ajymif;vJvmcJh
ay+yD?
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf t&if;&Sifpepfatmufu xkwfvkyfa&;u&d,mrsm; r&Sd/
csdK@wJhonfh aoG;pkyfcHvlwef;pm;tjzpfrS &yfpJoGm;ay+yD? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf t&if;&Sif
pepfukd acsre_ ;f vdu
k +f yD; t&if;&Sirf sm;xHrS xkwv
f yk af &;y&dabm*rsm;udk odr;f ,lum trsm;ydik jf yK
vkyfvdkufonf? oifhavsmfavsmfuefonfh pum;vkH;a[mif; ypPnf;rJhqdkonfhb0udk tqkH;owf
vdu
k af yonf? Edik if aH wmftm%mudk ydik q
f ikd af eonfh qdAk ,
D ufjynfaxmifprk S ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;
onf vk;H 0opfviG o
f nfh vlwef;pm;w&yfo@kd v;Hk 0ul;ajymif;oGm;cJah y+yD? if;wd@k onf aoG;pkyrf r_ S
vGwaf jrmufvmonfh tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpfo@kd vnf;aumif;/ t&if;&Sipf ;D yGm;a&;
pepfudkzsufodrf;+yD; qdk&S,fvpfpepfydkifqdkifr_udkxlaxmifonfh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;
tjzpfo@kd vnf;aumif; a&muf&v
dS m+yDjzpfonf? xdek nf;jzifh vlom;rsm;ordik ;f Y r&Scd b
hJ ;l ao; onfh
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;w&yf jzpfvmcJhonf?
qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk v,form;rsm;. tajctae ajymif;vJr_rsm;onfvnf; xdkenf;
enf;wleufd_if;cJhygonf? a&S;a[mif;u usJjye@faeom wOD;csif;tdrfaxmifpk oef; 20 ausmfwdk@
onf v,form;uav;aomfvnf;aumif;/ tvwfwef;pm;v,form;uav;aomfvnf;
aumif;/ if;wdk@. ajruGufi,fuav;rsm;wGif a[mif;EGrf;aemufusaom enf;ynm/ ud&d,m
rsm;jzifh wOD;csi;f =uuf,ufovdk &SmazGpm;aomufc&hJ onf? olw@kd onf ajr&Sirf sm;/ ul;vwfrsm;/
ukefonfrsm;ESifh tjrwf}uD;pm;rsm; ponfwdk@. aoG;pkyfr_udkcHcJh&onf? ,cktcg qdkAD
,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif vkH;0opfvGifonfh v,form;xk ay:xGufvm+yDjzpfonf? v,form;
rsm;tm; aoG;pkyfrnfh ajrydkif&Sif/ ul;vwf/ ukefonfESifh tjrwf}uD;pm;wdk@ r&Sdawmhacs? v,f
orm;tdraf xmifpk trsm;wumh trsm;pk}uD;onf xkwv
f yk af &; y&d abm*rsm;tay: yk*v
~ u
d
ydkifqdkifonfhpepftay: tajcrcHyJ trsm;ydkifqdkifonfhpepftay: tajccHonfh pkaygif;v,f,m
rsm;twGi;f 0ifa&mufc=hJ uonf? pkaygi;f vkyt
f m;rS xGuaf y:vmonfh pkaygi;f ydik q
f ikd rf j_ zpfonf?
TonfrSm aoG;pkyfr_tm;vkH;rS vGwfajrmufonfh v,form;xk/ v,form; trsdK;tpm;
opfw&yf jzpfonf? TonfrSm vlom;rsm;ordkif;Y r&SdcJhbl;ao;onfh v,form;xkw&yf
jzpfvmcJo
h nf?
qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk ynmwwftv$monfvnf; ajymif;vJvmcJhonf? trsm;pkrSm
vkH;0opfvGifonfh ynmwwftv$mjzpfvmonf? trsm;pk}uD;onf tvkyform;/ v,form;
rsm;rS vm=uolrsm;jzpfonf? if;wdk@onf ynmwwfvla[mif;rsm;uJhodk@ t&if;&Sifpepfudk
tvkyfau|;jyKolrsm; r[kwfrawmhbJ qdk&S,fvpfpepfudk tvkyftau|; jyKae=u+yDjzpfonf?

olwdk@onf wef;wlonfh qdk&S,fvpf vl@tzGJtpnf;0ifrsm; jzpfvm=u+yDjzpfonf? olwdk@onf
tvkyo
f rm;/ v,form;rsm;ESit
hf wl opfviG o
f nfh qd&k ,
S v
f pfvt
l zG@J tpnf;udk wnfaqmuf
ae=uonf? TonfrSm aoG;pkyfr_tm;vkH;rS vGwfajrmufonfh jynfolvlxkudk tvkyftau|;
jyKaom ynmwwftrsKd ;tpm;w&yf jzpfvmonf? TonfrmS vlom;rsm;ordik ;f Y r&Scd b
hJ ;l ao;
onfh ynmwwftv$mw&yfjzpfvmcJhonf?
Tenf;jzifh qdkAD,uf,leD,HrSm vkyfom;jynfolrsm;t=um; vlwef;pm;cGJjcm;onfh vr;f
a[mif;udk ydwfypfvdkuf+yD; vlwef;pm;oD;oef@jzpfr_rsm;udkvnf; aysmufuG,foGm;aponf?
tvkyform;/ v,form;ESifh ynmwwfrsm;t=um; EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&; ydyuQrsm; avsmhyg;
vm+yD; wjznf;jznf; aysmufuG,fvmaeay+yD? vltzGJ@tpnf;. pdwf"mwfa&;&mESifh EdkifiH
a&;pnf;vkH; nD!Gwfr_ tajccHtkwfjrpfudkvnf; zefwD;vdkufonf?
qdkAD,uf,leD,H b0twGif; }uD;rm;av;eufvSonfh Tajymif;vJr_rsm;udk qdkAD,uf
,leD,H&Sd qdk&S,fvpfpepfu tjywftowf &&Sdxm;aom TatmifyGJrsm;udk zGJpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH
opfwGif a&mifjyef[yfjyxm;onf?
zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyo
Hk pft& qdAk ,
D ufvt
l zG@J tpnf;wGif tvkyo
f rm;ESihf v,form; qdo
k nfh
cspf=unf&if;ESD;onfh vlwef;pm;ESpf&yfyg0if+yD; xdkESpfrsKd;t=um; vlwef;pm; uGJjym;jcm;
em;csufrsm;vnf; qufvuf&Sd+rJ&Sdaeao;onf? qdkAD,ufqdk&S,fvpf jynfaxmifpkorRwEdkifiH
onf tvkyform;/v,form;rsm;. qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHawmfjzpfonf?
ajr&SifESifh t&if;&Sifwdk@. tm%mudk+zdKvSJ+yD; ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf atmifjrifcsufrsm;
a=umifh jzpfay:wd;k wuf tiftm;}u;D xGm;vSonfh vkyo
f m;jynfo@l ud,
D uf
rsm;u qdkAD,uf,leD,H. tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfayonf?
qdkAD,uf,leD,H. tm%mtm;vkH;udk awma&m+rdK@yg&Sd vkyfom;jynfolrsm;u ydkif=u+yD;
vkyfom;jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufrsm;u udk,fpm;jyKonf?
qdkAD,uf,leD,H. EdkifiHawmftm%m tjrifhqkH;taqmufttkHrSm qdkAD,uf,leD,H.
tjrifhqkH;qdkAD,uf (Supreme Soviet) jzpfonf?
qdAk ,
D uf,el ,
D .
H tjrifq
h ;Hk qdAk ,
D ufwiG f wef;wlnrD #onfh tcGit
hf a&;rsm;ESihf vGwaf wmf
ESp&f yf&o
dS nf? if;wd@k rmS jynfaxmifpq
k Akd ,
D ufEiS hf trsK;d om;rsm;qdAk ,
D ufw@kd jzpf+yD; qdAk ,
D ufjynf
olrsm;u 4 ESpfoufwrf;twGuf vsdK@0SufrJjzifh tuGif;rJhwef;wl wdkufkdufrJay;onfhpepf
tajccHay:wGif a&G;aumufwifajrmuf=uonf?
vkyo
f m;jynfo@l ud,
D uftm;vk;H rSmuJo
h @kd yif tjrifq
h ;Hk qkAd ,
D ufo@kd
a&G;aumufyGJrsm;onf tuGif;rJhjzpfonf? qdkvdkonfrSm qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkom;tm;vkH;
touf 18 ESpfjynfholwdkif; vlrsdK;/ bmom/ ynmt&nftcsif;/ ae&yfXmeD/ vlr_Zmpfjrpf/ ypPnf;
tqifhtwef; odk@r[kwf twdwfu vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk y"me rjyKbJ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
a&G;aumufyGJwGif rJay;cGifh&Sd+yD;/ 0ifa&mufa&G;cs,fcHcGifhvnf;&Sdonf? l;oGyfaeolrsm;ESifh w&m;

H;k rsm;rS tjypf'%fcsrw
S x
f m;onfh w&m;cHrsm;omv#if a&G;aumufyt
JG cGit
hf a&;rsm; r&Edik af cs?
udk,fpm;vS,frsm; a&G;aumufyGJrsm;onf wdkufdkufjzpfonf? qdkvdkonfrSm awma&m+rdK@
yg&dS vkyo
f m;jynfo@l u,
kd pf m;vS,f qdAk ,
D ufrsm;utp/ tjrifq
h ;Hk qdAk ,
D uftqk;H vkyo
f m;jynf
ol@ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufrsm;tm;vkH;udk jynfoltm;vkH;u wdkufkdufrJqENjzifh a&G;
aumufwifajrmufonf?
tjrifhqkH;qdkAD,ufonf vGwfawmfESpf&yfyl;wGJpnf;a0;+yD; tjrifhqkH;qdkAD,uf. obm
ywdtzGJ@ESifh qdkAD,uf,leD,H jynfo@lEdkifiHa&;rSL;rsm;aumifpDudk a&G;aumufwifajrmufonf?
qdkAD,uf,leD,H. pD;yGm;a&;tajccHrSm qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh xkwfvkyfa&;y&d
abm*rsm;udk qdk&S,fvpf ydkifqdkifr_pepfjzpfonf? qkd&S,fvpfrljzpfaom vkyfEdkifoavmufvkyf/
vkyfoavmuff,l qdkonfudk qdkAD,uf,leD,HY taumiftxnfazmfaeonf?
qdkAD,uf,leD,H jynfoltm;vkH;wdk@onf tvkyfvkyfcGifh/ tvkyfem;cGifh/ ynmoifcGifh /
touf}uD;onfhtcgESifh zsm;em'kuQdwjzpfaomtcg yifpifcHpm;cGifhrsm;&Sd=uonf? e,fy,f
tm;vkH;wGif trdsK;orD;rsm;udk trsdK;om;rsm;ESifh wef;wltcGifhta&;ay;&rnf? trsdK;om;ra&G;/
vlrsKd;ra&G; qdkAD,uf,leD,H jynfoltm;vkH;. wef;wlnDr#r_onf xm0&Oya'jzpfonf? vGwf
vyfpmG ,k=H unfciG Ehf iS hf vGwv
f yfpmG bmomw&m;qef@usicf iG /hf 0g'jzef@cscd surf sm;udv
k nf; jynfol
tm;vkH;twGuf todtrSwfjyKonf?
qdk&S,fvpfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;ukd cdkifrmawmifhwif;apa&;twGuf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHu vGwf
vyfpGm ajymqdka&;om; pkkH;pnf;a0;cGifh/ vlxktpnf;tkH;rsm;udk pnf;kH;EdkifcGifh/ vlyk*~dKvfrsm;
udk av;pm;jcif;/ pmay;pm,lrsm;udk vGwv
f yfciG ahf y;jcif;/ vkyo
f m;jynforl sm;. tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk
umuG,fonfhtwGufvnf;aumif;/ ody`Henf;us vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/
if;wdk@trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; wdkufyGJrsma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ zdESdyfnOf;yef;cH&onfh EdkifiH
jcm;om;rsm;udk cdkv_HcGifhjyKjcif;rsm;udk cGifhjyKtmrcHonf?
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHpnf;rsOf;opfu qdkAD,uf,leD,H&Sd jynfoljynfom;tm;vkH;tay:
}uD;rm;eufd_if;onfh wm0efrsm; tyfESif;vdkufonf? w&m;Oya'rsm;udk vdkufem&ef/ vkyftm;
pnf;urf;rsm;udk xde;f odr;f &e/f trsm;qdik &f mwm0ef rsm;udk d;k om;ajzmifrh wfpmG xrf;aqmif&ef/
qd&k ,
S v
f pftzG@J tpnf;0if pnf;urf;rsm;udk av;pm;&ef/ trsm;ydik f qd&k ,
S v
f pf ypPn;f OpPmrsm;udk
umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&efESifh qdk&S,fvpf tzEdkifiHawmfudk umuG,f&efwm0efrsm;jzpfonf?
tzEdkifiHumuG,fa&;onf qdkAD,ufjynfolwdkif;. txGwftjrwfwm0efjzpfonf?
tzG@J tpnf;trsKd ;rsK;d twGi;f Edik if o
H m;rsm; vGwv
f yfpmG pnf;k;H cGiEhf iS hf ywfoufI zG@J pnf;tkyf csKyfyYHk
azmfjycsufwckrSm
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;xJrSESifh tjcm;vkyfom;jynfol tpdwftydkif;rsm;xJrS twuf
tuGqkH;ESifh EdkifiHa&;Edk;=um;r_t&SdqkH; vlrsm;onf qdkAD,uf,leD,HuGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&SdApf)
twGif;pnf;kH;yg0ifvm=u+yD; ygwDonf vkyfom;jynfolrsm;. qdk&S,fvpfpepf awmifhwif;
cdik rf mjzpfay:wd;k yGm;a&;wdu

k yf .
JG wyfO;D jzpfum vkyo
f m;jynforl sm;. trsm;ydik Ef iS hf Edik if aH wmfyikd f
tzGJ@tpnf;tm;vkH;. acgif;aqmifA[dkrdKifvnf;jzpfonf?
8 }udrfajrmuf qdkAD,ufrsm;. uGef*&ufu qdkAD,uf,leD,H. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH topf
rl=urf;udk wnDw!Gww
f nf; vufct
H wnfjyK qk;H jzwfc=Jh uonf?
Tenf;jzifh qdkAD,ufEdkifiHwGif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtopf &&Sdvdkuf+yD; zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHwGif
qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepf atmifycJG rH E_ iS hf tvkyo
f rm;/ v,form; 'Dru
kd a&pDukd xnfo
h iG ;f kyv
f ;Hk azmfxm;
onf?
Tenf;jzifh qdkAD,uf,leD,Honf jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ tqifhopfw&yfodk@ qdk&S,fvpfvl@
tzG@J tpnf; wnfaqmufr_ +yD;pD;oGm;onfh tqifrh S vkyEf ikd o
f avmufvyk /f vdo
k avmuf,l
qdkonfh uGefjrLepfrludk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;b0. vrf;!efr_tjzpfxm;&Sdonfh uGefjrLepfvl@tzGJ@
tpnf;odk@ wjznf;jznf; ul;ajymif;0ifa&mufae+yDqdkonfh ordkif;wGifavmufonfh tcsufudk
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHpnf;rsOf;u Oya'a=umif;t& okyfazmfjyvdkufayonf?
4? olv#dKrsm;/ tzsuform;rsm;ESifh wdkif;jynfopPmazmuf blcg&if-xa&mhpuD*dk%f; tuGif;
tusefrsm;udk acsr_ef;zsufqD;jcif;? qdkAD,uf,leD,H. tjrifhqkH; qdkAD,ufaG;aumufyGJ twGuf
jyifqifr_rsm;? ygwD. c&D;vrf;a=umif; tjzpf us,fjyef@onhf ygwDwGif;'Drdkua&pD? qdkAD,uf
,leD,H. tjrifhqkH; qdkAD,ufaG;aumufyGJ?
1937 ckESpfwGif blcg&if-xa&mhpuD*dk%f;. &ufpuf,kwfrmaom tr_rsm;ESifh ywf
oufonfh tcsut
f vufopfrsm; ay:ayguv
f monf? ysmwmaumhA/f &m'ufcf polrsm;. tr_ppf
aq;csuf/ wlcgcsufAfpuD; (Tukhachevsky)/ &mum (Yakir) polrsm;. tr_ppf aq;csufESifh
aemufqkH; blcg&if/ dkifaumhAf/ c&ufpwif;puD; (Krestinsky)/ dkpifaumhpf (Rosengoltz)
polrsm;. tr_ppfaq;csut
f m;vk;H wd@k rS od&v
dS m&onfrmS blcg&if/ xa&mhpuD aemufvu
kd rf sm;rSm
vufsmorm;rsm;ESifh xa&mhpuD0g'Dtkyfpk [laomtrnfjzifh v_yf&Sm; aeonfh jynfol@
&eforl sm;. *d%
k ;f wckukd =um&Sn=f umrsm;uyif yl;aygi;f zG@J pnf;cJo
h nfqo
kd nfh tcsuyf ifjzpfonf?
vlom;rsm;. trd_ufodkufjzpfaom xa&mhpuD/ ZDEdkApfESifh uJrDeufAfwdk@onf jynfol@
&efolrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;qufpyfI atmufwdkbm qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; tapmydkif; &ufrsm;
uyif vDeifygwDESifh qdkAD,ufEdkifiHawmfudk v#dK@0Sufvkyf}uH ykefuef&ef }uHpnfcJhykHudk tr_ppfaq;
csurf sm;twGi;f ay:xGuv
f mcJo
h nf? 1918 ck tapmykid ;f umv twGi;f b&ufp-f vpfawmhApf f
+idrf;csrf;a&;ysufatmif wjznf;jznf;}udK;yrf;r_rsm;/ 1918 ckESpf aEGOD;aygufwGif vDeiftm;
vkyf}uH&ef}uHpnfr_ESifh vuf0J qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;+yD; vDeif/ pwm
vifEiS hf qAm;'favmh'w
f @dk udk zrf;qD;owfjzwf&ef }uHpnfr/_ 1918 ck aEGumvwGif vDeif'%f&m
&aom aoewfypfr_/ 1918 ck aEGumvwGif vuf0J qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; orm;rsm;.
ykefuefr_/ ygwDwGif;rSaeI vDeif. acgif;aqmifr_udk tm;enf;csnfheJ@apum jyKwfusap&ef
&nf&G,fcsufjzifh 1921 ckESpf ygwDwGif; oabmxm;uGJvGJr_rsm;udk ydkrdkjyif;xef&ef tpDpOf&Sd&Sd
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;/ vDeif emrusef;jzpfaepOfESifh aoqkH;+yD;aemuf ygwD.acgif;aqmifr_udk

z,f&Sm;&ef }uKd;yrf;r_rsm;/ EdkifiHawmf. v#dK@0Sufcsufrsm;udk opPmazmufjcif;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;olv#dK
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@ olv#dKoabmaqmifaom tcsuftvufrsm;ydk@ay;jcif;/ uda&mhAftm;
&ufpufpGmowfjzwfjcif;/ tzsufvkyfief;rsm;/ vrf;v$Jr_rsm;/ azmufcGJr_rsm;/ rJefZifpuD;
(Manzhinsky)/ cD,b
l ikd &f u
S zf /f a*:uD (Gorky)wd@k ukd ol&aJ bma=umifpmG owfjzwfjcif;ponfh
tESpEf pS q
f ,ftwGi;f Tqd;k ,kwv
f o
S nfh tr_rsm;tm;vk;H udk "e&SiEf ikd if rH sm; . olv#Kd vkyif ef;rsm;
rS trdef@ay;csuft& xa&mhpuD/ ZDEdkApf/ uJrDeufAf/ blcg&if/ dkif;aumhAfESifh if;wdk@. vufkH;rsm;
yl;aygif;yg0ifqifE$Jjcif; odk@r[kwf nef=um;csufrsm;jzifh usL;vGefcJh =uayonf?
tr_ppfaq;csufrsm;twGif;Y xa&mhpuD - blcg&if vl,kwfrmrsm;onf if;wdk@ q&m
rsm;jzpfaom EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;rS olv#dKXmersm;. tvdkqENrsm;udk em,lvdkufemum
ygwED iS q
hf Akd ,
D ufEikd if aH wmfukd zsuq
f ;D &ef/ wdik ;f jynf. umuG,af &;tiftm;udk csnehf @J tm;enf;
oGm;ap&ef ppfa&;t& EdkifiHjcm;rS 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_udk ulnD&ef/ wyfeDawmf _H;edrfha&;twGuf
jyifqif&ef/ qdkAD,uf,leD,H}uD; +ydKuGJysufpD;ap&ef/ qdkAD,uf. yifv,fajrudk *syefodk@vnf;
aumif;/ bdkifvdkk&Sm;udk ydkvefodk@ vnf;aumif;/ qdkAD,uf,lu&def;udk *smreDodk@ vnf;aumif;
xdk;tyf&ef tvkyform;rsm;ESifh pkaygif;v,form;rsm;. atmifoD;atmifyGifhrsm;udk zsufqD;
&efESifh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif t&if;&Sifaus;u|efjyKr_ jyefvnfxlaxmif&ef vkyfaqmifcJh=u
onfqdkonfh tcsufrsm;ay:xGufvmonf?
jcifwaumifavmufyif tiftm;r&Sdonfh TwyfjzLvlysufrsm;onf rdrdwdk@ udk,fukd,f
wkid f wdik ;f jynf. t&Sio
f cifrsm;tjzpf txif}uD; b0ifjrifah e[ef&+dS yD; ,lu&de;f / bdik v
f kd k&mS ;ESihf
yifv,fjyifudkay;ypfjcif; odk@r[kwf a&mif;csEdkifonfh tm%m if;wdk@wGif wu,f&Sdonf[k
xifjrif,lqae=uonf?
TwyfjzL raumif;qdk;0g;rsm;onf qdkAD,ufEdkifiHawmf. wu,fht&Sifocifrsm;rSm
qdAk ,
D ufjynforl sm;om jzpfa=umif;ESihf kid af umhArf sm;/ blcg&ifrsm;/ ZDEdkApfrsm;ESifh uJrDeufAfrsm;
onf EdkifiHawmf. ,m,Dvkyfom;rsm;omjzpf+yD; rnfonfhtcsdefrqdk if;wdk@udk tokH;rusonfh
trd_ufodkufrsm;tjzpf &mxl;rsm;rS xkwfy,fEdkifa=umif;rsm;udk arhavsmhcJh=uonf?
Tpufqkyf&GH&SmzG,f zufqpfaemufvdkufacG;rsm;onf qdkAD,ufjynfolrsm;u vuf
acsmif;av;wacsmif; v_yv
f u
kd f jHk zifh if;wd@k tptersm; ruseaf tmifjzpfomG ;Edik o
f nfukd arhavsmh
cJh=uonf? qdkAD,uf w&m;Hk;u blcg&if - xa&mhpuD vl,kwfrmrsm;udk ypfowf&ef trdef@cs
vdkufonf? jynfhol@jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;Xmeu xdktrdef@udk taumiftxnfazmfonf?
qdAk ,
D ufjynforl sm;onf blcg&if-xa&mhpuD;*d%
k ;f acsre_ ;f vdu
k jf cif;udk axmufcv
H u
kd +f yD;/
aemufvkyfief;opf pwifcJh=uonf? aemufvkyfief;rSm qdkAD,uf,leD,HtjrifhqkH; qdkAD,uft
wGuf a&G;aumufyGJudk jyifqif=u&efjzpf+yD;/ Tonfudk pnf;kH;r_&Sd&Sd taumiftxnfazmf&ef
jzpfonf?
ygwo
D nf a&G;aumufyJG jyifqifrr_ sm;twGuf tm;oGeaf qmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf? ygwu
D zG@J pnf;
tkyfcsKyfykHtopfudk taumiftxnfazmfjcif;onf wdkif;jynfEdkifiHa&;b0. tvSnfh tajymif;
udkazmf!ef;onf[k cH,lxm;onf? TtvSnfhtajymif;qdkonfrSm a&G;aumufyGJpepfudk t
jynfht0'Drdkua&pDusa&; uef@owfrJay;cGifhukd tuGif;rJh rJay;cGifhjzifh tpm;xdk;jcif;/ vkH;0wef;
wlr_r&Sdonfh rJay;cGifhudk wef;wlrJay;cGifhjzifh tpm;xdk;jcif;/ oG,f0dkufa&G;aumufyGJudk wdkuf kduf
a&G;aumufyjJG zifh tpm;xd;k jcif;/ ajymifraJ y;jcif;udk v#K@d 0u
S rf aJ y;jcif;jzifh tpm;xd;k jcif;wd@k ukd qdv
k dk
ayonf?
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtopfrjymef;rDu bkef;}uD;rsm;/ ,cifwyfjzLa[mif;rsm;/ ul;vwf
a[mif;rsm;ESihf vlra_ &; t& toH;k usonfh tvkyt
f udik rf &So
d rl sm;. rJqENay;cGiEhf iS hf ywfoufI
uef@owfr_rsm;&Sdygonf? zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtopfu udk,fpm;vS,fa&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk tuGif;
rhjJ zpfapvdu
k jf cif;jzifh TuJo
h @kd aom trsK;d tpm;Ekid if o
H m;rsm;. rJqENay;cGihf uef@owfcsuf rsm;udk
zsuo
f rd ;f vdu
k o
f nf?
,cifu uk,
d pf m;vS,f a&G;aumufyrJG sm;wGif +rdK@EiS ahf us;vufvx
l rk sm;twGuf uk,
d pf m;
jyKonfh tajccHrsm;rSm rwlnu
D jJG ym;+yD; wef;wlrr_ &Sad cs? ok@d aomf ,cktcg rJqENay;cGihf wef;wlr_
tay: uef@owfcsufrsm;twGuf vkdtyfcsuftm;vHk; aysmufuG,foGm;+yD; EkdifiHawmfol
Ekid if aH wmfom;tm;vH;k wef;wlnrD #onfh tajccHay:wGif a&G;aumuf yGrJ sm;Y yg0ifciG &hf &Scd o
hJ nf?
,cifu qkdAD,uftm%m. tv,ftvwfESifh ykdrkdjrifhrm;onfh taqmufttHk a&G;
aumufyGJrsm;rSm oG,f0kdufa&G;aumufjcif;jzpfonf? okd@aomf,cktcg zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
topfatmufY qkdAD,ufrsm;tm;vHk; aus;vufESifh +rdK@&Gmrsm;rS tp tjrifhqHk; qkdAD,uftxd
EkdifiHom;rsm;u wkdufkdufa&G;aumuf&efjzpfonf?
,cifu qkAd ,
D ufu,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm;ukd ajAmifrq
J ENjzifh a&G;cs,cf +hJ yD; uk,
d pf m;vS,af vmif;
trnfpm&if;rsm;ukdom rJay;cJh=uonf? okd@aomf ,cktcg ukd,fpm;vS,f rJay;r_rsm;onf
v#dK@0SufrJay;&efjzpf+yD; trnfpm&if;t& r[kwfawmhbJ a&G;aumufyGJae&mwkdif;wGif ukd,fpm;
vS,af vmif;rsm;ukd wOD;csi;f trnfwifoiG ;f &onf? TonfrmS wku
d jf ynf;. Ekid if aH &; b0wGif
tjywftowf vSnfhajymif;r_w&yfjzpfonf?
jynfolvlxk. EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk jrifhwif&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ qdkAD,uftm%m
taqmufttkHrsm;tay: vlxku ydkrdkxdef;csKyf&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ qdkAD,uftm%m
taqmufttkHrsm;u jynfolvlxktay: wm0ef,lr_ wdk;jrifhvm&mwGifvnf;aumif; a&G;
aumufyGJpepfonf rkcsyiftusdK;&Sdap&efjzpf+yD; trSefvnf; tusdK;rsm;vmcJhonf?
TtvSnfhtajymif;twGuf tjynfht0jyifqif+yD;jzpfap&ef ygwDonf TtvSnfht
ajymif;. wGef;tm;pdwf"mwfjzpf&rnfjzpfum a&S@vmrnfh a&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGif; ygwD.
acgif;aqmifr_tcef;udk tjynfht0 tmrcH&ayrnf? odk@aomf ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; udk,fwdkifu
if;wdk@. ae@pOfvkyfief;rsm;wGif tukeftpif 'Drdkua&pDusrSomv#if/ ygwDpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;Y
awmif;qdkxm;onfhtwdkif; ygwDwGif;b0Y 'Drdkua&pDA[dkcsKyfudkifr_rsm;udk tjynfht0 vdkuf
emusifhokH;rSomv#if/ ygwDtaqmufttkHtm;vkH; a&G;aumufwifajrmufcH&rSomv#if/ ygwD

wGi;f a0zefa&;ESihf rdru
d ,
dk u
f ,
kd f a0zefa&;rsm;udk tjynft
h 0jzpfxeG ;f rSomv#i/f ygwt
D aqmuf
ttkHrsm;u ygwD0ifrsm;tay: wm0ef,lr_ jynfh0+yD; ygwD0ifrsm;udk,fwdkif tukeftpif tjynfh
t0 wufuGvmrSomv#if Tonfudk vkyfaqmifEdkifvdrfhrnfjzpfonf?
1937 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dvtukef A[dkaumfrwDtpnf;ta0;Y qdkAD,uf,leD,H. tjrifh
qkH;qkdAD,uf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGuf ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. jyifqifr_jy\emtay:
&JabmfZm'gaemhA.
f tpD&ifcpH mwGif ygwt
D zG@J tpnf;tcsKd @onf ae@pOfvyk if ef;rsm;twGi;f ygwD
. pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;ESihf 'Dru
kd a&pDA[dck sKyfuikd rf u
_ kd pepfwus azmufzsuaf e+yD; a&G;aumuf
yGt
J rnfpm&if;rsm;udk aumfrwD0ifrsm;u xnfo
h iG ;f jcif;jzifh tpm;xk;d jcif;/ ud,
k pf m;vS,af vmif;
wOD;csif; rJay;&rnfudk trnfpm&if;ESifh rJay;jcif;jzifh tpm;xdk;jcif;/ v#dK@0SufrJay;jcif;udk
ajymifrJay;jcif;jzifh tpm;xkd;jcif;udk jyKvkyfaea=umif;azmfjyxm;onf? TuJhodk@vkyfaqmif
ae=uaom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf tjrifq
h ;Hk qdAk ,
D ufa&G;aumufyrJG sm;wGif if;wd@k wm0efrsm;udk
oifhawmfaumif;rGefpGm jynfh0Edkifaprnfr[kwfonfrSm &Sif;aeygonf? xdk@a=umifh ygwDtzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;twGif; TuJodk@aom 'Drdkua&pDqef@usifonfh vkyf[efrsm;udk &yfypf+yD; us,fjyef@
onfh 'Drdkua&pDvrf;pOfrsm;twdkif; ygwDvkyfief;rsm;udk jyefvnfpnf;kH; zGJ@pnf;&ef t&ifqkH;
vdktyfaeygonf?
TonfESifhtnD &JabmfZm'gaemhAf. tpD&ifcHpmudk em;axmif+yD;aemuf A[dkaumfrwD
tpnf;ta0;u atmufygtwdkif; qkH;jzwfcJhonf?
(u)
(u)ygwDpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;u owfrSwfxm;onfhtwdkif; ygwDwGif; 'Drdkua&pDrlrsm;
udk tjynfht0 tuGif;rJhemcHr_ tajccHay:wGif ygwDvkyfief;rsm;udk jyefvnfpnf;kH;
zG@J pnf;&ef?
(c) ygwaD umfrwDrsm;twGi;f aumfrwD0ifrsm;u trnfpm&if;wifoiG ;f onfh vky[
f efukd
zsufodrf;+yD; ygwDpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;u owfrSwfxm;onfhtwdkif; ygwDtzGJ@t
pnf;rsm;u !ef=um;onfh taqmufttkHrsm;. a&G;aumufyGJrlrsm;udk jyefvnf
xlaxmif&ef?
(*) ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; a&G;aumufyGJwGif trnfpm&if;ESifh rJay;jcif;udk wm;jrpf&ef?
udk,fpm;vS,favmif; wOD;csif;udkrJay;&ef? ygwD0iftm;vkH;taejzifh udk,fpm;vS,f
avmif;rsm;tm; pdefac:cGifh (odk@r[kwf ) a0zefcGifhudk tuef@towfr&Sd tm rcHcsuf
ay;&rnf?
(C) ygwDtaqmufttkHrsm; a&G;aumufyGJwGif v#Kd@0SufrJay;r_udk usifhokH;&ef?
(i) tajccHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. ygwDaumfrwDrsm;rStp a'oqdkif&m/ jynfe,fqdkif&mESifh
trsdK;om; uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;. A[dkaumfrwDrsm;txd/ ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;
vkH;. ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; a&G;aumufyGJudkusif;y&ef? a&G;aumufyGJudk ar 20 &uf

ae@xuf aemufrusap&?
(p) ygwDpnf;urf; pnf;rsOf;rsm;twGif; ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;oufwrf;rsm;ESifhywfoufI
owfrw
S cf surf sm;udk wif;usyfpGmvdkufem&ef? ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; tm;vkH;udk !ef
=um;&ef? if;wdk@rSm - tajccHygwDtzGJ@tpnf; a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk wESpf w}udrf
jyKvkyf&ef? cdkifESifh +rdK@awmf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGuf wESpfw}udrf a'oqdkif&m/
jynfe,fqdkif&m/ orRwEkdifiHqdkif&m tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGuf 18 v w}udrfjyKvkyf
&efjzpfonf?
(q) taxGaxG pufkHtpnf;a0;rsm;Y ygwDaumfrwD a&G;cs,fonfhpepfudk
tajccHygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u wif;usyfpGmvdkufema&;udk tmrcH&ef?
taxGaxGpufHktpnf;a0;rsm;tm; udk,fpm;vS,f uGefz&ifhrsm;ESifh tpm;xkd;jcif;
udk cGifhrjyK&ef?
(Z)
(Z)tajccHygwD tzG@J tpnf;tcsKd @Y tES@H tjym; jzpfymG ;aeonfh taxGaxGtpnf;a0;rsm;
trSefyifaysmufuG,fae+yD;/ vkyfief;qdkif&mtpnf;a0rsm; (shop meetings)/
udk,fpm;vS,f uGefz&ifhrsm;jzifh tpm;xdk;r_ponfh vkyf[efrsm;udk &yfqdkif;ypf&ef?
Tenf;jzifhygwDonf vmrnfha&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGufjyifqifr_rsm; pwifvkyfaqmifcJh
onf?
A[dak umfrwD. Tqk;H jzwfcsuo
f nf }u;D rm;vSonfh Edik if aH &;t"dym` ,faqmifonf? if;.
xl;jcm;r_rSm qdkAD,uf,leD,HtjrifhqkH; qdkAD,ufa&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGif; ygwDwdkufyGJed'gef; udk
zGifhvSpfvdkufHkr#ru t"dutm;jzifh ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; if;wdk@vkyfief;rsm;udk jyefvnf
pnf;Hk;vkyfaqmif&ef ygwDwGif;'Drdkua&pDrlrsm;udk tokH;jyKa&;twGuf tjrifhqkH;qdkAD,uf a&G;
aumufyGJrsm; tjynfht0jyifqifr_&Sdaponfh tcsufyifjzpfonf?
ygwDu uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh ygwDyvlxkrsm;. a&G;aumufyGJtkyfpkzGJ@a&; t}uHudk a&G;
aumufyGJvkyfief;rsm; (campaign) wdk;wufa&;twGuf if;wdk@ay:vpD. tajccHrl&if; tjzpf
vkyfaqmif&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf? ygwDonf a&G;aumufwifajrmuf&rnfh a'orsm;wGif ygwDy
vlxkESifh yl;wGJudk,fpm;vS,frsm; wifajrmuf&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufjcif;jzifh a&G;aumufyGJodk@ ygwDy
vlxkESifh r[mrdwftkyfpkzGJ@+yD; 0ifa&mufcJhonf? TonfrSm "e&SifEdkifiHrsm;. a&G;aumufyGJrsm;
wGif r&SdcJhbl;onfhtjzpfjzpf+yD; vkH0vnf;rjzpfEdkifacs? odk@aomf u|efawmfwdk@ EdkifiHwGifr_
uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh ygwDy vlxkt=um; tkyfpkzGJ@r_rSm obm0usonf? u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynfY
&efvdkonfhvlwef;pm;rsm; r&SdawmhbJ vlxktpdwftydkif;tm;vkH;t=um; pdwf"mwfa&;&mESifh
EdkifiHa&;t& pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfr_rSm rjiif;Edkifaom tcsufjzpfaejcif; a=umifhyifwnf;?
1937 ckESpf 'DZifbm 7 &ufae@u ygwDA[dkaumfrwDu rJqEN&Sifrsm;odk@ yef=um;v$m
xkwfa0&mwGif azmfjyxm;onfrSm
1937 ckESpf'DZifbm 12 &ufae@Y qdkAD,uf,leD,H. vkyfom;jynfolrsm;onf

u|eaf wmfw@kd . qd&k ,
S v
f pfz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
Hk ajccHay:wGif qdAk ,
D ufjynfaxmifpk tjrifq
h ;Hk qdAk D
,uf. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk a&G;cs,fawmhrnfjzpfonf? abmf&SDApfygwDonf a&G;aumufyGJodk@
ygwDy tvkyform;rsm;/ v,form;rsm;/ kH;tr_xrf;rsm;/ ynmwwfrsm;ESifh tkyfpkzGJ@I/ r[m
rdwfjyKI0ifa&mufonf? abmf&SDApfygwDonf ygwDyjynfolrsm;ESifh pnf;jcm;xm;jcif;rjyKbJ
qef@usifpGmyif a&G;aumufyGJodk@ ygwDyvlxkESifh tkyfpkr[mrdwfzGJ@I vnf;aumif;/ tvkyf
orm;H;k 0efxrf;rsm;.or*~rsm;ESihf tkypf zk @JG Ivnf;aumif;/ uGejf rLepfvil ,ftzG@J EiS hf tjcm;ygwD
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ tpnf;tHk;rsm;ESifh tkyfpkzGJ@Ivnf;aumif; 0ifa&mufyg0ifcJhonf? tusdK;
quftm;jzifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;onf uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh ygwDy vlxkrsm;. yl;wGJ udk,f
pm;vS,frsm; jzpfvm+yD; ygwDyudk,fpm;vS,fwdkif;onf uGefjrLepfrsm;. udk,fpm;vS,fvnf;
jzpfvmEdkifum/ uGefjrLepfudk,fpm;vS,fwdkif;onf ygwDyvlxk. ukd,fpm;vS,fjzpfEdkif ouJh
odk@yifjzpfonf?
A[dkaumfrwD. xkwfjyefcsufwGif rJqEN&Sifrsm;odk@ atmufygawmif;qdkcsufrsm;jzifh ed*kH;
csLyfxm;onf?
qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&SDApf) A[kdaumfrwDu uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh pmem
axmufcHolrsm;tm;vkH;udk uGefjrLepfudk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;tm; rJay;aom wlnDonfh
wnDwnGww
f nf;jzpfrj_ zifh ygwyD ud,
k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;tm;vnf; rJay;&efawmif;qdv
k u
kd f
onf?
qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&SDApf) A[kdaumfrwDu ygwDyrS rJqENay;olrsm;
tm;vkH;udk ygwDyudk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;tm; rJay;aom wlnDonfh wnDwnGwfwnf;
jzpfr_jzifh ygwDudk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;tm; rJay;&ef awmif;qdkvdkufonf?
qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&SDApf) A[kdaumfrwDu rJqEN&Siftm;vkH;tm;
'DZifbm 12 &ufae@wiG f rJay;onfh Xmersm;od@k vly*k Kd~ vf wOD;wa,muftjzpf vma&muf=u+yD;
jynfaxmifp.
k qdAk ,
D ufEiS hf trsKd ;om;rsm;. qdAk ,
D ufu,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm;udk a&G;cs,w
f ifajrmuf
=u&ef awmif;qdv
k u
kd o
f nf?
qdkAD,ufEdkifiHawmf. tjrifhqkH;taqmufttkHodk@ udk,fpm;vS,fa&G;cs,fa&;qdkonfh
rdrdwdk@. *k%f,lzG,ftcGifhta&;udk rusifhokH;onfh rJqEN&SifwOD;wavr#r&Sd&?
tjrifhqHk;qkdAD,ufa&G;aumufyGJrsm;ukd jcGif;csufr&Sd rJqEN&Siftm;vHk;yg0ifa&; tmrcH
csufukd rdrdwkd@ EkdifiHom;wm0eftjzpf rrSwf,lonfh EkdifiHom;wOD;wavr# r&Sd&?
1937 ckEpS 'f ZD ifbm 12 &ufae@ onf vDeif- pwmvif wd@k . atmify&JG atmifvaH wmf
ywfvnfwGif qdkAD,uf,leD,H. vlrsdK;aygif;pkHjynfoltm;vkH;wdk@. vkyfom;jynfolrsm;.
yl;aygif;pnf;vkH;r_udk atmifyGJobif qif,ifusif;yonfhae@tm; &ufxl;&ufjrwfjzpf&rnf?
1937 ckESpf'DZifbm 11 &ufae@ a&G;aumufyGJ t}uKdae@wGif &Jabmfpwmvifu ol.

trnfwifoGif;jcif;cH&aom a'o&SdrJqEN&Sifrsm;udk rdef@cGef;ajym&mwGif jynfolvlxkua&G;cs,f
onfh vlxkacgif;aqmifrsm;/ qdkAD,uf,leD,H. tjrifhqkH; qdkAD,ufudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf
rnfodk@aom trsKd;tpm;jzpf&rnf qdkonfukdazmfjycJhonf?
olu rJqEN&iS jf ynforl sm;u if;wd@k . ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk awmif;qd&k rnfrmS olw@kd
onf olwdk@. wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk Edkifeif;pGmaqmif&GufEdkif&rnf? olwdk@.vkyfief;rsm; twGif;
Edik if aH &;evAde;f wk;H rsm; jzpfroGm;&? if;wd@k . &mxl;ae&mrsm;wGif vDeifypHk H Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmif
rsm;tjzpf&Sdae&rnf? vlxkacgif;aqmifrsm;tjzpf vDeifuJhodk@ &Sif;vif; jywfom;oljzpf&rnf?
olw@kd onf vDeifuo
hJ @kd wdu
k yf t
JG wGi;f a=umuf&@HG ru
_ if;jyD;/ jynfo@l &efou
l kd tnmtwmuif;&
rnf? t&mudpPrsm; _yfaxG;vmv#ifaomfvnf;aumif;/ tE W&m,ft&dyfta,mifrsm; ay:vm
v#iaf omfvnf;aumif;/ olw@kd onf a=umuf@HG jcif; omeftm;vk;H rSuif;a0;&rnf? olw@kd onf
vDeifuo
hJ @dk a=umuf&@HG jcif;omeftm;vk;H rS uif;a0;&rnf? olw@dk onf tcsut
f vuf jynfph pHk mG
udik w
f ,
G v
f yk af qmif+yD; tusKd ;ta=umif;/ tqd;k taumif; tjyeftvSepf Of;pm;&ef vdk tyfonfh
_yfaxG;onfhjy\emrsm;udk qkH;jzwf vkyfaqmif&mwGif vDeifuJhodk@ ^m%ftajrmf tjrif
}uD;rm;+yD;/ taotcsm qifjcifpOf;pm;&rnf? olwdk@onf vDeifuJhodk@ ajzmifhrwf wnf
=unfkd;om;&rnf? olwdk@onf vDeifuJhodk@ jynfolrsm;udk cspfjrwfEdk;&rnf?
qdAk ,
D uf,el ,
D .
H tjrifq
h ;Hk qdAk ,
D ufa&G;aumufyrJG sm;udk 'DZifbm 12 &ufae@wiG f tvGef
v_yf&Sm;wufuG aysmf$ifpGmusif;ycJh=uonf? TonfrSm a&G;aumufyGJrsm;xuf ydkrdkoGm;+yD;
qdkAD,ufjynfolrsm;. atmifyGJobif qif,ifusif;yonfh qdkAD,leD,HtwGif;&Sd jynfolrsm;.
}u;D rm;rGejf rwfvo
S nfh csp=f unfru
_ kd azmfxw
k jf yoonfah e@tm; ae@x;l ae@jrwf jzpfomG ; aponf?
rJqENay;Edkifolpkpkaygif; 94,000,000 &Sdonfhteuf 91,000,000 odk@r[kwf 96.8
&mckid Ef e_ ;f rJay;cJo
h nf? TtxJrS 89844000 ok@d r[kwf 986 &mckid Ef e_ ;f onf uGejf rLepfrsm;ESihf
ygwyD vlx.
k tkypf u
k ,
kd pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;udk rJqENay;cJo
h nf? vlaygi;f 632,000 od@k r[kwf
1 &mckid Ef e_ ;f atmufomv#if uGejf rLepfrsm;ESihf ygwyD vlx.
k tkypf u
k ,
kd pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;ukd
qef@usifrJay;cJhonf? tkyfpk. ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm; tm;vkH; cGif;cskufr&Sd ta&G;cH&onf?
Todk@jzifhvlaygif; 90,000,000 wdk@onf if;wdk@. wnDw!Gwfwnf;aom rJjzifh
qdkAD,uf,leD,H. qdk&S,fvpfpepf atmifyGJcHr_udk twnfyvdkufonf?
TonfrSm uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh ygwDyvlxk tkyfpkzGJ@r_. odomxif&Sm;vSonfh atmifyGJjzpf
onf?
TonfrSm abmf&SDApfygwD atmifyGJcHjcif;jzpfonf?
TonfrSm atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&; tESpf 20 jynfh ESpfywfvnf tcrf;tem;Y
&Jabmfrv
kd akd wmhAf rde@f =um;cJo
h nfh ordik ;f 0ifred @f ceG ;f xJwiG f &nf!e$ ;f azmfjycJo
h nfh qdAk ,
D uf jynfol
rsm;. pdwf"mwfa&;/ EdkifiHa&; nD!Gwfpnf;vkH;r_. ajymifajrmufvSaom twnfjyK csufjzpfay
ownf;
ed*;Hk
abmf&SdApfygwD jzwfoef;cJhonf@ ordkif;vrf;a=umif;twGif;rS rnfonfh t"du ed*kH;csLyf
csurf sm;&&Syd goenf;?
qdkAd,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&SDApf) ordkif;u u|Ekfyfwdk@udk rnfodk@oif=um;
ay;cJhygoenf;?
1? ygwo
D rdik ;f u u|eykf w
f @kd ukd yxrqk;H oif=um;ay;vdu
k o
f nfrmS ypPn;f rJah wmfveS f a&;.
atmifyGJ/ ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf. atmifyGJudk tacsmif0g'rS uif;vGwfonfh aphpyf
ajy+idrf;vdkolrsm;/ tnHhcHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh jyefvnfaphpyfoifhjrwfjcif; rjyKbJ/ "e&Sifrsm;ESifh
if;wdk@. EdkifiHawmftm%mtay: awmfvSefa&;oabmxm;xm;&Sdonfh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;.
awmfvSefa&;ygwD w&yfr&SdbJ rjzpfEdkifacs?
ygwDordkif;u u|Ekfyfwdk@udk oif=um;ay;vdkufonfrSm TuJhodk@aom ygwDw&yfr&SdbJ/
ypPn;f rJrh sm;tm; ypfxm;vdu
k jf cif;onf awmfveS af &;acgi;f aqmif r&Sad tmifjyKvkyo
f nfh oabm
oufa&mufonf? awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifr_ r&SdatmifjyKvkyfjcif;qdkonfrSm ypPnf;rJhawmf
vSefa&; ta&;awmfykHudk zsufqD;onfh oabmoufa&mufonf?
ygwo
D rdik ;f u u|Eyfk w
f @kd ukd oif=um;ay;vdu
k o
f nfrmS taemufOa&my trsKd ;tpm; omref
qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD ygwDrsm;onf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; ta=umif;tcsufrsm; atmufwGif
ay:xGuv
f m+yD; tacsmiform;rsm; t+rD;cdu
k yf vku
d yf gvmum vlrj_ yKjyifa&;rsm;udo
k m pdwu
f ;l
,Ofae+yD; vlr_awmfvSefa&;udk ta=umuf}uD;a=umufae=uonfhtwGuf TuhJodk@aom ygwD
w&yfrjzpfEidk af cs?
ygwDordkif;u u|Ekfyfwdk@udk oif=um;ay;vdfkufonfrSm trsdK;tpm;opfygwDw&yf/

rmhufpf0g' - vDeif0g' ygwD/ vlr_awmfvSefa&;ygwD/ ypPnf;rJhrsm;u "e&Sifrsm;tay: tjywf
towf wdkufyGJqif&ef jyifqifay;Edkif+yD; ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;atmifyGJudk pnf;Hk;vkyf aqmifEkdif
onfh ygwDw&yfomv#if TuJhodk@aom ygwDw&yf jzpfEdkifayonf?
qdkAD,uf,leD,H. abmf&SDApfygwDonf TuJhodk@aomygwDw&yfjzpfayonf?
&Jabmfpwmvifu awmfvSefa&;t}uKdumv tenf;ESifhtrsm; +idrf;csrf;pGmjzpfay:
wdk;wufa&;umv/ 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,fygwDrsm;u tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;
r_twGif; tay:pD;&&Sdae+yD; ygvDrefwdkufyGJomefudk t"dutjzpfxm;aecsdefu ygwDonf
}uD;rm;jywfom;onfh ta&;ygr_rsm;vnf;r&cJh? &vnf;r&EdkifchJacs? aemufydkif;wGif ajAmifawmf
vSefa&;wkdufyGJta=umif;tcsufrsm; &&Sdvmonfh tcgrSom ygwDonf ta&;ygonfh tcef;
odk@&&SdvmcJhonf? 'kwd, tifwmae&Sife,fudk wdkufcdkufaer_rsm;udk umuG,f&if;/ aumufpuD
u 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f ygwDrsm;onf ppfyGJtwGufr[kwfbJ +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf ud&d,m
rsm;omjzpf+yD; xdkta=umif;a=umifhyif ppfyGJtwGif; ypPnf;rJhrsm;. awmfvSefa&; vkyfief;umv
twGif; if;wdk@onf tiftm;rJh&jcif;jzpfonf[k qdkvdkufonf? rSefygonf? odk@aomf Tu
rnfonfudk qdkvdkoenf;? qdkvdkonfrSm 'kwd, tifwmae&Sife,f ygwDrsm;onf ypPnf;rJhrsm;
. awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJrsm;twGuf roifhawmfa=umif; if;wdk@onf ypPnf;rJhrsm;. wdkufcdkuf
EdkifpGrf;&Sdonhf ygwDrsm; r[kwfa=umif;/ ygvDrefa&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifh ygvDrefwdkufyGJrsm;twGuf
usio
hf ;Hk onfh a&G;aumufy,
JG E W&m;rsm; tm%mqDokd@om tvkyform;rsm;ukd ac: aqmifoGm;
Ekid o
f nfh ygwrD sm;omjzpfa=umif; qdv
k o
kd nf? TonfrmS 'kw,
d tifwmae&Sief ,f. tacsmif
orm;rsm; }u;D pd;k v$r;f rd;k aepOfumvu ypPn;f rJrh sm;. t"duEdik if aH &; tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rSm u|Eyfk w
f @kd
ygwDr[kwfbJ if;wdk@ ygvDreftkyfpkrsm;jzpfae&jcif; ta=umif;t&if;yif jzpfawmh onf?
xd k t csd e f u u|Ef k y f w d k @ ygwD o nf ygvD r ef t k y f p k r sm;. ta&;r}uD ; t&mrxif v S a om
tpG,ftyGm;rsm;om jzpfaea=umif; tm;vkH;yifod=uonf? TuJhodk@aom tajctaersm;ESifh
OD;aqmifvrf;jyaeaom ygww
D &yfonf ypPn;f rJrh sm; awmfveS af &;twGuf jyifqif&ef rnfonfh
r#wwfEdkifOD;rnf r[kwfa=umif;rSm ajym&efyifrvdkacs?
od@k aomf umvopf a&mifjcnfjzmvmonfEiS hf ta=umif;udprP sm;onf t&if; tjrpfrS
pIf ajymif;vJvmonf? umvopfrmS ajAmifvw
l ef;pm;wdu
k yf /JG ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;. awmfveS f
a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;umv jzpf+yD; e,fcsJ@pepfudk +zdKcs+yD; ypPnf;rJhrsm;u
tm%modr;f ,l&eftwGuf tiftm;pkrsm;udk wdu
k f u
dk pf nf;k;H pkpnf;vmonfh umvjzpfonf?
TumvtwGi;f ypPn;f rJrh sm;onf wm0ef0wW&m;opfrsm;ESihf &ifqikd v
f m&+yD; xdw
k m 0efrsm;rSm
ygwDvkyfief;tm;vkH;udk awmfvSefa&;vrf;pOfopfrsm;ESifh jyefvnfpnf;kH;vkyfaqmif&jcif;/
tvkyform;rsm;udk tm%m&a&;twGuf awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJqifEGJa&; pdwf"mwf ynmay;
&jcif;/ t&eftiftm;rsm;udk v_@H aqmfjyifqif pnf;k;H &jcif;/ tdref ;D em;csi;f Edik if rH sm;rS ypPn;f rJrh sm;
ESihf r[mrdwjf yKa&;vkyaf qmif&jcif;/ udv
k ekd ED iS hf trScD Ekd ikd if rH sm;. vGwaf jrmufa&; v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;ESihf
qufoG,fa&;xlaxmif&jcif; ponf ponfrsm;jzpfygonf? ygvDrefpepf. +idrf;csrf;aom

ta=umif;tcsufatmufwGif ay:xGufvmonfh qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwDrsm;u TuJhodk@aom
wm0efopfrsm;udk xrf;aqmifEdkifvdrfhrnf[k xifrSwfjcif;onf ar#mfvifhcsufr&Sdaom pdwfysuf
zG,fESifh ra&Smifv$Jomaom qkH;_H;r_ESifh &ifqdkif}uHKawG@&zG,fyifjzpfonf? TuhJodk@ aomwm0ef
rsm;ukd xrf;aqmif&rnfqdkv#if ygwDa[mif;rsm;atmuf&Sd ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf vkH;0vufeufrJh
ayvdrfhrnf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf TuhJodk@ tjzpfcHEdkifrnf r[kwfa=umif;rSm ajym&efyif
rvdkacs?
xd@k a=umifh ygwo
D pfw&yf/ wdu
k pf w
d cf u
kd pf w
d &f o
dS nfh ygww
D &yf/ awmfveS af &;ygww
D &yf/
ypPnf;rJhrsm; tm%m&,la&;wdkufyGJudk &J&ifhpGm acgif;aqmifEdkifrnfh ygwDw&yf/ awmfvSefa&;
tajctae t_yftaxG;t=um; rdrd. OD;wnfcsufudk &SmazGEdkifonfh tawG@t}uKH tvkH
avmuf&Sd+yD; ygwDw&yfESifh rdrd&nfrSef;csuf c&D;vrf;twGif;&Sd ausmufaqmif ausmufurBm;
tm;vkH;udk u|rf;usifaysmhajymif;pGm ausmfv$m;yJhudkifEdkifonfh ygwDw&yf vdktyfvmonf?
TuJo
h @kd aom ygww
D &yfr&Syd J e,fcs@J pepfukd jzKwfcsausmef if;+yD; ypPn;f rJt
h m%m&Sif pepf
atmifjrifa&;twGuf pOf;pm;&efyif rjzpfEdkifay?
TygwDopfonf vDeif0g' ygwDjzpfonf(a*s - pwmvif/ vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;/ armfpudk/
1947 ckESpf/ pmrsufESm 80/ 81)
2? ygw.
D ordik ;f u u|eaf wmfw@kd ukd qufvufoif=um;ay;onfrmS tvkyo
f rm; vlwef;
pm;. ygww
D &yfonf tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;v_y&f mS ;r_. a&S@wef;a&mufoabmw&m;jzpf onfh
rmhufpf-vDeif0g' oabmw&m;rsm; r&SdbJ rdrdvlwef;pm;. acgif;aqmifr_tcef;udk rxrf;
&GuEf ikd af =umif;/ ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;. pnf;H;k acgi;f aqmifot
l cef;udk rxrf; aqmifEikd af =umif;
yifjzpfonf?
rmufhpf-vDeif0g'. pGrf;yum;onf rnfonfhtajctaewGifrqdk ygwD.rSefuefonhf
OD;wnfcsufukd&SmazG&&SdEdkif+yD; vuf&Sdtjzpftysufrsm;. twGif;ydkif;qufqHr_rsm;udk em;vnf
oabmaygufum if;wdk@. c&D;vrf;a=umif;udk }udKwifodjrifEdkif+yD; vuf&SdtcsdefwGif rnfonfh
bufodk@ rnfodk@rnfykH wdk;wufjzpfay:aea=umif;udk odjrifEkdifHkr#ru tem*wfwGifvnf;
rnfonfhbufokd@ rnfokd@rnfyHk wkd;wufjzpfay:Ekdifa=umif;ukdvnf; odjrifEdkifonf?
rmhufpf0g' - vDeif0g'udk u|rf;usifonfh ygwDw&yfomv#if tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk
,kH=unfpdwfcspGm a&S@odk@wGef;wif acgif;aqmifEdkifrnfjzpfonf?
rmufph 0f g' - vDeif0g' u|r;f usiaf &;twGuf vdt
k yfcsurf sm;tm;vk;H rSm rmhupf /f tde*f ,f/
vDeifwdk@.usrf;rsm;rS woD;wjcm; z,fxkwfxm;onfh ed*kH;csKyfcsufrsm; t}uHay;tqdkjyKcsuf
rsm;udk vkH@v0D&d,}uD;rm;pGmjzifh tvGwfusufrSwfjcif;/ tcgtcGifhoifhonfhtcsdefwGif udk;um;
&efEiS hf TuJo
h @kd t&usux
f m;onfh ed*;Hk csKyfcsurf sm; t}uHay; tqdjk yKcsurf sm;onf ae&mwdik ;f /
tajctaewdkif;ESifh oifhawmfqDavsmfonf[k ,lqjcif;jzifh xdkae&mwGifyif &yfem;aejcif;wdk@
yifjzpf[ef vuQ%m&Sdonf? odk@aomf rmhufpf0g' - vDeif0g' oabmw&m;tay: Todk@csOf;
uyfr_onf vkH;0rSm;,Gif;onf? rmhufpf0g' - vDeif0g' oabmw&m;udk pkpnf;xm;aom

w&m;ao0g'rsm; (collection of dogmas) tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ tar;/ tajz nef=um;
csufrsm; (catechism) tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ opPmw&m;. vuQ%mtjzpf vnf;aumif;
rowfrSwf&bJ/ rmhufpf0g'Drsm; udk,fwdkifudkvnf; orm;*k%f0ifholrsm; (pedants)/ w&m;
ao0g'Drsm; (dogmatist) tjzpfrowfrSwfoifhay? rmhufpf0g' -vDeif0g' oabmw&m;
qdkonfrSm vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_. ody`Hynm/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_
.ody`Hynm/ ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;.ody`Hynm/ uGefjrLepfvl@tzGJ@tpnf; wnfaqmufa&;.
ody`Hynmjzpfonf? ody`Hynm&yf taejzifhvnf; worwfwnf; &yfvnf;rae/ &yfvnf;rae
EdkifyJ qufvufjzpfay:wdk;wuf+yD; rdrdukd,frdrd jynfh0jynfhpHkvmatmif vkyfaqmifayonf?
if;.jzpfay:wkd;wufr_twGif; tawG@t}uKHopfrsm;/ A[kokwtopfrsm;jzifh uG,f0vmEdkif
onfrmS &Si;f ae+y;D tcsKd @aom t}ujH yKcsurf sm;ESihf ed*;Hk csKyfcsurf sm;onf tcsed u
f mv vrf; a=umif;
ajymif ; vJ v m&rnf j zpf u m ord k i f ; tcsuf t vuf t opf r sm;ES i f h ud k u f n D o nf h ed * k H ; csKyf
csuftopfrsm; t}uHjyKcsufrsm;ESifh tpm;xdk;vm&rnfjzpfonf?
rmhufpf0g' - vDeif0g' oabmw&m;udk u|rf;usifp&mvdkonfrSm if;.ykHaoenf;rsm;/
ed*kH;csKyfcsufrsm;ukd tvGwfusufrSwf+yD;/ pma=umif;wdkif;udk zufwG,fxm;&ef enf;enf;r#
r[kwfacs? rmhufpf0g' - vDeif0g'udk u|rf;usif&efrSm u|Ekfyfwdk@onf yxrOD;qkH; if;.pm
a=umif;rsm;ESifh tESpfom&udk cGJjcm;od&Sd&ef avhvm&rnf?
rmhufpf0g' - vDeif0g'oabmw&m;udk u|rf;usifa&;qdkonfrSm Toabmw&m;.
tESpfom&ukd ausnufatmif jyKvkyf+yD; ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. vlwef;pm;wkdufyGJ ta=umif;
tcsuftrsdK;rsdK;&Sd awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ vufawG@ jy\emrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;&mwGif toHk;jyKEkdif
atmif oif,lavhvma&; jzpfonf?
rmhufpf0g' - vDeif0g' oabmw&m;ukd u|rf;usifa&;qkdonfrSm Toabmw&m;udk
awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_ tawG@t}uKHopfrsm;jzifh uG,0f vmapEdik +f yD; t}uHjyKcsuf topfrsm;ESihf
ed*kH;csKyfcsuftopfrsm;jzifh xnfhoGif;jynfhpkHvmapEdkifjcif;udk qdkvdkonf? oabmw&m;.
tESpo
f m&ESit
hf nD acwfaemufusomG ;onfh t}uHjyKcsurf sm;/ ed*;Hk csKyfcsurf sm;udk ordik ;f tajc
taeopfrsm;ESiu
hf u
kd n
f o
D nfh topfawG@&cdS surf sm;ESihf tpm;xd;k &ef 0efav;wGe@f qw
k jf cif; r&Syd J
xdk topfawG@&Sdcsufrsm;udk wdk;wufjzpfyGm;ap+yD; a&S@wGef;wifEdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;udk qdkvdkayonf?
rmhufpf0g' - vDeif0g' oabmw&m;onf w&m;ao0g'r[kwfbJ v_yf&Sm;r_. vrf;
nejf zpfonf?
'kwd, k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;/ 1917 ckESpf azazmf0g&D rwdkifrDu EdkifiHtm;vkH;&Sd rmhufpf0g'D
rsm;taejzifh t&if;&SifpepfrS qdk&S,fvpfpepfodk@ ul;ajymif;onfhumvwGif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
twGif;&Sd EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. toifhawmfqkH;omefrSm ygvDref'Drdkua&pD orRwEdkifiH
jzpfonf[k ,lqcJ=h uonf? ckEpS q
f ,fpEk pS rf sm;twGi;f rmhupf u
f ypPn;f rJt
h m%m&Sipf epf twGuf
toifah wmfq;Hk omefrmS ygvrD eforRwEdik if rH [kwb
f J yJ&pfbt
Hk zG@J trsKd ;tpm;rsKd ; jzpfonf[k
qdkcJhonfrSm rSefonf? odk@aomfuHta=umif;rvSpGmyJ rmhufpfonf TtqdkjyK csufudk

if;.usrf;rsm;wGif qufvufra&;om;cJhawmhbJ Tta=umif;rSmvnf; arhaysmufjcif; cH&+yD;
arS;rSed o
f mG ;cJo
h nf? xdt
k jyif tde*f ,fu 1891 ckEpS f tmzwfvyk if ef;pOf (Erfurt programe)
rl=urf;udka0zefa&;om;&mY 'Drdkua&pDorRwEdkifiH onf ypPnf;rJhtm%m &SifpepftwGuf
tcdkiftrmomefjzpfonf? [laom ykdifEkdifonfh pum;ydk'fwydk'fyg&Sd+yD; Tonfu
rmh u f p f 0 g'D t aejzif h 'D r d k u a&pD o rR w Ed k i f i H u d k ypP n f ; rJ h t m%m&S i f p epf t wG u f Ed k i f i H
a&;omeftjzpf qufvufoabmxm;aeonfrSm ,kHrSm;oHo,&Sdp&mrvdkacs? aemufydkif;
wGif tde*f ,f. tqdjk yKcsurf mS vDeiftygt0if rmhupf 0f g't
D m;vk;H twGuf vrf;!erf j_ zpf vmcJ.
h ?
odk@aomf 1905 ckESpf k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;ESifh txl;ojzifh 1917 ckESpf azazmf0g&D awmf vSefa&;u
tvk y f o rm;/ v,f o rm; ud k , f p m;vS , f r sm;. qd k A D , uf q d k o nf h vl r _ E d k i f i H a &; tzG J @
tpnf;omefopfw&yfudk azmfxkwfay;vdkufonf? vDeifonf k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;ESpf&yf.
tawG@}uHKpkaygif; &&Sdcsuftjzpf rmhufpf0g'. oabmw&m;tajccHay:wGif ypPnf;rJh tm%m
&Sipf epf. taumif;qk;H Edik if aH &;omefrmS ygvrD ef'rD u
kd a&pDorRwEdik if rH [kwyf J qdAk ,
D ufrsm;
. orRwEdkifiHjzpfonf[laom ed*kH;csKyfcsufw&yfudk &&Sdvdkufonf? TtcsufrStpcsDI 1917
ckESpf {+yDvwGif "e&SifawmfvSefa&;rS qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;odk@ ul;ajymif;aeonfhumvt
wGi;f vDeifu qdAk ,
D ufrsm;. orRwEdik if u
H kd ypPn;f rJrh sm;. taumif;qk;H Edik if aH &;omeftjzpf
auG;a=umfoH xkwfjyef vdkufonf? EdkifiHtm;vkH;rS tacsmiform;rsm;onf ygvDreforRwEdkifiH
udk zufwG,fxm;+yD; vDeifudk rmhufpf0g'rS z,fcGm+yD; 'Drdkua&pDudk zsufqD;oltjzpf pGyfpGJ
tjypfwif=uonf? odk@aomf rmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;udk trSefwu,f u|rf;usifolrSm
tacsmiform;rsm;r[kw=f uyJ vDeifyifjzpfco
hJ nf? tb,fa=umifq
h akd omf vDeifonf rmhupf 0f g'
oabmw&m;ud k tawG @ t}uH K opf r sm;jzif h uk e f v k H uG , f 0 um a&S @ wd k ; wuf a p+yD ; /
tacsmiform;rsm;rSmrl rmhufpf0g'o abmw&m;udk aemufjyefqGJum t}uHjyKtqdkjyKcsufrsm;
udk w&m;aorsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJvdkufaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
tu,fIvDeifonf rmhufpf0g'. pma=umif;rsm;udk ta=umufvGef+yD;/ tdef*,fazmfpyf
a&;om;cJhonfh rmhufpf0g' tqdkjyKcsufa[mif;rsm;udk ordkif;ta=umif;tcsuftopfrsm;ESifh
ukdufnDonfh qkdAD,ufrsm;. orRwEkdifiHESifh ywfoufaom tqkdjyKcsufopfrsm;ESifh tpm;xdk;
vkyaf qmif&ef owWrd &Scd yhJ gu ygw/D u|Eyfk af wmfw@kd awmfveS af &;ESihf rmhupf 0f g'wd@k onf rnfonfh
tajcodk@qdkuf a&mufoGm;rnfenf;? ygwDonf tarSmifxJwGif prf;w0g;0g; jzpfae+yD; qdkAD,uf
rsm;vnf; tpnf;ajyum u|Ekfyfawmfwdk@vnf; qdkAD,uftm%mudk &&SdrSmr[kwfyJ rmhufpf
0g'rSmvnf; tvGejf yif;xefpmG epfemoGm;ayvdrrhf nf? ypPn;f rJrh sm; _;H edrrhf nfjzpf+yD; ypPn;f rJrh sm;
. &efolrsm;u atmifyGJcHoGm;ayvdrfhrnf?
e,fcsJ@pepfrwdkifrD t&if;&Sifpepfudk pl;prf;avhvm&&Sdcsuftjzpf rmhufpfESifh tdef*,fwdk@u
qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS f a&;onf wEdik if w
H nf;/ wOD;wnf;ESihf atmifyrJG cHEikd af =umif;/ Edik if t
H m;vk;H
odk@r[kwf zGH@+zdK;wdk;wuf+yD; EdkifiHtrsm;pkwGif w+ydKifeufwnf;omv#if atmifyGJcHEdkifa=umif;qdk
onfh ed*kH;csKyfcsufudk &&SdcJhonf? xdktcsdefrSm 19 &mpktv,favmufu jzpfonf? Ted*kH;

csKyfcsurf mS aemufyikd ;f wGif rmhupf 0f g'D tm;vk;H twGuf vrf;!erf w
_ &yfjzpfvmcJo
h nf? od@k aomf
20 &mpk pwifcsdefwGif e,fcsJ@pepfrwdkifrD t&if;&Sifpepfonf e,fcsJ@t&if;&Sifpepftjzpf
}uD;xGm;oGm;+yD; wdk;wufaom t&if;&Sifpepfonf aotHhqJqJt&if;&Sifpepfodk@ ul;ajymif;
oGm;+yD;jzpfonf? e,fcsJ@t&if;&Sifpepfudk pl;prf;avhvm&&Sdcsuftjzpf vDeifu rmhufpf0g'
oabmw&m;tajccHay:wGif tdef*,fESifhrmhufpfwdk@. ykHaoenf;a[mif;rsm;onf ordkif;t
a=umif;tcsufopfrsm;ESifh rudkufnDawmha=umif; qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;udk wEdkifiHwnf;
wOD;wnf;ESifh atmifyGJcHEdkifa=umif;qdkonfh ed*kH;csKyfcsufw&yfudk&&SdcJhonf? EdkifiHtm;vkH;rS
tacsmiform;tm;vkH;onf/ tdef*,fESifh rmhufpfwdk@. ykHaoenf;a[mif;rsm;udk qkyfudkif
xm;=u+yD; vDeifudk rmhufpf0g'rS aoGz,foltjzpf pGyfpGJ=uonf? odk@aomf rmhufpf0g'oabm
w&m;udk trSefwu,fu|rf;usifolrsm;rSm tacsmiform;rsm;r[kwf=ubJ/ vDeifyif jzpfawmh
onf? tb,fa=umifq
h akd omf vDeifonf rmhupf 0f g'oabmw&m;udk tawG@t}uHK opfrsm;jzifh
ukHvkHuG,f0 a&S@wdk;apcJh+yD;/ tacsmiform;rsm;rSmrl aemufjyefqGJum taoaumif jyKvkyfae
aoma=umifhjzpfonf?
tu,fI vDeifonf rmhufpf0g'pma=umif;rsm;udk ta=umufvGef+yD; rmhufpf0g'. ed*kH;
csKyfcsufta[mif;wckudk pGef@ypfum ordkif;ta=umif;csufopfrsm;ESifh udkufnDonfh qdk&S,f
vpfatmifyGJudk wEdkifiHwnf;/ wOD;wnf;jzifh &,lEdkifonfqdkonfh ed*kH;csKyfcsuftopf w&yfESifh
tpm;xdk;&Jonfh/ oabmw&m;a&;&m ,kH=unfcdkifrmonfh owWdr&SdcJhygu ygwD/ u|Ekfyfawmfwdk@
awmfvSefa&;ESifh rmhufpf0g'onf rnfonfhtajcodk@ qkdufa&mufoGm;rnfenf;? ygwDonf
tarSmifxw
J iG f prf;w0g;0g; jzpfaernfjzpf+y;D ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;onfvnf; acgi;f aqmifr_ rJu
h m
rmhupf 0f g'oabmw&m;rSm pwifyyk o
f ;kd aqG;ajr@vmayrnf? ypPn;f rJrh sm; _;H edr+hf yD; ypPn;f rJrh sm;.
&efolrsm;u atmifyGJcHayvdrfhrnf?
tacsmiform;0g'rSm rmhufpf0g'oabmw&m; odk@r[kwf if;. tqdkjyKcsuf/ ed*kH;csKyf
csurf sm;udk wdu
k f u
dk jf iif;qdrk j_ zpfonf[k tpOft+rJrqdv
k akd y? tacsmiform;0g'onf wcgw&H
acwfaemufusae+yDjzpfaom rmhufpf0g'. tqdkjyKcsuftcsKd@udk zufwG,fxm;+yD; w&m;ao
tjzpfajymif;vJum rmhufpf0g'udk qufvufjzpfay:wdk;wufapjcif;rS [ef@wm;onfh }uKd;yrf;r_
rsm;jzifv
h nf; azmfjyvmEdik af yonf/? tusK;d quftm;jzifh ypPn;f rJrh sm;. awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_
jzpfay:wdk;wufa&;udk aESmifhaES;oGm;aponf?
tde*f ,f uG,v
f eG +f yD;aemuf oabmw&m;a&; q&mwOD;jzpfaom vDeifEiS hf vDeifaemuf
wGif pwmvifESifh vDeif. tjcm;wynfhrsm;onf rmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;udk a&S@wdk;ap+yD;
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ ta=umif;tcsufopfrsm;twGif;rS tawG@t}uKHopfrsm;jzifh
uHkvHkuG,f0aponfh rmhufpf0g'Drsm;jzpfonfqdkonfh ajymqdkcsufrSm tydkcsJ@um;jcif;r[kwfacs?
vDeifESifh vDeif0g'Drsm;u rmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;udk qufvufwdk;wufapcJhonfh
twGufa=umifhyif vDeif0g'onf rmhufpf0g'. qufvuf jzpfay:wdk;wufr_w&yfjzpf+yD; ypPnf;
rJhvlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ ta=umif;tcsufrsm;twGif;u rmhufpf0g'/ e,fcsJ@pepfacwfESifh ypPnf;rJh

awmfveS af &;rsm;. rmhupf 0f g'/ urBmajr}uD;. ajcmufyw
Hk ykaH e&mwGif qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepf atmifycJG H
onfhacwf. rmhufpf0g'yifjzpfvm&awmhonf?
abmf&SDApfygwD. xdyfqkH;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf rmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;udk em;vnf
u|rf;usifjcif;r&Sdygu/ T oabmw&m;udk v_yf&Sm;r_. vrf;neftjzpf oabmxm;jcif;r&Sd
ygu/ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. wdkufyGJtawG@t}uKHopfrsm;ESifh rmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;udk
ukev
f Hk uG,0f a&S@w;kd atmifvyk cf jhJ cif;r&Syd gu 1917 ckEpS f atmufwb
kd mvtwGi;f u atmifjrif
atmif vkyfaqmifEdkifcJhrnf r[kwfacs?
tar&duef tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_udk OD;aqmif&ef wm0ef,lxm;onfh *smref
rmhufpf0g'Drsm;udk a0zef&mY tdef*,ffa&;cJhonfrSm
*smrefrsm;onf olwdk@. oabmw&m;udk tar&duefvlxk v_yf&Sm;Edk;xvmaprnfh
armif;weftjzpf rnfuhJodk@ tokH;jyK&rnfudk em;rvnfcJhacs? olwdk@onf oabmw&m; trsm;
pktydkif;udk em;vnfjcif;r&SdyJ tvGwfusufrSwf&rnfh t&mwcktjzpfESifh vdktyfonfh
ae&mwdkif;wGif jyifqifrGrf;rHjcif;r&Sd tokH;jyKEdkifaomt&mtjzpfESifh =o0g'o abmw&m;ESifh
w&m;aoenf;rsm;twdkif; vkyfaqmifcJh=uonf? olwdk@twGuf Toabmw&m;onf
v_yf&Sm;r_. vrf;!efr[kwfbJ t,l0g'w&yf (credo) vdkjzpfaeonf? (Sorge odk@ay;pm /
Edk0ifbm 29 &uf/ 1886)
1917 ckEpS f {+yD awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_u a&S@o@kd w;kd wufomG ;+yD; qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;
odk@ ul;ajymif;&ef awmif;qdkaecsdefwGif v,form;rsm;ESifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;. awmfvSefaom 'Drdk
ua&pD tm%m&Sifpepfqdkonfh ykHaoa[mif;}uD;udkzufwG,fxm;onfh uJrDeufAfESifh tjcm;
abmf&SDApfa[mif;}uD;rsm;udk a0zef&mY vDeifua&;om;cJhonfrSm
u|Ekfyfwdk@. oif=um;csufrsm;onf w&m;aor[kwfbJ v_yf&Sm;r_. vrf;nefomjzpf
onf[k rmhufpfESifh tdef*,ffwdk@u ajymavhajymx&SdcJhonf? olwdk@u ykHaoenf;rsm; udk
tvGwfusufrSwf+yD; xyfjyefwvJvJ &Gwfqdkaer_rsm;udk twdtusyif ajymifavSmifoa&mfcJh+yD;/
Tonfrsm;onf tvGeq
f ;Hk taxGaxGvyk if ef;rsm;udo
k m ykaH zmfEikd +f y;D / Tvkyif ef;rsm;onf vnf;
ordkif;vrf;a=umif;twGif;&Sd oD;jcm;tqifhwdkif;. tcdkiftrmpD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;ta=umif;
tcsufrsm;u rGrf;rHjyifqifay;&ef vdktyfayonf? rmhufpf0g'DwOD;onf wu,fhb0ESifh tcdkif
trmjzpf&yfrsm;udk todtrSwfjyKvufcH&rSmjzpf+yD; rae@uoabmw&m;rsm;udk qufvuf
qkyfudkifxm;jcif;qdkonfh rjiif;EkdifzG,ftrSefw&m;rsm;udk em;vnfodjrif&efvdktyfygonf?
(vDeifusrf;aygif;pkH/ twGJ 20/ pmrsufESm-100)
3? ygwDordkif;u u|Efkyfwdk@udk qufvuf oif=um;ay;onfrSm tvkyform; vlwef;pm;

rsm;t=um; v_yf&Sm;wufuG+yD;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;twGif;rS aemufwef;a&muf tpdwf
tydik ;f rsm;udk "e&Sirf sm;. &ifciG w
f iG ;f od@k wGe;f yd@k aejcif;jzifh tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;. nDnw
G af &;
udk cGJypfaeonfh "e&SifaygufpygwDrsm; tacsr_ef;rcH&rcsif; ypPnf;rJ@awmfvSefa&; atmifyGJcHEdkif

rnfr[kwfacs?
u|Ekfyfwdk@ygwDordkif;onf "e&SifaygufpygwDrsm;jzpfaom qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;
rsm;/ rif&ADS pfrsm;/ rif;rJ0h g'rD sm;ESihf trsK;d om;a&;0g'rD sm;tm; qef@usiw
f u
kd cf u
kd +f yD; vH;k 0_;H edrahf pcJh
onfh wkdufyGJorkdif;jzpfonf? TygwDrsm;udk tEkdifwkdufckduf+yD; tvkyform; vlwef;pm;rsm;
twGif;rS armif;xkwfEdkifjcif;r&SdcJhygu tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&;udk &&Sd
EdkifcJhvdrfhrnfr[kwfbJ tvkyform;vlwef;pm; pnf;vkH;nDnGwfa&;r&SdcJhygu ypPnf;rJhawmfvSef
a&; atmifyGJcHa&;rSmvnf; jzpfEdkifcJhvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg?
yxrydik ;f wGif t&if;&Sipf epf xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufa&;twGuf &yfwnfc=hJ u+yD; atmufwkd
bmawmfveS af &;t+yD; aemufyikd ;f wGif t&if;&Sipf epf jyefvnfxal xmifa&;twGuf &yfwnfc=hJ u
aom TygwrD sm; vk;H 0acsre_ ;f jcif;rcH&ygu ypPn;f rJt
h m%m&Sipf epfukd xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smuf&ef
aomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfyrSvufeufESifh 0ifa&mufpGufzuf usL;ausmfr_udk tEdkif&&ef aomf
vnf;aumif;/ qdk&S,fvpfpepfwnfaqmuf&efaomfvnf;aumif; rjzpfEdkifacs?
jynfov
l x
l t
k m; vdrv
f nfvn
S zhf sm;&ef rdrw
d @kd u,
kd rf rd w
d @kd awmfveS af &;/ qd&k ,
S v
f pf
ygwDrsm;[k trnfwyfxm;cJh=uaom "e&SifaygufpygwDrsm;jzpfonfh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;
orm;rsm;/ rif&SDApfrsm;/ rif;rJh0g'Drsm;ESifh trsdK;om;a&;0g'DygwDrsm;onf qdk&S,fvpfatmufwdk
bmawmfvSefa&; rwdkifrDuyif wefjyefawmfvSefa&;ygwDrsm; jzpfae+yD; aemufydkif;wGif EdkifiHjcm;
"e&Sifrsm;. olv#KdtzGJ@0ifrsm;/ owif;ay;rsm;/ tzsuform;rsm;/ vrf;v$Jay;olrsm;/ vkyf}uH
owfjzwfolrsm;/ wdkif;jynfopPmazmufolrsm; jzpfoGm;jcif;wdk@tm; rawmfwqwdkufqdkifr_ [k
oabmrxm;Edkifay?
vDeifu vlr_awmfvSefa&;acwftwGif; ypPnf;rJhrsm;. nD!Gwfa&;udk rmhufpf0g'
awmfvSefa&;tusqkH; ygwDuomv#if tjcm;ygwDtm;vkH;udk rnmrwm wdkufyGJqifjcif;jzifh
omv#if &&SdEdkifonf[kqdkcJhonf? (vDeif - usrf;aygif;pkH/ twGJ 26/ pmrsufESm-50)
4? ygwo
D rdik ;f u u|Eykf w
f @kd ukd qufvuf oif=um;ay;onfrmS tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;.
ygwo
D nf rdrw
d @kd twGi;f &Sd tacsmiform;rsm;udk raphpyfwrf;wdu
k yf q
JG ifjcif;rjyKygu rdrw
d @kd t=um;
&Sd tnHch aH &;orm;rsm;udk acsre_ ;f rypfygu rdrw
d @kd =um; nD!w
G af &;ESihf pnf;urf;pnf;rsO;f rsm;udk
xde;f odr;f Edik rf nfr[kwaf cs? ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;udk pkpnf;, pnf;k;H acgi;f aqmifaom tcef;udk
vnf;aumif;/ qk&d ,
S v
f pfv@l tzG@J tpnf;opf wnfaqmufot
l cef;ukv
d nf;aumif; azmfaqmif
vkyfaqmifEdkifrnf r[kwfacs?
u|Ekfyfwdk@. ygwDwGif;b0 jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ordkif;onf ygwDwGif;tacsmiform; tkyfpk
rsm;jzpfaom pD;yGm;a&;0g'rD sm; / rif&ADS pfrsm;/ xa&mhpuD0g'rD sm;/ blcg&if0g'rD sm;ESihf trsKd ;om;
aoGzaD &;orm;rsm;udk qef@usiw
f u
kd cf u
kd +f yD; Ttkypf rk sm;ukd vk;H 0zsuq
f ;D acsre_ ;f vdu
k o
f nfh wdu
k yf JG
ordik ;f jzpfonf?
u|Eyfk w
f @kd . ygwo
D rdik ;f u oif=um;ay;onfrmS Ttav#mah y;orm; tkypf rk sm;onf trSef
pifppfwiG rf l ygww
D iG ;f rif&ADS pf0g'. ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;/ rif&ADS pf0g'. aemufusef te,f tESprf sm;/
rif&SDApf0g'udk qufvuf vkyfaqmifae=uolrsm;jzpfa=umif; rif&SDApfrsm;uJhodk@yif tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;t=um;ESifh ygwDwGif; "e&Sif=oZm*,ufrsm;udk jzef@jzL;ay;aeolrsm;jzpf a=umif;
xdk@a=umifh ygwDwGif; Ttkyfpkrsm;;udk acsr_ef;&ef wdkufyGJqifjcif;onf rif&SDApf0g'udk acsr_ef;
a&;wdkufyGJ. tqufjzpfa=umif;yifjzpfonf?
u|Eyfk w
f @kd taeESihf pD;yGm;a&;0g'D rsm;ESihf rif&ADS pfrsm;udk racsre_ ;f Edik cf yhJ gu ygwu
D dk wnf
aqmufEidk rf nfr[kwyf J ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;twGuf tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;ukd acgi;f aqmifEidk f
rnfvnf; r[kwfacs?
u|Eyfk w
f @dk onf xa&mhpuD0g'rD sm;ESihf blcg&if0g'rD sm;ukd racsre_ ;f Ekid cf yhJ gu qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepf
wnfaqmufa&;twGuf vdktyfonfh ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udk azmfaqmifEdkifrnfr[kwfacs?
u|Eyfk w
f @kd onf ta&miftaoG;trsKd ;rsKd ;aom trsKd ;om;0g'aD oGzaD &;orm;rsm;udk racsre_ ;f
Ekid cf yhJ gu jynfov
l x
l t
k m; Edik if w
H umh0g'pdw"f mwfEiS hf ynmay;Edik rf nfvnf;r[kw?f qdAk ,
D uf
,leD,H trsdK;om;rsm;. }uD;jrwfvSonfh cspf=unfa&;tvHudkvnf; umuG,fEdkifrnf r[kwf?
qdkAD,ufqdk&S,fvpforRwEdkifiHrsm;. jynfaxmifpkudkvnf; wnfaxmifEdkifrnf r[kwfacs?
abmf&ADS pfrsm;onf ygww
D iG ;f tacsmiform; tpdwt
f ykid ;f rsm;udk qef@usiw
f u
kd cf u
kd rf w
_ iG f
tcsdef,lvGef;onf? if;wkd@. ta&;ygr_udk ydkrdkwGufqvGef;onf[k tcsdK@urSwf,laumif;
rSwf,lvdrfhrnf? odk@aomfTonfrSm vkH;0rSm;,Gif;onf u|Ekfyfwdk@.t=um; tacsmif0g'onf
usef;rmoefpGrf;onfh t*F g&yftwGif;&Sd temESifhwl+yD; Tonfudk onf;cHIrjzpfacs? ygwDonf
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. acgif;aqmifwyfcGJESifh if;. a&S@wef;a&muf cHwyf/ if;. ppfOD;pD;jzpf
onf? tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;. !e=f um;a&;tzG@J twGi;f oHo,&So
d rl sm;/ tacsmiform; rsm;/
tav#mhay;a&;orm;rsm;ESifh opPmazmufrsm;udk onf;cHvufcHEdkifjcif;r&Sdacs? "e&Sifrsm;ESifh
aoa&;&Sifa&; wdkufyGJqifae&pOf rdrdwdk@twGif;/ rdrdwdk@ cHwyftwGif; tav#mhay;a&;orm;rsm;
ESifh opPmazmufrsm;&Sdaeygu tvkyform;vlwef;pm;twGuf a&S@rD;/ aemufrD; =um;nyfrdae
vdrfhrnf? TuJhodk@aom wdkufyGJrsdK;onf t_H;ESifh &ifqdkif&aeonfrSm &Sif;aeonf? cHwyfudk
odr;f ydu
k &f ef tvG,q
f ;Hk enf;rSm twGi;f rS wdu
k &f efjzpfonf? atmify&JG &eftwGuf tvkyo
f rm;
vlwef;pm;.ygw/D if;. !e=f um;a&;wyfz@JG / a&S@wef;a&mufcw
H yfonf yxrOD;pGm tav#mah y;
a&;orm;/ wyfajy;rsm;/ vlqdk;rsm;/ opPmazmufrsm;udk xkwfy,fypf&rnf?
vDeifEiS hf ygwu
D kd wdu
k cf u
kd cf o
hJ nfh xa&mhpuD0g'rD sm;/ blcg&if0g'rD sm;ESihf trsK;d om;a&;0g'D
aoGzDolrsm;onf rif&SDApfESifh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm; ygwDrsm;uJhodk@yif zufqpfolv#dK
tzGJ@0ifrsm;/ olv#Kdrsm;/ tzsuform;rsm;/ vkyf}uHowfjzwfolrsm;/ vrf;v$Ja&;orm;rsm;ESifh
wdik ;f jynfopPmazmufrsm;tjzpf tqk;H owfomG ;&r_ukd wdu
k q
f ikd rf w
_ &yf[k oabmxm;I rjzpf
ay?
vDeifu u|Ekfyfwdk@t=um; jyKjyifa&;0g'Drsm; - rif&SDApfrsm;&Sdaeygu/ ypPnf;rJhawmfvSef

a&; atmify&JG &Sad &;rSmrjzpfEikd ?f pG+J rJatmifxed ;f odr;f &efvnf; rjzpfEikd ?f TonfrmS rlt& &Si;f ae+yD;
k&Sm;ESifh [efa*&D awG@t}uKHrsm;u Ttcsufudk xl;jcm;xif&Sm;pGm twnfjyKay;+yD; jzpfonf?
u|Eyfk w
f @kd ygww
D iG ;f rif&ADS pfrsm;/ jyKjyifa&;0g'rD sm;ESihf "e&Siaf ygupf 'Dru
kd a&pDorm;rsm; qufvuf
&Sad ejcif;a=umifh qdAk ,
D uftyk cf sKyfrr_ ck se;D yg; (most certainly) acsre_ ;f jcif;cH&Edik o
f nfh cufcu
J syf
wnf;vSaom tajctaersm; k&mS ;Y t}udraf ygi;f rsm;pGm ay:aygucf yhJ gonf? (vDeifusrf;aygif;pkH/
twGJ 25 / pmrsufESm 462/ 463) [k qdkcJhonf?
&Jabmfpwmvifu u|Ekfyfawmfwdk@ygwDonf t"dutm;jzifh tacsmif0g' tnpf
ta=u;rsm;udk tcsdefrDz,fxkwfypfEdkifaoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ rdrdwdk@twGif;rS tzsuform;
rif&SDApfrsm;udk &Sif;xkwfypfEdkifaoma=umifh vnf;aumif;/ ygwDwGif; pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&;udk zef
wD;+yD; ygw0D ifrsm;t=um; +yKdib
f ufuif;aom yl;aygi;f pnf;vk;H r_ukd atmifjf rif&&Scd jhJ cif;jzpfonf?
ypPnf;rJhygwDrsm;onf rdrdwdk@twGif;rS tacsmiform;ESifh jyKjyifa&;0g'Drsm;/ qdk&S,fe,fcsJ@orm;
rsm;/ qdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g'Drsm;/ qdk&S,frsdK;cspfrsm;ESifh qdk&S,f+idrf;csrf;a&;orm;rsm;udk &Sif;ypfz,f
xkwjf cif;jzifh jzpfay:wd;k wuf tiftm;}uD; rm;vmonf? ygwo
D nf rdrt
d wGi;f rS tacsmiform;
tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk z,fxkwfjcif;jzifh tiftm;}uD;xGm;vmonf?(a*s/ pwmvif/ vDeif0g'
jy\emrsm;/ pmrsufESm-91)
5? ygwDordkif;u u|efawmfwdk@udk qufvufoif=um;ay;onfrSm ygwDonf atmifjrifr_

tay:,pfrl;+yD; rme}uD;vmum/ rdrdvkyfief;wGif;&Sd tm;enf;csufrsm;udk a0zef=unfh_jcif;rjyK
awmhyJ/ rdrdwdk@trSm;udk todrSwfjyK0efcH&ef/ a=umufGH@um tcsdefrDdk;om;yGifhvif;pGm jyKjyifjcif;
rsm;r&Sdygu tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. acgif;aqmiftcef;udk aqmif&GufEdkifrnfr[kwfacs?
ygwDw&yfonf a0zefa&;/ rdrdudk,frdrda0zefa&;udk ra=umuf&GH@ygu rdrd.vkyfief;rsm;
twGi;f trSm;rsm;ESihf tm;enf;csurf sm;udk zk;H zdjcif;rjyKygu rdr.
d au'grsm;udk ygwv
D yk if ef; twGi;f
trSm;rsm;rS oifcef;pmrsm; xkw,
f l ynmay;oif=um;ay;ygu tcsed rf D rdrt
d rSm;rsm;udk rnfuo
hJ @kd
jyif&rnfukd od&Sdygu rnfolr# csdK;ESdrfEdkifrnfr[kwfacs?
ygww
D &yfonf rdrt
d rSm;rsm;udk zk;H uG,yf gu/ emwm&Snjf y\emrsm;tay: zk;H zdxm;ygu
tppt&mt&m aumif;rGeaf eonf[k [efaqmif+yD; tm;enf;csurf sm;udk zk;H xm;ygu a0zefa&;/
rdru
d ,
kd rf rd ad 0zefa&;udk rcHEikd yf gu rdru
d ,
kd rf rd d auseyftm;&+yD;/ tajcmufwu
kd f b0ifjrifah eygu
rdrdatmifyGJrsm;tay: ,pfrl;aeygu ysufpD;qkH;_H;&ayrnf?
vDeifurdrd&J@trSm;awGtay: EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yf&Jh oabmxm;[m 'DygwDtaeESifh
b,favmuf pdwx
f ufoefr&_ w
dS ,f/ rdrv
d w
l ef;pm;ESihf vkyo
f m;vlxt
k ay: rdrx
d rf;aqmif&r,fh
wm0efawGudk vufawG@t& b,favmuf jznfhwif; aqmif&Gufw,fqdkwmudk tuJjzwfzdk@
twGuf ta&;t}uD;qkH;ESifh taocsmqkH;enf;vrf;yJjzpfw,f? trSm;w&yfudk yGifhyGifhvif;vif;
0efcHwm/ trSm;jzpf&wJh ta=umif;awGudk &SmazGwm/ trSm;jzpfapwJh tajctaeta=umif;
tcsufawGudk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmum trSm;awGjyifzdk@twGuf enf;emawGudk aqG;aEG;wmawG[m
av;eufwJh ygwDw&yf&Jh trSwftom;jzpfw,f? rdrdwm0efawGudk xrf;aqmif&r,fh enf;

vrf;jzpfjzpfw,f? rdrdvlwef;pm;/ 'Daemufvlxkudk ynmay;avhusifh&r,fh enf;vrf;vnf;
jzpfygw,f? (vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ armfpudk ?1947 ckESpf/ twGJ2/ pmrsufESm-599)
xdk@tjyif,cktcsdefxd qkwf,kwfysufjym;oGm;&onfh awmfvSefa&;ygwDtm;vkH;rSm
rmefrme }uD;xGm;vm+yD; rdrw
d @kd tiftm; rnfonfah e&mwGi&f o
dS nfukd rjrifEikd jf zpfum/ rdrw
d @kd .
tm;enf;csufudk ajymqdk&ef a=umufvef@jcif;wdk@a=umifh ysufpD;oGm;jcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf
u|Ekfyfonf u|Ekfyfwkd@. tm;enf;csufrsm;udk ajymqdk&ef a=umufvef@jcif;r&SdyJ if;wdk@udk ausmf
eif;Edkif&ef }uKd;pm;rnfjzpfaoma=umifh u|Ekfyfwdk@onf rysufpD;Edkifay (vDeif/ usrf;aygif;pkH/ 27/
pmrsufESm-260/261)
6? aemufqkH; ygwDordkif;u oif=um;ay;vdkufonfrSm ygwDonf vlxkESifh us,fus,f

jyef@jyef@ qufqHr_r&Sdygu TqufqHr_rsm;udk t+rJrjywftiftm; jznfhwif;jcif; rjyKygu vlxk
.toHudk rnfuJhodk@ tm&kHpdkufem;axmif+yD; if;wdk@. ta&;w}uD; vdktyfr_rsm;udk em;vnf
atmifjyKvkyf&rnfudk rod&Sdygu vlxkudk oif=um;ay;kHr#ru vlxkxHuvnf; oif,l&ef
jyifqifxm;jcif;r&Sdygu tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. ygwDw&yfonf oef;csDaom tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;ESifh vkyfom;jynfoltm;vkH; wdk@udk acgif;aqmifEdkifaom ppfrSefonfh vlxkygwDw&yf
rjzpfEdkifacs?
vDeif ajym=um;ouJhodk@yif ygwDw&yfonf t"dutm;jzifh ypPnf;rJhrsm; xdkxufru
ypPnf;rJhr[kwfonfh vkyfom;vlxktrsm;wumhtrsm;pk}uD;ESifh qufpyf+yD; olwdk@ESifh eD;eD;uyf
uyfqufoG,fum }udKufESpfoufygu tpdwftydkif;wcsdK@txdyl;aygif;oGm;ygu rnfonfh
&efolr# csdK;ESdrfIr&ay? ( vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 2 / pmrsufESm-574
-574)
ygwDw&yfonf rdrd. usOf;ajrmif;vSaom ygwDOcGHxJwGifomydwfae+yD;/ vlxkESifh quf
oG,fr_ jzwfawmufum AsKdkua&pD oHacs;twufcHygu ysufpD;qkH;_H;&ayrnf?
&Jabmfpwmvifu abmf&SDApfrsm;onf jynfolvlxk trsm;pk}uD;ESifh qufqHa&;rjywf
oa&G@ olwkd@udk rnfolr# csdK;ESdrfEdkifrnf r[kwfa=umif;udk pnf;rsOf;w&yftjzpf u|efawmfwdk@
oabmxm;&rnf? xdo
k nfEiS q
hf e@u
f sipf mG yif abmf&ADS pfrsm;onf/ vlxEk iS hf tquftoG,jf ywf
awmuf+yD; if;wd@k EiS hf qufqaH &;rsm; r&Sad wmhonfEiS hf AsK&ku
d a&pDoaH cs;wufvmonfEiS hf rdrw
d @kd
tiftm;rsm; qkH;_H;oGm;awmhrnfjzpfI oknb0odk@usqif; oGm;ayrnf?
a&S;a[mif; *&dykHjyifusrf;xJwGif emrnf}uD; ol&Jaumif; tef;wD;,yfpf (Antaeus)
qdo
k &l cdS +hJ yD;/ ykjH yift& olonf yifv,frsm;. ewfb&k m; ydq
k ikd 'f ef (Poseidon) ESihf ajrewforD;
*gtm (Gaea) wdk@.om;jzpfonf? tefwD;,yffpfonf rdrdtm; arG;zGm;oef@pif Edk@csdKwdkuf
au|;arG;jrLcJhonfh rdciftay: tvGefcspfcifwG,fwmcJhonf? Ttef;wD;,yfpfu ratmifEdkif
onfh ol&aJ umif;r&Scd ahJ cs? olonf rnforl # csKd ;ESrd /f wdu
k cf u
kd /f acsre_ ;f jcif;rjyKEdik o
f nfh ol&J aumif;
jzpfayonf?? ol.pGrf;tm;onf rnfonfhae&mwGif&Sdygoenf;? olonf rdrd. &efol ESifh
tjyif;txef wdkufcdkuf&onfhtcgwdkif; rdrdtm; arG;zGm;cJh+yD; Edk@csdKwdkufau|;cJhonfh rdcif
ajr}uD;tm;xdxm;+yD; xdkrSol. tiftm;opfrsm;&&Sdaejcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf ol@rSm tm;enf;

csuf w&yf&Sdonf? wenf;enf;jzifh ol@udk ajr}uD;ESifh vGwfoGm;Edkifrnfh tE W&m,fyifjzpfonf?
ol. &efolrsm;onf Ttm;enf;csufudk owdjyKrd+yD; ol@udk apmifh=unfhaeonf? wae@ T
tcsufudk tcGifhaumif;,lIf tef;wD;,yfpfudk acsr_ef;rnfh&efolay:aygufvmonf? olum;
[m=uLvDyifwnf;? [m=uLvDonf rnfonfhenf;jzifh tef;wD,yfpfudk atmifjrifEdkifvdkuf
oenf;? [m=uLvDu oludk ajr}uD;rS r, csDvdkuf+yD; avxJwGifajrmufudkifxm;um ajr}uD;ESifh
rxdrdatmifxm;+yD; vnfyif;npfowfypfvdkufonf?
abmf&SDApfrsm;onf u|efawmfwdk@udk *&dykHjyifxJrS ol&Jaumif; tef;wD;,yfpfudk owd
&aponf[k u|Ekfyfxifonf? olwdk@onf tef;wD,yfpfuJhodk@ rdrdtm; arG;zGm;oef@pif Edk@csdK
wdkufauG; arG;jrLjyKpkcJhonfh rdcifvlxk}uD; ESifh qufpyfxdawGaeonfhtwGuf tiftm;awmifh
wif;aeonf? rdrdwdk@. rdcifjynfolrsm;ESihf qufpyfxdawG@aeoa&G@ rnfolr#csdK;ESdrfEdkifrnf r
[kwaf cs?
TonfrSm abmf&SDApfacgif;aqmifr_. wdkufwdkif;atmifEdkifr_ (invincibility) . t
a=umif;t&if;jzpfonf? (a*s/ pwmvif/ ygwDvkyfief;wGif; csdK@,Gif;csufrsm;)
Tonfw@kd rmS abmf&ADS pfygwD jzwfoef;av#mufvrS ;f cJ&h aom ordik ;f vrf;a=umif; twGi;f
rS&&Sdonfh t"duoifcef;pmrsm; jzpfayownf;?
?
bmomjyefol - a':,Of,OfvS
5 &uf {+yD 1992 ckESpf

Á Á Á Á - Á ®á Šá Á Á Šá °á "Á ®á Šá Á Á Á "Á Á Á ™á Á "Á Á Á - Á Á Á ®

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Á Á Á Á - Á ®á Šá Á Á Šá °á "Á ®á Šá Á Á Á "Á Á Á ™á Á "Á Á Á - Á Á Á ®

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.

U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf 1

2 qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf

qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf 3

4 qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf

urBm@ypPn;f rJrh sm; aoG;pnf;=u !

qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf 5

2010/ =o*kwf/ 8 &uf

ykEH ydS jf cif;

rsufESmzkH; ESifh twGif;'DZdkif;

Alynn Hline <lightwave108@gmail.com>

6 qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf

qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf 7

3? k&Sm;qdkS,f'Drdkua&pD vkyfom;ygwD. 'kwd,uGef*&uf? vrf;pOfESifh pnf;urf;twnfjyK

8 qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf

qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf 9

10 qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf

6? yDxk*d &ufY atmufwb

qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf 11

12 qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf

qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf 13

14 qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf

xdk tESp2f 0 rS ,ae@umvtxd ESprf sm;pGmtwGi;f u Edik if aH &;tjzpftysurf sm;udk jyefvnf

wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif xdktawG@t}uKHrsm;ESifh rdrdwdk@wdkif;jynf. wu,fhtajctae (awmfvSefa&;

ordik ;f tusO;f csKyfpmtkyEf iS hf ywfouf+yD; wefz;kd jzwf&mwGiv

qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf 19

20 qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf

t&if;&SiEf idk if rH sm;rS iSm;&rf;xm;olrsm;udv

22 qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf

tjzwfcH&onfh ajrtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk v,form;rsm;u tdkx&ufpuD (jzwfprsm; cuts)

24 qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf

orm;rsm;tzdk@ rnfonfhEkdifiHa&; tcGifhta&;r#r&SdcJhyg? Zmbk&if. oufOD;qHydkif tkyfcsKyfr_onf

t&if;}uD; vkyfief;}uD;rsm;twGif;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;t=um; ay:aygufvsuf&Sdaom aoG;pnf;

wzufwGifvnf; v,form;trsm;tjym;onf qkwf,kwfysufpD;um qif;&Jv,form;/ aus;

tvkyform;rsm;onf wlnDonfh&yfwnfr_ pwifudkifpGJvm+yD;/ if;wdk@. rcHr&yfEdkifzG,f

ESufaeygonf? ig;ESpfumv 1881-86 twGif; tvkyform; 80000 yg0ifonfh oydwf 48 ck

qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf 29

wcsdefwnf;rSmyif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yfSm;r_ }uD;xGm;vmjcif;tay: tajccH+yD;/

rmhupf Ef iS hf tde*f ,fw@dk u ypPn;f rJrh sm;udk if;wd@k . uk,

a&S@wef;a&mufaom tiftm;pkw&yfjzpfvmygonf// odk@aomfvnf; ema&m'fepfrsm;onf

zef;wD;+yD;/ vlxk/ jynfol/ vlwef;pm;ESifh ema&m'fepf pma&;q&mrsm;u raxrJhjrif ac:a0:

34 qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf

awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;. wm0efrSm k&Sm;Y t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wdk;wufvmr_udk

r&SdbJ tao;pm;ydkifqdkifolav;rsm; yg0ifaeonfhtwGuf ypPnf;rJhrsm;uJhodk@ awmfvSefa&; v_yf

odk@aomf wcsdefwnf;rSmyif vkyftm;vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@onf }uD;av;onfhtrSm;

38 qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf

3? vDeif. awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; pwifvmjcif;? pdefyDwmpbwftzGJ@csKyf. tvkyform;

om;/ trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf pmwrf;wapmifa&;om;cJo

vDeifonf ol. aemufwqifv

42 qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf

t&if;cHtm;jzifh udk;q,fpkESpfrsm;u ema&m'fepfrsm;onf Zmbk&iftpdk;&udk qef@usif

udk;q,fpkESpfrsm;twGif;u ema&m'fepfrsm;onf qif;&Jv,form;rsm;. tajctae

jynfolrsm;.rdwfaqGrsm;qdkolrsm;rSm tb,fenf; qdkonfhpmtkyfY vDeifu k&Sm;

44 qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf

ema&m'fepfrsm;udk wdkufyGJqif&mwGif vDeifu w&m;0if rmhufpf0g'Drsm;udk toHk;cs&ef

tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; pkpnf;+yD;/ pnf;kH;a&;t& wpkwpnf;wnf; pkpnf;aygif;pyfa&;udk rvkyfaqmif

46 qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf

pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;u tvkyform;rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;wdkufyGJudkom qifEGJoifh+yD;/

jyefvnfkdufESdyfcJh+yD; bmul;/ u&SdeufAfESifh qdkufaA;&D;,m;&Sd v#Kd@0SufykHESdyfXmersm;wGif kdufESdyf

2 ? tkdu&mem- Zmbk&ihf &kSm;&Sd vsKd@0SufEkdifiHa&;ykvdyfXme/ awmfvSefa&;v_yfSm;r_rsm;udkzdcGif;&ef wnfaxmif

jyef@usJaeaom rmhufpf0g' tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk ygwDwckwnf;tjzpf yl;aygif;qufpyfEkdif

50 qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf

1901 ckepf/ pde@f yw

Ttajctaeudk vDeifu edHk;csKyf&mwGif uGef&uf 2 &yf/ ygwD 2 ck [k qdkcJhonf?

tm%mydkifrsm;udk krpdkufonfh/ w&m;Oya'udk krpdkufonfh/ tm%mydkifrsm;udka&m/ w&m;