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Functions
Absolute Value Function Inverse Function If
y = f ( x) , then f 1 ( y) = x
Remember: Object = the value of x Image = the value of y or f(x) f(x) map onto itself means f(x) = x
Quadratic Equations
General Form Quadratic Formula
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
where a, b, and c are constants and a 0. Forming Quadratic Equation From its Roots: If and are the roots of a quadratic equation
b b 2 4 ac x= 2a
When the equation can not be factorized. Nature of Roots
+ =
c a
b 4 ac > 0 two real and different roots b 2 4 ac = 0 two real and equal roots b 2 4 ac < 0 no real roots b 2 4 ac 0 the roots are real
x 2 ( + ) x + =0
or x 2 (SoR) x + ( PoR) = 0
Quadratic Functions
General Form f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + Completing the square: f ( x) = a( x + p) 2 +
c where a, b, and c are constants and a 0. *Note that the highest power of an unknown of a quadratic function is 2. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
Alternative method: a > 0 minimum (smiling face) a < 0 maximum (sad face) c Quadratic Inequalities a > 0 and f ( x) > 0 a > 0 and f ( x) < 0 Nature of Roots b 4ac > 0 intersects two different points at x-axis b 2 4ac = 0 touch one point at x-axis b 2 4ac < 0 does not meet x-axis
2
f ( x) = ax 2 + bx +
x < a or x > b
a< x<b
a0 = 1 a =
1
1 a
a a ( )n = n b b
a b ) 1 = ( b a Fractional Index
an = a n
m
an =
Fundamental of Logarithm
am
Law of Logarithm
m n
n
log a 1 = 0
= log m log na a
log a m = n log a m
Changing the Base
log a b =
log c b log c a
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06 Coordinate Geometry
Distance and Gradient
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(x1 x2 )2 + (x1 x2 )2
Gradient of line AC, m = Or y2 y1 x2 x1
y int ercept Gradient of a line, m = x int ercept Parallel Lines Perpendicular Lines
m1 = m2 .
1
Midpoint
Midpoint, M =
x1 + x2 y1 + y2 , 2 2
P=
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Area of triangle:
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Area of Triangle =
1 2
1 2
A=
x1 y2 + x2 y 3 + x3 y1 )
x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x1 y3 )
Gradient form
y= mx+
m = gradient Equation of Straight Line Gradient (m) and 1 point (x1, y1) given y y1 = m( x x1
y1 Equation of perpendicular bisector gets midpoint and gradient of perpendicular line. ) Information in a rhombus: A
same length AB = BC = CD = AD parallel lines mAB = mCD or mAD = mBC diagonals (perpendicular) mAC mBD = 1 share same midpoint midpoint AC = midpoint BD any point solve the simultaneous equations
(v)
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Remember:
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y-intercept x = 0 cut y-axis x = 0 x-intercept y = 0 cut x-axis y = 0 **point lies on the line satisfy the equation substitute the value of x and of y of the point into the equation.
Equation of Locus ( use the formula of distance) The equation of the locus of a moving point P( x, y) which is always at a constant distance (r) from a fixed point A ( x1 , y1 ) is PA = r
2 2 2
The equation of the locus of a moving point P( x, y) which is always at a constant distance from two fixed points A ( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y 2 ) with a ratio m : n is PA m = PB n
The equation of the locus of a moving point P( x, y) which is always equidistant from two fixed points A and B is the perpendicular bisector of the straight line AB. PA = PB 2 2 ( x) 2 x ) + ( y y ) = ( x x ) + ( y y
2 1 1 2 2
( x x1 ) + ( y y1 ) = r
( x x ) 2 + ( y 1 y )2 m2 1 = 2 2 ( x x ) + (y 2 ) n y 2
More Formulae and Equation List: SPM Form 4 Physics - Formulae List SPM Form 5 Physics - Formulae List SPM Form 4 Chemistry - List of Chemical Reactions SPM Form 5 Chemistry - List of Chemical Reactions
All at One-School.net
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07 Statistics
Measure of Central Tendency Ungrouped Data Mean x= x N
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Grouped Data With Class Interval x= fx f
x = mean f = frequency x = class mark (lower limit+upper limit) = 2 1 NF C m= L+ 2 fm m = median L = Lower boundary of median class N = Number of data F = Total frequency before median class fm = Total frequency in median class c = Size class = (Upper boundary lower boundary)
Median
m = TN +1
2
m = TN +1
2
TN + TN
TN + TN
m=
+1
m=
+1
When N is an even
fx2 f
fx2 f
= variance
Standard Deviation
= variance
= variance
f
xx
xx
= =
xx)
N x 2 x2 N
= =
x 2 = x2 N
f fx 2 x2
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The variance is a measure of the mean for the square of the deviations from the mean. The standard deviation refers to the square root for the variance. Effects of data changes on Measures of Central Tendency and Measures of dispersion Data are changed uniformly with +k k k k k k k +k No changes No changes No changes k k 2 k k k 2 k
Measures of Mean, median, mode Central Tendency Range , Interquartile Range Measures of Standard Deviation dispersion Variance
08 Circular Measures
Terminology
xo = ( x
)radians 180
radians degrees
x radians = ( x
180 ) degrees
D 180
Remember: 180D = rad 360 = 2 rad
D
???
O
0.7 rad
1.2 rad
???
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r = radius A = area s = arc length = angle l = length of chord
Arc Length:
Length of chord:
Area of Sector: A= 1 2 r 2
s = r
l = 2r sin
09 Differentiation
Gradient of a tangent of a line (curve or straight) dy dx = m( li) x
x0
Differentiation of a Function I y= x dy n1 = nx dx
n
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Chain Rule
n
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Law of Differentiation Sum and Difference Rule y=uv dy dx = du u and v are functions in x dv dx dx
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Quotient Rule yu = v
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=2
dx dx dy du dv =v +u dx dx dx
u = x2 du =2 x dx dy dx
duv 2 dv = v dx udx
dy dx
dx
= (3x 2x
4x 1) =
x (2x 2+ 1)
2x + 2 x 2 (2 x + 1)
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Gradient of tangent at A(x1, y1): dy = gradient of tangent dx Equation of tangent: y y1 = m( x x1 ) Gradient of normal at A(x1, y1): mnormal = If A(x1, y1) is a point on a line y = f(x), the gradient of the line (for a straight line) or the gradient of the dy tangent of the line (for a curve) is the value of dx when x = x1. Maximum and Minimum Point 1 mtangent
dy =0 dx
d y 2 < 0 dx
At minimum point , dy =0 dx
d y 2 > 0 dx
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Rates of Change Chain rule dA dA dr = dt dr dt
-1
dx =5 dt
dy dy y x x dx dx
x = small changes in x
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10 Solution of Triangle
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Sine Rule: a b c = = sin A sin B sin C Use, when given 2 sides and 1 non included angle 2 angles and 1 side
a A b B A 180 (A+B)
Cosine Rule:
a = b + c 2bc cosA b2 = a 2 + c2 2ac cosB 2 2 2 c = a + b 2ab cosC
2 2 2
Area of triangle:
a
C
b
b +c a cos A = 2bc
A=
1 a b sin C 2
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Case of AMBIGUITY
A If C, the length AC and length AB remain unchanged, the point B can also be at point B where ABC = acute and A B C = obtuse. If ABC = , thus ABC = 180 .
180 -
Remember : sin = sin (180 ) Case 2: When a = b sin A CB just touch the side opposite to C
C B B Case 1: When a < b sin A CB is too short to reach the side opposite to C.
Outcome: No solution Case 3: When a > b sin A but a < b. CB cuts the side opposite to C at 2 points
Outcome: 1 solution Case 4: When a > b sin A and a > b. CB cuts the side opposite to C at 1 points
Outcome: 1 solution In a right angled triangle, you may use the following to solve the problems. (i) Phythagoras Theorem: c = a 2 + b2 (ii) Trigonometry ratio: sin = c b , cos =c a , tan a = (base)(height)
b
(iii) Area =
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11 Index Number
Price Index Composite index
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I=
P1
I=
Wi I i Wi
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