Visual Problem 1. Myopia Myopia is a vision prob2.

Hyperopia Hyperopia is a vision problem where students cannot clearly see objects at a close range. Vision at a distance, however, is normal. Hyperopia is sometimes called farsightedness.

3. Presbyopia Presbyopia is a physical problem with the lens of the eye that causes difficulty with seeing close up. 4. Astigmatism Astigmatism is a condition where a student's vision is blurry both far away and close up. Vision has the appearance of an out-of-focus projector. Astigmatism occurs when the cornea of the eye is irregularly shaped. 5. Amblyopia Amblyopia is sometimes called "lazy eye." This condition involves poorly developed central vision in one eye that cannot be corrected with glasses. Both eyes have different levels of visual acuity. 6. Strabismus Strabismus is sometimes called crossed eyes. It occurs when the eyes do not track and work in tandem and usually is caused by muscle coordination problems. lem where students cannot clearly see objects at a distance. Near vision, however, is normal. For this reason, myopia is also called nearsightedness.

7. Nystagmus refers to uncontrolled eye movements. Nystagmus usually involves quick, jittery movements made by both eyes, both horizontally and vertically There are two types of nystagmus, sensory and motor. Sensory nystagmus refers to loss of vision. Motor nystagmus is related to loss of eye muscle control.

Presbyopia -- difficulty focusing on objects that are close. Often becomes noticeable in your early to mid 40s. Cataracts -- cloudiness over the eye lens, causing poor nighttime vision, halos around lights, and sensitivity to glare. Daytime vision is eventually affected. Common in the elderly. Glaucoma -- increased pressure in the eye, causing poor night vision, blind spots, and loss of vision to either side. A major cause of blindness. Glaucoma can happen gradually or suddenly -- if sudden, it's a medical emergency. Diabetic retinopathy -- this complication of diabetes can lead to bleeding into the retina. Another common cause of blindness. Macular degeneration -- loss of central vision, blurred vision (especially while reading), distorted vision (like seeing wavy lines), and colors appearing faded. The most common cause of blindness in people over age 60. Eye infection, inflammation, or injury. Floaters -- tiny particles drifting across the eye. Although often brief and harmless, they may be a sign of retinal detachment. Night blindness. Retinal detachment -- symptoms include floaters, flashes of light across your visual field, or a sensation of a shade or curtain hanging on one side of your visual field. Optic neuritis -- inflammation of the optic nerve from infection or multiple sclerosis. You may have pain when you move your eye or touch it through the eyelid. Stroke or TIA. Brain tumor. Bleeding into the eye. Temporal arteritis -- inflammation of an artery in the brain that supplies blood to the optic nerve. Migraine headaches -- spots of light, halos, or zigzag patterns are common symptoms prior to the start of the headache.

Disorders of eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit

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Hordeolum ("stye" or "sty") a bacterial infection of sebaceous glands of eyelashes. Chalazion a cyst in the eyelid (usually upper eyelid) Blepharitis inflammation of eyelids and eyelashes; characterized by white flaky skin near the eyelashes Entropion and trichiasis Ectropion Lagophthalmos Blepharochalasis Ptosis Xanthelasma of eyelid Parasitic infestation of eyelid in diseases classified elsewhere Dermatitis of eyelid due to Demodex species ( B88.0+ ) Parasitic infestation of eyelid in: leishmaniasis ( B55.-+ ) loiasis ( B74.3+ ) onchocerciasis ( B73+ ) phthiriasis ( B85.3+ ) Involvement of eyelid in other infectious diseases classified elsewhere Involvement of eyelid in: herpesviral (herpes simplex) infection ( B00.5+ ) leprosy ( A30.-+ ) molluscum contagiosum ( B08.1+ ) tuberculosis ( A18.4+ ) yaws ( A66.-+ ) zoster ( B02.3+ ) Involvement of eyelid in other diseases classified elsewhere Involvement of eyelid in impetigo ( L01.0+ ) Dacryoadenitis Epiphora Dysthyroid exophthalmos it is shown that if your eye comes out that it will shrink because the optic fluids drain out

Disorders of conjunctiva

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Conjunctivitis inflammation of the conjunctiva Pterygium benign growth of the conjunctiva Subconjunctival hemorrhage burst blood vessels on conjunctiva Conjunctivitis in infectious and parasitic diseases classified elsewhere Conjunctivitis (due to): Acanthamoeba adenoviral follicular (acute) chlamydial diphtheritic gonococcal haemorrhagic (acute)(epidemic) (B30.3+) herpesviral [herpes simplex] (B00.5+) meningococcal (A39.8+) Newcastle (B30.8+) zoster (B02.3+) Disorders of sclera, cornea, iris and ciliary body

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Scleritis a painful inflammation of the sclera Keratitis inflammation of the cornea Corneal ulcer / Corneal abrasion loss of the surface epithelial layer of the eye's cornea Snow blindness / Arc eye a painful condition caused by exposure of unprotected eyes to bright light Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy Corneal neovascularization Fuchs' dystrophy cloudy morning vision Keratoconus the cornea thins and changes shape to be more like a cone than a parabole Keratoconjunctivitis sicca dry eyes Iritis inflammation of the iris Uveitis inflammatory process involving the interior of the eye; Sympathetic ophthalmia is a subset. Disorders of lens This section requires expansion.

Cataract the lens becomes opaque Disorders of choroid and retina Chorioretinal inflammation Chorioretinal inflammation

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Focal chorioretinal inflammation Focal: chorioretinitis choroiditis retinitis retinochoroiditis Disseminated chorioretinal inflammation Disseminated: chorioretinitis choroiditis retinitis retinochoroiditis Excludes: exudative retinopathy (H35.0) Posterior cyclitis

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Pars planitis Other chorioretinal inflammations Harada's disease Chorioretinal inflammation, unspecified Chorioretinitis Choroiditis Retinitis Retinochoroiditis Other disorders of choroid Other disorders of choroid

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Chorioretinal scars Macula scars of posterior pole (postinflammatory) (post-traumatic) Solar retinopathy (H31.1) Choroidal degeneration Atrophy Sclerosis Excludes: angioid streaks (H35.3) Hereditary choroidal dystrophy Choroideremia Dystrophy, choroidal (central areolar) (generalized) (peripapillary) Gyrate atrophy, choroid Excludes: ornithinaemia Choroidal haemorrhage and rupture Choroidal haemorrhage: NOS (Not Otherwise Specified) expulsive Choroidal detachment Other specified disorders of choroid Disorder of choroid, unspecified Chorioretinal disorders in diseaseas classified elsewhere Chorioretinal disorders in diseases classified elsewhere

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Chorioretinal inflammation in infectious and parasitic diseases classified elsewhere Chorioretinitis: syphilitic, late toxoplasma tuberculous Other chorioretinal disorders in diseases classified elsewhere Retinal detachments and breaks This section requires expansion.

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Retinal detachment the retina detaches from the choroid, leading to blurred and distorted vision Retinoschisis the retina separates into several layers and may detach Retinal vascular occlusions This section is empty. You can help by adding to it.

Other retinal disorders

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Hypertensive retinopathy burst blood vessels, due to long-term high blood pressure Diabetic retinopathy damage to the retina caused by complications of diabetes mellitus, which could eventually lead to blindness Retinopathy general term referring to non-inflammatory damage to the retina Retinopathy of prematurity scarring and retinal detachment in premature babies

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Age-related macular degeneration the photosensitive cells in the macula malfunction and over time cease to work Macular degeneration loss of central vision, due to macular degeneration Epiretinal membrane a transparent layer forms and tightens over the retina Peripheral retinal degeneration Hereditary retinal dystrophy Retinitis pigmentosa genetic disorder; tunnel vision preceded by night-blindness Retinal haemorrhage Separation of retinal layers Other specified retinal disorders Macular edema distorted central vision, due to a swollen macula Retinal disorder, unspecified Retinal disorders in diseases classified elsewhere This section is empty. You can help by adding to it.

Glaucoma This section requires expansion.

Glaucoma optic neuropathy Disorders of vitreous body and globe This section requires expansion.

Floaters shadow-like shapes which appear singly or together with several others in the field of vision Disorders of optic nerve and visual pathways

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Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy genetic disorder; loss of central vision Optic disc drusen globules progressively calcify in the optic disc, compressing the vasculature and optic nerve fibers Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction

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Strabismus (Crossed eye/Wandering eye/Walleye) the eyes do not point in the same direction Ophthalmoparesis the partial or total paralysis of the eye muscles Progressive external ophthalmoplegia weakness of the external eye muscles Esotropia the tendency for eyes to become cross-eyed Exotropia the tendency for eyes to look outward Disorders of refraction and accommodation Hypermetropia (Farsightedness) the inability to focus on near objects (and in extreme cases, any objects) Myopia (Nearsightedness) distant objects appear blurred Astigmatism the cornea or the lens of the eye is not perfectly spherical, resulting in different focal points in different planes Anisometropia the lenses of the two eyes have different focal lengths Presbyopia a condition that occurs with growing age and results in the inability to focus on close objects Disorders of accommodation Internal ophthalmoplegia

Visual disturbances and blindness

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Amblyopia (lazy eye) poor or blurry vision due to either no transmission or poor transmission of the visual image to the brain Leber's congenital amaurosis genetic disorder; appears at birth, characterised by sluggish or no pupillary responses Scotoma (blind spot) an area impairment of vision surrounded by a field of relatively well-preserved vision. See also Anopsia. Color blindness the inability to perceive differences between some or all colors that other people can distinguish Achromatopsia / Maskun a low cone count or lack of function in cone cells Nyctalopia (Nightblindness) a condition making it difficult or impossible to see in the dark Blindness the brain does not receive optical information, through various causes River blindness blindness caused by long-term infection by a parasitic worm (rare in western societies) micro-opthalmia/coloboma a disconnection between the optic nerve and the brain and/or spinal cord

Blindness is the condition of lacking visual perception due to physiological or neurological factors. Total blindness is the complete lack of form and visual light perception and is clinically recorded as NLP, an abbreviation for "no light perception."[1] Blindness is frequently used to describe severe visual impairment with residual vision. Those described as having only light perception have no more sight than the ability to tell light from dark and the general direction of a light source. In order to determine which people may need special assistance because of their visual disabilities, various governmental jurisdictions have formulated more complex definitions referred to as legal blindness

Blindness is a lack of vision. It may also refer to a loss of vision that cannot be corrected with glasses or contact lenses.

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Partial blindness means you have very limited vision. Complete blindness means you cannot see anything and do not see light. (Most people who use the term "blindness" mean complete blindness.)

People with vision worse than 20/200 are considered legally blind in most states in the United States. Vision loss refers to the partial or complete loss of vision. This vision loss may happen suddenly or over a period of time.
hat is color blindness?

Color blindness means you have trouble seeing red, green, or blue or a mix of these colors. Its rare that a person sees no color at all. Color blindness is also called a color vision problem. A color vision problem can change your life. It makes it harder to learn and read, and you may not be able to have certain careers. But children and adults with color vision problems can learn to make up for their problems seeing color.
What causes color blindness?

Most color vision problems are inherited (genetic) and are present at birth. People usually have three types of cone cells in the eye. Each type senses either red, green, or blue light. You see color when your cone cells sense different amounts of these three basic colors. Most cone cells are found in the macula, which is the central part of the retina. See a picture of the eye that shows the retina and the macula. Inherited color blindness happens when you don't have one of these types of cone cells or they don't work right. You may not see one of these three basic colors, or you may see a different shade of that color or a different color. This type of color vision problem doesn't change over time.

A color vision problem is not always inherited. In some cases, a person can have an acquired color vision problem. This can be caused by:

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Aging. Eye problems, such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, cataracts, or diabetic retinopathy. Injury to the eye. Side effects of some medicines.

Types of color vision deficiency Based on this knowledge about our visual system we easily can put together the list of different forms of color blindness. All of them have a direct relation to the available photoreceptors in your eye and are accordingly categorized.

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Monochromatism: Either no cones available or just one type of them. Dichromatism: Only two different cone types, the third one is missing completely. Anomalous trichromatism: All three types but with shifted peaks of sensitivity for one of them. This results in a smaller color spectrum.

Dichromats and anomalous trichromats exist again in three different types according to the missing cone or in the latter case of its malfunctioning.

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Tritanopia/Tritanomaly: Missing/malfunctioning S-cone (blue). Deuteranopia/Deuteranomaly: Missing/malfunctioning M-cone (green). Protanopia/Protanomaly: Missing/malfunctioning L-cone (red).

For a better understanding you can also call them blue-, green-, or red-weakness respectively -blindness. Unfortunately these terms didnt really made their way and are not used very often. You could ask know: What about red-green color blindness or blue-yellow color vision deficiency? These are the ones I know but I cant find them in your lists above. Thats right. The problem with these well known terms is, that they are not telling the truth! Many people think that if you suffer from blue-yellow color blindness this are the only colors you cant distinguish. But thats wrong. Color blindness doesnt relate to just two color hues you cant distinguish, it is the whole color spectrum which is affected. More on this a little later in this article and in the next chapter of COLOR BLIND ESSENTIALS where we will have a closer look at red-green color blindness. But to solve the puzzle: blue-yellow color blindness relates to tritan defects and red-green color blindness to all types of protan or deutan defects. Prevalence Men Achromatopsia Protanopia Dichromacy Deuteranopia Tritanopia Anomalous Trichromacy Protanomaly Deuteranomaly 1.08% 4.63% 0.0002% 1.01% 1.27% 0.0001% 0.03% 0.36% 0.00003% 0.02% 0.01% Women

Type Monochromacy

Denomination

Tritanomaly Different forms of color vision deficiency

The above list shows you the prevalence rates of each type of color vision deficiency. The ratios between the most frequently occurring types for men can simply be remembered as: 1 protanope to 1 protanomalous trichromat to 1 deuteranope to 5 deteranomalous trichromats.

We already learned in the last chapter of COLOR BLIND ESSENTIALS: What is color blindness?, that because of our genes more men than women are colorblind. Adding up all the numbers results in a total of 8% of men and 0.5% of women who are suffering from some type of color vision deficiency. What do you see if you are colorblind? We learned now a lot about the different types and categories of color vision deficiencies. But what does it really look like if you are colorblind? How do you see the world if you are colorblind? The four pictures below should give you a first impression.

Normal Color Vision

Protanopia

Deuteranopia

Tritanopia

The pictures above were generated with a tool called Coblis, which you can find right here on this web site. If you have normal color vision you might realize that in the case of red-green color blindness (protanopia/deuteranopia) not only red and green colors are affected but the whole color spectrum is perceived differently. The same is of course true for blue-yellow color blindness (tritanopia). This is based on the fact, that all colors are perceived as a mixture of the three different cone types, and if one of them is missing the whole color spectrum changes. The simulation below shows how the color spectrum changes. The shown lines are just meant as guides. Any line which ends in the so-called copunctal point connects the colors of confusion for a certain type of color vision deficiency. A more severe color blindness simply results in thicker and longer confusion bands. Simply put you can say, color blind people see the world like people with normal color vision see it at dusk or dawn. At this time of the day colors start to fade away which is comparable to a color vision deficiency? To learn more about how color vision works and to get a lot of interesting details about this topic, visit the excellent web site of Bruce MacEvoy on Color Vision. In the next part of COLOR BLIND ESSENTIALS we will have a closer look at the most common type of color vision deficiency: RedGreen Color Blindness.

ADHD may be seen as one or more continuous traits found normally throughout the general population.[24] It is a developmental disorder in which certain traits such as impulse control lag in development. Using magnetic resonance imaging of the prefrontal cortex, this developmental lag has been estimated to range from 3 to 5 years.[25] A diagnosis of ADHD does not, however, imply a neurological disease.[24][clarification needed] ADHD is classified as a disruptive behavior disorder along with oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder and antisocial disorder.[26] ADHD has three subtypes: Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive

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Most symptoms (six or more) are in the hyperactivity-impulsivity categories. Fewer than six symptoms of inattention are present, although inattention may still be present to some degree. Predominantly inattentive The majority of symptoms (six or more) are in the inattention category and fewer than six symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity are present, although hyperactivity-impulsivity may still be present to some degree. Children with this subtype are less likely to act out or have difficulties getting along with other children. They may sit quietly, but they are not paying attention to what they are doing. Therefore, the child may be overlooked, and parents and teachers may not notice symptoms of ADHD. Combined hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive Six or more symptoms of inattention and six or more symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity are present. Most children with ADHD have the combined type. Signs and symptoms Hyperactivity is a common symptom of ADHD. Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are the key behaviors of ADHD. The symptoms of ADHD are especially difficult to define because it is hard to draw the line at where normal levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity end and clinically significant levels requiring intervention begin. To be diagnosed with ADHD, symptoms must be observed in two different settings for six months or more and to a degree that is greater than other children of the same age. The symptom categories of ADHD in children yield three potential classifications of ADHDpredominantly inattentive type, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type, or combined type if criteria for both subtypes are met: Predominantly inattentive type symptoms May include Be easily distracted, miss details, forget things, and frequently switch from one activity to another

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Have difficulty maintaining focus on one task Become bored with a task after only a few minutes, unless doing something enjoyable Have difficulty focusing attention on organizing and completing a task or learning something new or trouble completing or turning in homework assignments, often losing things (e.g., pencils, toys, assignments) needed to complete tasks or activities Not seem to listen when spoken to Daydream, become easily confused, and move slowly Have difficulty processing information as quickly and accurately as others Struggle to follow instructions. Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type symptoms may include:

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Fidget and squirm in their seats Talk nonstop Dash around, touching or playing with anything and everything in sight Have trouble sitting still during dinner, school, and story time Be constantly in motion Have difficulty doing quiet tasks or activities. And also these manifestations primarily of impulsivity: Be very impatient

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Blurt out inappropriate comments, show their emotions without restraint, and act without regard for consequences Have difficulty waiting for things they want or waiting their turns in games

Most people exhibit some of these behaviors, but not to the degree where such behaviors significantly interfere with a person's work, relationships, or studiesand in the absence of significant interference or impairment, a diagnosis of ADHD is normally not appropriate. The core impairments are consistent even in different cultural contexts. Symptoms may persist into adulthood for up to half of children diagnosed with ADHD. Estimating this is difficult as there are no official diagnostic criteria for ADHD in adults. ADHD in adults remains a clinical diagnosis. The signs and symptoms may differ from those during childhood and adolescence due to the adaptive processes and avoidance mechanisms learned during the process of socialisation. A 2009 study found that children with ADHD move around a lot because it helps them stay alert enough to complete challenging tasks. Comorbid disorders ADHD may accompany other disorders such as anxiety or depression. Such combinations can greatly complicate diagnosis and treatment. Academic studies and research in private practice suggest that depression in ADHD appears to be increasingly prevalent in children as they get older, with a higher rate of increase in girls than in boys, and to vary in prevalence with the subtype of ADHD. Where a mood disorder complicates ADHD it would be prudent to treat the mood disorder first, but parents of children who have ADHD often wish to have the ADHD treated first, because the response to treatment is quicker. Inattention and "hyperactive" behavior are not the only problems in children with ADHD. ADHD exists alone in only about 1/3 of the children diagnosed with it. Many co-existing conditions require other courses of treatment and should be diagnosed separately instead of being grouped in the ADHD diagnosis. Some of the associated conditions are:

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Oppositional defiant disorder (35%) and conduct disorder (26%) which both are characterized by antisocial behaviors such as stubbornness, aggression, frequent temper tantrums, deceitfulness, lying, or stealing, inevitably linking these comorbid disorders with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD); about half of those with hyperactivity and ODD or CD develop ASPD in adulthood. Borderline personality disorder, which was according to a study on 120 female psychiatric patients diagnosed and treated for BPD associated with ADHD in 70 percent of those cases. Primary disorder of vigilance, which is characterized by poor attention and concentration, as well as difficulties staying awake. These children tend to fidget, yawn and stretch and appear to be hyperactive in order to remain alert and active. Mood disorders. Boys diagnosed with the combined subtype have been shown likely to suffer from a mood disorder. Bipolar disorder. As many as 25 percent of children with ADHD have bipolar disorder. Children with this combination may demonstrate more aggression and behavioral problems than those with ADHD alone.[34] Anxiety disorder, which has been found to be common in girls diagnosed with the inattentive subtype of ADHD.[38] Obsessive-compulsive disorder. OCD is believed to share a genetic component with ADHD and shares many of its characteristics.[34]

Characteristic of ADHD

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Inattention Impulsivity Hyperactivity Restlessness Disorganization

Characteristic of ADD

The three main characteristics of ADD are:

1. Inattention

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difficulty organizing tasks difficulty staying on task (quick loss of interest) and maintaining effort difficulty with transitions or prioritizing tasks, following instructions, and completing school work problems with misplacing things needed for tasks becoming easily distracted by extraneous stimuli difficulty remembering daily activities

2. Hyperactivity

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experiences minor motor restlessness, such as fidgeting of hands has difficulty remaining seated and talks excessively has difficulty regulating restlessness to situational demands has difficulty channeling physical restlessness in productive directions has difficulty listening to others becomes easily distracted while reading

3. Impulsiveness

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speaks or acts without considering the consequence has difficulty taking turns has feelings of being out-of-control, which can result in obsessive compulsive behaviors has need for high stimulus activity Characteristic of ADD Inattention and distractibility. Overarousal or hyperactivity Impulsivity. Difficulty with rewards. Difficulty with social skills.

Axial skeleton Axial skeleton supports and protects the organs of the head, neck, and chest, and in humans it consists of the skull, ear ossicles, hyoid bone, spine, and ribs. Appendicular skeleton Part of the skeletal system consists of chest and pelvic girdles and limb bones of a supplement-free. The girdles provide a support to which the usual mobile attach limbs. A baby has 300 bones at birth. As they grow older the small bones grow together unil finaly as as an adult there are 206.