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Version 1.0 Winter 2010
Table of Contents
Introduction Part 1...............................................................................................4 Downloading the Data Files....................................................................................4 Starting PASW Statistics........................................................................................4 The PASW Statistics Window................................................................................5 Data View.................................................................................................................5 Variable View..........................................................................................................6 Creating a Data File................................................................................................6 Defining Variables...................................................................................................6 Data Entry................................................................................................................8 Descriptive Statistics...............................................................................................9 Frequency Analysis.................................................................................................9 Crosstabs................................................................................................................11 Data Manipulation................................................................................................12 Select Cases............................................................................................................12 Splitting a File........................................................................................................14 Find and Replace...................................................................................................15 Reporting................................................................................................................16 Appendix................................................................................................................17 Introduction Part 2.............................................................................................18 Downloading the Data Files..................................................................................18 Null Hypothesis......................................................................................................18 Statistical Tests......................................................................................................19
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Tests of Significance..............................................................................................19 Correlations...........................................................................................................19 Paired-Samples T Test..........................................................................................20 Independent-Samples T Test................................................................................22 Multiple Response Sets.........................................................................................23 Multiple Response Frequencies............................................................................24 Multiple Response Crosstabs...............................................................................25 Data Manipulation................................................................................................27 Copying and Pasting Variable Properties...........................................................27 Inserting Variables and Cases..............................................................................29 Deleting Variables and Cases...............................................................................30 Merging Data Files................................................................................................30 Creating the Data File for Merging.....................................................................30 Inputting the Data in Variable View...................................................................30 Merging the Data Files..........................................................................................32 Appendix................................................................................................................35 Introduction Part 3.............................................................................................37 Downloading the Data Files..................................................................................37 Simple Regression..................................................................................................37 Scatter Plot.............................................................................................................37 Predicting Values of Dependent Variables.........................................................39 Predicting This Years Sales with Simple Regression Model............................41 Multiple Regression...............................................................................................43 Predicting Values of Dependent Variables.........................................................43 Predicting This Years Sales with Multiple Regression Model.........................45 Data Transformation............................................................................................46 Computing..............................................................................................................46
PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 1 2
Polynomial Regression..........................................................................................47 Regression Analysis...............................................................................................48 Analyzing the Results............................................................................................48 Chart Editing.........................................................................................................49 Adding a Line to the Scatter Plot.........................................................................49 Manipulating the Scales on X- and Y-axes.........................................................50 Adding a Title to the Chart..................................................................................52 Adding Colors to the Chart..................................................................................53 Filling a Background Color..................................................................................54 Introduction Part 4.............................................................................................55 Downloading the Data Files..................................................................................55 Chi-Square.............................................................................................................55 Chi-Square Test for Goodness-of-Fit..................................................................55 With Fixed Expected Values................................................................................55 With Fixed Expected Values and within a Contiguous Subset of Values........58 With Customized Expected Values......................................................................59 One-Way Analysis of Variance............................................................................60 Post Hoc Tests........................................................................................................63 Two-Way Analysis of Variance............................................................................65 Importing/Exporting Microsoft Excel and PowerPoint.....................................68 Using Scripting for Redundant Statistical Analyses..........................................71
Introduction Part 1
PASW stands for Predictive Analytics Software. This program can be used to analyze data collected from surveys, tests, observations, etc. It can perform a variety of data analyses and presentation functions, including statistical analysis and graphical presentation of data. Among its features are modules for statistical data analysis. These include 1) descriptive statistics, such as frequencies, central tendency, plots, charts, and lists; and 2) sophisticated inferential and multivariate statistical procedures, such as analysis of variance (ANOVA), factor analysis, cluster analysis, and categorical data analysis. PASW Statistics is particularly well-suited for survey research, though by no means is it limited to just this topic of exploration. This handout (Descriptive Statistics) introduces basic skills necessary to run PASW Statistics. It includes how to create a data file and run descriptive statistics. It is especially tailored to answer three research questions formulated in the sample survey questionnaire, eventually giving users an overview of how PASW Statistics can be used for survey research. The three research questions formulated in the sample survey are as follows: 1. What kind of computer do people prefer to own? 2. What color do people prefer for their computer? 3. Is computer color preference different between genders?
Figure 1 - PASW Statistics 17 Dialog Box PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 1 4
DATA VIEW
When PASW Statistics is launched, the Data Editor window opens in Data View, which looks similar to a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet (which is just an array of rows and columns). The difference is that the rows and columns in Data View are referred to as cases and variables, respectively (see Table 1).
Table 1 - Elements in Data View
Element Variable
Description Each column represents a variable. Any survey questionnaire item or test item can be a variable. Commonly defined variable types are numeric or string. When defining variables as numeric, users need to specify decimal places. Variable names can be up to 256 characters long and must start with a letter. Make variable names meaningful and easily recognizable. Each row represents a case. The participants in the study can be cases. For example, if 100 participants are involved in your study, then 100 cases (or rows) of information should be generated. Responses to the question items should be entered consistently from left to right for each participant.
Case
Element Cell
Description A cell is an intersection between cases and variables. Each response to a survey question should be entered in a cell for each participant according to the defined variable data types.
VARIABLE VIEW
Variable View is where variables are defined by assigning variable names and specifying the attributes, such as data type (String, Date, Numeric, etc.), value labels, and measurement scales (Nominal, Ordinal, or Scale). Users can think of Variable View as the backbone structure for the Data View; data cannot be entered nor viewed without first defining variables in Variable View (see Table 2).
Table 2 - Elements in Variable View
Description PASW Statistics will initially give a default variable name (var00001) that users can change. It is recommended to assign a brief and meaningful name to variables (e.g., Name, Gender, and GPA). The variable type determines how the cases are entered. Generally, textbased characters are of String type and number-based characters are of Numeric type. For example, if a user has a variable called Name, then its variable type should be String. Similarly, a variable named GPA should be a Numeric type with (normally two) decimal places. Value labels allow users to describe what the variable name stands for. For example, if a variable has been defined as Fav, most likely others may not know what it stands for. To avoid misinterpretation, value labels can be utilized to clearly define variable names.
Variable Type
Value Labels
DEFINING VARIABLES
First, variable names based on your research questionnaire need to be assigned. If variable names are not assigned, PASW Statistics will assign default names that may not be recognizable. Second, the Type attribute should be specified for each variable. If necessary, assign labels to values to help all users of the file understand the data better. To define variables (example): 1. Click the Variable View tab at the lower left corner of the Data Editor window (see Figure 3). 2. Type [Name] in the first cell under the Name column and press the [Enter] key. 3. Under the Type column, click the ellipses button . The Variable Type dialog box opens (see Figure 4). 4. Select the String option. 5. Click the OK button.
6. Type [Gender] in row two under the Name column. 7. Activate the cell in row two under the Decimals column and change the entry to 0 using the spin box. 8. Type [What is your gender?] in row two under the Label column. 9. Click the ellipses button in row two under the Values column. The Value Labels dialog box opens (see Figure 5). 10. Type [1] in the Value: box. 11. Type [female] in the Label: box. 12. Click the Add button. 13. Repeat steps 10-12 using a value of [2] and a label of [male].
14. Click the OK button. 15. Type [GPA] in row three under the Name column and press the [Enter] key. 16. Type [Age] in row four under the Name column. 17. Click row four under the Decimals column and change the entry to 0 using the spin box. 18. Type [What is your age?] in row four under the Label column. 19. In row four under the Values column, click the ellipses button. The Value Labels dialog box opens (see Figure 6). 20. Type [1] in the Value: box. 21. Type [19 or younger] in the Label: box. 22. Click the Add button.
PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 1 7
23. Repeat steps 20-22 for values [2] through [5] and label them as shown in Table 3 (you may also refer back to the sample questionnaire). See Figure 6 for the results. 24. Click the OK button.
Table 3 - Value Labels
Value 2 3 4 5
DATA ENTRY
After defining the variables, users can enter data for each case. If variables are defined as having a Numeric data type, then numeric data should be entered. PASW Statistics will only accept numeric digits (0-9) for a Numeric data type. If variables are defined as String data, any keyboard character can be entered. To enter data: 1. Click the Data View tab at the lower left corner of the Data Editor window (see Figure 7). 2. Click in a cell and type the corresponding data. The entry will also appear in the Cell Editor (see Figure 8).
Descriptive Statistics
After data has been entered, users may begin analyzing the data by using descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics are the most commonly used statistics for summarizing data frequency or measures of central tendency (mean, median, and mode). Research Question # 1 What kind of computer do people prefer to own?
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
We can use frequency analysis to answer the first research question. Frequency analysis is a descriptive statistical method that shows the number of occurrences of each response chosen by the respondents. When using frequency analysis, PASW Statistics can also calculate the mean, median, and mode to help users analyze the results and draw conclusions. The following example will use a frequency analysis to answer Research Question # 1: What kind of computer do people prefer to own? using the data collected from our sample survey (see Appendix). To perform frequency analysis: 1. Click the Open button on the Data Editor toolbar. The Open Data dialog box opens. 2. Locate and open the Part 1.sav file. 3. Click the Analyze menu, point to Descriptive Statistics, and select Frequencies (see Figure 9). The Frequencies dialog box opens (see Figure 10). 4. Select the variable(s) desired to be analyzed. In this case, select the variable Computer Owned from the list box on the left. 5. Click the transfer arrow button . The selected variable is moved to the Variable(s): list box. 6. Select the Display frequency tables check box if necessary.
7. Click the Statistics button. The Frequencies: Statistics dialog box opens (see ). 8. Select the Mean, Median, and Mode check boxes in the Central Tendency section; select the Std. deviation check box in the Dispersion section.
9. Click the Continue button. This returns you to the Frequencies dialog box. 10. Click the OK button. An Output Viewer window opens and displays the statistics and frequency table (see Figure 12). The columns of the table Computer Owned display the Frequency, Percent, Valid Percent, and Cumulative Percent for each different type of computer owned.
The measures of central tendency (mean, median, and mode) can be used to summarize various types of data. Mode can be used for nominal data, such as computer type, computer color, ethnicity, etc. Mean or median can be used for interval/ratio data, such as test scores, age, etc. The mean is also useful for data with a skewed distribution. Answer to Research Question # 1 What kind of computer do people prefer to own?
PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 1 10
Answer: IBM or Compatible Explanation: Look at question # 7 in the Sample Survey. Notice that option # 3 is IBM or Compatible. In the output Statistics table, the mode for Computer Owned is 3, which is IBM or Compatible. In addition, the frequency analysis results for Computer Owned indicates that 49 out of 80 people own an IBM or Compatible computer. This can be considered their preference. Research Question # 2 What color do people prefer for their computer?
CROSSTABS
Crosstabs are used to examine the relationship between two variables. To answer the second research question, users will need to analyze two variables: Computer Owned and Color (which indicates color preference). Using crosstabs will show the intersection between these two variables and reveal the computer type and color preferred by most people. To perform a crosstabs analysis: 1. In Data View, click the Analyze menu, point to Descriptive Statistics, and select Crosstabs (see Figure 13). The Crosstabs dialog box opens. 2. Select the variable Computer Owned from the list box on the left. 3. Click the transfer arrow button to move it to the Row(s): list box. 4. Select the variable color (see Figure 14). 5. Click the transfer arrow button to move it to the Column(s): list box. 6. Click the OK button. An Output Viewer window opens and displays two tables: Case Processing Summary and the Crosstabulation matrix (see Figure 15).
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Answer to Research Question # 2 What color do people prefer for their computer? Answer: IBM or Compatible in beige color Explanation: As shown in the Crosstabulation matrix above, IBM or Compatible is the most preferred computer type from the row variable (Computer Owned). From the column variable (color), beige is shown as the most preferred color. Therefore, you can conclude that most people prefer IBM or Compatible computers that are in beige color.
Data Manipulation
Data files are not always ideally organized in a form to meet specific needs. For example, users may wish to select a specific subject or split the data file into separate groups for analysis.
SELECT CASES
If you have two or more subject groups in your data and you want to analyze each subject in isolation, you can use the select cases option. For example, the data we are currently analyzing has both male and female participants. However, if you wish to analyze only female cases, then you select Gender cases and set the condition for female cases only. To select cases for analysis: 1. Click the Data menu and select Select Cases (see Figure 16). The Select Cases dialog box opens (see Figure 17). 2. Click the If condition is satisfied option. 3. Click the If button. The Select Cases: If dialog box opens. 4. Select the variable Gender in the left list box. 5. Click the transfer arrow button to move it to the right text box. 6. Click the = button . 7. Click the 1 button . 8. Click the Continue button. This takes you back to the Select Cases dialog box. 9. Click the OK button. This takes you back to Data View. All males will be excluded from the statistical analysis. 10. Rerun the crosstabs analysis by following steps 1-6 of the Crosstabs section of this handout. 11. Click the OK button. The Output Viewer window updates (see Figure 18).
PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 1 12
Figure 17 - Select Cases Dialog Box Figure 16 - Select Cases from Data Menu
From the cross tabulation in the Output Viewer window in below, look at the column for the most preferred color and the row for the computer types. Since we selected only female cases, what is the computer color most preferred by women? Ten women chose IBM or Compatible with color option 5. Thus, you may conclude that most female participants prefer the color 5 for IBM or Compatible computers. However, what does 5 represent? This problem arose by not labeling the variable value 5 as Other. Moreover, even if it were labeled Other, it does not indicate any particular color, making it difficult to draw a conclusion. In order to avoid such problems, it is suggested that you provide a blank space where participants can specify Other color preferences besides the ones specified in the survey questionnaire.
Example: What kind of color do you like to have for your computer? 1. Beige 2.Black 3.Gray 4.White 5.Other __________ Research Question # 3
PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 1 13
SPLITTING A FILE
To answer the third research question, we need to split the file. You can analyze one particular group of subjects using the select cases option. However, if you wish to compare the response or performance differences by groups within one variable, it is best to use the split files option. To split a file for analysis: 1. Turn off the select cases option. 2. Click the Data menu and select Select Cases. The Select Cases dialog box opens. 3. Select the All cases option. 4. Click the OK button. Notice that the male cases that were excluded are now all included in the data file. 5. Select the Data menu and select Split File. (see Figure 19). The Split File dialog box opens (see Figure 20).
6. Select the variable Gender from the left list box. 7. Select the Compare groups option. 8. Click the transfer arrow button to move the variable Gender to the Groups Based on: list box. 9. Click the OK button. 10. Rerun the crosstabs analysis by following steps 1-6 of the Crosstabs section of this handout. 11. Click the OK button. The Output Viewer window crosstabulation table opens (see Figure 21).
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Answer to Research Question # 3 Is computer color preference different between genders? Answer: Yes Explanation: There is a computer color preference difference based on gender. From the crosstabulation output, females prefer IBM or Compatible of Other color over the colors beige, black, gray, or white. The male group prefers IBM or Compatible of black color.
Figure 22 - Find and Replace Dialog Box (Data View) PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 1 15
NOTE: Under the Match to section of the Find and Replace dialog box (see Figure 22), Contains means PASW Statistics will find each instance of the word/phrase/number appearing in a cell, whether or not it is the only information enclosed. The Entire cell option will find the word/phrase/number that matches the entire cell as a whole. Selecting the Begins with and Ends with options will search the character indicated by the user.
Reporting
Once the statistical analysis is complete, the final step is to create a report. In the report, you may include PASW Statistics output (e.g., graphs and tables) for supporting your analysis. Using the Copy and Paste functions, the tables/graphs generated in PASW Statistics can be copied from the Output Viewer window and pasted into a Microsoft Word document without having to create new tables or graphs. To create a report using Microsoft Word: 1. In the Output Viewer window, right-click a table. A box appears around the table and a red arrow to the left of the table (which means it is selected). 2. Select Copy from the shortcut menu. 3. Open Microsoft Word. 4. Right-click in the Word document and select Paste from the shortcut menu. The table is copied into the Word document.
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Appendix
SAMPLE SURVEY
Research Questions 1. What kind of computer do people prefer to own? 2. What color do people prefer for their computer? 3. Is computer color preference different between genders? Survey Questions 1. What is your name? _____________________________ 2. What is your gender? _________________________ 3. What is your G.P.A.? _________________________ 4. What is your age? 1. 19 or younger 2. 20-23 3. 24-27 4. 28-31 5. 32 or over
5. How much do you make in a month? 1. Less than $1000 2. $1000$1499 3. $1500$1999 4. $2000$2499 5. Over $2500
7. What kind of computer do you own? 1. Toshiba 2. Apple 3. IBM or Compatible 4. Other 5. None
8. What kind of computer have you used? 1. IBM or Compatible 2. Apple 3. Toshiba 4. Other 5. None
9. What color do you like to have for your computer? 1. Beige 2. Black 3. Gray 4. White 5. Other
Introduction Part 2
PASW stands for Predictive Analytics Software. This program can be used to analyze data collected from surveys, tests, observations, etc. It can perform a variety of data analyses and presentation functions, including statistical analysis and graphical presentation of data. Among its features are modules for statistical data analysis. These include 1) descriptive statistics, such as frequencies, central tendency, plots, charts, and lists; and 2) sophisticated inferential and multivariate statistical procedures, such as analysis of variance (ANOVA), factor analysis, cluster analysis, and categorical data analysis. PASW Statistics is particularly well-suited for survey research, though by no means is it limited to just this topic of exploration. This handout (Test of Significance) introduces 1) several data entry and data manipulation techniques that help you save time, 2) basic skills to perform tests of significance, such as correlations and t tests, and 3) an introduction to multiple response sets. The step-by-step instructions will help you understand how to interpret the output of your tests from data supplied by your research question(s). Follow the steps carefully to get appropriate results. Please note that a slightly different process might yield unexpected and complicated results. This is a continuation of the PASW Statistics Descriptive Statistics handout.
Null Hypothesis
The null hypothesis (H0) represents a theory that has been presented, either because it is believed to be true or because it is to be used as a basis for an argument. It is a statement that has not been proven. It is also important to realize that the null hypothesis is the statement of no difference. For example, in a clinical trial of a new drug, the null hypothesis might be that the new drug is no better, on average, than the current drug (in other words, the new drug exhibits the same behavior as the old drug). The null hypothesis (H0) and the alternative hypothesis (H1) can be stated as: H0: There is no difference between the two drugs. H1: There is a significant difference between the two drugs. Special consideration is given to the null hypothesis. This is due to the fact that the null hypothesis relates to the statement being tested, whereas the alternative hypothesis relates to the statement to be accepted if and when the null is rejected. The final conclusion, once the test has been carried out, is always given in terms of the null hypothesis. The result is either "Reject H0 in favor of H1" or "Do not reject H0"; the conclusion is never "Reject H1" or "Accept H1."
PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 2 18
If the conclusion is "Do not reject H0," this does not necessarily mean that the null hypothesis is true. It only suggests that there is no sufficient evidence against H0 in favor of H1. Rejecting the null hypothesis then suggests that the alternative hypothesis may be true.
NOTE: The null hypothesis essentially states that the given cases or items under consideration are statistically the same or exhibit the same behavior without any significant difference. The alternate hypothesis states that the given cases exhibit different behavior or that they have a statistically significant difference.
Statistical Tests
Statistics is a set of mathematical techniques used to summarize research data and determine whether the data supports a proposed hypothesis. PASW Statistics includes tools that can be used to analyze variables and determine the strength and nature of the relationship between two variables and whether the means (averages) of two data sets (samples) are statistically the same or different.
Tests of Significance
The following examples are sample research questions that can be answered using PASW Statistics analytical methods.
CORRELATIONS
A correlation is a statistical device that measures strength or degree of a supposed linear association between two or more variables. One of the more common measures used is the Pearson correlation, which estimates a relationship between two interval variables. Research Question # 1 Is there a relationship between academic performance and Internet access? H0: There is no difference between academic performance and Internet access. H1: There is a significant difference between academic performance and Internet access. To run a correlation analysis: 1. Locate and open the Part 2.sav file. 2. Click the Analyze menu, point to Correlate, and select Bivariate. The Bivariate Correlations dialog box opens (see Figure 23). 3. Select the variables active, posttest, and gpa in the list box on the left. 4. Click the transfer arrow button to move them to the Variables: list box. 5. Select the Pearson check box and the Two-tailed option if necessary. 6. Click the OK button. The Output Viewer window opens with a Correlations table (see Figure 24).
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The Answer to Research Question # 1 Is there a relationship between academic performance and Internet access?
Answer: Yes Explanation: As shown in Figure 24 above, the correlation index for the relationship between active and posttest is 0.476, which is between 0.4-0.7. The correlation index for the relationship between active and gpa is 0.448, which is between 0.4-0.7. The results from these analyses indicate that there is a moderate, positive relationship between academic performance and Internet access.
PAIRED-SAMPLES T TEST
A Paired-Samples T Test is used to test if an observed difference between two means is statistically significant. To run a t test, the following assumptions should be met: the data 1) has normal distribution, 2) is a large data set, and 3) has no outliers. If any of these assumptions are not met, then a nonparametric test should be used.
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Research Question # 2 Is there an instructional effect taking place in the computer class? H0: There is no influence of using the Internet on academic achievement for this class. H1: There is an influence of using the Internet on academic achievement for this class. The hypothesis is that Internet familiarity cannot influence the academic achievement in the computer class. The variables that reflect academic achievement are pretest and posttest. To run a Paired-Samples T Test: 1. Click the Analyze menu, point to Compare Means, and select Paired-Samples T Test. The Paired-Samples T Test dialog box opens (see Figure 25). 2. Select the variables pretest and posttest in the list box on the left. 3. Click the transfer arrow button to move them to the Paired Variables: list box. 4. Click the OK button. The Output Viewer window opens (see Figure 26).
The Answer to Research Question # 2 Is there an instructional effect taking place in the computer class?
Answer: Yes Explanation: The observed mean difference is -4.5172. Since the value of t is -3.820 at p < .001, the mean difference (-4.5172) between pretest and posttest is statistically significant.
PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 2 21
According to the Sig. of 0.001 (which is less than 0.05), the hypothesis is rejected. Therefore, it can be inferred that there was instructional effect taking place in the computer class.
INDEPENDENT-SAMPLES T TEST
An Independent-Samples T Test is used to determine the likelihood that two independent data samples came from populations that have identical means. If this were true, then the difference between the means should be equal to zero. The null hypothesis in this case would be that the two means are equal. Two variables are required in the data set. One variable is the measured parameter. Examples include weight, height, or frequency. The second variable divides the data set into two groups. Light and Dark are the groups whose means will be compared. Research Question # 3 Is there a difference in the average number of seedlings grown in the light and those grown in the dark? In this example, 20 Petri dishes each contained 10 celery seeds. Ten of the dishes were kept in the dark for one week; the other 10 were placed under a grow light for the same amount of time. At the end of the week, the number of seeds that sprouted was counted in each dish. H0: Variance (light) = variance (dark). H1: Variance (light) variance (dark). H0: There is no difference between seedlings under the light and in the dark ( (light) =
(dark)).
H1: There is sig. difference between seedlings under the light and in the dark ( (light) (dark)).
NOTE: The first set of hypotheses is testing the variance, while the proceeding set is testing for the mean. The variances have to be equal before we can determine if the means are equal. NOTE: Variance: The arithmetic mean of the squared deviations from the mean, which is essentially used to see how far the single samples are from the mean. We need to make sure the variances are equal before we can determine if the means are equal. If the variances are equal, users will be able to move to the T Test. If the variances are not equal, users will have to do more testing.
To run the Independent-Samples T Test: 1. Locate and open the Seedlings.sav file. 2. In Data View, click the Analyze menu, point to Compare Means, and select Independent-Samples T Test. The Independent-Samples T Test dialog box opens (see Figure 27). 3. Select the Seedlings variable in the list box on the left. 4. Click the transfer arrow button to move the variable to the Test Variable(s): list box. 5. Select the Treatment variable in the list box on the left. 6. Click the transfer arrow button to move the variable to the Grouping Variable: list box. 7. Click the Define Groups button. The Define Groups dialog box opens (see Figure 28). 8. Enter [0] in the Group 1: box, enter [1] in the Group 2: box, and then click the Continue button.
PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 2 22
9. Click the OK button. The Output Viewer window opens with several tables, including an Independent-Samples Test table (see Figure 29).
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The Answer to Research Question # 3 Is there a difference in the average number of seedlings grown in the light and those grown in the dark?
Answer: Yes Explanation: The mean difference in seedlings sprouted between the two treatments (light and dark) was -2.900. The value of t, which is -3.179, was statistically significant (p=0.005). Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected.
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Figure 31 - Define Multiple Response Sets Dialog Box Figure 30 - Define Variable Sets from Analyze Menu
3. Select the American, TWA, United, USAir, and Other airline variables and move them to the Variables in Set: list box. 4. Make sure the Dichotomies option is selected and enter [1] in the Counted value: box. 5. Type [Airlines] in the Name: box. 6. Type [Airline frequency of response] in the Label: box. 7. Click the Add button. The set is created as $Airlines and listed in the Multiple Response Sets: list box. 8. Click the Close button.
The Answer to Research Question # 4 In a survey of airline passengers, which airline was selected as having been flown most often in the previous six months?
Answer: United Explanation: As seen in the Output Viewer window, there were 18 people surveyed and 44 total responses generated. Of the 44 total responses, United was selected most often with 12 responses (representing 27.3% the largest portion of the total responses).
To incorporate a multiple response set into a crosstab analysis: 1. Click the Analyze menu, point to Multiple Response, and select Crosstabs. The Multiple Response Crosstabs dialog box opens (see Figure 34).
2. Select the FearFactor variable as the Row(s): variable and the $Airlines multiple response set as the Column(s): variable. 3. Select the FearFactor variable after it is designated as the Row(s): variable. The Define Ranges button becomes active. 4. Click the Define Ranges button. The Multiple Response Crosstabs: Define Variable Ranges dialog box opens (see Figure 35).
5. Enter [0] in the Minimum: box and [1] in the Maximum: box for the FearFactor variable. 6. Click the Continue button. 7. Click the Options button. The Multiple Response Crosstabs: Options dialog box opens (see Figure 36). 8. Select the Cases option and then click the Continue button. 9. Click the OK button. The Output Viewer window opens with the crosstab results (see Figure 37).
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The Answer to Research Question # 5 In a survey of airline passengers, which airline was selected most often by those passengers who identified themselves as afraid to fly?
Answer: USAir Explanation: Of the 18 people surveyed, ten identified themselves as being afraid to fly. Within that group of survey respondents, USAir was the airline selected most often (seven times).
Data Manipulation
PASW Statistics also provides tools to make data manipulation a simple task.
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3. Type [active] in the first cell under the Name column and press the [Enter] key. 4. Click in the first cell under the Decimals column and decrease the entry to 0. 5. Click in the first cell under the Values column and click the Ellipses button . The Value Labels dialog box opens (see Figure 39). 6. Type [1] in the Value: box. 7. Type [Strongly Disagree] in the Label: box. 8. Click the Add button. 9. Assign [2], [3], and [4] for [Disagree], [Agree], and [Strongly Agree], respectively, by repeating steps 6-8 for each value added (see Figure 39).
10. 11.
Click the OK button. Switch back to Data View (see Figure 40). 12. Click the active variable heading to highlight the column. 13. Click the Edit menu and select Copy to copy the properties of the variable active. 14. Highlight the number of variables needed to apply the same properties to by clicking on the header of the first variable and dragging the pointer across to the last header (see Figure 41 and Figure 42). 15. Click the Edit menu and select Paste. The copied properties of the variable active will be applied to the target variables, and the Data View and Variable View will change (see Figure 43 and Figure 44).
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4. To define the properties of the new variable, double-click the variable heading. The Variable View is activated for the new variable. 5. Type [midterm] in the Name column of the new variable. 6. Change the variable type if desired. In the same manner, it is possible to insert cases in a particular location in Data View. For instance, assume that a case should be inserted between case 10 and 11 for a particular students record. By following the instructions below, one case will be inserted after the 10th case. To insert cases (example): 1. Switch to Data View. 2. Click row number 11 to highlight the case. 3. Click the Edit menu and select Insert Cases. A new case is inserted above case 11.
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Figure 45 - Define Variables in Variable View Table 4 - Variables for Case Study
Length 10 12 12
Label Attribute What is your favorite shape? It is 1:30pm, what are you eating? What is your preferred beverage?
10. Once this information has been defined in Variable View, switch by clicking the Data View tab to enter the corresponding case information. 11. Enter [Alfred] in case 1 of the ID variable, [Bethel] in case 2 of the ID variable, down to [Jessie] in case 10 of the ID variable. Enter the corresponding information according to Table 5. See Figure 46 for the results.
Table 5 - Input Case Information
Case 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ID Alfred Bethel Chris Dante Erica Fernando Grenadine Harold Isadora Jessie
January Dog Cat Cat Dog Tiger Tarantula Dog Bees Turtle Hamster
February Star Square Triangle Rectangle Oval Circle Octagon Polygon Rhombus Oval
March Pizza Fruit Veggies Sandwich Chips Calzon Salad Soup PandaExpress Egg Salad
April Water Soda Pop Grape Juice Orange Juice Aloe Water Beer White Wine Naked Juices V8 Juice Lemonade
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12. Save the file by clicking the File menu and selecting Save. The Save Data As dialog box opens. 13. Select the Desktop as the destination and type [Merge 1] in the File name: text box. 14. Click the Save button. 15. Close the Output Viewer window.
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4. The Add Variables to Merge 1.sav dialog box opens. Select the An external PASW Statistics data file option and click the Browse button (see Figure 48).
5. Locate and select the Merge 2 data file and click the Open button. 6. Click the Continue button. The Add Variables from Merge 2.sav dialog box opens (see Figure 49). 7. Select the Match cases on key variables in sorted files check box. 8. From the Excluded Variables: list box, select ID>(+) (see Figure 49), and using the transfer arrow button , move it to the Key Variables: box.
9. Click the OK button. A warning message dialog box opens (see Figure 50).
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10. Click the OK button to close the warning message. The finished product should look like Figure 51.
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Appendix
QUESTIONNAIRE
This survey is designed to investigate relationships between Internet access and academic success. It consists of three parts: questions related to the background information of the respondent, questions about Internet use patterns, and several open-ended questions. Please select appropriate answers that best describe your activities on the Internet as truthfully as possible. The results of this study will be used anonymously for the PASW Statistics Part 2: Test of Significance workshop.
Background Information
1. Age: _____________________________ 2. Major: ____________________________ 3. G.P.A.: ___________________________ 4. Monthly Income: ___________________
Internet Access
5. Do you have a computer at home? 1. Yes 2. No
6. Where do you surf on the Internet? (You can circle more than one option for this question.) 1. At school 2. At home 3. At work 4. Other ____________
7. How long do you stay online per day? 1. Less than 30 minutes 2. 1-2 hours 3. More than two hours
Questions 8 through 19 are designed to investigate the frequency and types of activities on the Internet. These questions have a 4 point Likert-scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Please circle the option that best describes your activities on the Internet. SD: Strongly Disagree D: Disagree A: Agree SA: Strongly Agree 8. I am a very active Internet surfer. 9. I surf the Internet to look for articles for research papers.
PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 3
SD 1 1
D 2 2
A 3 3
SA 4 4
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10. I surf the Internet to read current news. 11. I use the Internet only to e-mail my friends, family, and professors. 12. I surf the Internet to check movie schedules. 13. I surf the Internet to look for personal information (e.g., yellow pages). 14. I surf the Internet to look for job openings 15. I use the Internet to play games. 16. I use the Internet to download forms and files (e.g., income tax forms). 17. I surf the Internet to improve my computer skills. 18. I surf the Internet to purchase books. 19. I surf the Internet to purchase other merchandise (e.g., video tapes, clothes, computers). Question 20 is an open-ended question.
SD 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
D 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
SA 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
20. Are there any other Internet activities that are not included in this survey? If so, please describe them below. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________
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Introduction Part 3
PASW stands for Predictive Analytics Software. This program can be used to analyze data collected from surveys, tests, observations, etc. It can perform a variety of data analyses and presentation functions, including statistical analysis and graphical presentation of data. Among its features are modules for statistical data analysis. These include 1) descriptive statistics, such as frequencies, central tendency, plots, charts, and lists; and 2) sophisticated inferential and multivariate statistical procedures, such as analysis of variance (ANOVA), factor analysis, cluster analysis, and categorical data analysis. PASW Statistics is particularly well-suited for survey research, though by no means is it limited to just this topic of exploration. This handout (Regression Analysis) provides basic instructions on how to answer research questions and test hypotheses through the use of linear regression (a technique which examines the relationship between a dependent variable and a set of independent variables). The value of the dependent variable (e.g., salespersons total annual sales) can be predicted based on its relationship to the independent variables used in the analysis (e.g., age, education, and years of experience). The two research questions proposed for this workshop are as follows: 1. How much will each salesperson make this year? 2. Who will qualify for a $1,000 bonus?
Simple Regression
Simple regression estimates how the value of one dependent variable (Y) can be predicted based on the value of one independent variable (X). The linear equation for simple regression is as follows: Y = aX + b Simple regression can answer the following research question: Research Question # 1 How much will each salesperson make this year?
SCATTER PLOT
A scatter plot displays the nature of the relationship between two variables. It is recommended to run a scatter plot before performing a regression analysis to determine if there is a linear relationship between the variables. If there is no linear relationship (i.e., points on a graph are not clustered in a straight line), there is no need to run a simple regression.
PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 3 38
To run a scatter plot: 1. Start PASW Statistics 17. 2. Click the Open button on the Data Editor toolbar. The Open Data dialog box opens. 3. Locate and open the Regression.sav file. 4. Click the Graphs menu, point to Legacy Dialogs, and select Scatter/Dot (see Error: Reference source not found). The Scatter/Dot dialog box opens (see Error: Reference source not found).
NOTE: To estimate the relationship between two variables, select the Simple Scatter plot.
5. If necessary, select the Simple Scatter option, and then click the Define button (see ). The Simple Scatterplot dialog box opens (see ).
6. Select the variable Last year sales [lastsale] from the list box on the left.
PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 3 39
7. Click the first transfer arrow button to move the variable to the Y Axis: box. 8. Select the variable Years of experience [yearexpe] from the list box on the left. 9. Click the second transfer arrow button to move the variable in the X Axis: box. 10. Click the OK button. The Output Viewer window opens with a scatter plot of the variables (see Figure 55).
NOTE: A graph similar to Figure 55 will be displayed in the Output Viewer window. This scatter plot indicates that there is a linear relationship between the variables Last year sales and Years of experience. The next step is to find a line that best accommodates the pattern of points in this scatter plot. The steps on how to enhance graph appearance are included in the last section of this handout.
3. Select the variable Last year sales [lastsale] from the variable list box on the left and move it to the Dependent: box by clicking the first transfer arrow button (see Figure 57).
4. Select the variable Years of experience [yearexpe] from the variable list box on the left and move it to the Independent(s): box by clicking the second transfer arrow button. 5. Click the OK button. The following tables present the results of a simple regression. R Square (.918) indicates that this model accounts for almost 92% of the total variation in the data (see Figure 58).
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The slope and the y-intercept as seen in Figure 59 should be substituted in the following linear equation to predict this years sales: Y = aX + b. In this case, the values of a, b, x, and y will be as follows: a = 1954.658 b = 440.987 X = Years of experience (values of independent variable) Y = Last year sales (values of dependent variable)
To predict this years sales using the computing function: 1. Switch to the Data Editor window. Click the Transform menu and select Compute Variable. The Compute Variable dialog box opens (see Figure 60). 2. In the Target Variable: box, type [Simple].
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3. In the Numeric Expression: box, enter the following equation by typing or selecting from the dialog box keypad: [1954.658 * yearexp2 + 440.987]
NOTE: It is recommended to select the variable yearexp2 directly from the variable list box on the left of the Compute Variable dialog box to prevent typing mistakes.
4. Click the OK button. The results will be displayed in the Simple column in Data View (see Figure 61).
To change the data type for the new variable Simple: 1. Click the Variable View tab at the lower left corner of the Data Editor window (see Error: Reference source not found).
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2. Locate the variable Simple and click the Ellipses button under the Type column. The Variable Type dialog box opens (see Error: Reference source not found). 3. Select the Dollar option, and then select the $###,###,### format (12 digits width with 0 decimal places).
4. Click the OK button, and then click the Data View tab.
NOTE: The prediction of this years sales for each salesperson are computed under the new variable named Simple as shown in Error: Reference source not found.
Multiple Regression
Multiple regression estimates the coefficients of the linear equation when there is more than one independent variable that best predicts the value of the dependent variable. For example, it is possible to predict a salespersons total annual sales (the dependent variable) based on independent variables such as age, education, and years of experience. The linear equation for multiple regression is as follows: Z = aX + bY + c
one independent variable, such as Years of experience and Years of education, by using multiple regression analysis. To run multiple regression analysis: 1. Click the Analyze menu, point to Regression, and select Linear. The Linear Regression dialog box opens (see Figure 65). 2. From the variable list box, select Last year sales [lastsale] as a dependent variable and move it to the Dependent: box by clicking the first transfer arrow button . 3. From the variable list box, select Years of experience [yearexpe] and Years of education [educatio] and move them to the Independent(s): box by clicking the second transfer arrow button . 4. Click the OK button.
NOTE: If there are variables in the Independent(s): or Dependent: boxes, click the Reset button before performing steps 2 and 3 above.
NOTE: The table should look similar to Error: Reference source not found. R Square = .976 indicates that this model can predict this years sales almost 98% correctly.
Figure 66 - Model Summary Output for Multiple Regression
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The slopes and the y-intercept as seen in Figure 67 should be substituted in the following linear equation to predict this years sales: Z = aX+ bY + c In this case, the values of a, b, x, and y will be as follows: a = 1874.5 b = 609.391 c = (-8510.838) X = Years of experience (independent variable) Y = Years of education (independent variable) Z = This year sales (dependent variable) As indicated in the output table, the coefficient for Years of experience is 1874.5and the coefficient for Years of education is 609.391.
6. Click the OK button. The results will be displayed in the multiple column in Data View (see Error: Reference source not found).
NOTE: The predictions of sales for each salesperson using two independent variables are listed under the new variable named multiple.
Data Transformation
Situations may arise where data transformation is useful. Most data transformations can be done with the Compute command. Using this command, the data file can be manipulated to fit various statistical performances. Research Question # 2 Who will earn a $1,000 bonus?
COMPUTING
Since each persons yearly sales were already predicted, those who made more than $2,000 above the predicted values, obtained via multiple regression analysis, will receive $1,000 as a bonus. Using the Compute command, those salespeople who met the criteria can be easily located by comparing the values of this years actual sales with the predictions from multiple regression analysis computed in the previous lesson. The first step in predicting who will receive a bonus is to calculate the difference between this years actual sales and the prediction of this years sales from the multiple regression analysis. To predict who will qualify for the bonus: 1. Open the Bonus.sav file. 2. If the Save As dialog box opens, click the No button. 3. Click the Transform menu and select Compute Variable. The Compute Variable dialog box opens (see Error: Reference source not found). 4. In the Target Variable: box, type [bonus]. 5. In the Numeric Expression: box, type [1000].
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6. Click the If button. The Compute Variable: If Cases dialog box opens (see Figure 71). 7. Select the Include if case satisfies condition: option. 8. Enter the following expression by typing or selecting from the dialog box keypad: [thissale - multiple >= 2000]
NOTE: It is recommended that you select the variables and the >= sign directly from the variable list box and keypad provided in the dialog box to prevent mistakes.
PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 3 48
Polynomial Regression
This type of regression involves fitting a dependent variable (Yi) to a polynomial function of a single independent variable (Xi). The regression model is as follows (see Table 6 for the meaning of the variables): Yi = a + b1Xi + b2Xi2 + b3Xi3 + + bkXik + ei
Table 6 - Breakdown of the Variables
Variable a bj ei
Meaning Constant The coefficient for the independent variable to the jth power Random error term
REGRESSION ANALYSIS
To look at the growth relationship between weight and age: 1. Open the Growth.sav file. 2. Click the Analyze menu, point to Regression, and select Curve Estimation. The Curve Estimation dialog box opens to define the parameters of the analysis (see Figure 73). 3. Transfer the wght variable to the Dependent(s): box and the age variable to the Independent Variable: box.
NOTE: The weight (dependent) variable is what is being predicted using the age (independent) variable.
4. 5. 6. 7.
Select the Display ANOVA table check box. Under Models, deselect the Linear check box and select the Cubic check box. Click the OK button.
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Chart Editing
During the final stage of research, enhancing the appearance of charts and figures can be very helpful for readers to understand what may seem to be confusing statistics. This will save the time and effort to copy and paste an object from one program to another and to modify its features. The following steps explain some useful methods to enhance the appearance of a chart.
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10. Click the Show Grid Lines button on the Standard toolbar to show the Properties dialog box. 11. Select the Grid Lines tab, select the Major ticks only option, click the Apply button, and then click the Close button (see Error: Reference source not found). 12. Click the Select the Y axis button on the Standard toolbar to manipulate the Y-axis. The Properties dialog box opens. 13. Select the Scale tab (see Error: Reference source not found).
Figure 80 - Properties Dialog Box: Grid Lines Tab
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14. Change the value in the Lower margin (%:) box to 0. 15. Click the Apply button, and then click the Close button.
5. Click the border of the text box to select it. 6. Select the Text Style tab in the Properties dialog box, select a color for the title text, click the Apply button, and then click the Close button. 7. Click the Bold button on the Standard toolbar, and change the Font Size to 12. 8. Resize the text box to fit the text. 9. If necessary, resize the chart to display the title at the top of the chart (see Error: Reference source not found).
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Introduction Part 4
PASW stands for Predictive Analytics Software. This program can be used to analyze data collected from surveys, tests, observations, etc. It can perform a variety of data analyses and presentation functions, including statistical analysis and graphical presentation of data. Among its features are modules for statistical data analysis. These include 1) descriptive statistics, such as frequencies, central tendency, plots, charts, and lists; and 2) sophisticated inferential and multivariate statistical procedures, such as analysis of variance (ANOVA), factor analysis, cluster analysis, and categorical data analysis. PASW Statistics is particularly well-suited for survey research, though by no means is it limited to just this topic of exploration. This handout (Chi-Square and ANOVA) introduces basic skills for performing hypothesis tests utilizing Chi-Square test for Goodness-of-Fit and generalized pooled t tests, such as ANOVA. The step-by-step instructions will guide the user in performing tests of significance using PASW Statistics and help the user understand how to interpret the output for research questions.
Chi-Square
The Chi-Square (2) test is a statistical tool used to examine differences between nominal or categorical variables. The Chi-Square test is used in two similar but distinct circumstances: To estimate how closely an observed distribution matches an expected distribution also known as the Goodness-of-Fit test. To determine whether two random variables are independent.
H0: Patients leave the hospital at a constant rate (there is no difference between the discharge rates for each day of the week). To perform the analysis: 1. Start PASW Statistics 17. 2. Click the Open button on the Data Editor toolbar. The Open Data dialog box opens. 3. Navigate to the data files folder, select the chi-hospital.sav file, and then click the Open button. Before the Chi-Square test is run, the observed values need to be declared. To declare the observed values: 1. Click the Data menu and select Weight Cases. The Weight Cases dialog box opens (see Figure 88).
2. Select the Weight cases by option. 3. Select the Average Daily Discharges [discharge] variable and transfer it to the Frequency Variable: box. 4. Click the OK button. To perform the analysis: 1. Click the Analyze menu, point to Nonparametric Tests, and select ChiSquare. The Chi-Square Test dialog box opens (see Figure 89).
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2. Select the Day of the Week [dow] variable and transfer it to the Test Variable List: box (see Figure 89). 3. Click the OK button. The Output Viewer window opens (see Figure 90).
NOTE: The expected values are equal to the sum of the observed values divided by the number of rows, while the observed values are the actual numbers of patients discharged.
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Explanation: Figure 92 indicates that on average, about 92 patients were discharged from the hospital each weekday. The rate for Mondays was below average and the rate for Fridays was greater than average. Figure 93 indicates that the calculated value of the Chi-Square statistic was 5.822 at four degrees of freedom. Because the significance level (0.213) is greater than the rejection threshold of 0.05, H0 (patients were discharged at a constant rate on weekdays) could not be rejected. Using the Chi-Square test procedure, it was determined that the rate at which patients were discharged from the hospital was not constant over the course of an average week. This was primarily due to a greater number of discharges on Fridays and fewer discharges on Sundays. When the range of the test was restricted to weekdays, the discharge rates appeared to be more uniform. Staff shortages could be corrected by adopting separate weekday and weekend staff schedules.
To create an underwater sensor array, four different alloys are tested for corrosion resistance. Five plates of the same size of each alloy are placed underwater for 60 days. After 60 days, the number of corrosion pits on each plate is measured. H0: The four alloys exhibit the same kind of behavior and are not different from one another. To run One-Way ANOVA: 1. Open the alloy.sav file.
NOTE: Each case within the One-Way ANOVA data file represents one of the 20 metal plates (five plates of four different alloys) and is characterized by two variables. One variable assigns a numeric value to the alloy. The other variable is used to quantify the number of pits on the plate after being underwater for 60 days (see Figure 96).
2. In Data View, click the Analyze menu, point to Compare Means, and select One-Way ANOVA. The One-Way ANOVA dialog box opens (Figure 97).
3. Select the pits variable from the box on the left and transfer it to the Dependent List: box (see Figure 97). 4. Select the Alloy [alloy] variable from the box on the left and transfer it to the Factor: box (see Figure 97). 5. Click the Options button. The One-Way ANOVA: Options dialog box opens (see Figure 98).
PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 4 64
6. Select the Descriptive, Homogeneity of variance test, and Means plot check boxes. 7. Click the Continue button. 8. Click the OK button. The Output Viewer window opens.
the total sample size and the number of sample alloys (20-4=16). Figure 101 lists the sum of the squares of the differences between means of different alloy populations and their mean square errors. In Figure 101, the Between Groups variation 6026.200 is due to interaction in samples between groups. If sample means are close to each other, this value is small. The Within Groups variation 335.600 is due to differences within individual samples. The Mean Square values are calculated by dividing each Sum of Squares value by its respective degree of freedom (df). The table also lists the F statistic 95.768, which is calculated by dividing the Between Groups Mean Square by the Within Groups Mean Square. The significance level of 0.000 is less than the threshold value of 0.05 and indicates that the null hypothesis can be rejected, leading to the conclusion that the alloys are not all the same.
2. Click the Post Hoc button. The One-Way ANOVA: Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons dialog box opens (see Figure 103).
PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 4 66
3. Select the LSD check box, click the Continue button, and then click the OK button. The Output Viewer window opens.
NOTE: LSD stands for List Square Difference, which compares the means one by one.
Figure 103 - One-Way ANOVA: Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons Dialog Box
H0: Reject in favor of H1. H1: At least one of the means is different. Explanation: Figure 104 shows the results of comparing pairs of means between different alloy sets. Each row indicates the difference between the two corresponding treatments. Alloys 1 and 4 have a mean difference of 2.4 (a relatively small value). Also, the significance level of 0.420 indicates that the null hypothesis cannot be rejected for the comparison of alloys 1 and 4. There is no statistically significant difference between them. Alloy pairs 1 and 2, 1 and 3, 2 and 3, 2 and 4, and 3 and 4 have large mean differences with significance values of 0.000. In these cases, the null hypothesis can be rejected, leading to the conclusion that they are statistically different. Also, the means plot (see Error: Reference source not found) shows that both alloys 1 and 4 have average mean values of pits very close to each other. Because alloys 1 and 4 have the lowest mean number of corrosion pits, they are the best candidates for the array. Depending on the relative costs of the two alloys, the one that is more cost effective can be selected to construct the array.
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2. In Data View, click the Analyze menu, point to General Linear Model, and select Univariate (see Figure 107). The Univariate dialog box opens (see Figure 108).
3. Select the SCORE variable from the box on the left and transfer it to the Dependent Variable: box (see ). 4. Select the ABILITY and METHOD variables from the box on the left and transfer them to the Fixed Factor(s): box (see Figure 108). 5. Click the Options button. The Univariate: Options dialog box opens (see Figure 109). 6. Select the Descriptive statistics check box. 7. Click the Continue button. 8. Click the OK button. The Output Viewer window opens (see Figure 110 and Figure 111).
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4. Click the OK button. PASW Statistics will process and read the Excel file and convert all first row column headings into variables using the best approximation for the variable attributes (see Figure 114 and Figure 115).
PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 4 71
NOTE: If the Excel file contains multiple worksheets, select the desired worksheet by clicking the Worksheet: arrow. Additionally, if only a specific range of cells in the worksheet is to be imported, the range must be specified in the Range: box.
The reverse situation may also arise, where data in a PASW Statistics file must be analyzed using Excel. This can be accomplished by exporting the contents of the Data Editor into an Excel spreadsheet. To export PASW Statistics data into an Excel spreadsheet: 1. In the Data Editor, click the File menu and select Save As. The Save Data As dialog box opens (see Figure 116). 2. Click the Save as type: arrow and select the Excel 97 through 2003 (*.xls) or the Excel 2007(*.xlsx) file type.
NOTE: Selecting the Write variable names to spreadsheet check box will cause PASW Statistics to write the variable names as column headings in the spreadsheet. NOTE: If only certain variables from the Data Editor are desired in the spreadsheet, the user can click the Variables button and select/deselect variables in the Save Data As: Variables dialog box (see Figure 117).
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3. Select a destination drive by clicking the Look in: arrow. 4. Enter a name for the Excel file in the File name: box. 5. Click the Save button.
NOTE: Upon completion, the Output Viewer window will open with a report summarizing the details and results of the export operation (see Figure 118).
To export PASW Statistics Output charts into a PowerPoint slide: 1. In the Output Viewer window, click on the designated table. A box appears around the table and a red arrow to the left of it. 2. Click the File menu and select Export. The Export Output dialog box opens (see Figure 119). 3. Click the Type: arrow and select the PowerPoint (*.ppt) file type. 4. Click the Browse button. The Save File dialog box opens (see Figure 120). 5. Select a destination drive by clicking the Look in: arrow. 6. Enter a name for the PowerPoint file in the File name: box. 7. Click the Save button. 8. Click the OK button.
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The following example illustrates the usefulness of capturing, storing, and running scripts. The data for the example is taken from a classroom setting for a class that lasts one week. At the end of each week, data is compiled for each student. The variables in the set include the subject name, gender, pretest scores, posttest scores, grade point average, computer ownership, and method of administering examinations for that individual. Each week, a report is generated that answers a series of questions about the class from the previous week. The questions answered and the statistical analyses used are the same every week, as described in Table 7.
Table 7 - Scripted Questions and Statistical Techniques
Question Does the data set include equal numbers of each gender and each test method? Is there a difference between the male and female pretest scores? Is there a difference between the male and female posttest scores? Is there a difference between the overall pretest and posttest scores? Do gender, computer ownership, and test method affect test scores? Do gender, computer ownership, and test method affect test scores differently depending on gender? Is there a linear relationship between the pretest and posttest scores for each gender? Can pretest scores predict posttest scores for each gender? Is there an overall linear relationship between pretest and posttest scores? Can pretest scores predict posttest scores?
Statistical Technique(s) to Answer Question Split the file Crosstabs Select all cases Independent-Samples T Test Independent-Samples T Test Paired-Samples T Test Three-Way ANOVA Split the file Two-Way ANOVA Scatter plot graph with file split Simple regression with file split Select all cases Scatter plot graph Simple regression
To construct a script file that will automatically run the analyses: 1. Open the ClassData.sav file. 2. Click the Edit menu and select Options. The Options dialog box opens (see Figure 121). 3. Click the Viewer tab, select the Display commands in the log check box, click the Apply button, and then click the OK button.
NOTE: The script file is built by performing each statistical analysis in the desired order. All analyses must be performed manually one time while the file is being built. In the current example, the file will first be split, and then a crosstab table will be constructed.
4. Click the Data menu and select Split File. The Split File dialog box opens. 5. Select the Compare groups option and transfer the gender variable to the Groups Based on: box. 6. Click the Paste button to add the command to the script file. The Split File dialog box closes and the PASW Statistics Syntax Editor window opens with the pasted command displayed (see Figure 122).
PASW Statistics 17 (SPSS 17), Part 4 75
7. In the PASW Statistics Data Editor window, click the Analyze menu, point to Descriptive Statistics, and select Crosstabs. The Crosstabs dialog box opens.
8. Move the gender variable to the Row(s): box and the method variable to the Column(s): box. 9. Click the Paste button. The Crosstabs dialog box closes and the command is pasted in the PASW Statistics Syntax Editor window (see Figure 123). The first question in Table 7 has been entered into the script file.
NOTE: Scripts for each of the remaining analytical techniques would be entered into the script file by using the Paste button in each dialog box after the parameters were set.
10. Save the script file by clicking the File menu in the PASW Statistic Syntax Editor window and selecting Save As. The Save Syntax As dialog box opens (see ). 11. Enter the location and name for the file and click the Save button. PASW Statistics provides several options when running a script file. PASW Statistics script files have the .sps file extension. The Run menu of the PASW Statistic Syntax Editor contains commands for All, Selection, Current, and To End.
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To run an existing script file: 1. In the Data Editor window, click the File menu, point to Open, and select Syntax (see Figure 125). The Open Syntax dialog box opens. 2. Locate and open the WeeklyAnalysis.SPS syntax file. The PASW Statistics Syntax Editor window opens with the script displayed. 3. In the PASW Statistics Syntax Editor, click the Run menu and select All (see Figure 126). Every command in the script file will execute and the results will be displayed in the Output Viewer window.
NOTE: If the Display commands in the log check box in the Viewer tab of the Options dialog box remains selected, individual script commands will appear with the output in the Output Viewer window.
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