Entasis in Fourth-Century BC Doric Buildings in the Peloponnese and at Delphi Author(s): Jari Pakkanen Source: The Annual of the

British School at Athens, Vol. 92 (1997), pp. 323-344 Published by: British School at Athens Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30103486 Accessed: 25/10/2010 14:07
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ENTASIS IN FOURTH-CENTURY BC DORIC BUILDINGS IN THE PELOPONNESE AND AT DELPHI

I.

INTRODUCTION

IN this paper I shall study the fourth-century Doric buildings on which the entasis-the slightly convex curve of the column taper-can either be directly measured on the columns or reconstructedon the basis of the preservedblocks.' The geographical range of sufficientlywell preserved and published buildings is limited: the ones I am aware of are all located in the Peloponnese or at Delphi.2 More variation can be found in the building types: there are two
large peripteral temples,3 two tholoi,4 one prostyle temple,5 and one treasury.6 The time span

covered by the buildingsis from c. 380 to c. 330 BC.7

2. METHOD

Traditionally the entasis of columns has been measured by stretching a wire close to the column and then measuring the distance between the wire and the flute.8 This method can only be applied in the cases where the columns are standing.The data I have used to draw the shaft profiles presented in this paper are quite different in nature: the entasis curve can be derived also from the measurements of drum diameters and heights. I have used these points on the curve to calculate the formula of the third degree polynomial which gives the closest match. Once the formula of the curve is known it can be used to determine the position and amount of maximum entasis.9

1 I wish to thank Professor Richard A. Tomlinson for reading the manuscript and for very valuable discussions. The current outline of the paper is largely due to the comments I received from the anonymous reader of the paper; especially the section on the Tholos at Epidauros has benefited from the criticism. Needless to say, I am very grateful to this person. I also owe my gratitude to Dr Petra Pakkanenand Mr Kimmo Vehkalahtifor their comments on my work. The following short titles and special abbreviations are used in this article:

Amandry and Bousquet 1940-I=P. Amandry and J. Bousquet, 'La colonne dorique de la Tholos de Marmaria', BCH 64-5 (1940-1), 121-7. de (FD; Paris, Bousquet 1952=J. Bousquet, Le Trisor Cyrine. 1952). Hill 1966 = B. H. Hill, The Temple Zeusat Nemea. rev. and of suppl. by C. K. Williams, II (Princeton, 1966). en Michaud 1977=J.-P. Michaud, Le Temple calcaire.(FD; Paris, 1977). de aux Roux 1961= G. Roux, L'Architecture l'Argolide IVe et IIje siecles avantJ.-C.(BEFAR199;Paris, 1961). Stevens 1924= G. P. Stevens, 'Entasis of Roman Columns', MAAR 4 (1924), 121-52.

FlW = flute width. 4). r1= column drum radius from centre to arris (see FIG. r,= column drum radius from centre to bottom of flute (see FIG. 4). 2 Although the treasury of Kyrene is located at Delphi, stylistically the building belongs to the sphere of Kyrenian architecture;see below section 7. 3 The temples of Athena Alea at Tegea and of Zeus at Nemea. 4 At Delphi and Epidauros. 5 The fourth century temple of Athena at Delphi. 6 The treasuryof Kyrene at Delphi. 7 The earliest of the buildings is the Tholos at Delphi and the latest the temple of Zeus at Nemea. o See e.g. E C. Penrose, An Investigation the Principles of of Athenian Architecture (London, 1851),40 and Stevens 1924, 1239 As the curve fitting method I have used least squares approximation: on the method see J. Pakkanen, 'The Entasis of Greek Doric Columns and Curve Fitting. A Case Study Based on the Peristyle Column of the Temple of Athena Alea at Tegea', Archeologia calcolatori (1996), e 7 694-5-

f= half of the flute width (see FIG. 4).

324

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PAKKANEN

The figures presenting the column entasis (FIGS.I-3 and 5-9) have their x andy axes drawn at different scales in order to make the entasis more discernible: the scale for the x axis is ten times greater than for the y axis. This distorts the angle between the maximum entasis line and the straight dashed line connecting the bottom and the top of the shaft; the lines are perpendicular even though they do not appear to be so. The actual co-ordinate points are plotted as circles. The range of column heights in FIGS.1-2 and 5-9 is from 3.6 to 9.o m, but the figures are scaled down to equal height. In FIG. 17 all the column profiles are drawn to equal scale: they have as their x axis scale 1:5 and asy axis scale 1:50.
3. THE THOLOS AT DELPHI

The date of the Tholos at Delphi is not certainly known, but on stylisticgrounds the building and especially the carved metopes are dated to c.380-370 BC.10The three standing columns of the Tholos were reconstructed in 1938; during the preparatory study P. Amandry and J. Bousquet were able to show convincingly that the column shaft consisted of five and not four drums as was previouslythought." They studied 65 blocks, and on the basis of their published height and diameter measurementsit is possible to draw the shaft profile presented in FIG. I. The drums have slight variation in their height (I.108-1. 17 m), but in FIG.I I have used the average drum height of 1.115 m.12The entasis is barely perceptible and the point of maximum entasis is just above the middle of the column shaft height (TABLE 3). Scholars have observed influences of both Athenian and Peloponnesian architecturein the Tholos,'3 and its architecturalsculpturehas the closest parallelsin the Epidauriansculptureof the first half of the fourth century.14 The entasis is much slighter than in the Athenian fifthbut century Doric architecture,15 the temple of Bassai could have been a possible source of

o0 P. Amandry, 'Observations sur les monuments de l'H6raion d'Argos', Hesperia, (1952), 272 n. 94: c. 380 BC; 21 Roux 1961, 413, 415, and 418: c.370 BC;P. Bernard and J. Marcad6, 'Sur une metope de la Tholos de Marmaria A Delphes', BCH 85 (1961), 469-73: c. 375 BC. See also J. Marcad6, 'Les metopes de la Tholos de Marmaria 'a Delphes', CRAI1979, 168-70. E Seiler has recently suggested that there could have been two building phases in the Tholos: the main part would have been finished by the beginning of the 4th cent. BC, and only the roof elements would belong to the second later phase (E Seiler, Die griechischeTholos (Mainz, 1986), 65-7). The suggestion explains part of the contradictory dates given for the building, but redating the metopes to the 5th cent. BCwould perhaps require a closer study of the objects themselves. " Amandry and Bousquet 1940-1, 121-7. 12 For the data, see Amandry and Bousquet 1940-I, 124 and 125 n. 2. The plotted points are (o, o), (o.o15, 1-115), (0.028, 2.230), (0.0455, 3.345), (o.o65, 4.460), (0.085, 5-575); the formula of the fitted curve is y=-o.oI3+85.3x291.5x2+718.6x3. H. Ducoux discovered that the columns were inclined toward the interior (Amandry and Bousquet 1940-1, 123). Therefore, the shaft profiles on the sides and the exterior and interior faces of the column are slightly different:in FIG.I is given the side profile. The x co-ordinate points for this profile are calculated from the drum diameter measurements.

13 Athenian influences and features: proportions (see J. d'AthinaPronaia i Charbonneaux, La Tholos du sanctuaire Delphes(FD; Paris, 1925), 32); building materials (Pentelic marble and limestone from Eleusis; J. Bousquet, 'La destination de la Tholos de Delphes', Revuehistorique, 1960, 287 n. 2). Peloponnesian influences: Corinthian capitals and ceiling coffers (forparallels with the temple of Bassai, see e.g. W. B. Dinsmoor, The Architecture AncientGreece of (London,

sima of the Tholos displays Ionic influences (see J. Charbonneaux, op. cit, 7 and 31), but it actually has a fairly close-even though less elaborate-predecessor in the 5th cent. sima of the temple of Poseidon at Isthmia (date and description: 0. Broneer, Templeof Poseidon, Isthmia I
(Princeton, NJ, 1971), 150-2, and compare pls. 24-6 with the

19503 (i975)), 234). According to J. Charbonneaux the carved

Tholos sima in Charbonneaux op. cit., figs. 9-11). 14 Bernard and Marcad6 (n. Io), 461-9; J. Marcad6 (n. io),
170.

maximum projectionbetween the shaftprofile and the straight line connecting the bottom and the top divided by the shaft height) is in the Parthenono.i8% and the Tholos o.og%; the proportionalposition of the maximum entasis in the shaft (the height of the maximum entasis from the stylobatedivided by the shaftheight)is in the firstone 0o.439 the latter0.534 (for and the Tholos see TABLE figureson the Parthenonare calculated 2; from measurements given in E C. Penrose(n. 8), 40).

15 The proportionalemphasisof the maximum entasis (the

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4.92

325

3.98 4.10 4.46

2.97

3.08 3.35 2.03

0.00m
0.005 m
0.104 m 1.16

2.23

2.03

0.00

b.00 0.0250.0500.075

FIG.3. Fourth-centurytemple of Athena at Delphi (J.-P. Michaud's data).

1.16 1.12

0.00

.oo0

0.03

'.o0 .085

0.00

o.00

0.025

0.050

0.076

FIG.I. Tholos at Delphi.

FIG.2. Fourth-centurytemple of Athena at Delphi.

326

JARI PAKKANEN

inspirationfor the very delicately curving columns: usually they have been reported to have no entasis, but contrary opinions have also been expressed.'6Another conceivable parallel for the entasis can perhaps be found in the late fifth-centuryIonic architectureof Athens.'7

4.

THE FOURTH-CENTURY

TEMPLE

OF ATHENA

AT DELPHI

The temple of Athena was built next to the Tholos in the sanctuary of Athena Pronaia c.360 BC.18 The remains of the six prostyle columns are scanty: only two drums are preserved well enough so that their diameters and height can be measured. In his study of the building J.-P. Michaud was able to show that the shaft consisted of five drums and that the preserved drums are from the second and fourth level. The shaft was made of drums with different heights: the two drums are 0.871 and I.oI8 m. Since the height of the columns can be derived from the wall height, the lower diameter of the shaft is known from the incisions on the there is enough preserved stylobate blocks, and the upper diameter from a preservedcapital,'19 material for a fairly accurate reconstructionof the shaft profile. FIG.2 presents the reconstructionderived from the measurementdata and FIG.3 Michaud's He shaft reconstruction.20 argues that the missing fifth drum should be a relativelyhigh one to leave room for the taper of the drum.21But as FIG.3 clearly shows, a tall top drum resultsin a slightly S-shaped shaft profile: by shifting the fourth drum up by o.12 m the entasis curve can be made to pass fairly smoothly through the data points and the point of maximum entasis is lifted from the level of the second drum to the middle of the shaft (compare FIGS. and 3)2 This entasis is very similarto the one used in the neighbouringTholos (compareFIGS.I and 2,
TABLE3).

5. THE THOLOS AT EPIDAUROS

The preserved building accounts on the Tholos at Epidauros cover a period of twenty-seven years:22they suggest that the building project was started after the temple of Asklepios was

16 For a synopsis of the argument, see E A. Cooper, The Temple Apolloat Bassai.A Preliminary of Study(New York and London, 1978), 103-4 (this is an unaltered publication of his 1970 dissertation).Cooper himself detected no entasis with an optical instrument (p. 104), but one should be very cautious using e.g. a theodolite to measure column entasis (see below section 8 and FIGS.io-ii). W B. Dinsmoor was convinced that the temple columns do have entasis: 'the swelling outline of the shaft known as the entasis is certainly present, and is quite apparent as sighted from pavement or capital' ('The Temple of Apollo at Bassai',MMS4 (1932-3), 207). 17 The proportional emphasis of the maximum entasis is in the Tholos 0.o09% and in the Ionic columns of the Erechtheion North Porch 0.092%; the correspondingfigures for the proportional position of the maximum entasis in the shaft are 0o.534and 0.493 (for the Tholos see TABLE figures 3; on the Erechtheion are calculated from measurements given in E C. Penrose (n. 8), 40). ' J.-P. Michaud dates the temple approximately io years later than the treasury of Thebes at Delphi (c.370 BC)on

building-technical and stylistic reasons; see Michaud 1977,

117-18.

9 Michaud 1977,30-6, 50-1.

20 The data are based on the actual measurements as

reported in Michaud 1977; this and rounding of figures explains e.g. the height discrepancy of the fourth level drum in FIGS.2 (I.o2m) and 3 (I.oim); Michaud himself uses a system where the measurements are first converted into theoretical dimensions of a foot unit of 0.2976 m and then these figures are used in the further study.The plotted points in FIG. 2 are (o, o), (o.o16, 1.163), (0.028, 2.034), (0.0425, 3.084), (o.o615, 4.-12), (0.0755, 4-920); the formula of the fitted curve is y =-o.oo6 + 76.856x I0.522x2- 598.7IOx3. FIG. 3 is drawn to smaller scale in order to emphasize that the reconstructionin FIG.2 is to be preferred. 21 Michaud 1977,3522 IG 4.1 103. On the inscription see Roux 1961, 171-6; A.

Burford, 'Notes on the Epidaurian Building Inscriptions', Builders at BSA61 (1966), 275-81; and eadem, TheGreek Temple (Toronto, 1969), 64-8. Epidauros

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completed in the same sanctuary,that is c. 365-360 BC. The most likely time for the is construction the monument the period360-330 BC.23 of aux de l'Argolide IVeet IIfe siecles avant In his very thoroughworkL'architecture J.-C. Georges on the Roux reconstructs Doric peristylecolonnadeof the Tholos at Epidauros the basis of the few preserved poros blocks:only fourteencolumn drumsremain,and two of these are Of the reducedto fragments. the capitalsone has preserved totalheightbut no profile,and in to additionto thisblockthereare a few smallcapitalfragments.24 According Roux the twelve drumsare of approximately on averageo.59Im; the two exceptions recorded he equalheight, as 0.585 and 0.574m. Most of the drumsare fromthe five lowestcourses-of the uppershaft one sixth drum and two eighth drumsare preserved.Roux arguesthat the column shaft on consistedof elevendrumsof 0.591m. He baseshis argument the diametermeasurements The cella wall or the of the column drums and the calculateddiameterof the capital.25 Corinthian ordercannotdirectly usedin the attemptto definethe building be interior height: courseof the wall is not knownand the drumsof the Corinthian the heightof the orthostate In columnsare veryfragmentary.26 the recentstudieswherethe columnheightof the Tholos is touched upon, R. A. Tomlinson and F. Seiler accept Roux's shaft height of 6.5 m as his accurate,but H. Busingclearlyexpresses view that the columnheightis not reasonably known.27 In orderto evaluate accuracy Roux'sreconstruction is necessary see exactlyhow the of it to A on he was actuallyable to determinethe capitaldiameter. directmeasurement the broken as the radiusc.0.38m. Froma preciselymeasurable flute Roux calculatesthe capitalgives He radiusfrom the centre to the arrisas 0o.386m.28 does not give the formulaused in the calculation the flutewidth,but it is possibleto try to figureout the processfromthe given or measurements. Because there are 20 flutes, the angle cain FIG. is 1/40 of a full circle: 4 a = 36o0/40 = 90. Sincethe radiusri is known,halfthe flutewidthcan be calculated f= r1 as = o.o6o4m, andthe flutewidthas 2f= 0.12I m. sin(a) How preciselythe capitalradiuscan be determined from the flute width dependson the In of both ancientworkmanship modernmeasurements. excavation and accuracy reportsthe are but on rangesof flutewidthmeasurements not usuallypublished, the ongoingrestudy the late Classical throwssomelighton the matter: buildings the templeof AthenaAlea at Tegea29 and structurally The are approximately very similar.30 buildingmaterialat contemporary
Tegea, Doliana marble, is more durable than the poros stone used for the Tholos columns and allows precise measurements where the blocks are not broken. TABLEI gives the flute width

the calculated from the flute widths,the measureddiameters, and measurements, diameters

23 A. Burford GreekTemple Builders(n. 22), 63-4.; R. A. Tomlinson, Epidauros (Austin, 1983), 29. E Seiler (n. Io), 80-4 suggests a longer building period and the date as c.370-320 BC.
24 The capital profile presented in Roux 1961, fig. 16 is a compilation derived from the preservedcapital fragments. 25 Roux 196I, 138-40, figs. 30-1. 26 Roux i96i, 147and 153. 27 Tomlinson (n. 23), 62-4; E Seiler (n. Io), 76; H. Basing, 'Zur Bauplanung der Tholos von Epidauros',AM I02 (1987), 251-2. Busing also argues that the inclination of the columns towards the interior of the building can neither be ruled out

nor verified on the basis of preserved material (249-50 and

fig. 6), but as I have elsewhere demonstrated, the columns must be reconstructed vertical and not inclined; see J. Pakkanen, 'The Height and Reconstructions of the Interior Corinthian Columns in Greek Classical Buildings', Arctos 30 (1997),052-3. 28 Roux 1961, 140. 29 On the study of the building blocks at Tegea, see n. 46 below. 30 Because of the structural similarities G. Roux suggests that the same workers could have been employed both at Epidauros and Tegea; Roux i96i, 138 and 184. Tegean workmen are also listed in the building accounts of the Tholos at Epidauros;see IG 4.1Io3B lines 51-4.

328

JARI PAKKANEN

r1

F
r2

: cal

FIG.4. Column drum sector giving abbreviationsused in the text. TABLE Flutewidths diameters thetopof theshaftof thetemple Athena at Tegea and at Alea of I. (m)."3 (i) Block number Block 133 (capital) Block 501 (capital) Block 514 (capital) Block 544 (column drum) Block 562 (capital) (2) FIW (3) Calculated diam. from (2) 1.208 1.2I5
1.215-1.221

(4) Measured diam. 1.196 1.209

1.209

(5) Discrepancy (3)-(4)

0.012

0.189 o.IgO
o.190-0.191 0.192 o.188

o.oo6
o.oo6-o.o02

1.227
1.201I

1.209
1.211

o.oi8
-O.OIO

the discrepancies between the calculated and measured diameters of the capitals and the single top drum, which has a pair of opposite arrisesintact. The range of the flute width and diameter measurements is fairly large, o.188-o.192m in the first case and 1.196-1.2IIm in the second. Partially this may be due to measurement errors, but since the discrepancybetween the calculated and measured diameters varies from -0.010 to o.oI8m, there can be no systematic error in the flute width or diameter measurements.Actual variation in the fluting seems therefore a very likely explanation for at least part of the discovereddiscrepancies. On the basis of the example from Tegea, we should accept an error margin of at least +3 millimetresfor the flute width measurementof the poros capital at Epidauros.The flute width could in this case vary from 0.118 to 0.I24 m. Using these values to calculate the radiuswe get 0.377-0.396 m.32The capital radius Roux was able to measure as c.0.38 m rules out the top end of the range; if we accept Roux's 0.386 m as the highest possible value and wish to be careful with the lower end, we get a range of 0.375-0.386 m for the radius from centre to arris (r1in FIG. 4). Roux gives the radius from centre to bottom of flute (r2)as 0.37m:33using the difference of the two radii r,-r2 = o.oi6m to calculate a range for r2 we get 0.359-0.370m. m The correspondingdiameters are 0.750-0o.772 and 0.718-o.740 m. With the wider range of possible capital diameters the reconstructionof the column shaft

31 The measurements in the table are taken from my fieldwork (n. 46), except for those in column (4) for blocks 501 and 562, which have been adopted from Ch. Dugas, J. d'AliaAthinaa' Berchmans, and M. Clemmensen, Le Sanctuaire Tigie au IVe silcle (Paris, 1924), pl. 35 (block 501) and pl. 36

(block 562). For the latter variation of I.209-I.213m is given, and in TABLE I I have given the mean 1.211 m. 32 The formula used is r, = (FlW / 2) / sin(ao), where c = 90. 33 Roux 1961, 140.

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becomes quite interesting. FIG. 5 is based on the values given by Roux: the calculated diameter between bottoms of two opposite flutes at the top of the shaft is o.740om. The x co-ordinates are calculated from the published drum and capital diameters34 and the y co-ordinates are multiples of the average drum height of 0.591 m.35 But if the lower limit of the range, 0.718 m, is taken as the diameter, it becomes possible to fit twelve drums of 0.591 m instead of eleven to the column shaft; the total shaft height becomes c. 7.1 m. This alternative reconstructionis given in FIG.6.36 The entasis proportions of the two shafts are almost equal 3): (TABLE they both have the maximum entasis about half way up the shaft and it is almost twice as great as in the two previously discussed buildings at Delphi. Can one of the reconstructions be preferred over the other? Statistically both of the reconstructions fit the data equally well.37 On the basis of the preserved 14 drums we can make a fairly accurate calculation of the shaft height up to the level of the eighth drum,38 but we do not know for certain whether the missing top three (or four) drums were of the same height.39 Therefore, there could possibly be more variation in the shaft than just the heights 6.5 m or 7.I m. The reconstruction of the column shaft at Epidauros with eleven drums gives a column of 6.9 times the lower diameter-very close to the Tholos at Delphi, which has a proportion of 6.83.40 With twelve drums at Epidauros the proportion column height to lower diameter

34 Roux I961, 138 lists the 'theoretical'diametersas follows: 0o.947-o.936m;0.936-o.922 m; 0.922-o.905m; 0.905-o.888m; m. 0.888-o.872 m; o.871-o.854m; (o.854-o.835m); 0o.834-o.812 The measurements are taken between the bottoms of two opposite flutes. The capital radius from centre to arris is calculatedfrom the preservedflute width as 0.386 m; the radius from centre to bottom of flute he gives as 0.37 m and the diameter as o.74m; see Roux 1961, 140. For the joint between the fifth and sixth drums the average value of o.8715m has been used in FIGS.5 and 6 and for the joint between the missing seventh drum and the eighth drum I have preferredto use the actual measurement of o.834 m. The fact that I use Roux's measurementsexact to the millimetredoes not actually imply that I think that weatheredand broken poros stone can necessarily be measured so precisely: as Roux himself states, the figuresare theoretical. 35 The plotted points in FIG.5 are (o, o), (o.oo55, 0.591), (0.0125, 1.182), (0.021, 1.773), (0.0295, 2.364), (0.03775, 2-955), (0.0465, 3-546),(0.0565,4-137),(0.0675,4-728),(o.Io35, 6.5);the formulaof the fittedcurveisy = 0.05 + 90.5x-393.8x2+ II73.IX3. 36 The plotted points in FIG. 6 are the same as in FIG. 5, except for the last, which is (0.1145,7.1); the formula of the fitted curve isy = 0.05 + 90.8x - 408.9x2 + 1338.9x3. 37 The residual sum of squares is in the case of the twelve drum reconstruction o.o0138and in Roux's reconstruction 0.0141. For other curves fitted to shaft data, see TABLE 2. 38 All the seventh drums are lost, but because the eighth drum fits to the shaft profile 0.59 m above the sixth drum, it is very likely that the seventh drum was also c. 0.59 m high (see FIGS. and 6). As cited at the beginning of this section, 5 Roux gives the average height of the 12 consistent drums as 0o.59im and the two exceptions as 0.585 and o.574m. He does not give the range of his measurements, but because o.585m is listed as an exception, I reconstruct a hypothetical

range of o.588-o.594m. If the heights of the 12 drums were distributedroughly normally within this range (four cases of m 0.591 m, two each of 0o.590 and 0.592 m, and one each of m, o.588 m, 0o.589 0.593 m, and 0.594m), we get a sample we can use in statistical computation. The sample mean (X) is 0.589 m, the t-value corresponding to 13 degrees of freedom (tn-1)3.012, the sample standard deviation (S) 0.0049, and the sample size (n) 14. Substituting these into the formula X+ (tn-l)S/In, we get the 99% confidence interval: 0.585-0.593 m. In other words we can be 99% sure that the mean drum height for the eight lowest drums is between 0.585 and 0.593 m, and that the column shaft height at the level of the eighth drum is between 4.68 and 4.75 m (on confidence intervals, see e.g. A. E Siegel and C. J. Morgan, and Statistics DataAnalysis. Introduction, edn (New York, An 2nd 1996), 321-30). 39 The Tholos at Delphi has drums of almost regular height (see above section 3), but this is an exception. The other buildings discussed in this paper have varying drum heights, as do the 4th-cent. temples of Asklepiosand Artemis at Epidauros: in the temple of Asklepios the range of m preserved drums is o.51-0o.57 and in the temple of Artemis o.73-0.84m (Roux 1961, 93 and 206-8). The temple of Athena Alea is an interesting example: the two lowest drums are of uniform height, but in the next four levels there is a difference of 0.39 m between the shortest and tallest drum (see below section 6). The 4th-cent. temple of Apollo at Delphi has 107 preserved drums, 98 of which are c.0.75 m, three o.660-o.695m, and six o.807-0.835m: the nine odd drums are from different levels (E Courby, La Terrasse du temple (FD; Paris, 1927),15-17). 40 Epidauros: column height 6.5 + o.38 = 6.9 m, lower diameter o.998m (Roux i961, 138 and 140); for Delphi see
TABLE 3.

330
6.5 7.1

JARI PAKKANEN
8.98

7.65

4.73

4.73 4.14

6.07

4.14 3.55

0.0. m
3.55

4.58

7b.01m
2.96 2.96

0.01:m

2.36 2.36 2.93

1.77 1.77

1.18 1.18 1.47

0.59

0.59

0.00

0.00

0.035

0.07

0.104

0.00

b.oo b.03 0.06 0.09 0.115

0.00

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

FIG.5 Tholos at Epidauros (reconstructionwith II drums).

FIG.6. Tholos at Epidauros (reconstructionwith 12 drums).

FIG.7. Temple of Athena Alea at Tegea.

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becomes 7.5,41creating an exceptionally high column for the fourth century.But as G. Roux and R. A. Tomlinson argue, the tholoi need more slender columns to compensate for their proportionally greater width.42 The height of the interior Corinthian order is directly connected with the height of the exterior order by the ceilings. With the twelfth drum in the exterior column the height of the interior column is raised to c. 7.33m.43This is indeed very slender, 11.2 lower diameters, but it has a parallel in the Corinthian columns of the Tholos at Delphi.44 Taking into consideration all the previous argumentation it seems that no certain conclusion can be reached concerning the column height of the Tholos at Epidauros.45
6. THE TEMPLE OF ATHENA ALEA AT TEGEA46

On the basis of Pausanias'passage on the temple of Athena Alea the Classical temple can be dated after the fire that destroyedits predecessorin 395/394 BC;moreover,since Pausanias recounts that Skopas of Paros was the architect, the construction date has to fit into some point in his career.47Taking into consideration the architectural and sculptural style, the known dates of Skopas's activity, and some epigraphic evidence, N. J. Norman suggests the period 345-335 BCas the date of the building.48 Scattered around the excavated area at Tegea there are fifty column drums which preserve the important dimensions:they have the full height and both the lower and upper diameters.49 As part of the documentation of the building blocks the column drums were rechecked in 1994 and 1995:50 besides taking measurementswe made schematic drawings of the bottom and top surfaceswith the empolion cutting and two dowel holes. Each column consisted of six drums. The height of the two lowest drums (A and B) is almost constant, but from third to sixth (from C to F) there is large variation. Taking the measure-

Column height 7.1 + 0.38 = 7.5 m. 42 Roux I96I, 321; R. A. Tomlinson (n. 23), 64. It should
41

also be remembered that W. B. Dinsmoor rejected the reconstruction of five drums per column for the Tholos at Delphi and suggested, against factual information, a reconstruction of four drums, only because the latter better fitted the usual proportions of the 4th-cent. columns (W. B. Dinsmoor (n. 16), 234 n. 3). Rejection solely on the ground of proportional reasons is quite hazardous. 43 On the connection of Corinthian order to the exterior order, see Roux 1961, 153-7 and fig. 31. The height of the Corinthian column in Roux's reconstructionis c. 6.74 m, and with the additional drum of 0.59 m we get 7.33 m. 44 The Tholos at Delphi: at least 10.9, but very likely I1I.7 lower diameters;seeJ. Pakkanen(n. 27), 146-49. 45 This makes it perhaps necessary to consider the recently started restoration project for the Tholos. Two alternatives were presented before starting the project. The first was to restore a section of the superstructureover the area of four columns, also incorporating the marble ceiling from the museum. The second was to partially build the peristyle and cella walls to a lower level (see V. Lambrinoudakis, 'Excavation and Restoration of the Sanctuary of Apollo Maleatas and Asklepios at Epidauros', in HpactLrox To F F ' Ateivoi6g ovveb6pov aeXeoovvylotasxfv . 13:2 oT0o0~ovHEkoJTovvlotaxL6, (Athens,1987-8), 303). If the

conclusion of this chapter is accepted, the second restoration alternativebecomes preferable. 46 Since 1993 I have studied the building blocks at Tegea as part of the new work in the sanctuary; the excavation project has been conducted by the Norwegian Institute at Athens as an international co-operation under the direction of Professor Erik Ostby; on the excavations, see E. Ostby, J.-M. Luce, G. C. Nordquist, C. Tarditi, and M. E. Voyatzis, 'The Sanctuary of Athena Alea at Tegea: First Preliminary 20 Report (1990-1992)', OpAth (1994). 47 Paus. 8.45.4-548 Forthe date,see N.J.Norman, 'The Templeof AthenaAlea at Tegea',AJA88 (1984),191-3;datingthe buildingto the second halfof the 4th cent. is alsosupported the potterydiscovered to by the northof the templein the Norwegianexcavations. 49 The peristyle consisted of 36 columns of 6 drums each, so the building had originally 216 drums. With 50 drums 23% of the original material is well or fairly well preserved; in addition to these drums there are 29 blocks at the site which have at least one missing critical dimension. 5o M. Clemmensen gives a list of forty-seven drums, but some of them are only fragmentary (Dugas et al. (n. 31), 131-3). All these, with the exception of two, have been able to be identified with certainty in the sanctuary on the basis of the published measurements and Dugas' and Clemmensen'ssystematicnumbering of the drums.

332

JARI PAKKANEN

ment error margins into consideration, the drum heights are the following: level A, calculated from the average heights of the drums.51 The process of determining the height of the column was carried out in two stages. First, I looked for matching pairs of drums on the basis of the schematic surface drawings. In the second phase the single certainly matching pair consisting of a D and an E drum was used in computer analysis of the shaft profile. Different drums with an appropriate diameter were fitted below and above the matching pair: the entasis curve was discovered to be the most coherent when the shaft height range is 8.96-9.06 m.52Since the height of the exterior order is directly linked by the coffered ceiling to the height of the cella wall, my recent analysis of the wall would seem to impose a limit narrowing the possible range of the exterior order height; the most likely shaft height range would therefore be 8.96-8.98 m.53 In FIG. 7 is presented one possible drum combination creating an 8.98 m high column shaft.54The maximum entasis is halfway up the shaft and it is slightly less pronounced than the entasis of the Tholos at
Epidauros (TABLE 3). I.46-I.48m; 1.34-1.66m; level B, I.46-I.49m; level C, 1.32-I.67m; level D, 1.41-I.7im; level E, level F, 1.32-I.64m. The height of the peristyle column cannot be simply

7.

THE TREASURY

OF KYRENE

AT DELPHI

The treasury of Kyrene at Delphi can be dated to the period between the years c. 334 and pillar at either side of the fagade. The reconstruction of the shaft profile was made by Y. Fomine, and is based on the fragmentarily preserved column drums and anta blocks.56In the monograph on the treasury Bousquet questions the reliability of Fomine's reconstruction, but I do not think his criticism is justified. In order to reconstruct an entasis curve it is enough to have measurements of the column drum diameters or, as in this case, the radii of the engaged half-columns: it is not necessary to detect entasis in the individual elements as Bousquet insists.57Nine of the twelve radius measurements used by Fomine are
323/322 BC.55The building had two columns in antis and a half-column engaged to an anta

51 It is possible to determine 99% confidence intervals of the mean height for each level of drums (these intervalsdo not exactly match the measured height variation) as following: level A, 1.465-1-475 m; level B, 1.471-1.481 m; level C,

1.392-1-589m; level D, 1.390-1.651m; level E, 1.268-1.6I9m; level F, 1.282-1.602m. Adding together the lower and upper limits we get c.8.27-9.42 m as the column height interval. On determiningconfidence intervals,see n. 38 above. 52 Within this range the height position of maximum entasis in the shaft varies slightly,from 4.25 m to 4.47 m; in TABLE I 3 have used c. 4.4 m in the calculations. For a more detailed account of the researchprocess,see J. Pakkanen(n. 9) 695-702. 53 SeeJ. Pakkanen(n. 27), 163-4. SeeJ. 1.469), 54 The plotted points in FIG. 7 are (o, o), (0o.o017, 2.933), (0.064, 4.576), (o.o91, 6.069), (0.120, 7.649), (0o.o039, (0.148, 8.980) and the formula of the fitted curve isy = 0.0o9 + 84.611x- 247.634x2+ 577-.45x3. 55 The temenos wall behind the treasury was restored du et c. 334 BC (J. Bousquet, Les comptes quatrieme du troisieme sizcle(Corpus des inscriptions de Delphes II; Paris, 1989), 81A; for a discussion of the inscription see pp. 181-2.; see

also D. Laroche, 'L'emplacement du tr6sor de Cyrane a Delphes', BCH 112 (1988), 296-7.). The fragmentary inscription from the north-west anta (Bousquet 1952, pl. 51.6 and p. 70, fig. ii) can be dated to 323/322 BC(J.Bousquet, 'Inscriptionsde Delphes', BCH Iog (1985),249)56 Bousquet 1952, 47-8, fig. 3 and pls 7-Ig9. The height of the column is partially derived from the wall height. The recent relocation of the building from foundation XIII to XIV (D. Laroche (n. 55), 291-305) does not affect Fomine's column and anta reconstruction. 57 'En relevant les cotes de ces fragments de Pentdliqueet celles des demi-colonnes en Paros, M. Fomine a cru pouvoir deceler l'existence d'une entasis legere. Maisje dois dire que je n'en suis pas absolument sfir,d'abord A cause de la difficult6 de singulieire la mesure, ensuite parce qu'une regle pos6e dans les cannelures,a l'endroitolU elles sont le mieux conservees,ne donne qu'une indication incertaine, et les blocs de demicolonne, parfois moins d6grades,ne sont pas assez hauts pour y que l'entasis soit sensible A la riegle.II arrive sur un mime dans une cannelureet ne bloc que la ragle bascule lCgarement bouge pas dans la cannelurevoisine' (Bousquet1952,47-8).

ENTASIS
3.64 3.54

IN FOURTH-CENTURY

BC DORIC
8.99

BUILDINGS

333

8.44

3.24 7.78

2.95 7.01

2.65 6.22

2.35 5.43 2.06

.008 m
4.75

--0.03 m
1.76 3.96 1.46

3.17 1.16 2.48 0.85

1.54

0.84

0.00

0.00 0.015 0.03

0.049

0.00

o.00

0.04

0.08

0.12

FIG.8. Treasuryof Kyrene at Delphi.

FIG.9. Temple of Zeus at Nemea (pronaoscolumn).

334

JARI PAKKANEN

directly obtainable from the preserved blocks-enough to make the reconstruction trustworthy.58 The curve of the treasury'scolumns is given in FIG. 8: here the solid line drawn is the arris profile, not the bottom of the flute.59The entasis is exceptionally strong when compared with the previous examples, and the maximum entasis is well above the middle of the shaft (TABLE but the columns are quite different from their mainland counterparts in other 3), respects as well: the top of the abacus is decorated with a crown moulding, the 'vertical'face of the abacus is clearly slanting, the annulets below the echinus are not separated from each other, and the flutes, even though they have sharp arrises, are terminated in an apophyge similar to Ionic columns. Furthermore,the taenia of the frieze and the metopes are separated by an ornamented cavetto moulding, and in the fagade there are the already previously mentioned half-columns attached to the antae.60For most of the features described above it is possible to find parallels in fourth-centuryarchitectureat Kyrene,61and for the others in the These details demonstrate quite a different conception of Doric order in following century.62 the region from the mainland; therefore, I feel it is very likely that the pronounced entasis of the treasurycolumns is also a feature of the 'Kyrenaian'Doric order.

8.

THE TEMPLE

OF ZEUS AT NEMEA

Besides Tegea, the other large peripteral temple built in the Peloponnese during the fourth century was the temple of Zeus at Nemea: on the basis of its mouldings and also archaeological material it is datable to c. 330 BC.63The temple still has one peristyle and both of the pronaos columns standing. B. H. Hill gives the diameter and height measurementsfor all the drums of one of the pronaos columns, and from this set of measurementsit is possible to draw the shaft profile presented in FIG. 9.64 The maximum entasis is in the middle of the shaft and proportionallythe same as in the Tholos at Epidauros(TABLE 3).

58 Radius measurements (from centre to arris) of the engaged half-columns by Y. Fomine (in pls. 17-19 of Bousquet 1952): 278 mm (block no. 5 in pl. 17); 272 mm and 269mm (no. 3 in pl. 17);269mm and 266mm (no. 2 in pl. 18); 259mm and 255mm (no. 5 in pl. 18); 238mm and 231 mm (no. I in pl. 18). The radius of the top of the shaft can be measured from a preserved top drum (no. 7 in pl. 19) as 229 mm. The three radii given by Fomine and not directly measurable are 263 mm (at the height of 1.76m; see FIG.8 in this paper), 249-5mm (at 2.65 m), and 244 mm (at 2.95 m). 59 The plotted co-ordinate points (x,y) are (o, o), (o.oo6, 0.846), (o.oo9, 1.164), (0.012, 1.461), (0.015, 1.758), (o.o09, 2.055), (0.0235, 2.352), (0.0285, 2.649), (0.034, 2-946), (0.040, 3.243), (0.047, 3-540), (0.049, 3.643) and the fitted curve is y= 143.9x-2312.IX2+17873.4x3. 60 Bousquet 1952, 41-6, 51, pls 17-18, pl. 20. 61 Slanting vertical face of abacus: the extra-mural Doric temple at Apollonia (4th cent. G. R. H. Wright, 'The Extrathe mural Doric Temple', in R. G. Goodchild et al., Apollonia, Portof Cyrene. Excavations theUniversity Michigan of by 1965-1967. (Supplements to Libya Antiqua, 4; Tripoli, [1976]), 49-51 and figs. 5-6); annulets not separated: the second temple of Apollo at Kyrene (end of 4th cent.; S. Stucchi, Architettura Cirenaica. Monografie di archeologia Libica 9 (Rome, 1975),

92-93, fig. 83); moulding at the top of the metope: Strategheion at Kyrene (last quarter of 4th cent.; (Stucchi (op. cit.), 95); I. Gismondo, 'I1restauro dello Strategheion di Cirene', QAL2 (1951)fig. 13: the moulding is actually cyma recta, not just cavetto); half-columns attached to antae: the temple at Eluet Gassam (first half of 4th cent.; Stucchi (op. cit.), 51-2, FIG.39) and the temple of Isis in the sanctuary of Apollo at Kyrene (end of 4th cent.; Stucchi (op. cit.), Ioo-I,
FIG.89).

62 Crown moulding of the abacus and apophyge in Doric flutes: Portico 02 in the Agora of Kyrene (middle of 3rd cent.; L. Bacchielli, L' Agorddi Cirene II.i (Monografie di
archeologia libica 15; (Rome, 1981), fig. 85)-

63 L. T Shoe dates the moulding profiles to c. 330 BC(The Profiles Greek of Mouldings (Cambridge, Mass., 1936), 71, 159, 164, i66). In 1964 a kiln used to produce the roof tiles of the temple was discovered at Nemea; on the basis of coin and pottery finds it can be dated between 340 and 320 BC, and likely towards the end of the period (Hill 1966, 46). 64 Hill 1966, 22. The plotted co-ordinate points (x,y) are

0.840), (0.030, (o, o), (0o.oo007, (0.013, 1.543),(0.022, 2.478),

3.168), (0.041, 3-955), (o.o51, 4.745), (o.o60, 5.430), (0.072, 6.215), (0.084, 7.005), (o.o96, 7.775), (o.Io8, 8.440), (0.119, 8.985); the fitted curve isy= 0.03 + II9.8x-601.6x2+ 1949.9x3. isy=

ENTASIS

IN FOURTH-CENTURY

BC DORIC

BUILDINGS

335

lineparallel theaxisof thebuilding to

lineparallel theaxisof thebuilding to

krepidoma

krepidoma

(theodolite
FIG.IO.Shaft profile measurement of an arris with a theodolite.

ftheodolite
FIG.i. Measuring the shaft profile in an incorrect way.

Recently, E A. Cooper has reported an unprecedented cigar-shaped entasis for the columns at Nemea: 'As measured using the optical system of a theodolite, the column swells quickly by 0.023 m in the lowest drum; it then tapers inward along a tangent of the ellipse as a nearly straight line and then suddenly contracts inwards 0o.o024m just below the capital.'65 Because this observation is very inconsistent with Hill's measurements of the pronaos column, the matter deserves closer inspection. Cooper does not specify whether the measurements were taken from the pronaos or peristyle columns. Anyhow, one should be very careful using a theodolite to measure entasis. Reliable results are possible to obtain only in the optimal case where the arris is fairly completely preserved from the bottom of the shaft to the top. Even in this case the instrument should be set in correct angle with the column: since the column practically always has a flute facing the viewer, for a Doric column with 20 flutes the appropriate angle is 90 (FIG. Io). If the theodolite is set parallel to the axis of the building and the arrises of the column are unevenly broken, in the worst case the shaft profile visible to the viewer will be partly the bottom of the flute and partly the arris seen at an angle (FIG.II).. Cooper does not describe how the measuring was done in this respect. All Hill's measurements of the shaft were taken at the bottom of the flute 'to avoid measuring from the

65 F. A. Cooper, 'The Temple of Zeus at Nemea and Architectural Refinements of the Fourth Century BC', in

1Ipa1stxd roU XII 6cEOvo~)g ve6pioV KhCotxilg Apyaltooylag 4-Io IFeTE[tL3plo 1983 (Athens, 1988), 38.

336

JARI PAKKANEN

weather-wornarrises',66 with Cooper's method using the theodolite's telescope this cannot but be done.67Hill reports as well that the lowest drum of the measured pronaos column is 'very badly weathered' and that the flute depth is 0.039 m.68There remains the possibility that the swelling at the base of the column by 0.023 m as reported by Cooper is due to uneven weathering of the arrises of the bottom drum. Therefore, I have preferred to use Hill's measurements of the shaft profile in FIG.9.
9. ENTASIS
IN THE FOURTH CENTURY

After studying the entases of the individual buildings I wish to discuss in the concluding section some general observationson the design and use of entasis in the late Classicalperiod.
A. MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE AND THE DESIGN OF THE ENTASIS CURVE?

Even though it is not certain that the fourth-century BC architect actually did employ any precise mathematical curves in the design of buildings,69I find there are two reasons to consider various formulae in connection with entasis. The first one is historical in nature: trying to discover the mathematicalformula of the curving column shaft has been a part of the The second reason is that with the development of statistical discipline for nearly 150 years.70 software the formulae of the different curves fitting the measurement data can be found. This makes it possible to consider the following question: if the architect used a particularcurve in the design of the column shaft, can we identify it? The curves considered in this paper are the conic sections-circle, ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola-and the verticalprojectionof a helix.7'Demokritosof Abdera studiedthe properties of the circularsections of the cone in the fifth century BC,and the discoveryof parabola and The vertical hyperbola is attributedto Menaichmos in the middle of the fourth century BC.72 discoveredby Deinostratosin the fourth projectionof a helix is fairlysimilarto the 'quadratrix' All century BC.73 these curvesexcept the circle have one valuablepropertymaking the following mathematicalstudy worthwhile:if they are redrawnwith differentscales for x andy axes, the Non-uniform scaling transformsthe circle produced curve is of similar type as the original.74 into an ellipse, and thereforethat will not create any problemsfor the study.There is mid-third-

67 'The telescope of a theodolite is adjusted so that the vertical hair is made to tilt along a straight line that scans parallel to the cord which intercepts the arc of entasis. With the use of rulers offset ordinates are read directly and at regular intervalsbetween the scanning telescope hair and the curve of entasis' (Cooper (n. 65), 38 n. 4). 68 Hill 1966, 22. 69 See e.g. J. A. Bundgaard, Mnesicles. Greek A Architect at Work (Copenhagen, 1957), 137-8, and J. J. Coulton, Ancient and Greek Architects Work. at Problems Structure Design(Ithaca, of
1977), 107-8.

66 Hill 1966, 22 n. 53.

H. Busing and E Hiller (eds), Bathron (Saarbrucken, 1988), 307-18, esp. 317. 71 For this study Chris Rorres and David Romano's paper 'Finding the Center of a Circular Starting Line in an Ancient Greek Stadium' (forthcoming in SIAM Review)has been of great inspiration. I wish to thank both of the authors for giving me a copy of the paper. 72 T. Heath, A History of Greek Mathematics, (1921; New
York, 1981), i. 179-80, 251-5.

70 The first edition of E C. Penrose's The Principlesof Athenian Architecture published in 185i. For other studies was on curves and entasis, see e.g. J. Pennethorne, The Geometry and Optics Architecture (London and Edinburgh, 1878), ofAncient 153-6; Stevens 1924, 121-52;and recently,D. Mertens and H. Welsch, 'Zur Entstehung der Entasis griechischer Saulen', in

73 On the vertical projection of a helix (Tschirnhausen's quadratrix), see Stevens 1924, 126, 129-33. Deinostratos (fl. mid 4th cent. BC)was the brother of Menaichmos. Recently, W. R. Knorr has quite conclusively argued against the traditional attribution of the 'quadratrix' to Hippias of (c.420 BC);see W R. Knorr, TheAncientTradition Geometric Problems (1986; New York, 1993),8o-6. On the curve, see also T. Heath (n. 72), i 219, 225-30. 74 See e.g. Stevens 1924, 126-7, 130.

ENTASIS
200

IN FOURTH-CENTURY

BC DORIC 20

BUILDINGS

337

3.64
0
1a

0
0

-'oI)

(xoyo)
200
-5

-5

20

FIG.12. Treasuryof Kyrene at Delphi. Circle fitted to shaft profile.

FIG.13. Treasuryof Kyrene at Delphi. Ellipse fitted to shaft profile.

4
3.64

4 3.64

0-

0-

(xyo)

- a/4-

- a--

(xo0,yo)

-2

-2

02-

-2

FIG.14. Treasuryof Kyrene at Delphi. Parabolafitted to shaft profile.

FIG.15. Treasuryof Kyrene at Delphi. Hyperbola fitted to shaft profile.

338

JARI PAKKANEN

century BCevidence for a scale drawing of the entasis curve in the cella wall of the temple of for Apollo at Didyma;75 example, if the curve of the drawingwas a section of a parabola and it was accuratelyreproducedin the columns,76 both of the curveswould be parabolas. FIGS.12-16 present the studied curvesand the names of the parametersused in the formulae of TABLE As an example I have used the shaft of the treasuryof Kyrene at Delphi.77In FIGS. 2. there are no scale distortions.In FIG. 12 a circle is fitted to the measurementdata: (xo,0o) 12-15 gives the centre of the circle, r the radius,and the two small circlesplotted on the circumference give the bottom and the top of the shaft. FIG. 13 shows the centre of the ellipse, the minor semiaxis (a),and part of the major semiaxis (b).In FIG.14 the vertex of the parabola is at (x0, Y0), and a/4 gives partially the distance between the vertex and the focus. In FIG. 15 the centre of the hyperbola is at (xo, Yo);a is the minor semiaxis and b part of the major semiaxis. FIG. 16 the verticalprojectionof a helix. The quadrantof the circle in the figure is drawn with presents x andy axes to equal scale, but for the curve itself I have used distortedscales. The points of the measurement data are given as small circles. The axis of the column is aligned with they axis, and the curve starts at the outer edge of the column. The curve is drawn by projecting the equal divisions of the circle vertically to equal divisions in height. Radius of the curve (and column) is given as r and the height where the curve crossesthey axis as a. The results of fitting the different curves to the measurement data are in TABLE2. For the For process I have mainly used the estimate-operationof the statisticalsoftware Survo.78 most of the curves the procedure is fairly simple. It is enough to enter the co-ordinates of the shaft profile and the mathematical formula of the curve on the computer, and the result given will be the estimated parameters:for example, in the case of a circle these parameters are the x andy co-ordinatesof the centre and the radius.79 On the basis of the figures in columns 2 and 3 in TABLE 2 it is possible to evaluate how accurately the curves fit the measurement data. To calculate the residual sum of squares I have first solved each equation with respect to y and then used these equations, the x coordinates, and the estimated parameters to calculate a new predicted value ofy. In the next phase the differencesbetween they values are squared and then added together. The mean of absolute discrepancies(column 3) indicates how accuratelyit is possible to estimate from the x co-ordinates the correspondingshaft height: for example, in the case of the Tholos at Delphi using the ellipse formula to predict the value of the y co-ordinate from x will on average be 0.040 m off the target.

75 L. Haselberger, 'Werkzeichnungen am Jtingeren Didymeion', IstMitt30 (1980), 191-215. 76 For the drawing compared to the unfinished column with inscribed measurements, see L. Haselberger, 'Bericht Apollontempel von Didyma', tiber die Arbeit am Jiiungeren IstMitt33 (1983), 115-21. 77 The reason for selecting the treasuryof Kyrene is that it is the only building which is sensible to illustrate with the vertical projection of a helix. 78 Estimate-operation can be used for both linear and non-linear regression analysis: I have selected to use in the estimation process ordinary least squares approximationand in the minimization of the residual sum of squares the Davidon-Fletcher-Powell variable metric method; see S. Environment Statistical Mustonen, SURVO.An Integrated for

and Areas(Helsinki, 1992), 178-196. I wish Computing Related here to take the opportunity to thank Professor Seppo Mustonen from the Department of Statistics at the University of Helsinki for his support and especially for providing the possibility to use Survo, the main tool I have used throughoutthis study. 79 This simple process can be applied to the circle, the parabola, and the verticalprojectionof a helix. Estimatingthe ellipse and the hyperbolais not quite so easy because there are four parameters to be evaluated. I decided to cope with this problem by writing a small computer programwhich actually reduces the number of estimatedparametersto three: a range of xo values is given as input for the program, and then the program searches, using the estimate-operation, for a local minimum for the residualsum of squares.

ENTASIS

IN FOURTH-CENTURY

BC DORIC
9.09

BUILDINGS

339

Looking at columns 2 and 3 in TABLE2, two trends are clearly visible: all the conic sections fit almost equally well to each individual building and the vertical of a helix does not fit accurately projection to any of them. For the two buildings at Delphi, the Tholos, and the temple of Athena, the ellipse gives the best fit, but the other conic sections are not far behind. For the Tholos at Epidauros, the temple of Athena Alea, the temple of Zeus, and the treasury of Kyrene there is practically no variation in the fit of the different conic sections. All the conic sections could have probably been used by the fourth-century architect. There might have been difficulties in setting out the circle at full scale, because the radii of the circles are extremely long-they vary from nearly 200 to over goo m (TABLE 2)-but the architect could have easily worked out the shaft profile with a smaller-scale arc of the circle and at least approximately calculated the full-scale measurements."8 Even simpler would have been to use a scale drawing such as the one at Didyma and draw the curve in it as an arc of a circle: when the curve is scaled vertically the result is a section of an ellipse.81 G. P. Stevens has demonstrated that there are ways of drawing a parabola and a hyperbola without complex mathematics.82 The study of the mathematical formulae of the possible entasis curve candidates has ruled out one curve, the vertical projection of a helix, from the sphere of further analysis. Even though all the conic sections fit the measurement data well, perhaps an answer can be given to the question put

3.64

o (I cn
0Vd

equal

divi

0.00

0.00

0.k29

0. '78 0.3

80 On calculation and the ancient architect, see J. J. Coulton, 'Towards Understanding Greek Temple Design: General Considerations',BSA70 (1975),74-85. 81 See L. Haselberger (n. 76), 201. 82 Stevens 1924, 148-51-

FIG.I6. Treasuryof Kyrene at Delphi. Verticalprojection of a helix fitted to measurement data.

340

JARI PAKKANEN TABLE Mathematicalformulae theirfittopointsof theshaft 2. and profile.

(I) Building and fitted formula

(2) Residual sum of squares

(3)Mean of absolute discrepancies(m)

Delphi, Tholos Circle: (x-x)2+(y -y0)2 r2 6.712, r= 625-775 x0=625-740,Yo0=Ellipse:

0.0214

0.051

(x xo)2+
a'

-o) b'
0.0154 0.040

xo= 4561,y0=-8.510, a= 4.609 b=59.I29 Parabola:(y-yo)2=a x (x- xo) x0=-o.035,Y0=-6.7IO, a=I25I.II (y (x Hyperbola : a'xo) + -o)I b' xo0=-0.560,Y0=-5-315, a=0.5319, b= 15.837 3ty = x Verticalprojection of a helix : cos
2a

o.o88

0.045

0.0184
r

0.044

r= a= I12.19o, 0.406 Delphi, fourth-century temple of Athena Circle: xo= 643,418,0=-7.365, r=643-46o Ellipse: xo=3.843,Yo= Io.596, a=3-907, b=58.544 Parabola: x=-o.04I,Yo0=-7.363, a=1286.45 Hyperbola: xo=-o.567,Yo0=-6.279, a=0o.5299, b=16.306 Verticalprojection of a helix: a= 11.803, r=o.41 Epidauros, Tholos (II drums) Circle: xo= 542.o99,Yo=-5.380, r=542.126 Ellipse: xo=6.I60,y0=-5.869, a=6.190, b= 59-944 Parabola: xo= -0.027,y0o=-5378, a= 083.82 Hyperbola: x0=- 1.667,Y0=-5.052, a= 1.6414, b=28.616 Verticalprojection of a helix: a= 12.231,r=0.474
Epidauros, Tholos

4-1708 0.0268 o.o119 o.o168 0.0142 2.0586

o.666

0.054 0.036
0.050

0.043 0.444

0.0152 0.0122
0.0132

0.031 0.030
0.029

0o.o0130 24-7991

0.031 1.366 0.039

0.030

=Circle: x= 603.384,Yo= 6.23, r= 603.416 Ellipse: x0=5-432,Y0=-6.8i5, a=5.468, b=59.638 Parabola: xo=-0.032,yo=-6.228, a= 12o6.35 Hyperbola: xo=- 1.598,yo=-5.489, a= 1.5693, b= 28.827 Verticalprojection of a helix: a= 12.420, r=0.474

(12 drums)

0.0243 o.o116 0.0114

0.0112

0.029
0.030

37-5538

1.722

Tegea, temple of Athena Alea

Circle: xo=913.265,Yo=-10.595, r=913.327 o.oio8
0.032 0.032

Ellipse: xo=3.I44,Yo=- II943, a=3.214, b=57.825 Parabola: x0=-0.o62,Y0 =-10.591, a= 1825.9 Hyperbola: x=-o.5894,Yo=-6.6io, a=o0.5517, b= 17.593 Verticalprojection of a helix: a= 19.806,
r=0.727

0.o0oi 0.0094 0.0078

12.4212

0.031

0.029
1.062

ENTASIS

IN FOURTH-CENTURY

BC DORIC

BUILDINGS

341

TABLE2. (continued) (I) Building and fitted formula

(2) Residual sum of squares

(3)Mean of absolute discrepancies(m)

Delphi, treasury of Kyrene Circle: x0= 189.638,y0=-0.694, r= 189.639 Ellipse: x0= I6.99o0,y0=- 1.076, a=16.993, b=60.758 Parabola: x0=-o.ooI,y0=-o.693, a=379.162
Hyperbola: x0=- I.Io3,Y0=-0.851, b= 14.708 a= I.IOI,

0.0279 0.0152 0.0427

0.0123

0.033 0.032 0.037

0.029

Verticalprojection of a helix: a= 9.0923, r=0.278 Nemea, temple of Zeus Circle: x0= 819-736,0= -6.289, r= 819.760 Ellipse: x0=4.022,y0=-6.824, a=4.049, b=59.625 Parabola: x0=-o.024,y0=-6.287, a= 1639.o8 Hyperbola: x0=-o.529,o0=-4-395, a=0.5134,
b= 17.453

1.0053

0.254

0.0363 0.0346
0.0327 0.0278

0.042 0.043
0.042 0.040

Verticalprojection of a helix: a= 20.987, r=o.663

21.2367

1.089

forward at the beginning of this paper: if the architect employed a particular curve in the design of entasis, I would suggest that a circle stretched into an ellipse is the strongest candidate. The method is very simple and fits the scale drawing at Didyma. The ellipse gives also the best fit to the very slight entases of the Tholos and the temple of Athena at Delphi (TABLE2). In any case, there remains the possibilitythat the entasis curve was not any of those considered above. Describing the method of contemporary Italian architects G. P. Stevens illustratesat the same time very aptly the scholarlyapproach to entasis at the beginning of the century: '[they] take a long wooden straight edge, bend it to the desired entasis, and then draw the curve. [...] At best it is but a rough method and will not, therefore, be further considered in this paper.'83
B. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

In fourth-century-BC Doric buildings there is a general tendency to place the entasis in the middle of the column shaft (TABLE 3 and FIG. 17). Even though there is variation in the emphasis of entasis, it is usually less pronounced than in fifth-century Doric architecture.84 There seems to be no correlation between the column height or proportional height and the The treasuryof Kyrene is clearly differentfrom the other fourth-century emphasis of entasis.85 it has the strongestentasis and its column tapers relativelythe least.86 buildings: In addition to the six buildings described above, there are other fourth-centurybuildings

8" Stevens 1924, 126.

84 In FIG. 17 I have placed also the shaft of the Parthenon

86

85 See columns B, G and I in TABLE 3. See columns H and I in TABLE 3.

for comparison.

292

NANCY L.KLEIN

0.534 0.52 0.49 0.508 0.524 0.48 0.555

0.09 0.15 0.11 0.22 o.o8 0.14 0.14

3-53 3-53-5 2.69 3.41 3.8 3.24

6.83 6.9 7-5 6.94 6.17 6.8o 5.92

F/B E/B x shaft: 100 the (%): in entasis entasis

D). (Col. 4 13),

2.98 3-37 4.42.02 2-58 3.43 4-57

(n. A/C (C-D)/B metres. x in maximum Ioo maximum column: proportions 0.005 0.010.01 o.oo8 the E 0.004 0.01 0.013 the given the of of (%): and entasis are Charbonneaux of shaft A-F emphasis height position D 0.725 0.750 0.458 138. dimensions 0.671 0.772 1.21 1.112 A-C);J. maximum column of of columns 1961, (Cols. 6. Column in 2 3. n. C o.868 0.998 1.55 1.404 Height Proportional Proportional Roux 0.892 0.998 0.556 Proportional Taper 125 C: section E G. H. I. J. TABLE and Col. Dimensions above 5. 17-19124 see B 3.64 5.58 6.5 7.18.97 9.00 4.92 pls.

section and 1940-I, temple: 3 A

5-93 6.9 7-59-57 9-55 5.28 3.86 fig. above the of see

arrises arrises the the at at

Alead (pron.)f the the drums)c drums) Athenab of of of (II (12 Kyrenee Zeus height t. Athena of of of entasis shaft height cent. Tholos Tholos

Bousquet 30-4. D,

47-8,

and and 22. 1952, 1977, restudy

shaft shaft

B, the A, on 1966,
Amandry Bousquet Michaud Hill

Cols. in based are

diameter diameter

Tholosa 4th

temple treasury temple

dimensions:dimensions: dimensions:dimensions: forfordimensions for

ColumnUpper ColumnMaximum Lower

Epidauros, Nemea, B. C. D. E. Delphi, Epidauros, Delphi, Tegea, Delphi, A.

for dimensions the

Sources a bSource e /Source cFor Source dThe

ENTASIS
9.6

IN FOURTH-CENTURY

BC DORIC

BUILDINGS

343

9.0

nParthenort
T. of AthenaAbea T.of Zeus at Nemea Prohaoscolurtn

atTegba

8.0

7.0

Tholos Epidauro it
* 12 drumt 11 drUms

6.0

:Tholos at ~ephi
5.0 4th c. t. bfAthena at Dplphi 0.013 n. 0.01 m

I:
4.0

)0.018 m

of Treasury Kyrene at Delphi 0.01 mb 3.0 +0.005 m0.01 m

0.004m

2.0

Oif

1.0

0.0

FIG.17. Comparison of shaft profiles (x axis 1:5,y axis 1:50).

344

JARI PAKKANEN

known to have entasis as well. Unfortunately,they have not been published well enough to reconstruct the curving shaft profile. The existence of entasis in the columns of the fourthcentury temple of Apollo at Delphi was verified during the restorationworks on the temple in On 1938-1939 and 1941.87 the South Stoa at Corinth O. Broneer reports that 'variationin the rate of diminution between the lower and upper parts of the shaft proves beyond a doubt that the columns had entasis.'88 Even though the relative emphasis of entasis varies in the buildings discussed in this paper, I feel that it is safe to state that the use of entasis is a constant feature in fourth-centuryDoric architecturein the Peloponnese and at Delphi. Finnish Institute Athens at
JARI PAKKANEN

87 E Courby (n. 39), 17, reports that the columns had no entasis but his work on the columns has been corrected by H. Ducoux in this and many other aspects; see H. Ducoux, 'Restauration de la fagade du temple d'Apollon', BCH 64-5 (1940-I), 266-7.

88 0. Broneer, TheSouth Stoaandits Roman Corinth Successors, I.4 (Princeton, 1954),30. The recently conducted excavations in the Stoa area have changed the date of the building to c. 300 BCor perhaps later; see C. K. Williams, II and J. E. Fischer,'Corinth, 1971:ForumArea', Hesperia, (1972),171. 41