i

I
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
( f )
(g)
(h)
( i )
You should study harder.
You ought to study harder.
Drivers should obey the speed limit.
Drivers ought to obey the speed limit.
You should't leave your keys in the car.
I ought to ("otta") study tonight, but I think I'll
watch T instead.
The gas tank is almost empty. We had better stO
at the next service station.
You had better take care of that cut on your hand
soon, or it will get infected.
You'd better take care of it.
You better take care of it.
You'd better not be late.
Should and ought to have the same meaning: they
express advisability. The meaning ranges in strength
from a suggestion ("This is a good idea") to a
statement about responsibility or duty ("This is a very
important thing to do"). In (a): "This is a good idea.
This is my advice." In (b): "This is an important
responsibility."
Negative contraction: shouldn't.*
Ought to is ofen pronounced "otta" in informal
speaking.
In meaning, had better is close to should/ought to,
but had better is usually stronger. Ofen had better
implies a warning or a threat of possible bad
consequences. In (e): If we don't stop at a service
station, there will be a bad result. We will run out of
gas.
Notes on the use of had better:
It has a present or future meaning.
o It is followed by the simple form of a verb.
It is more common in speaking than writing.
Contraction: 'd better, as in (g).
Sometimes in speaking, had is dropped, as in (h).
Negative form: had better+ not.
*Ought to is not commonly used in the negative. If it is used in the negative, the to is sometimes dropped: Yu ouhtn't
(to) leave ynur keys in the em:
D EXERCISE 11. SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETER. (Chart 97)
Directions: rk in pairs, in groups, or as a class.
Speaker A: Your book is open. Present the problem as given in the text.
Speaker B: Your book is closed. Give advice by using should, ought to, or had better.
Example:
SPEAKER A (book open): I have a test tomorrow.
SPEAKER B (ook closed): You should (ought to, had better) study tonight.
1. I'm writing a composition, and there is a word I don't know how to spell.
2. I don't feel well. I think I'm catching a cold.
3. 1 can't see the chalkboard when I sit in the back row.
4. I'm cold.
5. My foot is asleep.
6. My roommate snores, and I can't get to sleep.
7. My friend is arriving at the airport this evening. I'm supposed to pick him up, but I've
forgotten what time his plane gets in.
8. My apartment is a mess, and my mother is coming to visit tomorrow!
iQ CHAPTER 9
9. DcIcS DO OOG JD !Dc DOUSc DG SODc gUcS!S
Ic CODJDg !O GJDDcI !ODJgD!.
10. 1 CD! S!OQ yWDJDg.
11. 1 DVc !OO!DCDc.
12. 1 DccG !O JDQIOVc Dy 1Dg!JSD.
13. 1 DVc !Dc DJCCUQS.
14. `cDNJ!!JD gc!S OU! O CO!!cgc DJS QIcD!S
cXQcC! DJD !O DDgc !Dc DJ!y DUSJDCSS
SDOC S!OIc DU! Dc WD!S !O Dc D ICDJ!cC!.
15. 1DS yOUDgcI DIO!DcIWDO JS b JS USJDg
J!!cg! GIUgS. 1OW CD SDc Dc!Q DJD:
16. Dcy!OIS GUgD!cI JS VcIy cXCJ!cG DOU! gOJDg !O 1cDDIK !O S!UGy OI OUI
DOD!DS. `OUVc DccD D JD!cID!JOD! S!UGcD!DVcD! yOU: LOU!G yOU gJVc DcI SODc
GVJCc:
0 EXERCISE 12. SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETER. (Chart 9-7)
Directions: LODQ!c!c !Dc GJ!OgUCS WJ!D yOUI OWD WOIGS.
1. A: \OQS I SQJ!!cG co..ee C\1 \Y s!ivt.
B: `OUG Dc!!cI vt it I"dev l<t wtev be.Cve +V. e s+i\ sets.
2. A: Dc SDOcS 1 DOUgD! !S! WccK
B: \D: `OU OUgD! !O
3. A: ]JDDy yOUG Dc!IcI g
OI 1D gOJDg !O
B: \Ky OD. 1!! GO J! IJgD! DOW.
4. A: 1G Dc!!cI
B: 1 gIcc. 1!!! Dc WJD!cI SOOD.
5. A: 1Vc DccD S!UGyJDg OI !DIcc GyS S!IJgD!.
B: 1 KDOW. `OU SDOU!G
A: 1 KDOWDU! g
6. A: JGS yOUI GG DG 1 WOIK DIG !! Gy !ODg. 1OD! yOU !DJDK yOU SDOU!G
B:
7. A: y GOC!OI SJG 1 SDOU!G DU! 1
B: Nc!! 1 !DJDK yOUG Dc!!cI
b. 1. `OU SDOU!G J yOU
B: DDKS OI IcDJDGJDg Dc. 1G Dc!!cI
9. A: Have you
B: No, not yet.
A: You really ought to
10. A: Mary's always wanted to learn how to
B: Isn't your brother
You should
11. A: Do you think I ought to or
B: I tink you'd better If you don't,
12. A: Lately I can't seem to concentrate on anything, and I feel
B: Aaybe you should
Or have you thought about
D EXERCISE 13, Necessity, advisability, and prohibition. (C1mts 9-5 - 97)
Directions: \hich sentence in the following pairs is stronger? Discuss situations in which a
speaker might say these sentences.
l. a. You should go to a doctor. 4. a. I have to go to the post ofce.
b. You'd better go to a doctor. b. I should go to the post ofce.
2. a. Mary should go to work today. 5. a. \ shouldn.'t go into that room.
b. 1ary must go to work today. b. We rust not go into that room.
3. a. We've got to go to class. 6. a. You'd better not go there alone.
b. We ought t go to class. b. You shouldn't go there alone.
D EXERCISE 14, SHOUlD vs. MUST/HAVE TO. (Charts 9-5 - 9-7)
Directions: Use either should or must I have to in the following. In some sentences either
is possible, but the meaning is diferent. Discuss the meanings of the completions.
1. A person _I_ eat in order to live.
2. A person eat a balanced diet.
3. If you want to become a doctor, you go to medical school for
many years.
4. I don't have enough money to take the bus, so I walk home.
5. \lking is good exercise. You say you want to get more exercise. You
walk to and from work instead of taking the bus.
6. We go to Colorado for our vacation.
7. According to my advisor, I take another English course.