Annual Report 2009

CSC annual report 2009
Heli Rantakallio
Pekka Jrvelinen
Chris Ariyo
Joni Nevalainen
Janne Ignatius
Anni Jakobsson
YEAR OF THE ENVIRONMENT 2009

At CSC 2009 was chosen as the Year of the Environment. CSC strives for ecologically sustainable activities. CSC adopted green electricity from the beginning of 2009. At the end of the year CSC also adopted the eco-energy label of the Finnish Association for Nature Conservation (FANC). This means that the money used to pay the company's electricity bills supports environmentally friendly electricity production instead of the use of fossil fuels. The environmental theme is also reflected in this Annual Report, with the illustrations consisting mostly of photos taken by CSC employees who participated in a nature photography contest.
CSC IT CenTer for SCIenCe In brIef

In Finland the computational services needed by science are provided by CSC IT center for science, administered by the Ministry of Education. CSC is a non-profit company located at Keilaniemi, Espoo. CSC provides Finland's widest selection of scientific software and databases and Finland's most powerful supercomputers and data storage systems that researchers can use via the Funet network. CSCs customers also have access to the most powerful computing and data resources in Europe. CSCs mission is to improve the possibilities for research, teaching and product development conducted in Finnish higher education institutions, research institutes, and industry. CSCs operational sphere includes national and international collaboration, enhancing interdisciplinary interaction, and providing computation based on distributed data processing and international data communications connections. The staff totals almost 200 employees and the turnover is EUR 21.9 million. Competitive external funding represents more than a fifth of CSCs budget. CSC started its operation at the Finnish State Computer Center in 1971, as the technical support unit for Univac, which was the first academic mainframe in Finland. The Funet data communication connections were established in 1985 and in 1988 the universities were the first institutions in Finland to join the global Internet network. CSCs operations were incorporated in 1993, and the Ministry of Education was assigned as the shareholder. CSCs resources are exploited in, for example, climate change modeling, research on catalytic properties of metal oxides, turbulence models, research on gene interaction, and molecular modeling of plasma membranes. Researchers also use computer modeling and CSC software to investigate strong geophysical processes, such as the function of a fusion reactor and reactor materials. Modeling oceanic currents and celestial activities require large computing power. The rapid expansion and reliable archiving of research data represent enormous challenges requiring a great deal of work in data processing and analysis. CSCs storage systems disk capacity is more than 1 petabyte, which roughly equals the contents of 1.5 million compact disks. The storage capacity is used for archiving Finnish television and radio programs for the National Audiovisual Archive, and storing the measurement data produced by radio-astronomical test laboratories and CERNs LHC particle collider devices. Researchers save time by utilizing CSC resources, because failure to use CSC services would delay the required results by months. The transfer of data and computing results takes place at equal speed, regardless of the location of the research site. Compared with many of its international sister centers, CSCs IT services for science cover not only supercomputing but also other related necessary needs, such as powerful data processing, development of scientific programs, ultrafast data transfer, and specialist support. This facilitates the handling and administration of extensive and inter-disciplinary projects.
DATA NETwORkS AND DATA HANDLINg

CSC maintains and develops the Finnish research and education network Funet, an extremely reliable high-capacity network. Funet has approximately 350,000 users. It is one of the most advanced and reliable research networks in the world. Funet CERT (Computer Emergency Response Team) safeguards data security of Funet, collaborating with member organizations and the Finnish Communications Regulatory Authority. High-capacity data networks make it possible for the physical storage site to be geographically remote from the user. New optical fiber networks enable transmission of large data amounts at a reasonable price. A researcher submerged in a flood of information needs effective high-quality tools for managing the entire life span of materials. CSC offers abundant possibilities to meet the demanding needs of data processing. The offering includes short- and long-term storage services, reliable backup and archiving systems that guarantee data preservation and accessibility.
POwERFUL COMPUTERS IN FINLAND AND IN EUROPE

To meet research and product development needs, CSC provides computing capacity of the highest European quality level. The most powerful computer in Finland, Louhi is able to handle an incredible more than 100,000 billion (1012) calculations per second. The multi-faceted computing environment also embraces the most
CSC ANNUAL REPORT 2009
important software applications and scientific databases. A third of the computing time on CSCs machines is used by the Academy of Finland Centres of Excellence. More than 600 computing projects a year use a total of 60 million cpu hours. Through CSC, Finnish researchers have access also to the most powerful Grid computing resources in Europe. Grid technology is used to amass the necessary computing and data storage capacity. The Grid is a network of computing resources or other services where computing centers provide data storage and computing resources for access by virtual organizations. It is rather similar to a power grid, through which power plants provide consumers with electricity.
ExTENSIVE DATAbASES AND SOFTwARE

CSCs computers run the widest range of scientific software in Finland. Our computing environment contains more than 200 different ready-to-use programs. Licenses have been acquired for software in chemistry, biosciences, geosciences, physics, statistics, computational fluid dynamics, structural analysis, and mathematics, to mention just a few areas. CSC administrates 70 scientific databases and a broad-based spatial data content. Our server environment also hosts the academic library systems for universities of applied sciences, and the Linnea system for Finnish universities. Additionally, CSC develops scientific software and coordinates national software consortia on behalf of the Finnish higher education institutions. fication issued by their home organization when they roam for services of other organizations in Finland and the Nordic countries. 500,000 logins are registered per month. CSC also participated in the planning of an identity federation for the state administration. The Virtu federation is planned to be compatible with the Haka federation. This shared academic identification and authentication network can reach roughly 800,000 users.
TRAININg
CSC provides training and system support in various disciplines. CSC trains its customers in HPC programming and application software use. Recognizing the importance of developing and updating researchers' skills, CSC is an active organizer of science and technology events. Course activities touched over two thousand representatives of our interest groups at a personal level. CSC relies on its own specialists as well as outsourced lecturers. In practice, all lecturers have a doctoral degree and most of them hold also the title of adjunct professor (docent). Most of the courses were arranged in English to provide maximum benefits for the increasingly international universities. The overall feedback from customers was good.
INFORMATION MANAgEMENT
CSC maintains centralized data systems for administration of education and science and participates in their development. The purpose of the RAKETTI project is to create a shared data warehouse for higher education institutions that will make it simpler to monitor academic operations and facilitate the related reporting. Haka is a shared user identification system of higher education institutions and research institutes in Finland. Haka enables the students and staff of its member organizations to use the user identi-
ConTenTS
AnnUAL rePorT 2009 ConTenTS

1. MANAGING DIRECTORS REVIEW ................................................. 7 2. SOCIETAL IMPACT The strategy of PARADE completed .......................................... 11 CSC joined the Alliance for Permanent Access (APA)................. 11 A preparatory project on remote use of records information .. 12 CSC conducted a survey on the research data environment .... 12 CSC coordinated Research e-Infrastructure in Finland ............. 12 Web pages opened for the Research Data Environment project 12 GANT3: A new-generation European research and education networks .................................................................. 13 CSC joined T&H SHOK Ltd, the strategic centre of excellence for health and well-being ........................................ 13 Ice2sea: CSC joined a sea-level research program .................... 14 Janne Kanner to chair TERENA .................................................. 14 CSCs Per ster elected Chairman of EGI Council ...................... 14 Letter of interest signed between CSC and Russian T-Platforms ............................................................................... 14 Finnish researchers and CSC have a key role in processing measurement data from the Planck satellite ............................ 15 PRACE implementing a persistent research platform ............... 16 PRACE prototype testing started .............................................. 16 CSC acquired a new supercomputer for the Finnish Meteorological Institute ............................................................ 16 CSCs storage capacity exceeded one petabyte ........................ 16 Common recommendation on the use of smart cards with certificates for universities ...................................... 17 CSC now using the FANC eco-energy label ............................... 17 Green renewals at CSC .............................................................. 17 3. DATA SERVICES FOR SCIENCE AND CULTURE National Digital Library.............................................................. 19 Test runs of CERNs particle collider started ............................. 20 Digital archiving of radio and TV programs started .................. 20 CSC opened a database service................................................. 21 PaITuli spatial data service for research and teaching at higher education institutions ................................................... 21 The Finnish National Gallery chose CSC as their information system maintainer .................................................................... 21 PairsDB protein sequence alignment database updated .......... 22 Revised digital morphology archives launched ........................ 22 Research material on endangered languages in CSCs Language Bank of Finland ......................................................... 22 4. APPLICATION SERVICES Elmer software available for Linux operating system ............... 25 New solution methods for inherently coupled problems of acoustics ............................................................................... 25 Elmer chosen as an application program for PRACE ................. 26 SOMA2 modeling environment was updated ........................... 26 Chipster enables gene activity studies also at the protein level .............................................................................. 26 5. INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SERVICES RAKETTI project reaching full speed ......................................... 29 Data warehousing service to support knowledge management ............................................................................ 29 Experimental learning in the OhaTV pilot ................................. 30 Higher education institutions agreed on building a common basic e-Administration system .................................. 30 RAKETTI supplemented with a subproject to cover IT support for research administration ......................................... 30 Work on overall academic architecture started ......................... 31 CSC started as the operator for the governments Virtu federation ................................................................................. 31 The Kalmar Union enables access to Nordic higher education institutions with one username ................................................ 31 Eduuni services platform provides IT services for the Ministry of Education administrative field ................................ 31 CSC services platform for the universities personnel and finance administration .............................................................. 31 6. COMPUTING SERVICES Hippu, CSCs new application server......................................... 33 Final report of FinHPC published .............................................. 33 More power to PRACE prototype .............................................. 34 Grand Challenges ...................................................................... 34 A method for virtual drug screening......................................... 34 Large-scale simulation on cytochrome function ...................... 34 Irradiation effects in carbon and boron nitride nanostructures ......................................................................... 35 Computational imputation of the genome-wide information of 30,000 Finns ..................................................... 35 Biopolymer dynamics in nanopit geometries ........................... 35 Three Finnish research projects granted access to DEISA resources .................................................................................. 36 Adaptive estimation of climate model closure parameters ...... 37 Simulations of beyond the Standard Model theories ................ 37 Plasma simulations with ELMFIRE ............................................. 37 7. FUNET NETWORK SERVICES Roaming in the Funet network extended ................................. 39 Lightpath reached Oulu ............................................................ 39 Higher education institutes want centralized services on video communications ........................................................ 40 Science programs 24 hours a day from Funet Antenna .................................................................................... 40 CSC chose Juniper routers ........................................................ 40 Funet linked to new trans-Atlantic polar network connections .............................................................................. 40 Funet optical fiber circuit and FICIX3 point to Oulu .................. 42 CSC connected Russian research network to NORDUnet with fiber technology ................................................................ 42 IPv6 in the Funet network ......................................................... 42
ConTenTS
The future internet is already here ........................................... 42 The Funet certificate service opened ........................................ 43 8. CUSTOMERS AND COLLABORATIONS Murska computing cluster was the most popular ..................... 45 The heaviest use in nanoscience and physics ........................... 45 CSCs open source GPAW the most popular application software .................................................................................... 46 The Academy of Finland Centres of Excellence using a third of computing time ........................................................... 46 CSCs Helpdesk reformed ......................................................... 46 Customer communication ........................................................ 46 Training courses and events ..................................................... 47 A new standard for MPI created in Helsinki ............................... 48 Updated training room supports new style teaching in computing ................................................................................ 48 Customer survey 2009 for customers using computing, software and data storage services........................................... 48 Growth in Haka user management services .............................. 49 The new application server and automatic cleaning software into use ...................................................................... 49 Intrusion into CSCs computing environment .......................... 49 User log for Chipster and PaITuli increasing .............................. 50 Collaboration projects .............................................................. 50 9. ORGANIZATION Personnel .................................................................................. 53 Personnel representative to CSC management group .............. 54 Organization charts .................................................................. 56 10. ADMINISTRATION Board of Directors ..................................................................... 58 Company Governance .............................................................. 59 Management group .................................................................. 60 Balance sheet ............................................................................ 67 11. CSC IN STATISTICS ................................................................... 78 12. RESEARCH RESULTS OBTAINED WITH CSC RESOURCES Solar magnetic field generation verified by modeling .............. 87 Dissertation on the reliability of methods used in modeling of shell structures ..................................................... 87 Xenon used as a spy brought new information on materials properties ................................................................................. 88 Bright edges of potassium islands on graphite are caused by the measurement device ..................................................... 89 What makes nanoparticles able to cause cell death? ................ 89 Pre-historic climate controlled the development of mammal communities.............................................................. 90 Mathematical modeling of wave propagation .......................... 91 Dissertation on coarse-grained methods.................................. 91 Dissertation on enzyme modeling............................................ 92 Research testing the validity of technicolor theories................ 92
Dissertation: modeling gives new information for preventing the breast cancer .................................................... 93 Dissertation: Preparation and structural characterization of chalcogenoether complexes of platinum, palladium, rhodium, rutherium, and mercury ........................................................... 93 A new promising nanomaterial from boron and nitride ........... 94 Wave loads cause springing vibration of ships .......................... 94 Increasing hydroelectric power by improving the accuracy of inflow forecasting ..................................................................... 95 Studies about chiral complexes and enantiodifferentiation ..... 96 Dissertation: LHC and RIB two frontline projects in nuclear and particle physics .................................................................. 96 Dissertation on gene expression: from microarrays to functional genomics ................................................................. 97 Dissertation: A new graphene edge found in addition to zigzag and armchair ................................................................. 97 Dissertation: Development of beam and plate finite elements based on the absolute nodal coordinate formulation............... 97 Fullerene structure determined on silver surface ..................... 98 Dissertation: Computational screening for new drugs ............. 99 Geometry of nanosized clusters explains differences in reactivity ................................................................................. 100 Reductions in industrial processes energy consumption .......101 Dissertation: Novel robot solutions for constructing fusion reactors .........................................................................101 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) parameters of graphene fragments evaluated computationally.................................... 102 Dissertation: Environment causes golden nanoparticles to transform ........................................................................... 103 Inhibitors routes to protein POP ............................................ 103 Dissertation: Simulations of wet fiber networks can improve paper production methods .................................................... 103 Dissertation: Modelling boreal forest CO2 exchange and seasonality .............................................................................. 104 Dissertation: Identification of hadronically decaying tau leptons in searches for heavy MSSM Higgs bosons with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC ................................................ 104 Dissertation: Genomic profiling of gastric cancer ................... 105 Dissertation: Preparation, structure and bonding of novel chalcogen-nitrogen ring systems ........................................... 105 A dissertation on the simulation of free surface flows ............ 105 Dissertation on static and dynamical properties of two dimensional lattices ................................................................ 106 Dissertation on unlimited-vocabulary speech recognition ............................................................................. 106 Dissertation: Computational models of crumpling of thin sheets and membranes .......................................................... 106
www.CSC.FI
CSC ANNUAL REPORT 2009 5
MAnAgIng DIreCTor'S reVIew
SUSTAInAbLe DeVeLoPMenT IS A TrUMP CArD In CoMPeTITIon

CSC has an established position as an active player in the European IT environment. We have increased our operations especially in services relating to information management, data storage and distribution. Our clientele has become more broad-based and use of our services has increased. We have started new development projects to be able to meet the needs of our customers better than ever. Examples of these efforts include the projects on spatial data systems, user identification, green machine room technology, and development of data infrastructure. During 2009 we made special efforts to improve our environmental awareness and eco-efficiency. Sustainable development and environmental aspects were taken into account when the new machine room facilities were being planned and in planning for future computer systems. CSC is striving to create the most eco-efficient data center concept in the world. Ecological values are taken into consideration in everything we do. Since 2009, environmentally friendly energy has been used in both of our service centers. Last year the Finnish Association for Nature Conservation (FANC) granted CSC the right to use the FANC eco-energy label, which may only be associated with renewable energy meeting strict environmental criteria. We also founded the GreenCSC committee to promote green perspectives, with representatives from different employee groups. CSCs staff have welcomed all these initiatives, even the ones that require personal efforts, with an extremely positive attitude. millennium our disk volume was less than 10 terabytes. We need storage capacity because extensive national collaboration in data storage management is important. There was strong growth in data services, too. CSC was chosen to conduct a national-level survey on the research data environment, the CSC-steered strategy on European data infrastructure was completed in November, and major efforts have been made in the work on long-term preservation of information. CSC opened the PaITuli spatial data service for use at Finnish higher education institutions. The service provides spatial data services free of charge to be employed by research and teaching staff at higher education institutions. CSC is taking an increasingly active role in the field of culture. CSC and the Finnish National Gallery signed a four-year contract on system services. As part of this contract CSC provides the Finnish National Gallery with an integrated virtualization and server platform as well as disk system services. For Oodi, a data system to support academic administration, CSC worked on a common concepts model to form the basis for an academic data warehouse. The idea is to standardize methods for storing information on such things as teaching and degrees in order to make it possible to exchange data from different quarters and facilitate uniform reporting. CSC integrated the Haka user authentication system of Finnish higher education institutions to the corresponding Nordic systems. This project stands unique in the world. CSC offers a national Funet network roaming service for students and staff of Funet member organizations. Organizations that have acquired a roaming license can access each others networks using their own their own identification codes. Hence, visiting researchers and students are allowed fast and convenient network access with the user IDs supplied for
COMPREHENSIVE SERVICES
The disk capacity of CSCs storage systems exceeded 1 petabyte in April. The capacity growth has been strong, for at the turn of the
MAnAgIng DIreCTor'S reVIew
Alex Bunkers group studied in their Grand Challenge project prolyl oligopeptidase protein (POP) by molecular dynamics simulations. POP is a very important protein involved in a wide range of metabolic and neurological functions. Figure shows a visualization of one of the strongest bonds between the two halves of POP protein..
their home organizations. In December CSC signed a contract that provides Funet member organizations with an opportunity to join the certificate service supplied by TERENA. The service is included in the Funet fee, which will reduce our customers certification costs.
ACTIVE CLIENTELE
Our 2009 customer statistics are impressive. The logins and batch jobs on CSCs computers totaled more than two million, which is more than twice the total for the previous year. Our computing capacity was used by 643 projects with a total of 1,561 users. The biggest user groups were from the fields of biosciences, physics and chemistry. Nanoscience researchers were the heaviest users of processor time. Our major customers (project usage more than 20,000 processor hours) ran over 18 percent of our customer projects. They used almost 99 percent of the computing time, which indicates that the profile of our computer usage is appropriate. More than 22 million processor hours of our application software were used. The highest number of new projects was in the fields of biosciences, lin-
guistics, and grid use. The Academy of Finland Centres of Excellence used 32 percent of CSCs computing time, which is more than twice the computing volume of the previous year. The Funet network usage figures continued to grow in 2009, especially concerning international traffic. The amount of international traffic on the NORDUnet line grew by an average of 47 percent from the previous year. The growth in domestic traffic was slower, but even for that, the growth of inbound traffic from other networks to Funet was more than 15 percent. The usage of the Haka Federation grew by 43 percent. The number of logins during the past year was 5.45 million. Almost all higher education institutions, 98.8 percent altogether, are already covered by the Haka contract. The Scientists interface was in active use by researchers who used CSCs services by downloading an average of 32,300 pages per week, i.e. 6,200 more than the number downloaded in 2008. Data were downloaded from the PaITuli spatial data system over 10,000 times and more than 25,000 jobs were sent to the Chipster bioinformatics service. CSC was also an active training provider: 130 training days with 2,020 participants.
CSC, Jyrki Hokkanen
ToIMITUSjohTAjAn k ATSAUS MAnAgIng DIreCTor'S reVIew
INTERNATIONAL RECOgNITION
CSC successfully continued its active role in Europe. During the past year, CSC was able to fill two internationally significant chairmanships. Our expertise was recognized when the Director of Funet Network Services, Janne Kanner, was elected on June 12th to chair the Board of Directors of TERENA (Trans-European Research and Education Networking Association) for the following three year period (20092011) and the Director of Application Services, Per ster, was elected to chair EGI (European Grid Initiative). Of the previous nominations, Leif Laaksonen continues as the chairman of e-IRG (e-infrastructure Reflection Group) and Janne Kanner as the chairman of NORDUnet. Additionally, CSC employees have participated in several national and international working groups. Participating in several European projects has helped CSCs internationalization. We have actively participated in the PRACE (Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe) and DEISA (Distributed European Infrastructure for Supercomputing Applications) projects, as well as in the EGI and EGEE projects promoting grid collaboration. CSCs computers have had several foreign users and correspondingly, Finnish researchers have gained access to foreign resources. CSC has a partner role in two ESFRI list projects, ELIXIR for bioinformatics and CLARIN for linguistics. We are developing European infrastructure policies in the e-InfraNet projects and have steered the work to develop European data infrastructure through the PARADE collaboration. CSC gained a lot of international attention as a result of the FinHPC project. The Tekes-funded high-performance computing development project helped to optimize almost thirty software codes and to create benchmark software for assessing supercomputers. The project, which ended on December 31st, 2008, raised the performance of Finnish HP-computing and programming expertise to the highest international level. Even before the project was completed, project members were invited to join similar EU projects. As a result, CSC was invited to major EU projects, such as EUFORIA and PRACE. In May 2009, the European Space Agency ESA launched the Planck satellite to investigate the composition and origin of the universe. Planck measures cosmic background radiation, microwave radiation originating from the early universe. The data analysis contains computationally demanding algorithms that will be run on CSCs Louhi supercomputer (Cray XT4/XT5), mainly with DEISA resources. Planck has been chosen as one of the DEISA Virtual Communities, which are allocated supercomputer calculation time.
SUPPORTINg FINNISH RESEARCH

During the past year four Grand Challenge projects were completed. Alex Bunker (University of Helsinki) used long-time molecular dynamics simulations to study protein Prolyl Oligopeptidase (POP). POP is a very important protein that has a key role in many metabolic and neurological functions. Luca Monticelli and Emppu Salonen (Helsinki University of Technology), and Ilpo Vattulainen (Tampere University of Technology) used atomic-level molecular dynamics to investigate how clusters of fullerene and gallic acid
disturb the function of cell membranes and the ionic channels in them. As part of their project, Maarit Korpi, Petri Kpyl (University of Helsinki) and Axel Brandenburg (Nordita) used computational modeling to show how large-scale ordered magnetic fields can be generated within the turbulent solar convection zone. Scientists have tried to model the solar magnetic field generation for more than two decades. Correspondingly, five new Grand Challenge projects were started during 2009. The use of computing services has significantly increased due to increased resources, but the most essential feature of CSCs operations is the fact that we can offer all-inclusive, high-quality services to Finnish researchers. The Funet network, data services, software, and diversified specialist support together produce the most significant positive impact in providing the operational prerequisites for Finnish research. CSC is continuously looking for new means to improve its services and to improve the quality and reliability of the services. Although, when viewed as a whole, the 2009 statistics of use are excellent, we also had problems concerning the usability of our hardware environment. We had to fight both technical problems and hacking attempts, which caused occasional down time periods, mainly in our computing services. Although we managed to avoid severe consequences, we need to pay more and more attention to our ever more complex technical environment to increase its fault tolerance. CSC has named 2010 the Year of Quality, and we will focus intensively on the usability of our system environment. CSCs operational control has been managed by the CSC Board of Directors and the Ministry of Education. Communication with both important groups was active and successful. We have been able to bring forth the issues we find important and gained guidance on directing our operations. At the beginning of 2009 our strategy work was reformed, with an important input from the Board of Directors and the Ministry. During the past year CSC continued to grow both in human resources and turnover. At the end of December 2009 we had 191 employees, i.e. 25 more than the figure of 2008. Thanks to a good community spirit and competent staff we were, once again, able to produce an excellent year. Employee motivation and wellbeing are fundamentally important. We have invested in the health and wellbeing of our staff, trying to encourage an interest in exercising by providing physical condition tests and by supporting club activities. Towards the end of 2009, for the first time in CSCs history, a staff representative was elected to the Management Board, which, I believe, will improve both internal information flow and the possibilities of the staff to influence our operations at all levels. In conclusion, I would like extend warm thanks to our staff, customers and collaboration partners for the successful year 2009. Success requires input from all stakeholders, and you have provided that. These results allow us to continue with the same enthusiasm and zest to tackle the challenges of the present year.
Kimmo Koski Managing Director CSC IT Center for Science Ltd.
TWO COUPLES Janne Ignatius
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SoCIeTAL IMPACT
SoCIeTAL IMPACT
THE STRATEgY OF PARADE COMPLETED
European collaboration has long been carried out on building research infrastructures in fields such as high-performance computing, Grid networks, and data communication. The collaboration should now be extended to improve the efficiency of data infrastructure as well. Indeed, the management of databases and information is one of the most significant development targets at the moment. CSC is intensively involved in the development work of data infrastructure. Europe will need extensive collaboration in order to be able to meet the increasing challenges of managing scientific information (processed raw data, consisting of information, knowledge and know-how). One of the major questions puzzling researchers is how we can guarantee the preservation of data (raw data) for tens or hundreds of years ahead. In October, the Partnership for Accessing Data in Europe (PARADE) consortium published its strategy plan (white paper), in which it evaluates the challenges of data management and proposes solutions relating to its improvement. The activities of the PARADE consortium are based on the actual needs of users. We are not dealing with merely scientific data storage but a complete service package to increase the accessibility and usability of the data. Data Services for Science and Culture is one of the fastest growing and most demanding service areas at CSC. Through international collaboration we can improve inter-operability and quality of our systems. The development of data infrastructure is essential for Finland also because Finland is considered to be an excellent country for data storage due to its suitable climate and favorable bedrock. In the future, Finland may be a major host country for different types of data centers.
CSC jOINED THE ALLIANCE FOR PERMANENT ACCESS (APA)

In summer 2009, CSC became a member of the Alliance for Permanent Access (APA). The aim of the Alliance is to ensure accessibility and preservability of scientific information in Europe. Organizations concerned with the long-term preservation of research materials can become members in APA. The main goal of APA is to build a permanent infrastructure for the preservation of scientific information. Long-term digital preservation of scientific information is a burning question. New research instruments, detecting equipment and computers are continuously producing more and more data. In 2007 the amount of data produced exceeded the storage capacity, and the trend is becoming stronger every year. Long-term preservation is a many-sided question, and inter-organizational and cross-sectional collaboration is needed to find answers. The Alliance has worked for several years already, and it has built relationships with, for example, political decision-makers, European
@ Glynn Gorrick
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SoCIeTAL IMPACT
research funders, and several information producers, distributors and custodians. The following leading European information producers are members in the alliance: CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, the European Space Agency ESA, and several archives, museums and libraries. In addition to CSC, the Federation of Finnish Learned Societies is also a member of APA.
A PREPARATORY PROjECT ON REMOTE USE OF RECORDS INFORMATION TO IMPROVE qUALITY AND RELIAbILITY IN RESEARCH
The Ministry of Education is funding survey work carried out by CSC and the Finnish Information Centre for Register Research (ReTki), during which a detailed plan will be created for a system allowing the remote use of the records maintained on various registers. CSC and ReTki will organize a steering group for the project by inviting representatives from different ministries, record keeper organizations, as well as universities and research institutes. The preparatory project will be completed by the end of 2010. Administrative and statistical records comprise a gigantic information resource for research into various fields in Finland. This information is in active use both for academic research and research serving practical decision-making. In the remote use system the researcher can use data attained from several record keepers directly from his/her own computer. Hence, researchers do not download the data onto their own computer, for data handling is carried out on a special server that is part of the system, and the necessary programs are also available on the server. The records keeper provides a secured access, free of charge, from the researchers own computer to the platform where it is possible to collect specific research material and combine materials collected from different records, as well as inquiry and interview materials. Data analyses are also conducted on the platform, and statistics programs are provided for this purpose. Original information materials are retained by the record keeper organizations, protected by firewalls: researchers can extract and analyze information on the platform, but they can export only the results of their analyses. Integration of information systems and cross-organizational flow of information are common trends also at the global scale. The international health care spheres have named this development trend associated with a strong customer-oriented approach as "eHealth. The aims in this type of development projects include application integration and improved information management through information technology, round-the-clock availability of information, regardless of place, and high level of privacy protection and information security.
The summary report (2008) of the Finnish national-level roadmap on research infrastructures recommended that the usability of national registers and availability of data materials be improved and the costs for users be reduced, if necessary, by changing the appropriate legislation. The broad-based steering group provided suggestions and recommendations for players in the field regarding activities needed to improve the usability of research data. It also created a national plan on how the availability and preservation of research data should be developed taking into consideration solutions relating to e-Infrastructures. The group also created a suggestion on national-level responsibility sharing, collaboration, and coordination between different players. CSC was represented by Pirjo-Leena Forsstrm, Director, Data Services for Science and Culture.
CSC COORDINATED RESEARCH E-INFRASTRUCTURE IN FINLAND

In March CSC organized a discussion forum with management representatives from various universities and research institutes. The theme of the conference was the effective use of IT in research and the practical measures it requires. At the conference it was generally agreed that Finland needs a sustainable and competitive policy on e-Infrastructure. In practice, this requires that the universities and research institutes commit to developing their operations, collaborate in new ways and successfully utilize information and communications technology. During the past year, CSC organized regional workshops and meetings, in which the plans were developed further. During these meetings cooperation and roles of the players within the national and international e-Infrastructure were established. At the end of the year a discussion event was held for a wider audience. During the event, the common vision of the participating organizations was articulated.
wEb PAgES OPENED FOR THE RESEARCH DATA ENVIRONMENT PROjECT

The cross-functional Research Data Environment survey project initiated by the Ministry of Education is moving ahead. CSC is responsible for the project implementation and opened web pages where background information and the objectives of the project are available for public viewing. The pages are located at: http://www.csc.fi/ sivut/e-infra/tietoaineistot. The importance of accessibility and preservability of scientific information in electronic format has grown consequent to the development of information technology and increasing demand for information. Such materials embrace, for example, statistical data or data from registers, as well as materials collected specifically for a study, including observation and measurement data. For many reasons, accessibility and preservation of information can be a problem in Finland, and this represents a significant hindrance to appropriate utilization or reuse of the information. The Research Data Environment project is conducting and coordinating a survey on the status of electronic information and data resources collected with public funds, creating proposals for development to improve the accessibility and effective use of the infor-
CSC CONDUCTED A SURVEY ON THE RESEARCH DATA ENVIRONMENT

In May the Ministry of Education set up a national cross-functional survey project to map and coordinate better utilization of electronic data materials and resources generated with public funds. The survey was conducted by CSC and directed by a steering group chaired by the Chancellor of the University of Helsinki, Ilkka Niiniluoto.
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SoCIeTAL IMPACT yhTeISkUnnALLInen VAIkUTTAVUUS
mation. The aim is to make scientific information accessible for use as widely as possible through effective systems, yet taking into account various conditions, such as information protection and economic limitations. CSC is responsible for the implementation of the survey relating to the project. The survey work consisted of arranging, for example, broad-based discussion, seminar and panel events, questionnaires, interviews of key persons, and secondary data analyses. The survey report was due to be completed during the first part of 2010.
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Transforming the way users collaborate
Lit Fibre 10 Gbps 2.5 Gbps 1 Gbps 310 Mbps 155 Mbps 34/45 Mbps Planned Link
Being connected to GANT paves the way to efficient collaboration and enhances massive data transfer. In Finland, this capability is being utilized, for example, in the tasks relating to transmission of measuring data produced by the Metshovi Radio Observatory and the Large Hadron Collider of CERN. Currently other fields of science, with biosciences leading the way, are intensifying collaboration and seeking new ways for conducting research over high-capacity network connections.
gANT3: A NEw-gENERATION EUROPEAN RESEARCH AND EDUCATION NETwORkS

During the past few years the European Union has strongly supported the building of e-Infrastructure. An essential part of it has been the implementation of a European-wide backbone network GANT2. A new phase in the research network development has recently been initiated. The GN3 project is placing more emphasis on the development of new network services. An important goal of the GN3 project is to extend the user base of dedicated network connections into new disciplines, projects and institutions. The GN3 project is liaising with life sciences, space research (European Space Agency, ESA), seismology, climate research, meteorology, fusion reactor research (ITER test reactor), high-performance numerical computing (the PRACE project), and other growing fields of research. The aim is to become a dependable service component of the European e-Infrastructure for a wide range of scientific disciplines. There are high expectations especially from the 100 Gbps transfer connections and the emerging Ethernet and optical fiber technologies, and it is hoped that these will serve as cost-effective solutions for future transmission and switching technologies. CSC is concentrating on user authentication, collaboration on campus support functions, and development of data security for the services. We are trying to apply the experiences gained, for example, through the Haka federation in international network communities, so that for member organizations of the same federation the user ID provided by the home organization will allow access to international network services. The recently completed, EU-funded GN2 project upgraded the backbone using leased optical fibers and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology. GANT2 now connects the European research networks with fast fiber connections. The 36 national research and education networks (NRENs) that joined GANT2 provide services for 4000 campus networks with a total of 40 million end users. GANT2 and several national networks have adopted hybrid connection technology. This means that the basic network traffic, including emails, web pages, files, and other tcp/ip traffic is handled over the networks own channels, while dedicated light paths can be reserved for users and applications requiring large data transmission capacity. The Nordic research networks, including Funet, which is maintained by CSC, are connected to the GANT backbone network through the Nordic NORDUnet network. The build-up of the panEuropean backbone network is important also for NORDUnet, because Nordic researchers will have a chance to participate in, and also lead international research projects.
Lit Fibre links provide multiple wavelengths currently at 10 Gbps.
Backbone Topology November 2009. GANT is operated by DANTE on behalf of Europes NRENs.
Network technology innovations and progressive services for end-users represent the cornerstones for the future internet. National European research and education networks have initiated a shared GANT3 project, the objective of which is to create a third-generation network infrastructure. The European GANT co-funded by the Commission hasisgranted European Commission within its 7th R&D Framework Programme. EUR 93 million for the projects implementation. The financial investment by the EU is half of the projects total budget, and the remainder is co-funded by the European National Research and Education Networks (NRENs). The project is scheduled to run to 2013, and the implementation will be carried out by the NRENs and DANTE (Delivery of Advanced Network Technology to Europe), which is developing and operating the European research network GANT.
AT
Austria
CZ
Czech Republic Germany Estonia Denmark *
FI
Finland * France Greece
IE IL
Ireland Israel
LU LV
Luxembourg Montenegro Malta
NL
Netherlands Norway * Poland Portugal
RO RS
Romania Serbia Russia
SI
Slovenia Slovakia Turkey
BE
Belgium
DE DK EE
FR
Latvia
NO PL
SK TR
BG CH CY
Bulgaria Cyprus
GR HR HU
IS IT
Iceland * Italy
ME
RU SE
Switzerland
Croatia
MK MT
F.Y.R. Macedonia
PT
Sweden *
UK
United Kingdom
ES
Spain
Hungary
LT
Lithuania
*Connections between these countries are part of NORDUnet (the Nordic regional network)
This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of DANTE and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union.
CSC jOINED T&H SHOk LTD, THE STRATEgIC CENTRE OF ExCELLENCE FOR HEALTH AND wELL-bEINg
T&H SHOK Ltd was established on May 27, 2009 to manage the operations of the Strategic Centre of Excellence for Health and Wellbeing (T&H SHOK). The limited company was founded by 29 organizations in the Finnish health and well-being sector 16 enterprises and 13 other organizations. A Board of Directors was nominated at the founding meeting, and CSCs representative on the Board is Juha Haataja. SHOK links the essential Finnish operators within industry as well as research. CSC is extremely interested in collaboration possibilities and strives to boost innovative activities by providing a powerful IT infrastructure for, for example, analyses of research data and biocomputing.
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SoCIeTAL IMPACT
ICE2SEA: CSC jOINED A SEA-LEVEL RESEARCH PROgRAM
CSCS PER STER ELECTED CHAIRMAN OF EgI COUNCIL

The EGI (European Grid Initiative) Council chose CSCs Per ster to be its chairman on 24 September 2009, during the EGEE09 conference in Barcelona, Spain. This election constitutes another important step towards the implementation of EGI, which aims to establish a sustainable grid service for the European scientific community. EGI provides an excellent opportunity to make the latest and most advanced computing resources, applications, tools, and data available to European researchers. The EGI Council, which is made up of National Grid Initiatives (NGIs) as well as other members represented in the EIROforum, will govern the direction of the EGI collaboration on a long term basis, and is therefore one of the key bodies in the EGI. ster has been actively involved in the EGI Design Study (EGI_DS) project, in which he has been responsible for the EGI promotion and links with other initiatives. The headquarters of EGI (EGI.eu) is in Amsterdam, and it acts as the coordinating body for the EGI organization. One of its main roles is to facilitate the interaction and collaboration between the NGIs of the participating countries. Together EGI.eu and the NGIs operate and further develop the pan-European grid infrastructure, in order to guarantee its long-term availability for performing research and innovative work.
Ice2sea is a collaborative research program involving partners from 13 countries, including CSC representing Finland. The Ice2sea program focuses on investigating the sea level rise, caused by the melting of continental ice sheets and glaciers, and the consequences of this sea level rise. Even partial melting of continental ice sheets has significant affects in Europe, as fifteen EU countries have substantial coastlines that will be affected by global sea level rise. In many of these coastal areas, future sea level rise will increase rates of coastal erosion, accelerate the destruction of natural sea defenses, and increase the risk of coastal flooding. Ice2sea aims to improve the research into sea level predictions based on the most up-to-date climate and ice sheet modeling. CSCs multi-physical simulation software, Elmer and its application software ElmerICE adapted to simulations of ice sheets are used in the project. The participants are from Belgium, Chile, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Switzerland, and the UK. Ice2sea is part of the European Union Framework 7 Programme and receives funding from the European Commission, and from the many national agencies funding the institutional partners. The program will run for four years (20092013) and is planned so that results will be available in time for the next intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment of climate change and its impacts.
Ville Miettinen
LETTER OF INTEREST SIgNED bETwEEN CSC AND RUSSIAN T-PLATFORMS

In June CSC and the Russian company, T-Platforms signed a letter of interest on shared use of scientific software developed by CSC and the hardware solutions developed by T-Platforms. CSC and T-Platforms have a common interest in solving their customers problems relating to modeling and computing, and to do
jANNE kANNER TO CHAIR TERENA

CSCs Janne Kanner, Director of the Funet Network Services, was appointed as President of TERENA, the Trans-European Research and Education Networking Association for the following three year period (20092011). Janne Kanner has also been chair of the Nordic academic network NORDUnet A/S since 2008. TERENA is the Trans-European Research and Education Networking Association connecting 37 European national research and education networks. It is a unique association in which Europes research and education networking organizations can meet, exchange information and experience, and collaborate on a range of activities.
Mikhail Kozhevnikov (on the left) and Kimmo Koski (on the right).
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Leif Laaksonen
yhTeISkUnnALLInen VAIkUTTAVUUS SoCIeTAL IMPACT
ESA
this together, the expertise and computer resources of both partners are required. Collaboration with European HPC projects, such as PRACE and PROSPECT, is essential for T-Platforms. CSC provides support to T-Platforms in its efforts to integrate Russia into the European e-Infrastructure community. The Letter of Interest was signed in Amsterdam in May by Kimmo Koski, Managing Director of CSC and Mikhail Kozhevnikov, VicePresident of T-Platforms. T-Platforms is the leading Russia-based developer and provider of complete turn-key solutions for high performance computing. The company provides solutions for all sectors of the national economy, embracing government, industry, science, education, and telecommunications. T-Platforms is the only Russia-based company to have five in-house developed cluster systems rated in the global Top 500 list of the most powerful computers in the world.
The Planck satellite was launched on May 14, 2009, and its main task is to investigate the early universe. The first microwave observatory mission lasted two weeks, from August 13th to August 27th, yielding maps of a strip of the sky, one for each of Planck's nine frequencies. Each map is a ring, about 15 wide, stretching across the full sky. Preliminary analysis indicates that the quality of the data is excellent. representing various sources of radiation: interstellar dust, particles radiating upon the impact of galactic magnetic fields, and cosmic background radiation itself. The results will be completed in 2012. The analysis of Planck observations has many phases, and involves an international chain of cooperation, involving Finnish researchers from the Department of Physics and the Department of Astronomy at the University of Helsinki, from the Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), the Metshovi Radio Observatory of the Helsinki University of Technology, and from the Tuorla Observatory of the University of Turku. Finnish researchers have particular responsibility for the measurement of the 70-gigahertz frequency area, which is part of the tasks of the Low Frequency Instrument (LFI). The measuring devices have been manufactured in Finland, and the measuring data is analyzed by physicists from the University of Helsinki. A software application called Madam, developed at the University of Helsinki, is used to analyze the LFI data. The LFI data is analyzed in an LFI computing center (LFI DPC) based in Trieste, Italy. The data analysis involves computationally demanding Monte Carlo simulations which exceed the capacity of the LFI computing center. These data analysis stages are carried out using CSC's Louhi supercomputer (Cray XT4/XT5) with resources granted mainly by the Distributed European Infrastructure for Supercomputing Applications (DEISA). Planck has been chosen as one of the DEISA Virtual Communities, which are allocated supercomputer calculation time.
FINNISH RESEARCHERS AND CSC HAVE A kEY ROLE IN PROCESSINg MEASUREMENT DATA FROM THE PLANCk SATELLITE
In May 2009, the European Space Agency ESA launched the Planck satellite to investigate the composition and origin of the universe. Planck measures cosmic background radiation, i.e. microwave radiation originating from the early universe. The functionality of the instruments has been tested using simulated data, which was produced utilizing the Monte Carlo simulation method on CSC's Louhi supercomputer. One of the uses planned for the measurement results is to produce frequency maps covering the entire universe at nine different microwave frequencies, and component maps derived from them,
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SoCIeTAL IMPACT
PRACE IMPLEMENTINg A PERSISTENT RESEARCH PLATFORM

In early 2009, CSC joined the STRATOS project that strives to create a persistent hardware and service platform for research. Twelve of the contract partners are PRACE partners and two are associate partners. The mission of PRACE (Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe) is to create a persistent European HPC services infrastructure. STRATOS (PRACE advisory group for Strategic Technologies) forms a unique collaboration of PRACE partners and industry either directly or through consortia that include PRACE members. The objective of STRATOS is to foster the development of HPC technologies in Europe. Its associate partners are the European industrial-academic association PROSPECT and Ter@tec. Industrial and other innovative European HPC development projects engaged in development or evaluation of HPC technology can become members of STRATOS for the duration of the projects. The final cooperation agreement of the STRATOS partnership will be established as soon as the PRACE research infrastructure has become a European legal entity. During the initial period, STRATOS is administered in accordance with the STRATOS Memorandum of Understanding.
CSC served as a specialist in advancing the acquisition. CSC has a profound experience in the field: for three decades CSC has hosted the most powerful computers in Finland in its machine room facilities. CSCs machines are used by researchers at higher education institutions, the FMI, etc. CSC is also reserving computing time for the FMI on its Louhi supercomputer (Cray XT4/XT5) for testing the Cray environment. In accordance with the signed agreement, CSC will also supply specialist resources for the FMI for the period 20092012 to support the programming and maintenance of the computing environment. Technical consultation will be based on CSCs currently existing software and server environment. The new supercomputer of the FMI comprises two server platforms. The new system configuration is manufactured by Cray and the model is XT5m. The theoretical peak performance of the system to be acquired for the FMI is more than 34,000 billion calculations per second (34.6 Tflops). Should additional capacity be needed, CSC will be able to provide it.
PRACE PROTOTYPE TESTINg STARTED

PRACE, the Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe, invited researchers from academia and industry to test applications on prototypes of potential future HPC petascale systems. PRACE partners have installed six systems of different architectures that are now available for assessment. CSC is one of the host sites for the PRACE prototypes. One of the main goals of the PRACE project is investigating petascale prototypes and carrying out research into scaling and optimizing applications on petascaling machines. The applications were carefully reviewed, giving priority to applications that are different from those already being investigated by PRACE.
CSC ACqUIRED A NEw SUPERCOMPUTER FOR THE FINNISH METEOROLOgICAL INSTITUTE

The Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) is upgrading its high-performance computing environment for weather forecasting and scientific computing. CSC was responsible for the procurement of the new supercomputer solution. The new supercomputer is used for operational weather forecasting and supporting the related research functions. The capacity of the equipment is 20-fold that of the previously used computer system, and it is estimated that it will meet the needs of computational weather forecasting for roughly four years. In addition to weather forecasts, the FMI will use the supercomputer for research on global climate change and, for example, calculating the dispersion of radioactive and other pollutants. The solution also provides improved possibilities for other FMI research projects needing computing capacity. The equipment was installed and ready for use towards the end of 2009.
A supercomputer solves a weather model over a precisely defined geographical area, described as a three-dimensional grid of points. Each grid node serves as a computation point, where equations describing the development of atmospheric conditions are solved. The model produces information about parameters, such as temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind pressure and velocity, and humidity. Finally, the weather model is run on a supercomputer to produce a weather forecast. With higher computation power it is possible to produce forecasts of two days covering the whole of Europe with 7.5 km resolution instead of the current 16.5 km resolution. Forecasts are completed roughly twice as fast as before.
CSCS STORAgE CAPACITY ExCEEDED ONE PETAbYTE

The disk capacity of CSCs storage systems exceeded 1 petabyte in April. The capacity growth has been strong, for at the turn of the millennium the disk volume was less than 10 terabytes. Storing one petabyte of data corresponds to about 1.5 million compact discs. When storing huge amounts of data, the long-term management and accessibility needs extra attention. In fact, a prerequisite of EU projects related to scientific and cultural data is that all content should be easily accessible. Common practices and standards should be followed in order to be able to share the data electronically.
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yhTeISkUnnALLInen VAIkUTTAVUUS SoCIeTAL IMPACT
COMMON RECOMMENDATION ON THE USE OF SMART CARDS wITH CERTIFICATES FOR UNIVERSITIES
During the spring, the Ministry of Education published guidelines and best practices on deployment and administration of smart cards in universities. The guidelines were formulated by a working group of experts representing the universities and CSC. The working group was of the opinion that strong authentication methods should be taken into use with caution, comparing different alternatives. A smart card with certificates is a smart card that contains certificates for personal identification verification for use in data networks. The working group reviewed the implementation of the smart cards with certifications and recommended that the important functions in critical data systems be secured with a verification method that is more reliable than using the username-password combination. The smart cards with certifications do not alone guarantee security in services, but in the best case they improve it. When new security technologies are taken into use, care must be taken not to create additional risks. New solutions must be more secure but also easy to use and cost-effective. One of the most important objectives set for the working group was to define the services for which the smart card and the smart card with certificates should be applied. In the final report these are divided into three groups: the required services for which username-password identification should at least be replaced by a stronger method; recommended services for which the use of stronger authentication methods would be preferred; and additional services for which implementation should be considered on a case-by-case basis.
was used by the server and 32.5 watts for cooling. In the Green500 list, CSCs (and Finlands) biggest and most powerful computer Cray XT4/XT5 (Louhi) ranked 128th. Green500 is a list that provides biannual rankings of the most eco-efficient supercomputers in the world. The most eco-efficient supercomputer is the PRACE prototype located in at the FZJ Research Centre Jlich in Germany.
gREEN RENEwALS AT CSC

The theme of 2009 at CSC was the Year of the Environment, and several environmentally friendly initiatives were taken during the year. To promote green perspectives, the GreenCSC committee was founded, with representatives from different employee groups. CSCs staff have welcomed all of the changes relating to protecting the environment, even the ones that require personal efforts, with an extremely positive attitude. Waste sorting was improved by placing a dedicated waste cart for energy waste on each office floor. At the same time, collecting mixed waste from rooms was discontinued and now the employees themselves sort the waste they generate and take it to the waste collecting sites on each floor. This significantly reduces the amount of unsorted waste and the number of plastic bags changed weekly for the mixed waste containers in rooms. On the waste collecting site of each office floor, in addition to the energy waste container there are also carts for white and colored recycling paper as well as a data security receptacle for confidential documents. Containers for mixed and compostable waste are located in the recess facilities on each floor. There is also one centralized collecting site for batteries, cardboard, and data disks. In addition to these collecting sites within the office facilities, CSC delivers other waste (computer scrap, fluorescent lamps, glass) to the waste containers located in the property companys waste facility. During 2009, CSC focused on reducing paper consumption by making two-sided printing the default in network printers, and by changing the default settings so that the cover page containing the owner ID was removed from the print command. Additionally, the weekly newsletter for the staff is no longer printed; the only version is the intranet publication. During the Year of the Environment, water pressure was reduced in order to save water. Information was disseminated to the staff on eco-efficient procedures in the office facilities. In several acquisitions environmental issues have been addressed as a significant factor affecting decision-making (e.g. invitations for tenders for office cleaning services). CSC participated in the international Earth Hour 2009 event, wishing to express its concern about the environmental state of the world.
CSC NOw USINg THE FANC ECO-ENERgY LAbEL

CSC took into use the new eco-energy label of the Finnish Association for Nature Conservation (FANC). The energy consumption of CSCs two server centers during the past year was 8.1 gigawatt hours. Starting in 2009, both centers have used environmentally friendly energy. The FANC eco-energy label is granted only to renewable energy meeting strict environmental criteria. CSCs decision means that the money used to pay the company's electricity bills supports environmentally friendly electricity production instead of the use of fossil fuels. Alternating weather conditions have to be taken into account in machine room planning. Since weather conditions may vary from the heat of summer to extreme cold, the necessary technology must be installed to secure that the ambient air temperature and humidity remain constant to meet the machine room requirements. Both CSCs server centers have a free cooling system. This means that the cooling effect of cold air or water outside is transferred from one space to another in a controlled manner, which makes automatic coolers redundant. This saves significant amounts of energy. Eco-energy efficiency is measured by the Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) factor, which refers to the total power divided by the power consumed by the servers. Hence, the minimum is 1, if all energy is used by the servers. Normally server centers operate between 1.8 and 3.0. Google has reported that it has a few centers with a PUE factor 1.2 or below. CSCs newest machine room Pohja attained 1.48 during its first year of operation. This means that per each 100 watts, 67.5 watts
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FINNISH ARCHIPELAGO Harri Sylvander
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DATA SerVICeS for SCIenCe AnD CULTUre

The rapid expansion and reliable archiving of research data represent enormous challenges requiring a great deal of work in data processing and analysis. A researcher submerged in the flood of information needs effective high-quality tools for managing the entire life span of materials. CSC offers various possibilities to meet the demanding needs of data processing. The offering includes short- and long-term storage services, reliable backup and archiving systems that guarantee data preservation and accessibility, 70 scientific databases, and a broad-based spatial data content. The server environment also hosts the academic library systems Linnea (a shared library system for Finnish universities), Armas (a shared database for Finnish universities of applied sciences), Nelli (a national information retrieval system for Finnish libraries) and Radio and television archives.
NATIONAL DIgITAL LIbRARY

CSC is a key input provider in the planning of long-term preservation and web-based services. The aim of the National Digital Library project, initiated in 2008, is to improve the prerequisites for access to information, learning and research and provide new opportunities for arts and creative activities. Improving access to the materials ensures that information on our culture and history is actively used. The public interface Web service will be available to all in 2011, providing access to electronic information resources and services of libraries, archives and museums. Even in its earliest stage, the Web service will comprise over 100,000 museum pieces and photographs, over one million pages of old newspapers, over 20,000 scientific journals, over 300,000 e-books, hundreds of thousands of documents and reference and availability of information on 30 million items in public and scientific libraries.
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The project also aims to improve the productivity of the participating organizations. The joint solutions reduce the over-lapping costs of digitization and management and distribution of electronic materials, releasing resources for other tasks and consequently, making the use of public funds more effective. At the same time, the impact benefits gained from the creation and maintenance of information resources will be multiplied as the materials form a common, easy-to-use national entity. The aim of digitization and improvement in the availability of electronic materials is to attain the positive social impact created by the use and reuse of digitized content. The National Digital Library project works to develop technical solutions for the long-term preservation of national heritage material for the organizations responsible for storing cultural and historical data. CSC has prepared a preliminary project specifications document, Requirements for long-term preservation, published in spring 2009. Additionally, in 2009 CSC participated in the work to design the joint total architecture, to create the procurement documentation of the Web service, supplemented various definitions when requested, and initiated a risk and cost evaluation relating to longterm digital preservation. The National Digital Library is one of the projects under the National Information Society (Arjen tietoyhteiskunta) Strategy projects set up to implement the Council of States decision of principle on the objectives for a National Information Society Policy 20072011. The total working body in this project initiated by the Ministry of Education consists of 35 organizations: ministries, national institutions responsible for preservation of cultural heritage, scientific and public libraries, archives, museums, and representatives of other main interest groups.
The re-start of the LHC has not affected the activities at CSC, as yet. Slightly more than the normal volume of computing and data storage resources was used for testing the system and ensuring that the equipment and software work as they are supposed to.
TEST RUNS OF CERNS PARTICLE COLLIDER STARTED

The LHC Large Hadron Collider of the European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN will be used in particle physics experiments to provide new information on the basic structure of matter. Protonproton collisions in new energy regions create several new particles, and the detectors of the four major experiments, ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb will be taking digital images of the traces left by the particles. In order to detect and identify a new particle or phenomenon, the traces left by such collisions must be analyzed using an immense number of computers. CERN will disperse the raw data from computations and pre-processing to computing centers located in 11 different countries, and the national centers will distribute the data to other centers. CSC maintains Finlands share of CERNs pan-Nordic Tier-1 computing center. The Tier-2 center is administered by CSC together with Helsinki Institute of Physics and the University of Jyvskyl. The LHC was started up for the second time on November 23, 2009 and a number of tests were run until December 18, 2009. During this period, maximum colliding energies were approximately 2TeV, measured also in actual experiments (ALICE and CMS). ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is an experiment specifically designed for the LHC. Measuring data is analyzed to investigate the behavior and properties of quark-gluon plasma. The CMS experiment works to identify the Higgs boson. The results can be applied to research into the generation of particle matter in the early universe.
The LHC Large Hadron Collider will be used in particle physics experiments to provide new information on the basic structure of matter. The LHC is the biggest particle collider in the world, and the massive experiments to be performed on it will produce a total of more than 15 petabytes of data per year. It was initiated in 2009. CERN will disperse the raw data from computations and pre-processing to computing centers located in 11 different countries. The Nordic Data Grid Facility (NDGF) consists of the Nordic computing centers in Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Denmark. NDGF is one of the eleven Tier-1 or main computing resources at which the scientific work relating to the LHC will be performed. CSC maintains Finlands share of CERNs pan-Nordic Tier-1 computing center.
DIgITAL ARCHIVINg OF RADIO AND TV PROgRAMS STARTED
The National Audiovisual Archive (KAVA) works to preserve the national film, television and radio culture. The activities are based on legislation, with the primary motive being to save and preserve the Finnish film heritage to future generations.
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DIGITA
CERN
CSC and the National Audiovisual Archive (KAVA) have started the digital archiving of television and radio programs broadcast in Finland. The archiving will not only revolutionize Finnish media research but will also preserve the radio and TV programs that represent our cultural tradition for our own and for future generations. The Finnish radio and television archives (RTVA) started recording operations in 2009 by recording programs broadcast over ten Finnish television channels and six radio channels round the clock, ten radio channels for six months at a time, and 18 TV channels and 73 radio channels as one-week samples. This totaled almost 200,000 hours of broadcast packages in high-quality capture format, i.e. about 50 terabytes of radio and television recordings and metadata. The first viewing point was opened at KAVA and the first researcher was allowed access to the archive contents in December 2009. The management system is still being finalized, official opening ceremonies will be held in February 2010, and the possibilities for use will be extended during 2010 one legal deposit library at a time. After completion of the RTVA system development phase, the system will be finalized and the maintenance phase will be ready for use.
is to increase the knowledge and use of spatial data, and advance the related research and teaching in Finnish higher education institutions. PaITuli spatial data service is a GI loading service intended for students, researchers and staff members at higher education institutions. The service offers a range of Finnish spatial data materials of high-quality, from basic maps to bedrock and soil maps and daily climate data. Spatial data produced by the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK), the Finnish Meteorological Institute, the National Land Survey of Finland, the National Board of Antiquities, and Finnish Transport Agency. Later spatial data offering will be extended to meet the spatial data needs of Finnish higher education institutions on an even wider scale. The PaITuli spatial data service utilizes Haka, the user authentication system that is jointly used by Finnish higher education institutions and operated by CSC. The user can access the service by using the user name and password assigned by their own home organization.
CSC OPENED A DATAbASE SERVICE

In March 2009 CSC opened a new database service that enables users to save the data they receive from supercomputer runs directly into their own relational databases. Using databases for data storage facilitates data processing and analysis performed with different methods. CSC provides the database platform and the connection between the computing servers and the databases. The service also makes it possible to store large amounts of data in the database. A customer survey carried out in 2008 indicated a clear need for this type of service. The recently opened database service is part of the long-term strategic development of CSCs Data Services for Science and Culture service field. It is a significant addition to information management in our computing environment.
THE FINNISH NATIONAL gALLERY CHOSE CSC AS THEIR INFORMATION SYSTEM MAINTAINER
PAITULI SPATIAL DATA SERVICE FOR RESEARCH AND TEACHINg AT HIgHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
At the end of April 2009, CSC opened the PaITuli spatial data service for use at Finnish higher education institutions. The service provides spatial data services free of charge to be employed by research and teaching staff at higher education institutions. The service is part of the geographic information (GI) spatial data development activities funded by the Ministry of Education. With PaITuli, Finnish higher education institutions gain access to the first downloading service for national spatial data. The aim of the service
CSC and the Finnish National Gallery signed a 4-year contract on system services. Based on this contract CSC provides the Finnish National Gallery with an integrated virtualization and server platform as well as disk system services. The decision on collaboration between CSC and the Finnish National Gallery was a natural one, because both parties work under the control of the Ministry of Education. In addition, the Finnish Natural Gallery is already a member of Funet, the data network for Finnish higher education and research, operated by CSC. The Finnish National Gallery joined CSCs information system environment through a superfast and secure Funet light path connection. The video and media bank, digital collections, and the Muusa classification, description and listing software of the Finnish National Gallery will be placed on virtual servers in the new system. Additionally, CSC provides the Finnish National Gallery with disk space as well as machine room and back up services. The disk space volume to be provided is 10 terabytes, and the system will be configured so that it is easy to add disk space and computing power when necessary.
Central Art Archives/ Hannu Aaltonen
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A sugar molecule on a protein surface.
PAIRSDb PROTEIN SEqUENCE ALIgNMENT DATAbASE UPDATED

The PairsDB protein sequencing database, jointly maintained by CSC and the Bioinformatics unit at the Helsinki University, was updated in January. The database now contains pre-computed sequence alignments for 7.4 million protein sequences. The pre-computed data on the similarities between proteins expedite research carried out in the field of biosciences. The PairsDB database enables quick retrieval of sequences similar to the one queried and on alignments between them. The query can easily be focused to an individual organism or a taxonomy group. It is also possible to select only results for sequences belonging to a certain organism or a taxonomic group.
The DMA is part of CSCs Language Bank of Finland. The Language Bank is a language research service consisting of a comprehensive set of written and spoken material, as well as software suitable for studying them, in an efficient hardware environment. Research units submit their data to the Language Bank for maintenance and distribution to researchers around Finland. The DMA can be used through CSCs Scientists interface online service. Using the archives requires an access permit for the Language Bank.
RESEARCH MATERIAL ON ENDANgERED LANgUAgES IN CSCS LANgUAgE bANk OF FINLAND

The language selection in CSCs Language Bank of Finland has been supplemented with very rare cognate languages to Finnish. The new corpora are small or medium in size but unique and in high demand among researchers. The corpora are vital in preserving research material of endangered languages. The new multilingual corpora are based on the University of Helsinkis research collection of more than 50 languages (Multilingual Research Collection of the University of Helsinki Language Corpus Server, UHLCS). The collection features samples of many endangered languages spoken in Northern and Central Eurasia as well as texts of different types in Finnish, Swedish, English, Russian and Swahili. The corpora in the UHLCS collection were compiled in the course of several different projects. A significant part of the corpora of Uralic languages was created in 19961998 with funding from the Academy of Finland to an international Uralic language data bank initiative. Corpora of small, endangered languages were, among others, received from the Institute for Bible Translation in Helsinki, Stockholm and Moscow. In 2000, Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology in Leipzig supported the public distribution of corpora of Uralic, Turkic, Iranian, North East Caucasian, Tungusic, Mongolic and ChukotkoKamchatkan languages.
REVISED DIgITAL MORPHOLOgY ARCHIVES LAUNCHED

CSC and the Department of Finnish Language and Literature at the University of Helsinki have jointly published the revised and expanded Digital Morphology Archives (DMA). The DMA is a database for language research, containing information about the morphology of Finnish dialects. It is an online service, which has been in use since 2004. As a result of the revision process, the dialect data has more than doubled: the data now consists of 279,248 dialect sentences from 160 different municipalities. Part of the data is linked to PDF format dialect cards prepared on the basis of the archived cards in the original paper archives. This means that researchers may choose to browse the entries by those who collected the original dialect samples. The digital archives contain a total of 25,853 dialect cards in PDF format. The usability of the archives has also been improved. The DMA is based on the printed Morphology Archives of the Department of Finnish Language and Literature at the University of Helsinki, containing around one million sentences of Finnish dialects morphologically encoded material. Among other uses, the data is used as research material for morphological, syntactic and lexical studies of Finnish dialects. It is also good comparison material for those who research written language.
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ICICLES Juha Haataja
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APPLICATIon SerVICeS
CSCs computers run the widest range of scientific software in Finland. Our computing environment contains of more than 200 different ready-to-use programs. Licenses have been acquired for software in chemistry, biosciences, physics, statistics, computational fluid dynamics, structural analysis, and mathematics, to mention just a few areas. CSC provides training on the software, method support in various disciplines, develops scientific software, and provides access to the Grid computing resources. Our user services are internationally competitive and easily available. CSC also coordinates national software consortia on behalf of the Finnish higher education institutions. In 2009 Elmer was included on the Linux platform that contains the most popular ready-to-use software in the world. Of these, Ubuntu-Linux is especially notable, being undoubtedly one of the most popular open source code programs. Ubuntu-Linux is commonly used at several Finnish universities, both by departments and individual researchers whose work involves techno-scientific computing and software development. A wide range of Elmer training courses was arranged. Extensive basic and advanced courses were arranged both during the spring and autumn. Practically all of the courses were fully booked. In addition to general courses we also arranged a number of smallerscale specialist courses, as well as hands-on training for staff when separately ordered. The course material and updated user guides can be downloaded from the web site of the software project at http://www.csc.fi/elmer.
ELMER SOFTwARE AVAILAbLE FOR LINUx OPERATINg SYSTEM

During the past year, several clear improvements and changes were implemented in the Elmer project. The changes improve our global visibility and directly affect the usability and user experience of the program. The changes concern, for example, software user support, which was centralized and transferred onto a new server at the end of the year. In the updated system users have an open-format Wiki site for sharing and searching for information, and an active discussion forum for technical questions, feedback, and suggestions for development.
NEw SOLUTION METHODS FOR INHERENTLY COUPLED PRObLEMS OF ACOUSTICS

When several strongly inter-connected physical phenomena have to be simultaneously taken into account, problems can be very difficult to solve using the commonly used simulation programs. In 2009, the Elmer software package was updated to improve its ability to handle the strongly inter-connected problems that are common
Erkki Makkonen
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in acoustics. There are several applications for the developed methods. For example, the interaction between sound waves and mechanical structures can now be modeled more effectively and reliably. The advances were attained as results of a long-term project in which Nokia Research Center and CSC collaborated to develop Elmer software. Interaction between a sound wave and mechanical structure can significantly affect sound propagation in small devices. The picture shows a detail calculated with Elmer, a momentary temperature change occurring when sound proceeds in a tube with varying cross-sectional surfaces.
During last autumn, SOMA2 was introduced at CSCs courses (Gaussian workshop, for example) and customer events. During 2009, 75 CSC users had visited the SOMA2 service in the Scientists interface.
CHIPSTER ENAbLES gENE ACTIVITY STUDIES ALSO AT THE PROTEIN LEVEL

Chipster is a user-friendly and comprehensive program developed by CSC for studies of gene expression activity data produced on microchips. Chipster has brought a great number of new customers to CSC, and Chipster training was provided at several campuses. This open code software has attracted a lot of attention abroad, too. Presentations on Chipster were given at the main conferences in the field, and many research centers in different parts of the world, even as far away as New Zealand, have taken Chipster into use and purchased training on Chipster from CSC. During 2009 Chipsters functional features were extended to allow gene activity studies not only at the RNA but also the protein level. Other improvements included the added support for microRNA (miRNA) analyses; miRNA have essential effects on gene expression regulation. A new analysis technology was also developed for Chipster to enhance visualization of NGS (next-generation sequencing) data. For proteomics analyses, tools were created for all phases of the analysis, ranging from imputation of the missing values to biological interpretation of the results using a pathway analysis. The tools were designed in collaboration with the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) and the Max Planck Institute. Chipster searches the interactive partners and signaling pathways, as well as the biological processes enriched by the protein lists directly from the databases located in these institutions. Chipsters wide range of tools for microarray screening and statistical testing are utilized in the miRNA analysis. Once the significant miRNA molecules have been determined, Chipster helps to retrieve their target genes directly from the miRBase database. The biological role of the target genes can be determined by analyzing how the genes are enriched into gene ontology (GO) categories or on the metabolic pathways of the KEGG database.
ELMER CHOSEN AS AN APPLICATION PROgRAM FOR PRACE

In 2009, Elmer was chosen as one of the application programs in the pan-European Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe (PRACE) project. The three-year project aims to create a uniform cross-European system for techno-scientific parallel computing regarding applications as well as machine resources. Elmer was included as the only multiphysical modeling software using the Finite Element Method (FEM) for solving complex models and problems requiring parallel computing. Thanks to PRACE, we were able to test Elmers parallel computing techniques for jobs that sometimes required as many as ten thousand processors. The results were excellent and they were reported in the final report of PRACE. Having proven its reliability, PRACE will employ Elmer also in the future, benefiting from its improved computing capacity.
SOMA2 MODELINg ENVIRONMENT wAS UPDATED

SOMA2, operated through a standard web browser, provides an easy and intuitive way to use molecular modeling software in the Unix computing environment. The SOMA2 environment offers a possibility to construct a computational workflow consisting of one or several programs run one after another. The SOMA2 software package was released under an open source code license (GNU General Public License), and the source code package and documentation are available at our SOMA web site at http://www.csc.fi/soma. SOMA2 is available for CSC customers through the Scientists interface. In April 2009 the SOMA2 modeling environment programs (e.g. CORINA, obprop, ROTATE, and X-Score) were installed on the new Hippu application server. Additionally, the SOMA2 environment contains several programs installed on Murska, such as AutoDock, Gaussian, GOLD, GPAW, and Turbomole. In June, a new software version SOMA2 1.2 Sodium was published. It contains some new features, minor improvements and several bug fixes. In addition, version 1.3 Magnesium was released in September. This version provides better support for web browsers and having several significant improvements for usability through the several interactive functions that have been added.
Currently Chipster is being actively developed for the next generation sequencing (NGS) platforms to handle data produced by the totally new analysis technology.
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SOMA2 provides an easy and intuitive way to use molecular modeling software in the Unix computing environment.
Tommi Nyrnen
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A LOOK Janne Ignatius
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InforMATIon MAnAgeMenT SerVICeS

The Information Management Services function develops and maintains centralized data systems for administration of science and education and the Ministry of Education. The term data systems for administration of science and education refers to the data systems that are in shared use by institutions of higher education and that support research and teaching activities. The services comprise centralized data management services, such as Haka user identification system and the databases providing statistics for performance monitoring in universities and universities of applied sciences (Kotaplus and AMKOTA). Our specialists provide consultation in information technology projects and IT development issues. CSCs special expertise embraces project planning and arranging invitations for tenders, electronic transactions, user management development, and data security. The most extensive development project in the Information Management Services is RAKETTI. basic eAdministration system (OPI subproject), and one for supporting quality improvement work based on the overall architecture principle (KOKOA subproject). During the year, these were supplemented with a project that supports research to develop information management (TUTKI subproject). At the end of 2009, 84% of all higher education institutions (92% of the universities and 76% of the universities of applied sciences) participated in RAKETTI, either providing guidance or specialist input in the working groups or pilots of the project.
DATA wAREHOUSINg SERVICE TO SUPPORT kNOwLEDgE MANAgEMENT

The higher education sectors common concepts model served as the basis for data warehousing and reporting services that will provide data, on the one hand, for knowledge management at individual institutions and, on the other hand, for steering the entire Finnish higher education institution (XDW subproject). At the end of the year the subproject had reached the software implementation phase and the data warehouse was being linked to the systems of three higher education institutions one phase at a time. Implementations provide exact experimental information on how well the concepts model works and about the work amounts still needed on building the data warehousing service. The data warehousing
RAkETTI PROjECT REACHINg FULL SPEED

RAKETTI, a project entity shared by Finnish higher education institutions and the Ministry of Education to support structural development through information management, was initiated in its entirety in 2009. At the beginning of the year, the project embraced three subprojects, one for creating a common concepts model and data warehouse service (XDW subproject), one for building a common
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service for higher education institutions is scheduled for launch during the first quarter of 2010, and the reporting service to support higher education monitoring and steering at the end of 2010. In the concepts model subproject, common concepts and administrational procedures for the model were implemented for the entire higher education sector. The concepts model contains the reliable, uniform information that forms the core of the data warehouse. The model was created by dozens of specialists from different higher education institutions, the Ministry of Education, and other interest groups. The complete model is composed of 359 concepts or words and 48 diagrams. The diagrams explain the relationships between the concepts. The concepts model can be used at the higher education institutions also when other information systems are being built, and it can be downloaded free of charge at https://rakettiwiki.csc.fi/wiki/XDW/. The model will be kept up to date and extended when necessary.
sities of applied sciences, and the OhaTV data warehousing project. The views of the academic administration players were mapped by visiting the institutions, arranging sessions under various themes at academic administration events, and initiating Nordic collaboration to address the topic. At the beginning of spring the RAKETTI-OPI subproject produced a memorandum that describes the target status to serve as the basis for the basic eAdministration system; the memorandum agenda was accepted by the higher education institutions after a commentary round. During the autumn, working groups consisting of representatives from the higher education institutions used the memorandum when they created cooperation structures and definitions for requirements of the basic eAdministration system.
ExPERIMENTAL LEARNINg IN THE OHATV PILOT

OhaTV, a small-scale data warehousing pilot, was completed at the beginning of 2009. Data on curricula and degrees were transferred from the data systems of the University of Jyvskyl, the University of Oulu, and Hanken School of Economics. The transferred data was limited in quantity as well as quality to cover data to be reported by the institutions to authorities. An important objective of the common concepts model is to remodel the higher education institutions administrative data to make it standardized. Piloting was used to ensure that the concepts model works and to gain experiences on how the different eAdministration systems can best be linked to the data warehouse. The experiences gained in this project were published as a document that can be downloaded from the website of the Oodi consortium at http://www.oodi.fi/sites/default/files/ OhaTvRaportti.pdf.
Teemu Kemppainen
The RAKETTI project, started in summer 2008, and its subprojects proceeded as planned through 2009. By the end of 2009, the first subprojects were ready to offer a data warehousing service based on a national concepts model to higher education institutions. RAKETTI is a joint project of the Ministry of Education and higher education institutions, and it is coordinated by CSC.
RAkETTI SUPPLEMENTED wITH TUTkI SUbPROjECT TO COVER IT SUPPORT FOR RESEARCH ADMINISTRATION
In summer 2009 the RAKETTI project was extended to cover the IT support for research and research administration (TUTKI subproject). TUTKI is steered by managers representing research, development and innovation activities in higher education institutions, together with other key organizations (Academy of Finland, among others). The work was started at the very end of 2009; the subproject is expected to generate proposals aiming to increase visibility of research, development and innovation activities carried out in higher education institutions and the means to lighten the administrative work relating to them. As part of the TUTKI project, a task force called JURE was initiated to implement services on publication records. The first phase of the JURE task force clarified what kind of services different sectors expect relating to publication records and what basic information about publications should be registered. The JURE project gained in value and importance during 2009, especially due to the metrics on the state and quality of research in Finland and the international assessments that showed improvement needs in the assessment of research quality and especially regarding the knowledge base used in the assessments. The JURE project is especially focused on safeguarding the quality and comparability of this knowledge base.
A data warehousing service based on a national concepts model helps in the preparation of various types of official report.
HIgHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS AgREED ON bUILDINg A COMMON bASIC eADMINISTRATION SYSTEM

The planning of the basic eAdministration system (RAKETTI-OPI) was continued based on the surveys conducted by the institutions own specialists and ordered by the Ministry of Education, as well as experiences attained from the ProAMK project carried out at univer-
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wORk ON OVERALL ACADEMIC ARCHITECTURE STARTED

At the beginning of 2009, overall architecture projects were being started in several higher education institutions. The KOKOA subproject of RAKETTI is building quality into academic work from the information management perspective. The aim is to make IT planning, leadership, implementation, and follow-up an integrated part of the overall academic strategy. The overall academic architecture is to improve cost-effectiveness of data management and to produce uniform descriptions of the core concepts, data, data hierarchies, and central data resources concerning, for example, students, study attainments, curricula, and administration. A well-organized maintenance model will also enable phenomena, such as changes in the operating environment, to be taken into consideration. CSC had an active role also in setting the guidelines for the manuscript project of the overall architecture. An overall architecture pilot was created comprising ten institutions, and the building of a common overall architecture model was initiated. The pilot project consists of the following universities of applied sciences: Metropolia, Laurea, HAMK, Lahti, TAMK and PIRAMK, Kemi-Tornio, Rovaniemi, and Seinjoki, added with the University of Lapland.
braries, and administrative services, with only one username-password combination. Research and teaching at Finnish higher education institutions is inevitably international, but previous networks of trust that enable cross-organizational user identification have covered only one country. The project is called the Kalmar Union, and provides secure access for the researchers, teachers and students of Finnish universities to web-based services in other Nordic countries by using the username and password issued by their home university. The collaboration project was funded by NordForsk, an organ of the Nordic Council of Ministers with responsibility for research funding.
CSC SET UP A SERVICES PLATFORM FOR THE OPH.FI wEb SERVICES

After the summer, CSC and the National Board of Education built the oph.fi service. The service consisted of device acquisitions, organization of the services platform, and web load testing of the overall system.
CSC STARTED AS THE OPERATOR FOR THE gOVERNMENTS VIRTU FEDERATION

Based on the positive experiences from the Haka federation CSC has provided consultation for the Government IT Management Unit (ValtIT) in the Identification and user rights management for government employees project, which aims to set up a federation for public administration. As a subcontractor for the Government IT Shared Service Centre, in 2009 CSC started as the operator of the Virtu federation.
The idea is that the user is accepted in as many services as possible in the home organization and even when roaming outside, with just one identity. In his doctoral thesis, CSCs Mikael Linden has studied identification and authentication in inter- and intra-organizational network services.
EDUUNI SERVICES PLATFORM PROVIDES IT SERVICES FOR THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION ADMINISTRATIVE FIELD
Eduuni (eJob) is a service concept and technical platform that was developed for public administration services. The work was supervised by the Ministry of Education, and conducted in collaboration with offices under its jurisdiction and CSC. CSC provides the Ministry of Education with consulting and use-related services to develop the eduuni services. The eduuni concept embraces working group services and the SALAMA item management system, started at the beginning of 2010. The concept also involves strong collaboration on information management between public offices.
THE kALMAR UNION ENAbLES ACCESS TO NORDIC HIgHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS wITH ONE USERNAME
CSC integrated the Haka user authentication system of Finnish higher education institutions to the corresponding Nordic systems. This project stands unique in the world. CSC signed a contract with the other Nordic partners to link Finlands Haka user authentication system to Danish WAYF, Norwegian Feide and Swedish SWAMID. Web-based services requiring user identification have become so common that the number of user names and passwords that users need to memorize has become insurmountable. Hence, higher education institutions have developed systems that allow access to services outside the home university, such as e-Learning services, li-
CSC SERVICES PLATFORM FOR THE UNIVERSITIES PERSONNEL AND FINANCE ADMINISTRATION
CSC invested a considerable amount of work in the planning and setting up of the system implementation of the SAP-based system for the service center of the universities personnel and finance administration. CSC is providing the services platform for the systems. Although relatively massive, the project was completed as scheduled and successfully taken to production.
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FJELLS Juha Fagerholm
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CoMPUTIng SerVICeS
CoMPUTIng SerVICeS
CSC provides high-quality computing capacity to meet research and product development needs for modeling and simulations. CSCs supercomputers execute highly efficient parallel programs. The computing efficiency of supercomputers can be as much as thousands of times that of a single processor. Typically, parallel computing reduces the computing time needed for solving a problem which makes it possible to use more accurate models. In addition to computing resources, CSC also provides its customers with state-of-the-art expertise in computing science. CSCs specialists help researchers in selecting and developing methods, and selecting appropriate program; they provide instructions on how to use and parallelize the programs, how to scale them and upload them onto CSCs machines. Although the system consists of two separate servers, for the user it appears to be a single server with the domain name, hippu.csc.fi.
FINAL REPORT OF FINHPC PUbLISHED

The FinHPC project, aimed at improving the performance of supercomputer software and sponsored by Tekes, has published its final report. The project, which ended on December 31st, 2008, raised the performance of Finnish HP-computing and programming expertise to the highest international level. Thanks to FinHPC, the recognition of CSC and Finland, too, has risen to a new level, and the project made CSC eligible to participate in grand European HPC projects such as PRACE. Almost 30 scientific programs were processed in the FinHPC project. Most of them have been created to serve researchers own needs. Since scientists usually lack in-depth knowledge of programming, programs have not been able to utilize the full capacity offering of the new supercomputers. Hence, significant improvements adding to the performance capacity were made to most of the programs during the FinHPC project. FinHPC was a joint project between several universities and CSC. The HPC-lab of bo Akademi University played a very significant role in code optimization. In addition to optimization, the project
HIPPU, CSCS NEw APPLICATION SERVER

In January CSC acquired two new Hewlett-Packard ProLiant DL785 G5 servers. Used together these form an application server and it will be used mainly for running interactive serial jobs. Murska or Louhi supercomputers are recommended for parallel jobs. Both servers include eight quad-core processors. Thus the total number of processor cores is 64. A special feature of the new application servers is their large shared memory capacities: one containing 512 gigabytes and the other 256 gigabytes of memory.
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CoMPUTIng SerVICeS
arranged training courses in parallel programming, code optimization, and use of software development tools. Participation in this project was also especially important for the HPC-lab of bo Akademi University, because through the project the group was able to raise its profile as the leading European center of excellence in fusion plasma simulation. HPC-lab participates in the EUFORIA project being responsible for code optimization and parallelization of the simulation codes for 12 fusion reactors. The tangible outcome of the FinHPC project was 27 improved codes or code libraries. In addition, a benchmark set for load testing was also created, and it was used at the acquisition phase of CSCs new supercomputer. The project staff organized training and participated in international conferences and workshops. A total of 12 scientific articles and a few articles for the general public were published during the project. The project was initiated at the beginning of April 2005 and completed at the end of 2008. The full report in English can be downloaded in PDF format at: http://www.csc.fi/english/csc/publications/guidebooks
In June, more power was added to Loviatar, one of the PRACE (Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe) projects six prototypes. Loviatar is an extension module to CSCs supercomputer Louhi. The processors of Loviatar were upgraded to new-generation AMD Opteron Shanghai 2.7 GHz quad-core processors. The extension module contains 1,440 compute cores. The upgrade increased the L3-level cache memory available to the processors from two to six megabytes. The extension modules capacity is primarily reserved for the PRACE project. CSCs other users can employ the additional power if and when free capacity is left over from PRACE users. An automatic batch run system directs jobs to the processors that have capacity free. Limited opportunities to try out Loviatar and the other PRACE prototypes have been afforded to researchers from all parts of the world, even those outside the project. After the processor upgrade the theoretical maximum capacity exceeded 100 Tflop/s, i.e. a hundred billion calculations per second.
Michael Karlsson / bo Akademi
gRAND CHALLENgES
Computational Grand Challenge projects are aimed at high-impact scientific research that requires computational or data resources exceeding CSC's standard project quotas or level of services. CSC allocates a support group for each GC project, and the GC calls are arranged twice a year. A call for proposals was arranged during the latter part of 2009, applications were accepted both for computational and data-intensive projects. During the past year a total of nine projects were ongoing, five being new projects and four were completed.
A METHOD FOR VIRTUAL DRUg SCREENINg MORE POwER TO PRACE PROTOTYPE

Professor Olli Pentikinen and his research group started a Grand Challenge project to develop a virtual screening method for drug molecules. Using a new approach, the aim of the C-LIVE project is to screen a large number of proteins to find active drug candidate molecules that affect selected target proteins. Many of the molecular mechanisms of the cell are based on direct interactions between proteins. Therefore, from the medical point of view, the interest is focused on small molecules called ligands that block or strengthen these interactions. However, the structural interfaces between proteins are not usually considered to be potential docking sites for drug molecules, because two things impede finding suitable drug molecules: (1) the 3-dimensional construction of proteins, or conformation, may change substantially when they interact with other proteins, and (2) proteins structural interfaces are usually rather flat with only few cavities where ligands could bind. In the C-LIVE project, Pentikinens group aims to develop a method that could facilitate identification of molecules that are potentially able to affect a few of the proteinprotein interactive sites regarding signal transmission. On the other hand, the methods reliability will be studied using the traditional target proteins of drug development. The research group will use a total of two million processor hours on CSC supercomputers.
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CoMPUTIng SerVICeS
LARgE-SCALE SIMULATION ON CYTOCHROME FUNCTION

Photosynthesis and respiration are core cellular processes which provide energy in form of ATP for all cellular functions. ATP synthesis requires a proton gradient across a cellular membrane, generated via electron and proton transporters organized in chains where cytochrome complexes play a crucial role as they contribute to the generation of an electrochemical potential across a cellular membrane. Despite its crucial biological role and numerous experimental studies, the mechanism of cytochrome action is far from understood. Understanding the functions of cytochrome complexes is central to all cellular processes, since without ATP synthesis there are no cellular processes. In their Grand Challenge project, Thomasz Rg, Ilpo Vattulainen, Oana Cramariuc and Karol Kaszuba (Tampere University of Technology) will conduct large-scale molecular mechanism and quantum mechanism simulations for the full cytochrome bc1 complex in an explicit lipid and saline environment. The objective is to resolve the mechanism(s) of cytochrome action. The Grand Challenge project will provide information on the pathways of proton and electron transfer, the dynamics of the main elements of the system, and the interactions stabilizing essential moieties of the protein complex. The whole system subject to simulation consists of 400,000 atoms and to simulate its function during 200 nanoseconds consumes 3,500,000 processor hours.
and Krasheninnikovs research group will use four million processor hours. Irradiation is a powerful tool for engineering various nanostructures; the lack of fundamental understanding of defect production and annihilation limits the use of electron and ion irradiation for engineering nanostructures with desired properties.
COMPUTATIONAL IMPUTATION OF THE gENOME-wIDE INFORMATION OF 30,000 FINNS
IRRADIATION EFFECTS IN CARbON AND bORON NITRIDE NANOSTRUCTURES

Effects of irradiation on bulk materials are well known, but they are not well understood in nanomaterials, including technologically important carbon and boron nitride nanostructures. With his research group, Arkady Krasheninnikov will simulate the response of nanosystems to irradiation, defect creation, and annihilation. First-principles molecular dynamics simulations will be combined with electronic structure calculations using advanced density functional theory methods. This kind of research is computationally expensive
The research group of Samuli Ripatti (Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM) studies variation in the human genome using large population cohorts. Their purpose is to find genes associated for instance with cardiovascular diseases and cholesterol levels and to develop statistical and computational methods to assist in the search. The research group is launching the FinSeq project (Imputation of Finnish population cohorts for identification of common disease associated variants utilizing 1000 Genomes data) to augment the genome-wide samples of 30,000 Finns through computational methods. The project employs a new approach where Finnish genotype data acquired through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) will be imputed through statistical models and with the sequence data generated in the 1000 Genomes project. Using a larger cohort will give a greater probability of distinguishing the real disease genes from false ones and to analyze more efficiently the causal genetic variants underlying diseases. Due to the large volume of material involved, the FinSeq project will take up a substantial quantity of computing resources and several terabytes of storage capacity.
Krasheninnikov
bIOPOLYMER DYNAMICS IN NANOPIT gEOMETRIES

In their RePoDyn project (Realistic Polymer Dynamics in Confined Nanopit Geometries), Santtu Ollila and Tapio Ala-Nissil (Helsinki University of Technology) are modeling biopolymer dynamics in the nano and micrometer scale with full hydrodynamics. The biopolymer models being used have elastic properties that are similar to organic polymers, for example, DNA, RNA, and starch found in living organisms.
A still frame of a boron nitride sheet just after an electron collision. Atoms are still moving.
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CoMPUTIng SerVICeS
The aim of this study is to explain the experimentally observed rich and subtle dynamics of biopolymers in the complex nanopit geometry. The nanopit geometry consists of a strongly confining slit region followed periodically by a pit in which the polymer chain can swell. The dynamics depend on the contour length of the polymer, the nanopit geometry, and the flow conditions. Understanding and control of the dynamics has direct implications, for example, in pharmaceuticals manufacturing processes and, more broadly, nanotechnology fields that require manipulation and positioning of polymers in the nanoscale. Experiments directly related to the modeling are underway at Brown University (Providence, U.S.A.) in Prof. Derek Stein's group.
will apply modern adaptive MCMC sampling techniques, developed by the group. The cost function to be minimized consists of the squared differences between the dominant modes of the observed and simulated climate variability. The MCMC analysis interprets this cost function as a Bayesian likelihood function. In the Markov chain, a large number of climate simulations are performed, making the approach of the ADAEST project computationally very demanding. The adaptive sampling technique implies, however, large computational savings. Thanks to the DEISA resources, significant scientific and computational advances can be obtained in the research of the reliability of climate predictions. The institutions taking part into this project are Lappeenranta University of Technology: Department of Mathematics and Physics, Helsinki University of Technology: Department of Information and Computer Science, and Finnish Meteorological Institute.
THREE FINNISH RESEARCH PROjECTS gRANTED ACCESS TO DEISA RESOURCES

Europes HPC infrastructure DEISA has announced the latest resource allocations on Europes most powerful supercomputers. Fifty scientific projects have been awarded supercomputing resources totaling more than 60 million processor hours, through the DEISA Extreme Computing Initiative (DECI). These DEISA Extreme Computing projects will each have access to resources at one or more of the 11 DEISA partner sites which operate fourteen of the Top 100 most powerful supercomputers in the world, including the only two European computers in the Top 10. Successful projects are chosen for their potential to achieve ground-breaking scientific results through the use of supercomputers, enabling them to run more detailed and accurate simulations of scientific problems than was previously possible. Alison Kennedy, Coordinator of DECI said, DEISA is delighted to be able to provide compute resources and applications enabling assistance to researchers in so many innovative projects. This year, we attracted 75 proposals from 21 European countries. This shows the wide appeal and relevance of DECI across Europe. The following three projects from Finland were granted access to DEISA resources:
SIMULATIONS bEYOND THE STANDARD MODEL THEORIES

The Standard Model of particle physics has been extremely successful in describing all the results from particle physics experiments. However, there are tantalizing hints for physics beyond the Standard Model from astrophysical observations and also from theoretical analysis. Thus, it is possible that LHC (Large Hadron Collider) will find signs of this new physics. Technicolor and other strongly interacting models are among the most popular alternatives for the new physics. These models rely on so-called strong coupling phenomena, making their study with analytical methods difficult and often impossible. Only large-scale numerical simulations can yield reliable quantitative results; however, so far only initial studies have been made, and most of the relevant questions remain open. The simulation set-up resembles the well-studied lattice QCD (Quantum Chromodynamics), but with different gauge fields and fermions in different representations. The research group led by Kari Rummukainen has developed a very flexible simulation program suitable for studying this class of problems. It can simulate any gauge group and fermions with varying representations. In this project the research group aims to study the physical particle spectrum and the evolution of the coupling constant as a function of the energy in a selected set of candidate theories. The institutions taking part into this project are University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, and University of Jyvskyl, Finland.
ADAPTIVE ESTIMATION OF CLIMATE MODEL CLOSURE PARAMETERS

International climate policy is critically dependent on the future climate simulations. While the climate models are becoming increasingly accurate, inherent uncertainties remain. One of these is the fact that all models contain some free (closure) parameters related to the modeling of sub-grid scale processes (such as clouds or turbulence). Optimal closure parameter values are approximately known but their uncertainties are not well understood. Generally, it is very hard to determine the parameter values based on observations. In the ADAEST project, led by Prof. Heikki Haario from Lappeenranta University of Technology, a computational parameter estimation method, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), is applied to estimate the closure parameter values and their uncertainties in the ECHAM5 atmospheric general circulation model. The research group
PLASMA SIMULATIONS wITH ELMFIRE

Understanding the plasma turbulence is of major importance for success of ITER, which is in turn the most important step in the development of fusion energy. The research group led by Jukka Heikkinen is working with a gyrokinetic plasma simulation code ELMFIRE. It has been developed to study the dynamics of turbulence and its influence on plasma global behavior. ELMFIRE can be used, and has already been used, to understand the physics underlying the formation and development of plasma turbulence and its undesirable effects on plasma confinement. Of particular importance in the study of plasma confinement is the transition between L and H states, referring to Low and High confine-
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CoMPUTIng SerVICeS
ment states. Understanding the way to induce an LH transition in a plasma would lead to an immediate increase of plasma confinement applicable to different plasma devices. The DECI resources obtained for this year have supported simulations where agreement of the simulated plasma poloidal rotation and contemporary synthetic diagnostics with the experimentally measured Doppler reflectometric signal was observed. Further understanding of pedestal transport and its control has been acquired. The diagnostics of turbulent structures has been improved by correlation studies. These calculations have been so far promising and are now continued with more
Eu Quake, Deisa
memory-efficient code version (extending the calculations into the SOL region) for longer (and heavier) simulations to collisional time scale. Institutions taking part to this project are VTT (Euratom-Tekes association), Helsinki University of Technology (Euratom-Tekes association), Finland and Universidad Nacional de Educacin a Distancia, Spain.
37
PLACID SEA Janne Ignatius
38
fUneT neTwork SerVICeS

CSC maintains and develops the Finnish research and education network Funet, an extremely reliable high-capacity network. Funet links higher education institutions and research institutes providing them with national and international network connections. Funet has approximately 350,000 users. It is one of the most advanced research networks in the world. The Funet network services also include the Funet CERT network security services, video conferencing and streaming services, and wireless network roaming. The panNordic NORDUnet network allows connection to international research networks and access to international services. All Funet members can join Funet network roaming. In addition to the Funet roaming service, the Funet network also hosts the international eduroam network roaming, which is open only for research and teaching organizations, and it involves higher technical requirements to allow access to the wireless network. Eduroam users visiting another organization are allowed network access using their own organizations credentials. Hence, they have easy and safe connections when roaming in different higher education institutions around Finland and Europe. Eduroam works also in Australia. Currently, 16 wireless networks within Funet and Sparknet, a network roaming community from Turku have been connected to Funet network roaming.
ROAMINg IN THE FUNET NETwORk ExTENDED

CSC started to offer a national Funet network roaming service for students and staff of Funet member organizations. Network roaming is based on reciprocity between organizations: if organizations have signed a roaming contract, their users can use the public access networks of all roaming member organizations. Hence, visiting researchers and students are allowed fast and convenient network access by using the identification codes supplied for their home organizations. The service was extended in the Tampere area in June, when Langaton Tampere (Wireless Tampere), a widely dispersed network roaming community in the Tampere area joined the Funet network roaming service.
LIgHTPATH REACHED OULU

CSC is building a new generation backbone network, which is based on leased dark fibers and the wavelength division multiplexing technology (WDM). It enables an almost unrestricted communication capacity, because one fiber can carry multiple data streams of 10 or 40 Gbps by using different wavelengths. The fiber network makes it possible to offer dedicated, point to point light path connections, which can continue worldwide through NORDUnet or European GANT2 networks. The fiber network is used for internet connections of universities and research organizations as well. The new network is already in use from Espoo
39
to Turku and Tampere. The latest connection to Jyvskyl was opened at the end of March. During the spring and summer the implementation was continued in Vaasa and Kuopio. In December the connection was opened in Oulu. By summer 2010 the connections will cover all university towns in Finland.
FUNET LINkED TO NEw TRANS-ATLANTIC POLAR NETwORk CONNECTIONS

Funet attained a new high-speed international network connection, when the Scandinavian NORDUnet, the Canadian CANARIE, and the global GLORIAD opened their undersea optical fiber connection for use between the Scandinavian countries and North America. NORDUnet, CANARIE, Canadas Advanced Research and Innovation Network, and the GLORIAD (Global Ring Network for Advanced Application Development) project funded by the US National Science Foundation NSF, launched their high-speed network connection IceLink. This arctic region network, passing through Iceland and Greenland, links the national research and education networks of Canada, the USA, and the five Nordic countries. IceLink further improves the data transfer capacity between the networks that represent the forerunners in the field. Iceland gained the fast network connection that was long over-due. CANARIE, on the other hand, gained a cable connection to Europe directly from Canada. Prior to IceLink, CANARIEs only link to Europe was via a connection originating in New York. Most of the costs from the new undersea optical fiber connection will be paid by NORDUnet. Other financiers are CANARIE and the GLORIAD project.
HIgHER EDUCATION INSTITUTES wANT CENTRALIzED SERVICES ON VIDEO COMMUNICATIONS

The use of video communications is expected to increase in Finnish higher education institutions where shared, centralized services at the national level are needed. This is the message that emerged following a survey by the Educational Centre for ICT at the University of Helsinki published in January. The survey was funded by CSC. The survey data was collected by means of internet questionnaires directed at specialists and users of digital video services, as well as through workshop meetings of specialists. Cooperation between the VideoFunet participants must be increased and their activities have to be intensified, and network coordination centralized. Additionally, the survey showed that there is a need for centralized video communications services. The wish list includes a network video service or an 'academic YouTube', a video conferencing bridge service, and monitoring the development of web conferencing systems.
SCIENCE PROgRAMS 24 HOURS A DAY FROM FUNET ANTENNA

The fast connections of the Funet network enable the transmission of high-quality television broadcasts. The programming of the Funet Antenna service produced by CSC and Maxisat Ltd was expanded in February to include the programs of an American round-theclock science channel. A new feature of the service is Research Channel, which shows programs about various academic subjects produced by American universities and research institutes; the programs range from technology to the natural sciences and the humanities. MIT, Stanford, Yale, Microsoft Research and the National Science Foundation are among the organizations producing these programs. The channel shows science programs around the clock and it can be seen by 35 million viewers in different parts of the world as satellite transmissions, and on the cable TV networks of cities and campuses.
NORDUnet is a joint collaboration by the five Nordic National Research and Education Networks in Denmark (Forskningsnettet), Iceland (RHnet), Norway (UNINETT), Sweden (SUNET), and Finland (Funet). It operates a world-class Nordic and international network and e-Infrastructure service for the Nordic research and educational community. For additional information, please visit www.nordu.net.
At the Heart of Global Research Networking
GANT Coverage ALICE2-RedCLARA Network EUMEDCONNECT2 Network TEIN3 Network BSI Network UbuntuNet Alliance
CSC CHOSE jUNIPER ROUTERS

GANT and sister networks enabling user collaboration across the globe
December 2009
Cygate Finland and CSC signed a five-year contract on supplying backbone routers for the Funet research network. The contract also covers extensions to the backbone routers and the maintenance and specialist services needed. During the contract period important developments are expected to include a breakthrough with the IPv6 technology and an increasing need for IP multicast technologies. Cygate provides CSC with a faster, more efficient system with better scalability.
GANT is co-funded by the European Commission within its 7th R&D Framework Programme.
This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of DANTE and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union.
GLORIAD is constructed from a fiber-optic ring of light encircling the northern hemisphere connecting universities and national laboratories with individual network circuits providing up to 10 Gbps. In its present topology it represents a true ring of rings around the earth, providing richer bandwidth and redundant network paths for improved reliability. For additional information, please visit www.gloriad.org.
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Funet member organizations in the beginning of 2010

Aalto University Arcada Polytechnic Central Ostrobothnia University of Applied Sciences Diaconia University of Applied Sciences Finnish Academy of Fine Arts HAAGA-HELIA University of Applied Sciences HAMK University of Applied Sciences Hanken School of Economics Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences HUMAK University of Applied Sciences Jyvskyl University of Applied Sciences Kajaani University of Applied Sciences Kemi-Tornio University of Applied Sciences Kymenlaakso University of Applied Sciences Lahti University of Applied Sciences Lappeenranta University of Technology Laurea University of Applied Sciences Mikkeli University of Applied Science National Defence University North Karelia University of Applied Sciences Novia University of Applied Sciences Oulu University of Applied Sciences Rovaniemi University of Applied Sciences Saimaa University of Applied Sciences Satakunta University of Applied Sciences Savonia University of Applied Sciences Seinjoki University of Applied Sciences Sibelius Academy TAMK University of Applied Sciences Tampere University of Technology The Theatre Academy Turku University of Applied Sciences University of Eastern Finland University of Helsinki University of Jyvskyl University of Lapland University of Oulu University of Tampere University of Turku University of Vaasa Vaasa University of Applied Sciences bo Akademi University OTHER MEMBER ORGANIZATIONS Aalto University Student Union Academy of Finland Bank of Finland Certia the Service Center of Universities CSC IT Center for Science Ltd. Finland's Environmental Administration Finnish Communications Regulatory Authority (FICORA) Finnish Forest Research Institute Finnish Literature Society Finnish Medicines Agency Finnish Meteorological Institute Finnish National Board of Education Finnish National Gallery Finnish Student Health Service Foundation for Finnish Inventions Geological Survey of Finland Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa Institute for Russia and Eastern Europe Kiinteist Oy Opintanner Kuopio University Hospital Lappeenranta Student Housing Foundation Ministry of Education National Audiovisual Archive National Board of Antiquities National Institute for Health and Welfare National Repository Library Otaverkko Ltd Parliament of Finland Pirkanmaa Hospital District Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority of Finland (STUK) Research Institute for the Languages of Finland Statistics Finland Tampere Student Housing Foundation Tekes the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
CONNECTIONS 2010
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Rovaniemi Kemi
Oulu
Kajaani
Kokkola Vaasa Seinjoki Kuopio Joensuu
NORDUnet
Tampere Pori Rauma
Jyvskyl
Mikkeli Lappeenranta Kouvola St. Petersburg Kotka Helsinki GLORIAD RUNNet
Hmeenlinna Lahti Salo
Oslo Stockholm
Turku Espoo
Internet Reykjavik
(IceLink: Greenland, Canada, USA)
Internet Copenhagen
New York
London
Hamburg Amsterdam GLORIAD GANT Poznan
The superfast Funet data network links Finnish universities, universities of applied sciences, and public research institutes with each other as well as to international research networks and the commercial internet. The network is maintained and developed by CSC in cooperation with the Funet member community. Funet has approximately 350,000 users. The services provided through the Funet network are used by approximately 80 member organizations. S C A N N U A L C
FIBER CONNECTIONS TRANSMISSION CONNECTIONS NORDUNET INTERNATIONAL CONNECTIONS IP- and fiber network connection sites
R E Fiber network 0 9 PORT 20

connection sites
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FUNET OPTICAL FIbER CIRCUIT AND FICIx3 POINT TO OULU

In February the work was completed on an optical fiber circuit for the Oulu region, built in collaboration by CSC and the Funet member organizations in Oulu. The optical fiber circuit serves as the transmission medium through which all members can build secured connections between the participating campuses. The optical fiber circuit also made it possible to create a backbone link from Funet to the FICIX3 IXP point where Funet and other Finnish operators exchange Internet traffic. The third IXP point in Oulu was taken into use in autumn 2008. The previous two FICIX IXPs are both in the metropolitan area.
nities for collaboration in various research areas between Russia and Finland, as well as with the other Nordic and European countries. The new connection enables the transmission of huge amount of data between Russian and European research institutes.
IPV6 IN THE FUNET NETwORk

The Funet network has provided readiness for the new IPv6 protocol since the early 2000s. Funets network equipment supports the IPv6 connections and since 2001 about 20 Funet customer organizations have received IPv6 addresses. The Funet network services have gradually been modified for IPv6 readiness. Recently the IPv6related activities have focused especially on domain name services. The Funet Network service area has actively worked to promote the implementation of IPv6. In 2009, Teemu Kiviniemi completed his masters thesis Implementation of an IPv4 to IPv6 Multicast Translator presenting a protocol converter for multicasting. The thesis work was conducted as collaboration between Helsinki University of Technology and CSC. By using a protocol converter, multicast services of the IPv4 network are accessible through the IPv6 protocol, and hence, for example, the IPTV broadcasts supplied by Funet Antenna can be converted for reception over the IPv6 network. The protocol converter service based on the thesis will be adopted at Funet in 2010, abreast with other IPv6 transition services. No modifications are needed in the equipment sending or receiving multicast material, so using the service is easy.
CSC CONNECTED RUSSIAN RESEARCH NETwORk TO NORDUNET wITH FIbER TECHNOLOgY

RUNNet, the Russian research network received an advanced fiber optic connection to the West. It was connected to the NORDUnet using Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) technology at the end of 2009. Instead of the previous bandwidth of 2.5 Gbps, the new connection enables multiple parallel 10 Gbps paths. CSC was closely involved in the planning and implementation of the connection. For example, the physical switch is situated at the premises of CSC. The upgraded connection enables better opportu-
THE FUTURE INTERNET IS ALREADY HERE

CSCs Funet Network Services participated in the ICT SHOK project, supported by Tekes the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation. As a result, a description of the Future Internet test-
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bed architecture was produced. Kaisa Haapala, Pekka Savola, and Jari Miettinen from CSC contributed as authors of the Research Report. The Future Internet was tested over various network layers or architectural levels. The testbed for the physical connectivity are light paths implemented using Funet's dark fiber network based on Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM). An end-user sees the connection as a local area network although the access points can be in different cities or even in different countries. Potential challenges are associated with the final stage from the network edge to the end users computer. Optical fiber infrastructure may not be available and delivery times can be long. One solution to this problem is possibly a media converter and the use of copper instead of the optical fiber. Another alternative is to offer a wireless access to the testbed with base stations connected to the customer access networks. The network layer of the testbed was regular IP connectivity, supporting both IPv4 and IPv6 protocols. Additionally, Internet peering, outsourced research network services, and extended connectivity utilizing OpenVPN to provide virtual research network connectivity were tested.
As the third level of connectivity, the Future Internet project tested the AAA (Authentication, Authorization, Accounting) connection. The protocols tested included RADIUS, Shibboleth and DIAMETER protocols. RADIUS is used for user authentication in wireless networks like Eduroam and Funet WLAN roaming. Shibboleth extends the connectivity to the user authentication, authorization and accounting on the application level. DIAMETER enables dynamic authentication, authorization, and accounting. As a practical example the project used the Haka federation, which makes it possible to offer and use web services between Haka member organizations.
THE FUNET CERTIFICATE SERVICE OPENED

In December CSC signed a contract that provides Funet member organizations with an opportunity to join a certificate service. The service is included in the Funet fee. Certificates are used for securing network connections to show that the communicating parties can trust each others identities. The Funet certificates are produced by Comodo CA Limited, one of the worlds leading providers of certificates. Comodo provides the member organizations of TERENA (Trans-European Research and Education Networking Association) with an unlimited number of certificates at a fixed price. Initially the Funet certificate service concerns phone line connections only but, if necessary, the contract can be extended to cover four new certificate types: e-Science Server Certificate for authentication of Grid servers and services Personal Certificate for identification of users and for secured exchange of e-mails. e-Science Personal Certificate for identification of Grid users Code-signing Certificates for authentication of software distributed over the Internet.
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ROCK PLANTS AND A FOG WALL Joni Nevalainen
44
CUSToMerS AnD CoLLAborATIonS

In 2009, 643 computing projects were ongoing in the CSC server environment, with 1,561 users. During the year, 280 new projects were opened embracing 22 different fields of science, and new user names were registered for 1,006 new customers. At the year end, the total number of registered customers was 3,617. In addition to computation users, CSCs clientele contains an increasing number of customers who receive their services through licenses that CSC administrates, either as local installations or from servers maintained by a third party. These services include several chemistry, geosciences and biosciences database services, and structural analysis programs. At the end of 2009 the estimated total number of these users was approximately 2,500.
Jari Tomminen / MicroPC
THE HEAVIEST USE IN NANOSCIENCE AND PHYSICS

Looking at the figures by discipline, projects on nanoscience and physics have used the most computing time, their share being 30 and 26 percent, respectively. The next heaviest users were biosciences (15%), chemistry (13%), grid usage (9%), and astrophysics (4%). This was the first time that nanoscience was the biggest user discipline, and the first time that biosciences beat chemistry in total usage and ranked third. Of the total, the combined usage of nanoscience, physics, biosciences, and chemistry projects was more than 80 percent. Compared with other disciplines, astrophysics showed the strongest growth. As a computation customer, the University of Helsinki was the biggest user organization with 27 % of the usage. The next biggest were Helsinki University of Technology (18 %), the University of Jyvskyl (14 %), the Grand Challenge projects (11 %), DEISA computing (10 %), and the University of Oulu (9%). Other higher education institutions used a total of 11 percent of the computing time. During 2009, five major projects were granted the Grand Challenge (GC) status entitling to massive computing time. Of these, the projects of Ilpo Vattulainen (Tampere University of Technology), Alex Bunker (University of Helsinki), and Maarit Korpi (University of Helsinki) were started in late autumn 2008, and the computing was mostly carried out in early 2009. The new GC projects, elected from the 2008 GC proposals, were started in March 2009, i.e. the CBC-ONE project of Tomasz Rg (Tampere University of Technology) and the
MURSkA COMPUTINg CLUSTER wAS THE MOST POPULAR

Throughout the year, CSCs computing servers were in active use and the monthly number of logins on CSC servers averaged 171,000. A new record was again set in October 2009: 310,061 logins per month. The previous record, 142,364 logins per month was reached in October 2008. Since May 2009, this value was exceeded almost every month. For the first time, the total number of logins per year exceeded two million. The most popular computing server was Murska, which had 430 customers. The next most frequently used servers were the new application server, Hippu (338 customers) and supercomputer Louhi (328 customers).
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C-LIVE project of Olli Pentikinen (University of Jyvskyl). These projects were run mainly between April and December. In August CSC arranged a call for 2009 GC proposals, and the results were announced in November. The Grand Challenge status was granted to the FinSeq project of Samuli Ripatti (University of Helsinki), the IECBN09 project of Arkady Kraskeninnikov (Helsinki University of Technology), and the Repodyn project of Tapio Ala-Nissil (Helsinki University of Technology). These projects were initiated at the turn of November December and are continuing during the first half of 2010. The DEISA project has actively utilized CSCs supercomputer environment in 12 computing projects, and the biggest of these were the HPQCD, SoMQarck, and HPQDC2 projects of the EPCC, the PHASEALL, RNAHIV and BICaPS projects of CINECA, and the PLANCK project of Hannu Kurki-Suonio (University of Helsinki). The new DEISA projects elected in the autumn 2009 call will start their jobs in early 2010. The DEISA projects have represented roughly 10 percent on the total computing usage at CSC and the computing has been performed on Louhi. Correspondingly, Finnish DEISA projects have received computing resources from the supercomputing environments of EPCC, IDRIS, CINECA, and LRZ.
As part of the development of customer services, CSC implemented a new Request Tracker issue tracking system for internal operations with a service line for 12 different functions. During 2009, the ticket service handled 5700 service requests, most of them addressed to the Haka service (1,888), the Funet NOC emergency service (1,712), and Helpdesk (1,006). This new tool allows unambiguous task allocation at CSC while solutions to problems and email correspondence are stored in a database. The new issue tracking system is making internal coordination of tasks easier at CSC, and the persons on call can monitor the process, making sure that customers service requests meet the quality requirements within the time frame agreed.
CUSTOMER COMMUNICATION
During the past year CSC published 116 newsletters and 108 customer bulletins. The number of customer bulletins has continued to increase, and was almost doubled from the previous year. Funet and Information Management Services both posted their letters to customers on their webpages. Later the other service areas will also place their customer communication on their dedicated webpages. The journal for CSC customers, CSCnews concentrated on important projects and research results: the use of CSC software on research into allergy and asthma, modeling of ice sheets and climate change, massive data handling in astrophysics, designing new drug molecules to help cancer research, determining the genetic background of diseases, cholesterol, modeling arthritis, nanotechnology, improved simulation of molecules, coupled climate models, code optimization, research infrastructures, saving biosciences data, green machine rooms, scientific research materials, the GANT2 network, ICT SHOK, and data management at higher education institutions.
CSCS OPEN SOURCE gPAw THE MOST POPULAR APPLICATION SOFTwARE

CSCs open source code GPAW of density functional theory was used the most and for the first time, its usage figures were higher than those for quantum chemistry. GPAWs share of software usage was as high as 39 percent. The next most popular software were NAMD (22 %) for biosciences and Gromacs (19 %), Turbomole (4 %) and Gaussian (2 %) for quantum chemistry. The total share of all quantum chemistry programs was 27.7%. The total usage of application programs being registered was 22 million processor hours, i.e. more than a third of all processor usage. The usage on Louhi was more than 83 percent. Based on the numbers of users, the most popular programs were Matlab (mathematics, 238 users), EMBOSS (biosciences (177), and www-Lemmie (linguistics (168).
JUNE 2 /2009
CSC news
THE ACADEMY OF FINLAND CENTRES OF ExCELLENCE USINg A THIRD OF COMPUTINg TIME
The customer projects run by the Academy of Finland Centres of Excellence have been separately monitored since the beginning of 2005. In 2009, the Centres of Excellence used 32.1 percent of CSCs computing resources. Most of this usage (over 98%) represents the computing carried out by the Centres of Excellence nominated for the period 20062011. Usage by the Centres of Excellence has shown a generally rising trend, with previous years figures 25.9% (2005), 29.9% (2006), 38.5% (2007), and 29.5% (2008).
Medicines from the nature
coMputationally
Fighting osteoarthritis
genetic background oF diseases
SEPTEMBER 3 /2009
DECEMBER 4 /2009
CSC news
CSC news
Top class optimization
CSCS HELPDESk REFORMED

CSC developed its customer services by changing the former CSC Helpdesk into a multiple-function ServiceDesk. The ServiceDesk is managed by a coordinator specifically appointed for this task, providing a single contact point for customers.
New materials made with NANOTECHNOLOGY How FINLAND'S CLIMATE will change? BAD CHOLESTEROL
Trawling the data ocean
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Jari Tomminen / MicroPC
NEwS AND CUSTOMER bULLETINS 20032009

!"#$%&'(%)*$+,-".%/*00"1'$%233452336%
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TRAININg COURSES AND EVENTS

The training services staff were busy throughout 2009. A total of 71 courses or events were organized, with 2,020 customers participating on the courses/events held on the total of 130 days. Most of the courses were arranged in English to provide maximum benefits for the increasingly international clientele. The main emphasis in the 2009 course offering was on arranging courses for customers. Special efforts were made in training especially in the field of computational biosciences and high-performance computing. The most popular customer-focused courses were the workshop on coarse-grained models and intensive courses on programming language. CSC also trained its customers in processor architectures and their programming by organizing a CUDA course and an application workshop arranged with PRACE project funding. A new product in the course portfolio was a training package on high-performance computing consisting of 1 to 4 days of training at a time. This training package will serve as part of the HPC training courses within academic curricula. The major events were the EMBRACE-ENFIN Workshop, the AAPA (IT managers at universities of applied sciences) 10th Anniversary
Seminar, the Funet Technical Days in Oulu, EuroPVM/MPI 2009 conference, and the Energy-efficient Machine Rooms 2009 seminar. Additionally, training on CSCs own DNA microarray expression data analysis software Chipster was also provided at the Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Biomedicum in Helsinki, and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) in Heidelberg.
During the spring CSC organized a seminar called Energiatehokas konesali 2009 (Energy Efficient Machine Rooms 2009), which brought together 70 machine room specialists. The seminar is part of larger developments within the academic IT infrastructure in Finland defined by the Ministry of Education.
Erkki Makkonen
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A NEw STANDARD FOR MPI CREATED IN HELSINkI

CSC hosted the 16th European PVM/MPI Users' Group Meeting in Spektri Business Park in Espoo 710 September 2009. A new standard for MPI (Message Passing Interface) was ratified in the preceding MPI Forum meeting in Helsinki. This was the 16th meeting about the research and development of message-passing communication on parallel systems. Initially, the MPI standard grew from a standard communication package which was developed in the USA, told Jack Dongarra from the University of Tennessee, the general chair of the Euro PVM/MPI conference. A new standard namely MPI 2.2. was agreed and ratified in the MPI Forum meeting in Helsinki preceding the Euro PVM/MPI conference. The MPI 2.2 version is an important step in modernizing the MPI standard. The changes include updating language support, some scalability issues are addressed, and numerous corrections and clarification are also included. This paves the way to focus on a broader set of new functionality that may be added to the standard, with nonblocking collectives already being voted into the next version of the standard, stated Richard Graham from Oak Ridge National Laboratory, chair of the MPI forum and responsible of for the MPI standard. The work with the third version of the MPI standard is already going on. When researchers started to work with the MPI standard there were some 10 to 100 processors that had to work in parallel. These days we are talking about millions of processors that process information in parallel. Researchers are continuously refining and getting new ideas on how to get the MPI standard even better, Dongarra continued. The European PVM/MPI Users Group conference is a forum for the users and developers of MPI, and other message-passing programming environments. The Euro PVM/MPI 2009 meeting attracted over 60 participants from the USA, Germany, Spain, France, Japan, Ireland, Austria, Mexico, China and Finland. Video material from the conference is available on http://www. csc.fi/pvmmpi09.
Jyrki Hokkanen
CSC hosted the 16th European PVM/MPI Users Group Meeting in September. A new standard for MPI (Message Passing Interface) namely MPI 2.2 was ratified at the preceding MPI Forum meeting in Helsinki. The Euro PVM/MPI 2009 meeting attracted over 60 participants from the USA, Germany, Spain, France, Japan, Ireland, Austria, Mexico, China and Finland.
UPDATED TRAININg ROOM SUPPORTS NEw STYLE TEACHINg IN COMPUTINg

The IT infrastructure in CSCs training facilities was updated in summer 2009. The old workstations were replaced with powerful stateof-the-art technology quad-core workstations with extremely powerful, general-purpose display adapters (Nvidia Tesla C1060) suitable for scientific computing and visualization. Additionally, a number of improvements were made to support use of participants own portable computers.
CUSTOMER SURVEY 2009 FOR CUSTOMERS USINg COMPUTINg, SOFTwARE AND DATA STORAgE SERVICES
In October 2009 CSC arranged a customer survey focused on customers who use CSCs computing, software and data storage services. The target group comprised 530 customers chosen on the basis of three criteria: being an computation user, having an active user profile, i.e. frequent logins on CSC computers during 2009, or using CSCs national software licenses or information management services. The objective was to measure how well CSCs services meet the needs of our customers. Additionally, the aim was to collect suggestions for development from customers in order to improve our services. Response was received from 263 customers (50%). The questionnaire contained 34 questions on five different service fields. The surveyed service fields were: software and database services, computing services, data storage and archiving services, customer guidance (personal guidance, journals, guidebooks, web-
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pages), and customer support services (applications for user rights and computing resources). The respondents rated all service fields mainly as good or excellent, and they considered CSCs services extremely important for their research. Customers were particularly satisfied with the continuity of remote use, the selection of programs and number of licenses available, the suitability of the computing environment for research, the quality of the software environment, the reliability of storage services, personal guidance, and customer services. Some researchers also commented that recently the usability of CSCs hardware environment has not been the best possible. Furthermore, our communication on computer downtime has not satisfied all our customers. Special attention will be paid to these issues during the Year of Quality 2010. Numerous suggestions were received for development of CSC services. Many customers expressed a desire to have additional possibilities for long-term preservation of files (e.g. home directories or increased disk space for projects). A possibility for increased customer-specific disk size in archiving services (23 TB) was also on the wish list. More frequent software updates were wanted for many programs (such as free Python programs). Some customers would like to have a beginners instructional page on our website, with various examples of use and additional instructions on data storage. Our customers regard the website as the most important source of information, and they find it essential that the pages such as those containing news about the machines and instructions are up-to-date.
registered to Haka (coverage of the services 98. 7% and 78.9%, respectively). In 2009, the number of Haka services users increased by approximately 18%. If the Haka partnerships are included, the Haka service agreement has been signed by a total of 58 organizations. A record number of customer logins (820,760 logins/month) were registered in November. The previous record was reached in November 2008 (616,255 logins/month). The total number of Haka logins per year is as many as 5.45 million.
gROwTH IN HAkA USER MANAgEMENT SERVICES

New contracts were signed with two universities (Hanken School of Economics and the University of Lapland), seven universities of applied sciences (Metropolia, Laurea, and Kemi-Tornio, Rovaniemi, Kajaani, Satakunta and Turku Universities of Applied Sciences), and Certia the Service Center of Universities. Additionally, eight companies became new Haka service partners: By the Mark, Prio Infocenter AB, Promentor Solutions Oy, IT-Salonen Oy, Entecore Ky, Logium Oy, Tieto Oyj/ Public Industry, and the National Audiovisual Archive (KAVA). The Haka Member Agreement has been signed by 19/20 universities and 25/26 universities of applied sciences. The IdP servers of 18 universities and 21 universities of applied sciences have been
USER LOg FOR CHIPSTER AND PAITULI INCREASINg

The DNA microarray expression data analysis software Chipster, developed by CSC, increased its number of users. During the first year, 2008, the service was used by individual users and had 129 customers, and in 2009 the number of users was as high as 195. In 2009, the service ran 25,400 jobs, while the corresponding figure in 2008 was 18,300. Training on Chipster was provided at CSC and also at the Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Biomedicum in Helsinki, and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) in Heidelberg. In April 2009, a new spatial data service called PaITuli was opened for use through the Scientists interface. During the first year of operation, this browser-based service was provided for 1,124 customers who downloaded a total of 10,200 pages. Actual data was downloaded from the service 5,240 times and the number of users on the server was 756 customers. The usage statistics on Chipster and PaITuli are presented in the section CSC in statistics, on page 84.
HAkA LOgINS bY SERVICES 2009

Univ.Turku Wiki2% Moodle2% Univ.Kuopio Moodle2% Univ.Helsinki Moodle5% Univ.Oulu OpDEaI% TUTMoodle 16% SavoniaMoodle 10% Univ.Helsinki Other 10% FinELibNelliportal 21%
THE NEw APPLICATION SERVER AND AUTOMATIC CLEANINg SOFTwARE INTO USE
The new application server Hippu was implemented to customer use on January 21st. The old application server Corona was removed from customer use on April 21st. The upgrade increased our computing capacity for interactive application use by over a third.
Univ.Jyvskyl OpDEa11%
JyvskylUniv.of AppliedSciences OpDEa1F%
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In June an automatic cleaning script was implemented into the work directories ($WRKDIR) of Louhi and Hippu. The script removes old files from the disk space. On Louhi (Cray XT4/XT5) all files older than 180 days are destroyed and on Hippu the corresponding time limit is 30 days. Murska received a corresponding cleaning script in September, with a 180 day time limit for cleaning. The storage place for files requiring long-term preservation is the home directory, the project disk, or the archiving server.
INTRUSION INTO CSCS COMPUTINg ENVIRONMENT

An intrusion into CSCs computing environment was discovered on April 21st, and CSC had to close access from its customers onto the computing servers. It took three days to check the integrity of the environment and passwords, generate new passwords and send emails to customers. The servers were back in customer use on April 23rd. The customers had to create new passwords and also their ssh security keys, if one had been used. Similar intrusions were reported in certain other international computing centers as well.
COLLAbORATION PROjECTS 2009

In 2009 CSC had a total of 18 projects funded by Tekes - the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation, the EU, and other organizations. More information on the collaboration projects is available at http://www.csc.fi/english/collaboration/index_html. Development of Data Analysis Environment for Extensive Astronomical Data (Tekes), more information at http://www.eso.org/sampo/ Tools for large scale computational fluid dynamics (Tekes) Successful business model in national and international research infrastructures (Tekes) ICT SHOK Future Internet Programme (Tekes)
DEISA2, Distributed European Infrastructure for Supercomputing Applications and eDEISA, Extended Distributed European Infrastructure for Supercomputing Applications (EU), more information at http://www.deisa.org/ EMBRACE, A European Model for Bioinformatics Research and Community Education (EU), more information at http://www.embracegrid.info/ GN3, Multi-Gigabit European Academic Network (EU), CSC participates in the project as a NORDUnet member. More information at http://www.geant2.net/ EGEE III, Enabling Grids for E-sciencE-II ja E-III (EU), more information at http://www.eu-egee.org/ The EGI_DS, European Grid Initiative Design Study (EU) project was started in September 2007 and was scheduled for completion at the end of 2009. More information at http://web.eu-egi.org/ EUFORIA, EU Fusion for ITER Applications (EU) PRACE, Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe (EU), more information at http://www.prace-project.eu/ e-IRGSP2, e-Infrastructures Reflection Group Support Programme 2 (EU), more information at http://www.e-irg.eu/ http://knowledgebase.e-irg.eu/ CLARIN, Common Language Resources and Technology Infrastructure (EU), more information at http://www.clarin.eu/ ELIXIR, European Life-science Infrastructure for Biological Information (EU), more information at http://www.elixir-europe.org/page.php HPC EUROPA2, Pan-European Research infrastructure on High Performance Computing for 21st century Science (EU), more information at http://www.hpc-europa.eu/ Ice2sea- estimating the future contribution of continental ice to sea-level rise (EU) Dynamical evolution of Schaffenbergbotnen blue ice area since the Late Glacial Maximum (University of Lapland/Academy of Finland) Nordic DataGrid Facility (NDGF), more information at http://www.ndgf.org/ and http://www.nordugrid.org/
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From
to
DEISA
DEISA DIGEST 2008
Benefits of supercomputing
www.prace-project.eu
Supporting research and innovation, now and in the future
Distributed European Infrastructure for Supercomputing Applications
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THE RINGLET (Aphantopus hyperantus) Sirkku Paajanen
orgAnIzATIon
orgAnIzATIon
The head count at CSC is approaching two hundred. In accordance with our values, we want to focus efforts to motivating our staff and well-being at work. While this allows various possibilities for individual career development paths and specialist learning within the growing organization, at the same time, in order to maintain effectiveness, certain processes and internal services need to be made uniform and streamlined. We encourage on-the-job development, taking into consideration the fact that people are different, and we provide continued learning and health at work. Examples of our activities in this direction include our extensive input to training our staff, arrangements for study leaves, and the extensive health insurance plan for all personnel acquired in 2009. Leadership is the most important factor in motivation at work. For leadership, an important tool is the performance and goals discussions held twice a year. To facilitate these discussions, CSC purchased and implemented a new on-line tool that makes documentation and saving of the discussion contents easy. Since there was increasing demand for CSC services, we set a record in the number of recruited employees. Still, in certain fields of expertise (such as experienced programming and database specialists) it is very difficult to attract qualified specialists. More than in previous years, CSC also focused on international recruiting. Twenty-five new permanent employees started and seven permanent ones resigned. CSCs age structure is good and we even managed to improve it slightly. In spite of this, to safeguard our future, it is important to pay attention to the transfer of expertise and information flow between our employees. The growing number of employees led to a need to rent more facilities. CSC has now rented an entire building of the Life Science Center, and the renting options agreed in 2004 have now been used. Number of staff on 31.12.2009: 191 (counting all persons) and the 2009 average was 182. Permanent: 175 (92 %) Fixed-term: 16 (8 %) Age distribution: < 30: 12 % 3039: 44 % 4049: 32 % 50: 12 % Average age: 39 Sex distribution: Men: 77 % Women: 23 % Education distribution: Basic and vocational: 23 % University of applied sciences: 10 % University: 42 % Post-graduate degrees: 25 %
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STAFF REPRESENTATIVE TO CSCS MANAgEMENT

In December 2009 a staff representative was elected to CSCs management organs for the first time. The aim of staff representation is to improve internal information flow and openness, as well as to improve the staffs possibilities to have an impact on decision-making and development. The staff representative is responsible for presenting the staff viewpoint at the management level. Johanna Blomqvist is the first staff representative in CSC's operative management group.
1. Johanna Blomqvist was elected the staff representative in CSC's operative management group starting January 1, 2010.
Anne Bjklund Tiina Leiponen
2. CSC's hunting club arranges fishing and hunting events. On an ice-fishing trip arranged on CSCs winter sports day, club chairman, Jari Miettinens days catch included this ruff. 3. CSC employees making snow sculptures in the form of Moomin figures. 1
Paavo Ahonen
Paavo Ahonen
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Paavo Ahonen
Paavo Ahonen
Paavo Ahonen
orgAnIzATIon
Voitto Niemel
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orgAnIzATIon
MAnAgIng DIreCTor
CUSToMer ProCeSSeS AnD SoLUTIonS
CoMMUnICATIonS
bUSIneSS SerVICeS DeVeLoPMenT
DIreCTor, CUSToMer SerVICeS
InforMATIon MAn AgeMenT SerVICe S
D A T A S e r V I C e S f o r S C I e n C e A n D C U LT U r e
APPLIC ATIon SerVICe S
CoMPUTIng SerVICeS
hP AnD offICe SerVICeS
fInAnCe SerVICeS
generAL ADMInISTrATIon
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orgAnIzATIon
Managing Director Kimmo Koski
general Administration Juhani Kpyaho
Customer Services Juha Haataja
Services Support and Innovations Jari Jrvinen
Management Support Tiina Kupila-Rantala
financial Services Kimmo Niittuaho
Communications Ari Turunen
Customer Processes and Solutions Tommi Nyrnen
business Services Development Pekka Palin
Internal IT Management Tero Tuononen
hr and office Services Jari Rajala
funet network Services Janne Kanner
Information Management Services Klaus Lindberg
Data Services for Science and Culture Pirjo-Leena Forsstrm
Application Services Per ster
Computing Services Janne Ignatius
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Arto Tulima
CSC Board of Directors 2009. Back row from the left: Kari-Pekka Estola, Kimmo Koski, Kimmo Koskenniemi, Jussi Nuorteva, and Jouko Paaso. Front row from the left: Outi Krause, Taina Pihlajaniemi, and Erja Heikkinen.
boArD of DIreCTorS
CSC bOARD OF DIRECTORS (jANUARY 1ST DECEMbER 31ST)
Taina Pihlajaniemi, Professor, University of Oulu (chair) Outi Krause, Vice Rector, Aalto University, School of Science and Technology (vice chair) Kari-Pekka Estola, Private Investor Erja Heikkinen, Counsellor of Education, Ministry of Education Kimmo Koskenniemi, Professor, University of Helsinki Jussi Nuorteva, Director General, National Archives Service of Finland Jouko Paaso, Rector, Oulu University of Applied Sciences No deputy members
ADMInISTrATIon AnD goVernAnCe

The administration of CSC is based on the Finnish Limited Liability Companies Act and the CSC Articles of Association. CSC has decided to comply with, as appropriate, the Corporate Governance Recommendations for listed companies issued by HEX Plc, the Central Chamber of Commerce and the Confederation of Finnish Industries (EK) that came into effect on July 1, 2004. CSCs administration is also subject to the Ministry of Educations guidance for management policies. CSCs statutory administrative bodies consist of the General Meeting of Shareholders, the Board of Directors and the Managing Director. The operative management of the company is under the responsibility of the Managing Director together with the Management Group.
gENERAL MEETINg OF SHAREHOLDERS

The Annual General Meeting (AGM) is the highest decision-making organ of CSC. The AGM must be held by the end of June, and the meeting is convened by the Board of Directors. The General Meeting of Shareholders addresses the items assigned to it according to the Finnish Limited Liability Companies Act and the CSC Articles of Association.
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Notice of a General Meeting must be given to shareholders in writing, delivered in a verifiable way, no earlier than four weeks and no later than eight days before the meeting.
company information disclosed to them in their capacity as a Board member as confidential.
bOARD OF DIRECTORS
CSCs Board of Directors includes 47 regular members. The AGM elects the members of the Board of Directors. In compliance with the CSC Articles of Association, the Board members terms of office expire at the end of the AGM following their election. A Board meeting constitutes a quorum when over half of the regular members, one being the Chair or, if the Chair is prevented from attending, the Vice Chair, are present. The AGM elects the Chair and the Vice Chair for the Board of Directors. The Managing Director is not a member of the Board but he acts as reporting official and secretary in the meetings. The AGM follows in its operation the work agenda accepted on 5th of March 2009. The Board of Directors held five meetings during 2009. CSC has no committees. The Board members personal information with responsibilities and outside interests is presented on pages 6465 of the Annual Report.
MANAgINg DIRECTOR
The Board of Directors appoints the Managing Director for the company. The Managing Directors terms of office are defined in a written contract approved by the Board of Directors. The Managing Director attends to the day-to-day administration of the company in compliance with the instructions and orders given by the Board of Directors. The Managing Director has no additional financial expectation on retirement other than the statutory pension scheme.
DEPUTY MANAgINg DIRECTOR

The Board of Directors may appoint a deputy to the Managing Director. The company does not have a Deputy Managing Director at the end of the fiscal year 2009.
MANAgEMENT gROUP DUTIES OF THE bOARD

In accordance with the Finnish Limited Liability Companies Act, the Board of Directors attends to the administration and due organization of operations. The Board of Directors is also responsible for the appropriate arrangement of the control of the company accounts and finances. The Board of Directors shall promote the interests of the company and all shareholders. In performing its duties the Board of Directors may Convene the General Meeting Control and monitor the current management Appoint and dismiss the Managing Director of the company Approve the Managing Directors contract and other benefits Approve possible incentive bonuses for the company, allocation rationale for incentive bonuses, and an incentive bonus for the Managing Director Monitor the working environment and its development in the company Approve the companys risk management principles and conduct annual reviews of the essential risks related to the companys operations and the management of the risks Consolidate the companys long-term strategic and financial objectives and continuously monitor their realization Assemble at least once a year without the current management being present Approve the budget Approve the financial statements and the report of the Board of Directors Confirm an agenda for itself, to be updated annually Assess, at least once a year, the implementation and validity of the administration and control systems (corporate governance) All members of the Board of Directors are obliged to hold all The Management Group is chaired by the Managing Director. The Management Group creates plans for the companys strategic policies, annual operational plans including the budget, plans investment schemes and follows their implementation, allocates resources, decides on key activities and significant operational issues, and monitors the implementation of the decisions made. During 2009 the Management Group assembled 18 times. The Management Group members personal information with responsibilities and confidential posts is presented on pages 6264 of the Annual Report.
COMPENSATION
According to the decision made by the AGM 2009 the remuneration paid to the Board Chair is EUR 600 per month, while the Vice Board Chair receives EUR 400 per month and regular members EUR 300 per month. In addition, the Board Chair, Vice Chair, and members receive EUR 200 per meeting as remuneration for attending a Board meeting. Auditors fees are paid as invoiced. The Board of Directors decides on the management compensation policy. The Board of Directors decides on the incentive bonus apart from salary to be paid for the Managing Director, members of the Board, and other staff; the bonus is determined on the basis of the company mission, vision, core values, and realization of the strategic goals. The company has not issued option loans or offered stock options.
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INTERNAL CONTROL, RISk MANAgEMENT, AND INTERNAL AUDITINg

The Board of Directors attends to the administration and due organization of operations. The Managing Director, together with the Management Group, is responsible for the reliability and legality of accounting, financial affairs, and routine operations. Management control and monitoring and the related approval processes are defined in CSCs policy guidance on management and governance. The financial development of the company is followed on a monthly basis through a company-wide financial accounting control system. The system covers the income statement, balance sheet, cash flow, forecast for the current fiscal period, as well as other significant business transactions. Internal calculation controls are applied to monitor how the companys annual operational plan is delivered. A unit-specific financial reporting system is applied at CSC. It is used, for example, to monitor how the profit centers deliver their annual operational plans. There is no separate organization for internal auditing; responsibility is divided according to the business function structure. The financial management function conducts internal audits in cooperation with the other managers and the auditor. The requirements set for internal audits are taken into consideration in the audits of accounts performed by the auditor. The Chief Financial Officer is responsible for the cash management and investments following the specific instructions set by the Board of Directors. The auditor meets with the Board of Directors at least once a year and reports on the status of significant financial items to the Board. Additionally, the auditor and the company management meet at
least twice a year. The auditor meets the financial management at least four times per year. CSC has observed changes that have occurred in the operating environment and identified risks relating to operations and funding. Due to the nature of the services produced, CSC is especially vulnerable to operational risks relating to data security. The principles of operational risk management at CSC are defined in the Data Security Policy. Realized incidents are reported to CSCs management. Security in CSCs operations and services has been improved by initiating business continuance and disaster recovery planning in accordance with good management practices and risk management guidance proposed by the authorities. Special requirements are enjoined with CSCs special role as part of the national critical infrastructure to secure critical activities in case of disorders and emergencies. CSCs practices and security management system have been assessed in relation to public standards. CSCs insurance coverage was checked during 2009 and revised to correspond to the present situation.
AUDIT OF THE ACCOUNTS

The company has one regular auditor, which is an authorized public accountancy firm. The auditors term of office expires at the end of the AGM following the auditors election. The auditor reviews financial statements, accounting, and governance. For the fiscal period 2009 the AGM elected Moore Stephens Rewinet Oy Ab, Authorized Public Accountants as the auditor, with Jari Paloniemi, APA as the principal auditor.
MAnAgeMenT groUP
STRATEgIC MANAgEMENT gROUP (SMg)
Kimmo Koski, Managing Director (chair) Juha Haataja, Customer Services Jari Jrvinen, Services Support and Innovations Tiina Kupila-Rantala, Management Support (secretary) Juhani Kpyaho, General Administration Leif Laaksonen, EU Collaboration Kimmo Niittuaho, Financial Services Jari Rajala, HR and Office Services Tero Tuononen, Internal Information Management Ari Turunen, Communications
OPERATIVE MANAgEMENT gROUP (OMg)

Juha Haataja, Customer Services Director (chair) Pirjo-Leena Forsstrm, Data Services for Science and Culture Janne Ignatius, Computing Services Jari Jrvinen, Services Support and Innovations Janne Kanner, Funet Network Services Klaus Lindberg, Information Management Services Tommi Nyrnen, Customer Processes and Solutions (secretary) Pekka Palin, Business Services Development Ari Turunen, Communications Per ster, Application Services
1. Kimmo Koski 2. Jari Rajala, Tero Tuononen, Juhani Kpyaho, and Kimmo Niittuaho 3. Juha Haataja and Jari Jrvinen 4. Ari Turunen, Leif Laaksonen, and Tiina Kupila-Rantala 5. Klaus Lindberg, Janne Ignatius, and Janne Kanner 6. Per ster and Pekka Palin 7. Tommi Nyrnen and Pirjo-Leena Forsstrm
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MAnAgeMenT groUP AnD boArD of DIreCTorS PerSonAL InforMATIon wITh reSPonSIbILITIeS AnD oUTSIDe InTereSTS (CorPorATe goVernAnCe)
STRATEgIC MANAgEMENT gROUP
KIMMO KOSKI (born 1964) D.Sc. (Tech.) Managing Director, CSC Employment history summary: CSC, Managing Director, 2004 Nokia Technology Platform Engineering Environment, Strategy and Roadmaps Manager, 2004 Nokia Research Center, IT Manager, 20002003 CERN, Switzerland, Scientific Associate, 19961997 CSC, positions as Manager and Specialist, 19892000 Board member since: Secretary of the CSC Board of Directors from August 2, 2004 Summary of concurrent confidential posts: ERA Expert Group for Research Infrastructures, 2009 Member of the PRACE Management Group, 20082009 JuHANI KpyAHO (born 1952) Ph.Lic. (Applied Mathematics) Vice Managing Director, CSC Employment history summary: CSC, administrative tasks relating to management and organization, 1992 CSC, various specialist positions in information technology, 19811992 Nokia Oyj, 1974, 1975, 19801981 Computing Centre, University of Helsinki, 19751980 JuHA HAATAJA (born 1965) Lic. Sc. (Tech.) Director, Customer Services, CSC Employment history summary: CSC, Director of Customer Services, 2007 CSC, Director of Scientific Services, 20052007 CSC, Development Manager, 1997-2004 CSC, Application Specialist, 1990-1997 Helsinki University of Technology, Application Specialist, 19881990 Summary of concurrent confidential posts: Ursa Astronomical Association, Board member and vice chair SalWe Oy (Health SHOK), Board member JARI JRvINEN (born 1966) Ph.D., Adjunct Professor Director, Services Development, CSC Employment history summary: CSC, Director, Services Development, 2007 CSCS, Swiss National Supercomputing Centre, Chief Scientific Advisor, 20052006 CSC, Scientific Director, 20002004 CSC, positions as Manager and Specialist, 19912000 Summary of concurrent confidential posts: Helsinki University of Technology, Department of Physics, Adjunct Professor, 2000 TIINA KupIlA-RANTAlA (born 1963) Ph.D., Master of Business Administration Development Manager, Management support, CSC Employment history summary: CSC, Development Manager, 2002 Nokia Networks, Project Manager, 2001 CSC, System Expert, 19962001 University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Assistant, Scholarship Researcher (Jenny and Antti Wihuri Foundation, Magnus Ehrnrooth Foundation), 19921996 Nokia Telecommunications, System Analyst, 19901991 Conservatoire National des Arts et Mtiers, Laboratoire dInformatique, Paris, France, Researcher, 1989 Summary of concurrent confidential posts: Chrysopoeia Oy, Board member lEIF lAAKSONEN (born 1954) D.Sc. (Tech.), bo Akademi University Director, Collaboration, CSC Employment history summary: CSC, Director, Collaboration, 2007 CSC, Development Director, 20052007 CSC, Development Manager, 1994-2005 Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Garching, Germany, Visiting Researcher, 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1996 Academy of Finland, Researcher, 19891992 Academy of Finland, Senior Research Fellow, 19881989 University of Oxford, Research Assistant, 1984 Summary of concurrent confidential posts: e-Infrastructure Reflection Group (e-IRG), Chair, 20072008 and 20092010 Developing World-Class Research Infrastructures in the European Research Area, a specialist group of the European Commission, Finlands representative, 2007 MoE working group Training and Research Strategy in Information Society: Information society structures, MoE Representative, 20042005 European e-Infrastructure Reflection Group (eIRG), Ministry of Education Representative, 2004 The EU and The Council of Baltic Sea States (CBSS) working group Northern eDimension Action Plan (NeDAP) Action Line 1: Internet and Internet Applications Research and Development, Representative of the MoE, 20042006 JARI RAJAlA (born 1971) M.A. (Education) HR Manager, CSC
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Employment history summary: CSC, HR Manager, 2007 CSC, Administrative Director, 20042007 CSC, positions as Manager and Specialist, 19972004 KIMMO NIITTuAHO (born 1966) M.Sc. (Econ.) Financial Manager, CSC Employment history summary: CSC, Financial Manager, 2003 Pirelli Oy, Controller, 20012003 LM Ericsson Oy, Business Controller, 20002001 AKB Services, Controller, 19952000 TERO TuONONEN (born 1971) M.Sc. (Computer science) IT Manager (Internal information management), CSC Employment history summary: CSC, IT Manager, 2009 CSC, Development manager, 20062008 Nokia Oyj, IT Manager, 19962006 ARI TuRuNEN (born 1966) Lic. Soc. Sc. Head of Communications, CSC Employment history summary: CSC, Head of Communications, 2007 Finnish Forest Research Institute, Head of Communications, 2004-2007 CSC, Head of Communications and PR Officer, 19972004 University of Helsinki, University of Jyvskyl, Researcher, 19961997 YLE, the Finnish Broadcasting Company, TV news reporter, 19941995 YLE, the Finnish Broadcasting Company, radio news reporter, 19901994 Summary of concurrent confidential posts: Interpedia, Board member, 2009 PRACE Technical Board, member, 2008
Electronic data for research project, steering group member Electronic data for research project, scientific panel member A preparatory project on remote use of records information, steering group member JANNE IGNATIuS (born 1965) Ph.D., Adjunct Professor Director, Computing Services, CSC Employment history summary: CSC, Director, Computing Services, 2007 CSC, Development Manager, 20022007 CSC, Specialist in Computational Physics, 20012002 Academy of Finland (University of Helsinki), Junior Researcher and Responsible Leader of Project, 19982000 NORDITA (Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics), Copenhagen, Denmark, Postdoc Researcher, 19971998 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany, Postdoc Researcher, 19941996 University of Helsinki, Departments of Physics (Dept. and Division of Theoretical Physics, Accelerator Laboratory, Research Institute of Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, Dept. of High Energy Physics); Senior Researcher, Researcher, Junior Researcher, Research Assistant, Intern, Teaching Assistant, 19871994, 1996, 2000 Summary of concurrent confidential posts: PRACE Management Board, member, 2009 DEISA Executive Committee, member, 2008 Canon Professional Network, 2008 University of Helsinki, Adjunct Professor (Theoretical Physics), 2001 JANNE KANNER (born 1973) M.Sc. Director, Funet Services, CSC Employment history summary: CSC, Director, Funet Services, 2007 CSC, Technology Director, 20042007 CSC, Development Manager, 2002-2004 CSC, Specialist, 19992002 University of Jyvskyl, 19981999 Vapo Oy (part-time), 19921998 Summary of concurrent confidential posts: TERENA (The Trans-European Research and Education Networking Association), Chair of the Board, 20092011 NORDUnet A/S, Board member (2004) and Chair (20082010) Otaverkko Oy, Board member, 2009 KlAuS lINdBERG (born 1958) M.Sc. (Tech.) Director, Information Management Services, CSC Employment history summary: CSC, positions as Director, 2002 CSC, positions as Manager and Specialist, 1989-2002 Helsinki University of Technology, Research Assistant, 1984-1989 Summary of concurrent confidential posts: RAKETTI steering group nominated by the MoE, member Member of the SADe project Oppijan palvelukokonaisuus cluster OpIT working group nominated by the MoE, member
DIRECTORS OF CSC SERVICE AREAS

pIRJO-lEENA FORSSTRM (born 1959) Ph.D. Director, Data Services for Science and Culture, CSC Employment history summary: CSC, Director, Data Services for Science and Culture, 2007 CSC, positions as Manager and Specialist, 1987-2007 University of Helsinki, Research Assistant, Assistant, Amanuensis, 19811987 Academy Research Fellow (Academy of Finland, Vaisala), 20052007 Summary of concurrent confidential posts: The National Digital Library, member of the long-term preservation division The Nordic Ministerial Council for Information Technology, member
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pER STER (born 1959) Ph.D. Director, Application Services, CSC Employment history summary: CSC, Director, Application Services, 2007 KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, Parallelldatorcentrum (PDC), Associate Director, 20012007 KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, Parallelldatorcentrum (PDC), Associate Director, Research and Customer Relations, 19962001 KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, Parallelldatorcentrum (PDC), Project Manager, Industrial Applications, 19941996 Volvo Data AB, Gothenburg, Sweden, Consultant, Applied Mathematics, 19921994 Volvo Data AB, Gothenburg, Sweden, System Analyst and Product Manager, Technical Computing, 19901992 Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, PhD grant and PhD research position, 19841990 Summary of concurrent confidential posts: Member of the EU e-Infrastructures project EGEE-II Project Management Board (representative of the Northern Federation, i.e. Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden), 20062008 EU FP7 e-Infrastructures project European Grid Initiative Design Study (EGI_DS) Management Board (representative of CSC), member, 20082009 EU FP7 e-Infrastructures project EGEE-III Project Management Board, Chair, 2008 (MayNov) Member of the EU FP7 e-Infrastructures project EGEE-III Project Management Board (representative of the Northern Federation, i.e. Finland, Norway, and Sweden), member, 20082010 European Grid Initiative (EGI) Council, chairman, 2009 EGI.eu Foundation Executive Board, chairman, 2010 Finnish Graduate School in Computational Sciences (FICS) Strategic Committee, member, 2010
Board member since: 1998 Summary of concurrent confidential posts: European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI), Working Group on Research Infrastructure for the Biological and Medical Sciences, member ESFRI Finnish Coordination Group, member Bioforum Oulu, Advisory Board, member KARI-pEKKA ESTOlA (born 1956) D.Sc. (Tech.), Tampere University of Technology Private investor Employment history summary: Nokia Research Center (NRC), Vice President and Head of Technology Exploration, 19982007 NRC, Electronics Laboratory, 19931997 VTT, Professor, Head of Electronics Laboratory, 19921993 VTT, Research Professor in Signal Processing, 19901992 Board member since: 2000 Summary of concurrent confidential posts: Eureka Advisory Board, Chair, 2006 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Board member, 2001 MidInvest Fund Oy, Board member, 2000 ERJA HEIKKINEN (born 1964) Ph.D., Adjunct Professor Counsellor of Education, Ministry of Education Employment history summary: Ministry of Education, Counsellor of Education, 2005 Tekes, Technology Specialist, 20012005 University of Helsinki, Adjunct Professor, 2001 CSC IT Center for Science Ltd., Biosciences Specialist, 19972001 Academy of Finland, Junior Research Fellow at the University of Tbingen (Germany) and the University of California at Davis (USA), 19921995 Biocenter Oulu, Coordinator, 19951997 Board member since: 2008 KIMMO KOSKENNIEMI (born 1945) Ph.D. Professor of Language Technology, University of Helsinki Employment history summary: University of Helsinki, Department of Modern Languages, Professor, 1991 Academy of Finland, Researcher and Senior Researcher, 19811990 University of Helsinki, Computing Centre, Mathematician, several positions including Division Manager, 19671980 Board member since: 2008 OuTI KRAuSE (born 1948) Vice Chair D.Sc. (Tech.) Vice Dean Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Aalto University, School of Science and Technology
MEMbERS OF THE bOARD OF DIRECTORS

TAINA pIHlAJANIEMI (born 1957) Chair M.D., Ph.D. Professor of Medical Biochemistry, University of Oulu Employment history summary: Biocenter Finland, Director 20062007 and Vice Director 20082009 Institute of Molecular Medicine for Finland (FIMM), Senior Assistant Project Leader 2008 Biocenter Oulu, Scientific Director University of Oulu, Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chair University of Oulu, Professor of Medical Biochemistry Rutgers Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, USA, Postdoc Researcher 19821985
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Employment history summary: Aalto University, change organizations Team Leader Helsinki University of Technology, Vice Rector Helsinki University of Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology Neste Oy, Research Fellow Neste Oy, Research and Development Unit, Program Manager Neste Oy, Catalysis Research, Department Manager Neste Oy, Catalysis Research, Group Manager Neste Oy, Oil Research, Researcher Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands, Researcher Helsinki University of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry, Senior Assistant Board member since: 2005 Summary of concurrent confidential posts: Helsinki Institute of Information Technology (HIIT), Chair of the Board Technological Foundation, Board member Lahti Science and Business Park Ltd, Board member Micronova, Board member European Research Institute of Catalysis (ERIC), Board member JuSSI NuORTEvA (born 1954) D.Theol., Phil.Lic., Adjunct Professor Director General, National Archivist Employment history summary: National Archives Service of Finland, Director General, 2003 University of Helsinki, Adjunct Professor, 1998 Finnish Literature Society, Secretary General, 20002003 Academy of Finland, Secretary General of the Research Council for Culture and Society, 19982000 Board member since: 2007 (Deputy member), 2008 (member) Summary of concurrent confidential posts: University of Turku, Board member National Board of Heraldry, Chair General Directorate of the Civil Service Departments and Institutes, Executive secretary University of Helsinki, Scientific Advisory Board at the Centre for European Studies, Chair JOuKO pAASO (born 1956) Ph.D. (Tech.), eMBA Rector, Oulu University of Applied Sciences (OAMK) Docent, University of Vaasa Employment history summary: Oulu University of Applied Sciences (OAMK), Rector, 2009 Vaasa University of Applied Sciences (VAMK), Rector, 20042009 Pehr Brahe Software Laboratory, Head of Laboratory, 20012004 University of Oulu, Raahe Unit (OAMK University of Applied Sciences is also within the Raahe unit), Unit Director, Acting Professor, 19942004 Fraunhofer-Institut fr Graphische Datenverarbeitung, Darmstadt, Germany, Visiting Researcher, 19931994 Raahe School of Engineering and Business, Information
Technology, Senior Lecturer in Information Technology, 19901993 VTT Electronics Laboratory, Oulu, CAE Division, Researcher, 19821990 LM Ericsson, Software Design Division, Software Designer, 19811982 Board member since: 2008 Summary of concurrent confidential posts: Arene ry, Board member RAKETTI information management project, Steering group member Virtual University of Applied Sciences, Chair of Management Group Arene rys Education Programme project, Steering group member The Association of Entrepreneurs of Northern Ostrobothnia, Education Committee member Taitaja 2010 Oulu Advisory Committee, member POEM Foundation, Board member Nordea Bank, Oulu, Controller Oulu Innovation Alliance (OIA), Management Group member
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RISkS AND UNCERTAINTIES

CSCs new, more accurate Risk Management Plan was implemented in 2009. Risks and the probability of occurrence as well as activities to prevent them have been evaluated from several different perspectives. In the 104Risk Management Plan risks have been classified as strategic, operative, and damage risks. The work on risk management is part of the annual operational planning process, and risks are assessed on a regular basis. Security in CSCs operations and services has been improved by providing policies on good operational practices and carrying out data security audits to evaluate whether the services produced by CSC correspond to the requirements set by public administration. Special requirements are enjoined with CSCs special role as part of the national critical infrastructure to secure critical activities in case of disorders and emergencies. Staff security has been improved by implementing a security assessment procedure concerning the maintenance staff. Preventive data security has been performed by inspecting data systems vulnerability. In addition, security requirements will be integrated as part of contracts and agreements signed with suppliers, partners and customers.
boArD of DIreCTorS rePorT jAnUAry 1 DeCeMber 31, 2009

CSC IT CENTER FOR SCIENCE LTD. FISCAL YEAR 2009
CSC provides and develops information technology services for research, teaching, and administrative functions. The clientele comprises higher education institutions, research institutes, and companies. CSC is part of the national research system. CSC implements the information strategy of the Ministry of Education by providing those IT services for science that it is most practical to handle centrally. The most important tasks of CSC consist of providing specialist, software and information services for science and information technology, national and international data communications connections, as well as offering computing resources for high-performance computing and large-scale data storage. In accordance with the CSC Articles of Association, CSC performs its services to academic communities on a non-profit basis. Financially the fiscal period exceeded expectations. The turnover increased significantly, exceeding the forecast and showing growth of approximately 11.4%. CSCs operations were cost-efficient, as in previous years. The operational costs over the period remained well under control and were below forecast, although the proportional cost level increased from the level of previous years. The operating profit of the fiscal year slightly exceeded the forecast. The objectives set for the fiscal period were met better than planned. The turnover in 2009 was EUR 21,878,322.71 (19,633,670.10). The operating profit after financial items was EUR 54,520.54 (282,577.28) and the net profit for the fiscal period amounted to EUR 39,222.33 (206,154.58). The companys research and development costs in 2009 were approximately 9.6% (6.8%) of the turnover.
MAIN EVENTS DURINg THE FISCAL PERIOD

CSC has consolidated its role as a service organization providing science with IT support and resources and as impartial coordinator of information management projects for public administration and higher education institutions. Demand for CSC services has readily increased particularly in challenges relating to preservation of scientific data and cultural heritage and joint information management projects of higher education institutions. CSC supports sustainable and competitive research infrastructure also by providing rapid data communications connections, broad-based multi-disciplinary specialist services, and national high-performance computing capacity. In 2009 CSC continued the upgrading project of the Finnish research and education network, Funet, covering the whole of Finland. The new optical-fiber backbone network enables an almost unrestricted communication capacity, because one fiber can carry multiple data streams of 10 or 40 Gbps by using different wavelengths. The fiber network makes it possible to offer dedicated, point to point light path connections. CSC integrated the Haka user authentication system of Finnish higher education institutions to the corresponding Nordic systems. In December CSC also signed a contract that provides Funet member organizations with an opportunity to join a certificate service offered by TERENA (Trans-European Research and Education Networking Association). The Director of Funet, Janne Kanner was appointed to chair TERENA. Regarding the number of employees, CSCs Information Management Services became the greatest service area in 2009. A major part of the work was focused on the RAKETTI project, which aims to achieve national-level improvements in the quality, inter-operability, and availability of the information and IT solutions needed in the guidance, impact monitoring, and internal management of higher education institutions. This project is coordinated by CSC, and it was supplemented with the TUTKI subproject to address research and research administration in higher education institutions and the
kEY FINANCIAL INDICATORS DURINg THE FISCAL YEAR

For a company not seeking to make a profit, CSCs financial result, solvency and liquidity were good.
key indicators Operating profit (%) Return on equity Return on invested capital quick ratio Equity ratio
2009 0.12 % 3.09 % 4.56 % 2.5 24.6 %
2008 0.49 % 18.00 % 24.85 % 1.9 22.78 %
2007 0.19 % 13.91 % 19.59 % 2.2 27.56 %
2006 -0.32 % 6.82 % 9.50 % 2.8 24.53 %
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JURE subproject to implement publication register services. CSC also prepared the implementation of the Virtu identity federation for the Government IT Shared Service Centre, and the maturity of the service was audited against the instructions for use on Government information security levels (Valtion Tietoturvatasot -ksikirja). The service reduces the number of user IDs in the shared public information systems and is being implemented at the beginning of 2010. The Finnish National Gallery signed a four-year contract with CSC on system services; based on the contract CSC will supply an integrated virtualization and server platform as well as disk system services. In 2009 CSC storage capacity exceeded one petabyte. At the beginning of 2009, the RTVA project started to archive ten TV channels and six radio channels in the archiving system at CSC on a continuous basis. Additionally, periodic samples are saved from other channels, and the total annual volume of packed material will be 200,000 hours. Furthermore, CSC renewed its long-term contract with the National Library and the higher education institutions library consortia on their saving index databases. In spring 2009, the Ministry of Education set up a national cross-functional survey project to map and coordinate better utilization of electronic data materials and resources generated with public funds. The survey was carried out by CSC, funded by the Ministry of Education. Additionally, CSC strongly advanced the development work of the National Digital Library particularly by participating in the work on the surveys on long-term preservation. CSCs computing environment was upgraded by acquiring and installing a new cluster server. CSC also acquired a new supercomputer for the Finnish Meteorological Institute and assisted in the transfer of the weather forecasting model to the new platform. CSC arranged two Grand Challenge calls for computing projects that require considerable computing resources. Five Grand Challenge projects were completed during the year. CSC participates in international collaboration networks to strengthen Finlands competitive edge. In 2009 CSC participated in 14 European and Nordic e-Infrastructure projects. Leif Laaksonen continued as the chairman of the intergovernmental e-Infrastructures Reflection Group (e-IRG) and the EGI (European Grid Initiative) Council chose CSCs Per ster to be its chairman. In summer 2009, CSC became a member of the Alliance for Permanent Access (APA). The aim of APA is to ensure accessibility and preservability of scientific information in Europe.
is approximately 14.9%. The growth is based largely on external funding and new funding sources. CSC has succeeded well in making collaboration agreements and project work funded through external sources. However, the continuing recession and scarcity of funding are imposing challenges that will be met by controlling operative costs and accurate planning. The central theme for 2010 is quality of the operations. CSC will implement the European Foundation of Quality Management (EFQM) model to be used in the development of internal, customer and service processes and results assessment. Furthermore, the review of organizational structures to be carried out during the summer of 2010 is another effort to improve effectiveness. In 2010, CSC will support the strengthening of national e-Infrastructure in several fields. The three-year Funet optical fiber network project will be completed upgrading Funet to 10/40 gigabit/s level. The XDW data warehouse will be implemented within the RAKETTI project coordinated by CSC, and CSC will continue to coordinate the subprojects concerning the administration of teaching and research, and the total architecture. In cooperation with national memory organizations, Data Services for Science and Culture will develop solutions relating to long-term storage of data, particularly in the National Digital Library project. CSC will also continue the development of the Finnish Grid Infrastructure, FGI to be linked to the European Grid network. Preparations relating to the acquisition of a new-generation supercomputer will be initiated, and CSC will actively look into possibilities for founding an eco-efficient national-level machine facility outside the metropolitan area. CSC will promote the competitiveness of the Finnish research and innovation system through intensive international networking and collaboration. In 2010 CSC will participate in more than ten Nordic and EU collaboration projects, in which the aim is to build European research infrastructure. By participating actively in international Grid and infrastructure projects CSC ensures that Finnish researchers will have access to world-class scientific instruments and IT resources.
ORgANIzATION AND STAFF

The total number of staff on December 31, 2009 was 191. The average number of employees was 182 and the average age was 39. The head count at CSC is approaching two hundred. In accordance with CSC values, we focus our efforts to motivating our staff and well-being at work. While this allows various possibilities for individual career development paths and specialist learning within the growing organization, at the same time, in order to maintain effectiveness, certain processes and internal services will be made uniform and streamlined. CSC encourages on-the-job development, taking into consideration the fact that people are different, and we provide continued learning and health at work. Examples of our activities in this direction include our extensive input to training our staff, arrangements for study leave, and the extensive health insurance plan for all personnel acquired in 2009. Leadership is the most important factor in motivation at work. For leadership, an important tool is the performance and goals discussions held twice a year. To facilitate these discussions, CSC purchased and implemented new on-line software that makes documentation and saving of the discussion contents easy.
YEAR 2010
In 2010 CSC will start to implement the strategy planned for 20102012. The aim is to consolidate CSCs position as a national infrastructure providing efficient and reliable services to the entire research system. CSC will actively participate in the work to develop European e-Infrastructures, and the expertise gained from this work will be used to improve the competitiveness of Finnish research. CSC will widen its funding policies by providing attractive services and infrastructures for national and international top-level researchers. CSC will also promote solutions that comply with the principles of sustainable development, such as Green IT and innovative computational solutions. CSCs business activities are expected to continue the positive growth also in 2010. The growth expectation for turnover and costs
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Since there was increasing demand for CSC services, we set a record in the number of recruited employees. Still, in certain fields of expertise it is very difficult to attract qualified specialists (e.g. experienced programming and database specialists). More than in previous years, CSC also focused on international recruiting. Twenty-five new permanent employees started and seven permanent ones resigned. CSCs age structure is good and we even managed to improve it slightly. In spite of this, to safeguard our future, it is important to pay attention to the transfer of expertise and information flow between our employees. Number of staff on 31.12.2009: 191 (counting all persons) and the 2009 average was 182. key indicators Number of staff Permanent Fixed-term Men women Age distribution < 30 30-39 40-49 > 50 Average age education basic and vocational University of applied sciences University Post-graduate degrees 2009 191 175 16 77 % 23 % 2008 166 150 16 78 % 22 % 2007 152 131 21 79 % 21 % 2006 147 126 21 78 % 22 %
12 % 44 % 32 % 12 % 39
16 % 36 % 36 % 12 % 39
10 % 41 % 37 % 12 % 40
13 % 43 % 32 % 12 % 39
23 % 10 % 42 % 25 %
ENVIRONMENT
At the beginning of 2009 CSC's machine facilities turned to the use of environmentally friendly energy, and the Finnish Association for Nature Conservation (FANC) granted CSC the right to use the FANC eco-energy label. In 2009, the server centers used 8.3 GWh of energy generating 8.300 kg of carbon dioxide emissions and 5.9 kg of particle emissions. The facilities eco-efficiency in international comparison is extremely good. Eco-energy efficiency is measured by the Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) factor, which refers to the total power divided by the power consumed by the servers, and for CSC server centers these factors were 1.4 and 1.8. The 2009 theme at CSC was the Year of the Environment. The aim was to promote sustainable development in daily work. Collecting mixed waste from rooms was discontinued and employees were
instructed to sort waste as carefully as possible and take it to the waste collecting sites on each floor. To reduce the amount of mixed waste, dedicated waste containers for energy waste were added to the waste collecting sites on each floor. To reduce paper consumption two-sided printing was adopted and the printing of cover pages with print-outs was disabled. The water pressure was reduced in the office floors to save water. The GreenCSC committee, with representatives from different employee groups, worked in a systematic manner to promote CSC's environmentally friendly approach. During 2009 the committee created a draft for CSC environmental policy, and added the staffs awareness on environmental issues by, for example, arranging a discussion session and an event on the theme of nature. In addition to recycling of colored and white paper, there are dedicated waste containers in the CSC facilities for confidential paper material, disks, tapes and transparencies to be destroyed, as well as for recycling cardboard. Additionally, there is a biowaste container on each floor. CSC uses the waste containers in the waste facility of the Life Science Center (LSC) for the following waste: biowaste, energy waste, glass, batteries, fluorescent lamps, and metal scrap. CSCs environmental load consists mostly of electronic office equipment, machine room facilities, and HPC equipment, and is due to the production and scrapping of the equipment and to the energy consumed by them. Obsolete office equipment and small devices are forwarded to appropriate recycling points dedicated for electronic waste. HPC devices are dismantled in cooperation with the supplier and they are usually returned to the supplier. The control of the office lighting and heating/air-conditioning at CSC is based on energy-saving, room-specific infrared motion detectors. The lighting and temperature controllers are activated when a person moves in the room. At other times the room automatically enters the energy-saving state, i.e. the lights go off and the heating returns to the basic level.
THE bOARD OF DIRECTORS PROPOSAL FOR THE DISTRIbUTION OF THE FISCAL PROFIT
The Board of Directors proposes that the profit of the fiscal period 2009, EUR 39,222.33, be carried forward to retained earnings from the previous fiscal periods and that no dividends be paid.
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INCOME STATEMENT
Jan. 1 dec. 31, 2009
Euros
Jan. 1 dec. 31, 2008
Turnover Staff costs Depreciation Other operating expenses Operating profit/loss Financial income and expenses profit before extraordinary items profit before appropriations and taxes
21 878 322,71 10 899 915,22 100 866,80 10 850 960,87 26 579,82 27 940,72 54 520,54 54 520,54
19 633 670,10 9 657 785,91 109 155,21 9 770 679,83 96 049,15 186 528,13 282 577,28 282 577,28
Taxes Net profit/loss for the period
-15 298,21 39 222,33
-76 422,70 206 154,58
bALANCE SHEET
Assets Euros Fixed assets Intangible assets Tangible assets Investments Current assets Short-term receivables Cash and bank balance dec. 31, 2009 dec. 31, 2008
9 239,92 291 754,43 22 522,82 323 517,17 2 245 065,59 7 451 506,13 9 696 571,72 10 020 088,89 dec. 31, 2009
12 319,96 316 996,33 12 522,82 341 839,11 1 840 575,96 6 335 199,06 8 175 775,02 8 517 614,13 dec. 31, 2008
liabilities Euros Capital and reserves Share capital Reserve fund Retained earnings from previous periods Net loss/profit for the period Total capital and reserves liabilities Current liabilities
200 000,00 136 375,86 911 688,68 39 222,33 1 287 286,87 8 732 802,02 8 732 802,02 10 020 088,89
200 000,00 136 375,86 705 534,10 206 154,58 1 248 064,54 7 269 549,59 7 269 549,59 8 517 614,13
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FUNDS
2009
Euros
2008
Cash flow from operating activities Cash generated from operations Expenses from operations Net cash flow before financing and taxes
23 915 775,76 -22 730 046,04 1 185 729,72
20 286 043,18 -17 797 130,32 2 488 912,86
Interests and expenses paid on financing costs of operations Cash flow generated from interests of operations Taxes paid Cash flow from operating activities
-3 747,38 31 688,10 -14 818,51 1 198 851,93
-2 950,23 189 478,36 -75 463,30 2 599 977,69
Cash flow from investing activities Investing in tangible and intangible assets Cash flow from investing activities
-82 544,86 -82 544,86
-126 921,36 -126 921,36
Change in liquid funds Liquid funds at start of period liquid funds at end of period
1 116 307,07 6 335 199,06 7 451 506,13
2 473 056,33 3 862 142,73 6 335 199,06
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NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMbER 31, 2009

Financial reporting principles Comparability The financial statements 2009 and 2008 are comparable. Fixed assets and planned depreciations Fixed assets have been capitalized for unreserved acquisitions. Planned depreciations are calculated based on the foreseeable time of use for the fixed assed items. The following planned depreciations are presented in the financial statement December 31, 2009. Machinery and furniture 25% of the net expenditure. pensions The companys pension scheme is insured with an insurance company. The Managing Directors pension scheme is no different from that of the other staff. Tax write-offs Tax receivables are calculated as interim differences between taxation and the financial statement using the tax rate confirmed for the subsequent fiscal years on the date of the financial statement. The balance sheet contains the calculated tax receivables in the amount of estimated foreseeable receivables.
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Notes to the income statement
Euroa Turnover Domestic turnover
2009 21 878 322,71
2008 19 633 670,10
Notes to staff Total number of employees during the fiscal period ending Dec. 31 Average number of employees Staff costs Salaries Pension costs Other statutory staff expenses Total Salaries and remunerations to the management Board of Directors and Managing Director Remunerations to the Accountant Auditing of the accounts Other statements
2009
2008
191 182 2009 8 923 931,82 1 478 483,40 497 500,00 10 899 915,22 2009 210 790,59 2009 4 300,00 3 000,00 7 300,00
166 163 2008 7 932 315,43 1 310 043,49 415 426,99 9 657 785,91 2008 177 242,13 2008 4 300,00 4 750,00 9 050,00
Other operating expenses Telecommunications, equipment and software costs Other expenses
2009
2008
6 202 491,55 4 648 469,32 10 850 960,87
5 647 613,09 4 123 066,74 9 770 679,83
Financial income and expenses Income from interests and financing from others Expenses from interests and financing to others Total financial income and expenses
2009 31 688,10 -3 747,38 27 940,72
2008 189 478,36 -2 950,23 186 528,13
Breakdown of taxes Income taxes from actual operations Taxes from previous years Change of calculated tax receivables Total
2009 -14 818,51 -479,70 -15 298,21
2008 -75 463,30 -959,40 -76 422,70
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Notes to the balance sheet Fixed assets Intangible assets Intangible rights 16 487,58 16 487,58
Tangible assets Machinery and furniture 1 118 932,53 72 544,86 1 191 477,39 801 936,20 97 786,76 899 722,96 316 996,33 291 754,43 Total 1 135 420,11 72 544,86 1 207 964,97 806 103,82 100 866,80 906 970,62 329 316,29 300 994,35
Purchase cost Jan. 1, 2009 Additions Purchase cost Dec. 31, 2009
Accrued depreciations Jan. 1, 2009 4 167,62 Depreciations during the period 3 080,04 Accrued depreciations Dec. 31, 2009 7 247,66 Book value Dec. 31, 2008 Book value Dec. 31, 2009 9 239,92
Ownerships in other companies Shares owned by the company Otaverkko Oy Purchase cost Jan. 1, 2009 Purchase cost Dec. 31, 2009 Book value Dec. 31, 2009 Tivit Oy / ICT SHOK Purchase cost Jan. 1, 2009 Purchase cost, Dec. 31, 2009 Book value, Dec. 31, 2009 Tivit Oy/ ICT SHOK Purchase cost Jan. 1, 2009 Purchase cost Dec. 31, 2009 Book value Dec. 31, 2009 Short-term receivables Sales receivables Receivables carried forward Calculated tax receivables Total 2 522,82 2 522,82 2 522,82 10 000,00 10 000,00 10 000,00 10 000,00 10 000,00
2009
2008
ownership % per number of shares 5.3 / 75 5.3 / 75 5.3 / 75 ownership % per number of shares 0,9 / 100 0,9 / 100 0,9 / 100 ownership % per number of shares 0,9 / 100 0,9 / 100 0,9 / 100 2009 439 066,23 1 776 398,89 29 600,47 2 245 065,59
ownership % per number of shares 5.3 / 75 5.3 / 75 5.3 / 75 ownership % per number of shares 0,9 / 100 0,9 / 100 0,9 / 100 ownership % per number of shares
2008 371 804,38 1 438 691,41 30 080,17 1 840 575,96
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Capital and reserves Share capital Jan. 1, 2009 Change Share capital Dec. 31, 2009 Reserve fund Jan. 1, 2009 Change Reserve fund Dec. 31, 2009 Profit from previous periods Jan. 1, 2009 Profit from previous periods Dec. 31, 2009 Net profit/loss for the period Total capital and reserves distributable assets dec. 31, 2009 Profit from previous periods Profit from the fiscal period Total distribution of capital funds by share types
2009 200 000,00 0,00 200 000,00 136 375,86 0,00 136 375,86 911 688,68 911 688,68 39 222,33 1 287 286,87 2009 911 688,68 39 222,33 950 911,01
2008 200 000,00 0,00 200 000,00 136 375,86 0,00 136 375,86 705 534,10 705 534,10 206 154,58 1 248 064,54 2008 705 534,10 206 154,58 911 688,68
2009 number of shares The shares are entitled to one vote per share 10 000
2008 number of shares 10 000
Current liabilities Advances received Accounts payable Other current liabilities Adjusting entries for liabilities
2009 4 787 232,36 786 066,61 970 936,12 2 188 566,93 8 732 802,02 2009 0,12 % 3,09 % 4,56 % 2,5 24,60 % 2008 0,49 % 18,00 % 24,85 % 1,9 22,78 % 2007 0,19 % 13,91 % 19,59 % 2,2 27,56 %
2008 3 039 479,50 1 778 695,74 477 444,01 1 973 930,34 7 269 549,59 2006 -0,32 % 6,82 % 9,50 % 2,8 24,53 %
Key figures - Operating profit (%) - Return on equity - Return on invested capital - Quick ratio - Equity ratio
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CSC IT CENTER FOR SCIENCE LTD. SIgNINg OF THE bOARD OF DIRECTORS' REPORT AND THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
In Espoo, March 18, 2010
Taina Pihlajaniemi
Kari-Pekka Estola
Erja Heikkinen
Kimmo Koskenniemi
Outi Krause
Jussi Nuorteva
Jouko Paaso
Kimmo Koski Managing Director
Auditors Report to the Financial Statements As a result of the conducted audit of the accounts the Auditors Report was submitted today. In Espoo, March 31, 2010 MOORE STEPHENS REWINET OY AB
Jari Paloniemi APA
A LIST OF THE LEDgERS DURINg THE FISCAL PERIOD jANUARY 1, 2009 DECEMbER 31, 2009
Cash book Journal General ledger Accounts receivable ledger Accounts payable ledger Invoice ledger Purchase invoice ledger Postdated receipts Salary summary Salary payment receipts Payment receipts VAT payment receipts
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AUDIT rePorT
TO THE ANNUAL gENERAL MEETINg OF CSC IT CENTER FOR SCIENCE LTD.
We have audited the accounting records, the financial statements, the Report of the Board of Directors, and the administration of CSC IT Center for Science Ltd. for the financial period January 1 December 31, 2009. The financial statements include income statement, balance sheet, funds statement, and notes to the financial statements.
depend on the auditors judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements and of the report of the Board of Directors, whether due to fraud or error. In order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances the auditor may also consider internal control relevant to the entitys preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements and the report of the Board of Directors. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements and the report of the Board of Directors. The audit was performed in accordance with good auditing practice in Finland. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion.
RESPONSIbILITY OF THE bOARD OF DIRECTORS AND THE MANAgINg DIRECTOR

The Board of Directors and the Managing Director are responsible for the preparation of the financial statements and the report of the Board of Directors, as well as for the fair presentation of them in accordance with laws and regulations governing the preparation of financial statements and the report of the Board of Directors in Finland. The Board of Directors is responsible for the appropriate arrangement of the control of the companys accounts and finances, and the Managing Director shall see to it that the accounts of the company are in compliance with the law and that its financial affairs have been arranged in a reliable manner.
OPINION OF THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND THE REPORT OF THE bOARD OF DIRECTORS
In our opinion, the financial statements and the report of the Board of Directors give a true and fair view of the financial performance and financial position of the company in accordance with the laws and regulations governing the preparation of the financial statements and the report of the Board of Directors in Finland. The information in the report of the Board of Directors is consistent with the information in the financial statements.
AUDITORS RESPONSIbILITY
Our responsibility is to perform an audit in accordance with good auditing practice in Finland, and to express an opinion on the financial statements and the report of the Board of Directors based on our audit. Good auditing practice requires that we comply with ethical requirements and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance whether the financial statements and the report of the Board of Directors are free from material misstatement and whether the members of the Board of Directors and the Managing Director have complied with the Limited Liability Companies Act. An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements and the report of the Board of Directors. The procedures selected
OPINION bASED ON THE DECISION MADE bY THE ANNUAL gENERAL MEETINg

The Board of Directors proposal for the distribution of the fiscal profit is in compliance with the rules of the Finnish Limited Liability Companies Act. We support that the Members of the Board of Directors and the Managing Director should be discharged from liability for the financial period audited. Espoo March 31, 2010 Moore Stephens Rewinet Oy Ab
Jari Paloniemi, APA
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CSC In STATISTICS
Muut
USerS of CoMPUTIng SerVerS 94 by orgAnIzATIon 2009
orgAnIzATIon
180
ProjeCTS 187 109 49 30 28 41 24 20 26 18 17 4 14 8 11 13 10 10 2 9 1 5 1 2 2 1 1 643
USerS 563 273 130 88 65 58 51 47 40 34 32 29 28 19 17 16 15 12 11 9 5 5 5 4 2 2 1 1561
University of Helsinki Helsinki University of Technology Tietokoneresurssien kyttjt organisaatioittain 2009 CSC (DEISA) 12 12 % % Helsingin yliopisto University of jyvskyl 36 %% 36 2 2 %% Teknillinen korkeakoulu of Oulu University 22% % University of Turku 3% 3% CSC (DEISA) CSC (Projects) 3 %% 3 Jyvskyln yliopisto University of kuopio 3 %% 3 Oulun yliopisto Tampere University of Technology 44% % Turun yliopisto CSC (PRACE) CSC (Projektit) Industry 44% % Kuopion yliopisto (EgEE) CSC University of Tampere Tampereen teknillinen yliopisto 66 % % CSC (grand Challenge) CSC (PRACE) bo Akademi 8 Teollisuus 17 % % 8 %% 17 Lappeenranta University of Technology Muut University of joensuu Helsinki School of Economics University of Helsinki CSC (Projects) CSC (M-grid) Helsinki University of Technology University of kuopio CSC (HPC-Europa2) Finnish Meterological Institute CSC (DEISA) Tampere University of Technology Tampere University of Applied Sciences University of jyvskyl CSC (PRACE) Lahti University of Applied Sciences University of Oulu Industry University of Lapland Metropolia University of Applied Sciences University of Turku Other Rovaniemi University of Applied Sciences kemi-Tornio University of Applied Sciences Total
USerS of CoMPUTIng reSoUrCeS by DISCIPLIne 2009
DISCIPLIne
ProjeCTS 170 89 53 46 41 35 17 14 30 27 23 17 15 21 4 8 10 4 4 6 5 3 1 643
USerS 345 263 168 130 120 116 78 61 50 35 32 32 25 23 18 15 13 13 8 6 6 3 1 1561
biosciences !"#$%&%'#(#)*())"#'+&,-.,/,$+0#1#23%".2"'+4556++ Physics Chemistry 13% 13 % *i,-eteet usage grid 22% 22 % 2% 2% FysiikkaNanoscience 3% 3% Language research Kemia Earth sciences 4% 4% 7ri9:k;y<= Computer science 5% Computational fluid dynamics 5% >an,-e9e Engineering Kielentutkimus Mathematics 7e,-eteet Industry 7% 7% 17 % 17% Astrophysics Tiet,Cenk;si<ely-e9e Structural analysis Virtauslaskenta 8% 8% Computational drug design Tekniikka Environmental sciences 11 % 11% 8% 8% Muut Electromagnetics general usage biosciences Earth sciences Social sciences Physics Computer science Economics Chemistry Computational fluid dynamics Statistics Medical sciences grid usage Engineering Materials sciences Nanoscience Other Total
Language research
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CSC In STATISTICS
USAge of ProCeSSor TIMe by orgAnIzATIon 2009

Muut
orgAnIzATIon
ProCeSSor TIMe* 16 802 637 11 475 343 8 806 822 7 113 352 6 340 074 5 456 391 1 904 227 1 198 618 1 131 996 825 772 764 645 295 690 273 852 140 084 90 242 44 092 34 074 25 651 4 192 3 085 2 213 224 195 53 23 1 1 62 733 549
University of Helsinki Helsinki !"#$%&%'#(#)*())"#'+&,-./+%(01'")112%".1"'+3445++ University of Technology 1% University of 1% 3% 2% 3% 2% 2% Helsinginyliopisto jyvskyl 2% CSC (grand Challenge) 3% 27 % 3% 27% Teknillinenkorkeakoulu CSC (DEISA) 9% 9% University of Oulu Jyvskylnyliopisto Lappeenranta University of Technology CSC(GrandChallenge) University of Turku Tampere University of Technology 10% 10 % CSC(DEISA) CSC (HPC-Europa2) Oulunyliopisto CSC (Projects) CSC (PRACE) Lappeenrannanteknillinen University of kuopio yliopisto Metropolia Turunyliopisto University of Applied Sciences 11% 11 % 18 % 18% University of Tampere Tampereenteknillinen Finnish Meterological Institute yliopisto bo Akademi CSC(HPCEuropa2) 14 % 14% Industry University of Helsinki Lappeenranta Univ. Tech. CSC (EgEE) University of joensuu Helsinki University of Technology University of Turku Helsinki School of Economics University of jyvskyl Tampere University of Technology Rovaniemi University of Applied Sciences CSC (M-grid) CSC (grand Challenge) CSC (HPC-Europa2) Tampere University of Applied Sciences CSC (DEISA) Other University of Lapland Lahti University of Applied Sciences University of Oulu kemi-Tornio University of Applied Sciences Total * Cray XT4/5 cpu hours
1 678 317
USAge of ProCeSSor TIMe Muut by DISCIPLIne 2009

1% 1% 4 1 % 1% 4% % 1% 1 %
DISCIPLIne
530 949
ProCeSSor TIMe* 19 027 991 16 292 067 9 187 191 8 096 565 5 588 276 2 855 412 732 393 422 705 260 400 154 399 36 872 20 618 17 607 15 721 13 966 4 146 2 764 2 678 923 460 393 1 1 62 733 549
Nanoscience biosciences
!"#$%&%'#(#)*())"#'+&,-./+0#1#23%".2"'+4556++Physics
9% 9%
+an./e1e Chemistry
30 % 30%
grid Fysiikka usage
Astrophysics
7i./eteet Computational drug design 13% 13 %
15% 15 % 26% 26 %
Nanoscience Physics biosciences Chemistry grid usage
Astrophysics Computational drug design Computational fluid dynamics Other
Computational fluid dynamics Earth sciences Engineering ;ri1=k>y?@ Mathematics A>B//e1e Industry Environmental C>>keainesuunni?elu sciences Structural analysis Virtauslaskenta science Computer general usage Muut Economics Electromagnetics Language research Statistics Medical sciences Social sciences Materials sciences Total * Cray xT4/5 cpu hours
Kemia
79
CSC In STATISTICS
ToP-TwenTy ACADeMIC CoMPUTIng ProjeCTS ACCorDIng To ProCeSSor TIMe USeD 2009

orgAnIzATIon University of Oulu CSC grand Challenge University of Helsinki DEISA (CSC) University of Helsinki University of jyvskyl University of jyvskyl University of Helsinki University of Helsinki University of jyvskyl DEISA (CSC) CSC grand Challenge University of Oulu ProjeCTS LeADer kari Laasonen Tomasz Rog/ TUT Flyura Djurabekova jeremy Nowell Petri kpyl Hannu Hkkinen Olli Pentikinen ProjeCT nAMe Ab initio molecular dynamic methods Large-scale dynamics of the cytochrome bc1 complex Radiation damage in particle accelerator materials DECI projects HPqCD, SoMquark and HPqCD2 Differential rotation and dynamos in convective stellar envelopes Computational study on structures Physics of biological systems Research of stochastically disturbed systems Nano catalysis on metal surfaces DECI projects bICaPS, PHASEALL and RNAHIV C-LIVE project of University of jyvskyl Multi scale modeling of surfaces and surface reactions Theoretical computation of NMR parameters in realistic physical states Numeric modeling of plasma and fusion physics qUEST Carbon nanotubes Relativistic theories of simulation in lattice Using and developing electron structure programs DISCIPLIne Chemistry biosciences Physics grid usage Astrophysics biosciences Nanoscience Nanoscience Physics Nanoscience grid usage biosciences Nanoscience Chemistry Physics Physics Nanoscience Physics Physics
Electronic, magnetic, optical and chemical properties of nanoparticles Nanoscience
Arkady krasheninnikov Modification of carbon nanotubes Tapio Ala-Nissil karoliina Honkala giovanni Erbacci Olli Pentikinen Perttu Lantto
Tampere University of Technology Ilpo Vattulainen
Lappeenranta University of Tech. Matti Alatalo
Helsinki University of Technology Rainer Salomaa Helsinki University of Technology Risto Nieminen Helsinki University of Technology Risto Nieminen University of Helsinki kari Rummukainen Helsinki University of Technology Martti Puska
ProjeCTS ACCorDIng To USeD CoMPUTIng reSoUrCeS 2009
ProjeCT CLASS*
ProjeCTS 425 101 117 643 % 0,11 0,92 98,97 100
% 66,1 15,7 18,2 100
< 500 cpuh (small usage) 500-20 000 cpuh (medium size usage) !askenta(r*+ek,en+akautu/inenk*k*lu*kkiin2334 (major usage) >20 000 cpuh Total (vertailusuureenalaskentayksikt)
66,1 % 66,1%
18,2 18,2% %
ProCeSSor TIMe* 66 044 *lle500ly(0ie2k4y567 576 310 62 091 195 62 733 549 50020000ly(keskisuuri
k4y567 *converted to Cray XT4/XT5 cpu hours. yli20000ly(suurk4y567
15,7% 15,7 %
< 500 cpuh (small usage) 500-20 000 cpuh (medium size usage) >20 000 cpuh (major usage)
80
CSC In STATISTICS
APPLICATIon SofTwAre USAge ACCorDIng To ProCeSSor TIMe 2009

1% 1 % 1% 2% 1% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% 2% 39 % 39%
SofTwAre gPAw gromacs Turbomole gaussian NAMD CPMD Gromacs ADF Turbomole bLAST Elmer Gaussian Molpro CPMD Other ADFTotal
GPAW BLAST Elmer
ProCeSSor TIMe* 8 554 408 6 480 661 4 162 646 1 011 026 484 166 455 448 165 707 149 679 139 713 130 750 308 256 22 042 460
DISCIPLIne Density Functional Theory biosciences quantum Chemistry quantum Chemistry quantum Chemistry Density Functional Theory quantum Chemistry biosciences Engineering (FEM) quantum Chemistry
NAMD (Louhi, Murska, Hippu and Corona servers) !"#$%%&'"()$%*+',"-./01234"'$''"4+5)562*&-55627889222
4% 4%
19% 19 %
*cpu hours Louhi's share of software usage is 83.0%.
Molpro 29%
29 % ADF bLAST Elmer Molpro Other
Muut
gPAw NAMD gromacs Turbomole gaussian CPMD
new ProjeCTS by DISCIPLIne 2009

!"#$%&'()*$+,%&,$#$-.)/0-/1&2334&
31 31 8 8
DISCIPLIne biosciences Language research +i-.eteet grid usage Physics 8ri:;k<y>? Engineering Fysiikka Chemistry Tekniikka Structural analysis Computational fluid dynamics Kemia Computer Rakenneanalyysiscience Mathematics Virtauslaskenta Nanoscience Tiet-Eenk<si>ely.e:e Other Matema.ikka Total
Kielentutkimus Gan-.e:e Muut
ProjeCTS 64 39 32 27 19 17 14 11 10 8 8 31 280
64 64
8 8
10 10 11 11 14 14
39
17 17 19 19 39
27 27 biosciences Language research grid usage Physics Engineering Chemistry
32 32
Structural analysis Computational fluid dynamics Computer science Mathematics Nanoscience Other
81
CSC In STATISTICS
LogInS AnD bATCh jobS AT CSC'S SerVerS 20052009
Count Lkm 350 000 350 000 300 000 300 000 250 000 250 000 200 000 200 000 150 000 150 000 100 000 100 000
Sisnkirjautumiset ja erajot CSC:n palvelinympristss 20052009

310 061 310 061
50 50 000 000 00
jan Feb Mar Apr May jun Tammi Helmi Maalis Huhti Touko Kes jul Hein Aug Elo Sep Syys Oct Nov Dec Loka Marras Joulu
2005 2005
2006 2006
2007 2007
2008 2008
2009 2009
AVAILAbILITy of CSC'S CoMPUTIng AnD APPLICATIon SerVerS In 2009

#$%&'()$*$+,'+-.-'(&/0)'1/,00%,23(($4556 % % (Including maintenance and other service breaks) 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 Tammi Helmi Maalis Huh78 Touko Kes Hein Elo Syys Loka jan Feb Mar Apr May jun jul Aug Sep Oct
Corona Hippu Louhi
Marras Nov
Joulu Dec
* between 21st and (poistuikytst21.4.) hours(aHaMinasiakkaille21.1.) reasons. All customer passwords were changed. 23rd of April there was 56 usage break due to security
821.G23.4.2009kaikillapalHelimillaoli56tunninpituinen7etoturHakyJkatko.KaikkienasiakastunnustensalasanatHaihLeMin.
Murska
Corona
Hippu
Louhi
Murska
(phased out on 21.4.)
(opened to customers on 21.1.)
82
CSC In STATISTICS
foreIgn USer ACCoUnTS AT CSC'S CoMPUTIng enVIronMenT 2009 CSC:npalvelinympristnulkomaalaiset (770 users from 63 countries) ky67tunnukset899:
;<<9ky67=>maasta?
26 % 26% 19 % 19%
CoUnTry germany France Italy United kingdom The Netherlands Saksa China Ranska Spain Italia Russia Poland En6lan7 Alankomaat India Other (53 countries) Kiina Total
Espanja 9% 9% Venj Puola In7a Muutmaat(53kpl)
USerS 149 73 72 59 44 41 38 33 30 28 203 770
10 % 10%
4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 5% 5% 5% 5%
germany France Italy United kingdom The Netherlands China
6% 6%
Spain Russia Poland India
8% 8%
Other (53 countries)
ProCeSSor TIMe USAge of The ACADeMy of fInLAnD'S CenTreS of exCeLLenCe on CSC'S SerVerS 20062009
Suomen Akatemian huippuyksikkjen prosessoriajan kytt CSC:n palvelimilla 20062009

Normalisoitua prosessorituntia
70 000 000 70 000 000 Normalized processor hours 60 000 000 60 000 000 50 000 000 50 000 000 40 000 000 40 000 000
32.1 %
29.5 % 38.5%
CoE share SA-kyttosuus 29.9 % % 29.9 38.5 % 2006 2006 CoE period 20022007 2007 2007 CoE period 20082013 29.5 % 2008 2008 CoE period 20062011 32.1 % 2009 2009 Othet academic processor time usage
30 000 000 30 000 000 20 000 000 20 000 000 10 000 000 10 000 000 0 0
SA kausi 20022007 SA kausi 20082013
SA kausi 20062011
Muu akateeminen laskentakytt
83
CSC In STATISTICS
nUMber of jobS AT ChIPSTer SerVICe 20082009

Count Tidenlkm
Chipsterpalvelussaajetuttyt20082009
4 526 4526 Chipster was opened to customers in March 2008. A2iBsCerDBalEeluaEaFinasiakkaillemaaliskuussa2008G
5000 5 000 4500 4 000 4000 4 500 3500 3 500 3000 3 000
2 500 2500 2 000 2000 1 500 1500 1 000 1000 500 500 0 0
Tammi Helmi Maalis Hu23 Touko Kes Hein
jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
jun
jul
Elo
Aug
Syys
Sep
Loka Marras Joulu
Oct
Nov
Dec
2008 2008
2009 2009
USAge of PAITULI geogrAPhIC InforMATIon SerVICe 2009

Count Lkm 2 500 2500 2 000 2000 1 500 1500 11162 162 1 000 1000 500 500 0 0 Apr Hu() May Touko jun Kes jul Hein Hits per pages Aug Elo Sep Syys Oct Loka Nov Marras Dec Joulu
%&'()*+,-&+kk&./01-&*2/*)3k4567899:
PaITuli web service was opened to customers in April 2009. @aATuliBCalveluavaDinasiakkaille(u()kuussa2009F 1 980 1980
Sivulataukset
Material downloads
Aineistolataukset
84
CSC In STATISTICS
enD-USerS of The hAk A feDerATIon 20052009
Haka-luottamusverkoston loppukyttjt 20052009

Count Lkm
350 000 350 000
300 000 300 000

250 000 250
200 000 200 000
150 000 150 000
100 000 100 000
50 000 50 000
loka/05 10/2005
joulu/05 12/2005
loka/07 10/2007
helmi/08 02/2008
loka/08 10/2008
huhti/05 04/2005
kes/05 06/2005
elo/05 08/2005
helmi/06 02/2006
huhti/06 04/2006
kes/06 06/2006
elo/06 08/2006
loka/06 10/2006
joulu/06 12/2006
helmi/07 02/2007
huhti/07 04/2007
kes/07 06/2007
elo/07 08/2007
huhti/08 04/2008
kes/08 06/2008
elo/08 08/2008
helmi/09 02/2009
huhti/09 04/2009
kes/09 06/2009
elo/09 08/2009
loka/09 10/2009
joulu/07 12/2007
joulu/08 12/2008
Sopimuskattavuus
Agreement coverage
Palvelun loppukyttjt (IdP-palvelin liitetty Hakaan)

End-users (IdP-server connected Haka)
Marras Joulu Yhteens
143 968 97 440 497 342
312 149 221 972 1 994 698
616 255 820 760 442 185 534 277 3 818 229 5 451 752
LogInS To hAk A SerVICeS 20062009

Kirjautumiset Haka-palveluihin 20062009
Lkm Count
900 000 900 000
2006
2007
2008
2009
820 760 820760
800 000 800 000 700 000 700 000 600 000 600 000 500 000 500 000 400 000 400 000 300 000 300 000 200 000 200 000 100 000 100 000 0 0 jan Tammi Feb Helmi Mar Maalis Apr Huhti 2006 May Touko jun Kes 2007 jul Hein 2008 Aug Elo Sep Syys 2009 Oct Loka Nov Marras Dec Joulu
joulu/09 12/20 09
0 0
85
RESEARCH RESULTS ObTAINED wITH CSC RESOURCES
86
SoLAr MAgneTIC fIeLD generATIon VerIfIeD by MoDeLIng

s part of their Grand Challenge project, Maarit Korpi, Petri Kpyl (University of Helsinki) and Axel Brandenburg (Nordita) have used computational modeling to show how large-scale ordered magnetic fields can be generated within the turbulent solar convection zone. Scientists have tried to model the solar magnetic field generation for more than two decades. Based on theoretical evidence it has been known that a large-scale hydromagnetic dynamo involving convective turbulence and large-scale shear due to solar differential rotation should be able to generate magnetic fields, and now the research group was able to verify this phenomenon computationally. In addition, the researchers also showed the saturation level of the large-scale magnetic field to be independent, within given error limits, of the Reynolds number. Producing large-scale magnetic fields in local direct numerical simulations has proven to be surprisingly challenging, even when the minimum requirements for the classical dynamo theory, stratification and differential rotation, have been included. The idea behind the Dynamo08 project was to include dynamic shear, which is known to be a significant factor in the solar dynamo process, in addition to the previously mentioned parameters. The project of Maarit Korpi et al. exploited more than 2000 processors and some 1,660,000 processor hours of CSCs computing resources. n
t=1500.0 by/beq 2,5

Petri Kpyl
0,0
-2,5
The y-component of a magnetic field in a simulation that exhibits a large-scale dynamo. The grid size in this simulation is 5123 and the computing took about six weeks with 512 cores.
DISSerTATIon on The reLIAbILITy of MeThoDS USeD In MoDeLIng of SheLL STrUCTUreS
n his doctoral dissertation, Antti Niemi analyzed the reliability of computational methods used in the modeling of thin shell structures, and proposed improvements to the simplest and most favored models. Niemi performed his thesis studies at Helsinki University of Technology using CSCs software and computing services. Relative to their weight, shell structures are strong, so they are commonly used in, for example, aviation and space technology. These structures are usually studied by computational shell modeling, which allows calculation of strains caused by external loads on the shells, using the finite element method. Most commercially available programs commonly favor simple bilinear elements for structural analysis of shells. However, finding an appropriate formulation for such elements has turned out to be a challenging task due to various numerical locking phenomena that are characteristic to shell problems when modeled by finite elements of low order. Although the numerical methods have been under constant development, most experts in this field still regard the accuracy of current models to be insufficient. This thesis a new type of formulation which is based on a thorough mathematical analysis of the locking phenomenon. Numerical experiments using the ABAQUS and ADINA codes show that under certain circumstances the accuracy of the new element is superior to the currently used elements. Additionally, mathematical error analysis supports the new formulation, unlike most of its commercial competitors. n
Lowest eigenmode of the cylindrical shell at R/t = 100, 1000, 10000 and 100000: uniform 7N meshes of MITC4S elements with N = 19, 32, 58 and 104.
Antti Niemi
87
xenon USeD AS A SPy broUghT new InforMATIon on MATerIALS ProPerTIeS

erttu Lantto and his NMR research group have used CSCs supercomputer Louhi for calculating NMR shielding tensors for xenon (Xe) and other heavy nuclei. In this Xe-NMR study, they showed chemical shift of, for example, xenon, to occur in various nanosystems, such as carbon nanotubes and clathrates. Clathrates are molecular complexes consisting typically of a cage formed from one type of molecule containing a second type of atom or molecule (in this case, Xe). The Xe atom works as a sensitive chemical sensor for the construction being studied: the NMR spectrum parameters provide information on the chemical environment of the Xe spy atom and its electron structure. Computation is used to solve the message of the signal, i.e. what kind of environmental effects are involved and the real properties of the environment. The overall purpose of the study is to explain experimental, and partly still not interpreted NMR phenomena. The aim is to create an atomic-level simulation, in which the effects of electron correlation, relativistic
theory, thermal motion, and environment are taken into account. In addition to raising interest as a computational topic in general and developing the theory of NMR parameters, the research helps experimental NMR research used for determining and developing material properties. In ordinary quantum chemistry calculations coarse-grained methods are sufficient to describe the electrons on the shells close to the nucleus, since the target of interest is, for example, atom-atom interactions. These, as many other chemical properties of molecules, are mainly determined by interactions between valence electrons far away from the nucleus. As the nucleus becomes heavier, the speeds of the electrons close to the nucleus become very great, and relativistic theory is needed to describe them sufficiently. For valence electrons these relativistic effects become visible only with quite heavy elements. In contrast, NMR spectrum parameters depend on interactions between the nucleus and its electron shielding, where not only
good valence electron description but also the electron system immediately next to the nucleus play key roles. Therefore, the entire electron system spectrum must be measured well. Since inner-shells electrons move quite rapidly close to relatively light nuclei, the group has observed relativistic effects of NMR spectrum parameters for molecules that contain only the first and second order elements, e.g. carbon and sulfur. The Breit-Pauli perturbation theory (BPPT) model developed by the group can be used for calculating relativistic phenomena due to NMR nuclear shielding parameters due to heavy or near-heavy nuclei. When supplemented with Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT), it is currently the only theory for problems of correlated wave function theories (MP2, CC, etc.), which makes it possible to perform accurate benchmark modeling of both large systems and small molecules. n
88
Jyrki HHokkanen
brIghT eDgeS of PoTASSIUM ISLAnDS on grAPhITe Are CAUSeD by The MeASUreMenT DeVICe
esearchers at the Nanoscience Center (NSC) of the University of Jyvskyl, together with researchers from the University of Birmingham, have shown that scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements of nanoscale phenomena can be affected by the measurement device. The research group at the University of Birmingham experimentally observed monolayer-thick islands of potassium atoms on graphite substrate. Using STM imaging they discovered that the edges of the potassium islands shone brightly. Using ab initio density functional calculations and SMT simulations, the NSC researchers at the University of Jyvskyl
showed that the results are affected by potential difference between the measuring probe and the target and that the bright edges are caused by the potential field of the device itself. Hence, measuring in the quantum world may change the measuring object, and this should be taken into account in future STM imaging. The dependence on potential in STM imaging is also an important finding for theorists, because the potential field is commonly ignored in STM simulations, says Jukka Akola (University of Jyvskyl, Nanoscience Center and Tampere University of Technology, Department of Physics). n
n their Grand Challenge (GC) project called Y-NanoKills Luca Monticelli and Emppu Salonen (Helsinki University of Technology), and Ilpo Vattulainen (Tampere University of Technology) used atomic-level molecular dynamics to investigate how clusters of fullerene and gallic acid disturb the function of cell membranes and the ionic channels in them. In their earlier studies they observed that cells are not significantly affected when exposed separately to either fullerenes or gallic acid. However, when fullerenes and gallic acid are present in the cell culture at the same time, they interact to form structures that cause cell death within a few tens of minutes. The objective of the Grand Challenge project was to find out why this happens. n The two pictures show fullerene being linked to the cell membrane and an ion channel traversing the membrane. Simulations provide a means for studying the micro-scale mechanisms that enable fullerene and gallic acid to affect cell membrane properties and the functionality of proteins present in cell membranes. These include changes in the internal pressure and elasticity of the cell membrane, which can, in turn, affect the structures and dynamics of some membrane proteins, and thus their functionality. Additionally, simulations make it possible to investigate the complex dynamic phenomena that occur in the cell membrane, such as the properties relating to diffusion of proteins and lipids within the interactive community, under the circumstances of a pure water phase or the cell membrane being exposed to carbon nanoparticles and gallic acid.
Luca Monticelli, Helsinki University of Technology
Luca Monticelli, Helsinki University of Technology
whAT MAkeS nAnoPArTICLeS AbLe To CAUSe CeLL DeATh?
89
Pre-hISTorIC CLIMATe ConTroLLeD The DeVeLoPMenT of MAMMAL CoMMUnITIeS
limate modeling combined with investigation of fossils enables researchers to investigate how environmental change has affected the evolution of mammal communities. Researchers at the University of Helsinki have shown how climate factors explain the long-term development of mammal communities in pre-historic Eurasia. Using an extensive database of fossil mammalian fossils they were able to follow the rise and fall of the geographic distribution of mammal communities over a much longer time scale than before. When this data is coupled with climate modeling, researchers can conclude which atmospheric processes are associated with the changes in distributions. This is one of the first studies in which climate modeling and traditional paleontological materials are seamlessly combined in one study. The results of the study help to relate changes in the longitudinal climate development to the evolution, extinction, and community structure of mammals. The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) journal, explains how pre-historic mammal communities developed into a regionally uniform fauna and which factors directed the behavior of the fauna. The research was conducted jointly by paleontologists and a climate modeler and it utilized the NOW (Neogene of the Old World) database that contains information on mammalian fossils, maintained by the University of Helsinki. By combining information
about features of the mammals with climate modeling, researchers could monitor the generation, distribution and disappearance of mammal communities chronologically and geographically, and also explain the climatic mechanisms involved. According to the climate model, some 711 million years ago, the atmospheric pressure in the eastern Mediterranean area was higher than today, and westerly winds from the Atlantic brought rains to Central Europe and caused drier conditions to the Mediterranean zone. Hence, approximately ten million years ago the eastern Mediterranean area developed into a biome a region with its own distinctive flora and fauna called the Pikermian paleobiome, after the fossil discovery site at Pikerm, Greece. Mammal communities were spread widely over all of Eurasia, comprising odd-toed ungulates, various antilope species, giraffes, rhinos, and distant relatives of todays elephants. The community of these animals spread from east to west, starting 14 million years ago and climaxing about eight million years ago. Seasonal changes between summer and winter as well as the mosaic of forests and fields consisting of leathery-leaved, evergreen trees and bushes were typical of these environments. The savanna vegetation, as we know it today, had not yet emerged, and wide areas of grassland were only just starting to develop. The results of climate modeling show that the high pressure zone prevailing in the eastern Mediterranean area and moist west
winds directed to Central Europe made this type of grassland biome possible. Approximately five million years ago changes in the atmospheric cycles brought drier air to Central Europe and precipitation to the Mediterranean. The climate change caused increasing variation and more mosaic-like conditions. The widely spread and consistent Pikermian mammal community fell apart. The results of the research show how mammals reacted to climate changes over long periods and on a continental scale. The results also help to understand how climate processes impact on evolution, extinction, and community structure. The research was based on more than twenty years of international collaboration, initiated by the authors, Professor Raymond L. Bernor (Howard University, USA) and Professor Mikael Fortelius. The most recent phase in the research was made possible as collaboration by Jussi Eronen and climate modeler Arne Micheels (Senckenberg Museum of Natural History and Research Institute, Germany), and the expertise, storage, and computing resources provided by the CoMS (Coupled Model Systems) project and CSC. The study was funded mainly by the Academy of Finland. CSC received funding from Tekes the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation for building the infrastructural support, for coupled model systems development together with universities, and for shared research institute work within the CoMS project. n
90
MATheMATICAL MoDeLIng of wAVe ProPAgATIon

roblems of physics and chemistry often require mathematical modeling of acoustic, elastic or electromagnetic wave propagation. For several decades, numerical modeling of these phenomena has been a challenging target of research. Over this time, a large number of modeling methods have been developed. However, the currently available traditional numerical methods (finite element-, finite difference-, ray-tracing methods) produce inaccurate results for the problems being calculated. Increases in computation capacity over recent years together with the extensive development in numerical methods have paved the way for precision modeling of wave propagation. Methods for this include discontinuous Galerkin (DG) and ultra-weak varional formulation (UWVF).
The above-mentioned calculation methods (DG and UWVF) have been successfully applied to several problems of physics and engineering. For example, DG was used for solving a timedomain acoustic propagation problem, where sound was produced from a loudspeaker and wave propagation in a conical object was observed (see Figures 1 and 2). The propagation results could also be measured in a laboratory, which made it possible to compare the results from numerical simulations with the measured results. This provided important information on how well the applied numerical method and the used model describe the real situation. An example of modeling propagation at the frequency level is a problem of electromagnetics, which was solved using the UWVF approach. In this case the magnetic field propagation from an aircraft hull was investigated (see Figure 3).
The calculations of both problems mentioned here were solved using CSCs Cray supercomputer (louhi.csc.fi). In 2007 CSC IT Center for Science, Ltd. announced a call for applications on computational research and development projects. The successful applicants were entitled to use CSCs most powerful supercomputer Cray XT4 in their research. In addition to CSC, Cray and the microprocessor manufacturer AMD also participated in the arrangements of the grant program. The grant recipients were able to use the Cray XT4 supercomputer in their research. Additionally, they were allowed to utilize CSCs specialist services in the implementation of the powerful computation methods. n
1. Wave propagation from a conical object using DG method.
2. Computational surface mesh for objects under study.
3. Magnetic field propagation from an aircraft hull.
DISSerTATIon on CoArSe-grAIneD MeThoDS
ithin the past 20 years, advances in computational power and methodology have made computer simulations an integral part of studies of biomolecular systems. Simulations on all-atom level are routinely used to study, e.g., microscopic details of lipid aggregates and proteins. However, many phenomena are still outside the reach of all-atom simulations, and coarser models are needed.
Detailed information from all-atom models can provide input data for parameterizing coarse-grained models. Techniques for such parameterization are called systematic coarsegraining methods, and can be based, e.g., on matching forces or structural information between the two resolutions. Teemu Murtolas (Helsinki University of Technology) dissertation employs inverse Monte Carlo (IMC) for constructing coarsegrained models for a lipid membrane containing dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and cholesterol. Three 2D models are constructed at different levels of resolution, in each case matching the radial distribution functions (RDFs) of the coarse-grained model to those from atom-scale simulations. The main results are the presence of cho-
lesterol-rich and cholesterol-poor domains at intermediate cholesterol concentrations and the presence of strong tail density fluctuations at low cholesterol concentrations. The former agrees with the experimental studies of the system, while the latter was confirmed through atom-scale simulations. Accurate quantitative studies were restricted by transferability problems in all the coarse-grained models; hence, the focus is on comparing the different models and critical discussion of the RDF inversion as a basis for coarse-graining. The IMC method is also improved by increasing its tolerance to statistical noise, as well as through inclusion of a virial pressure constraint and generalization to models where particles have internal degrees of freedom. Teemu Murtola used the M-grid computing resources. n
91
DISSerTATIon on enzyMe MoDeLIng
he diversity of life is based on very efficient energy production machinery, which has evolved during the last 3.5 billion years. This molecular machinery, also known as the respiratory chain, is located in the mitochondria of the eukaryotic cell. The respiratory chain is powered by an enzyme called cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), which utilizes very efficiently nearly all of the oxygen taken up by the organism. CcO reduces oxygen to water, and employs the energy released in the reaction to transfer hydrogen ions (protons) over the mitochondrial inner membrane. As in a battery, this produces a voltage over the mitochondrial membrane, which can be utilized further to drive energy-requiring processes, such as the synthesis of the energy molecule of the cell, ATP. In his doctoral thesis Ville Kaila from the University of Helsinki studied the catalytic mechanism of CcO, using computational resources and software provided by CSC IT Center for Science. The computational models used in the research were based on experimental structural information, and results from many biochemical and biophysical studies on the enzyme. Kaila studied the dynamics, energetics, and structure of CcO in its catalytic cycles in different intermediate states, by employing both classical molecular dynamics simulations and quantum chemical calculations.
The active center of the enzyme. The general functional principle of CcO has been known for over 30 years, and the atomic structure of the enzyme was discovered more than ten years ago. However, the protonpumping mechanism of CcO is still unknown. This mechanism refers to a molecular scale functional explanation of how the energy released by oxygen reduction is employed for transferring protons over the mitochondrial inner membrane (i.e. proton-pumping). This mechanism is of central importance in biochemistry and bioenergetics because CcO is the basis for aerobic life. CcO dysfunction has been shown to be associated with many diseases, e.g. Parkinsons and muscle degradation diseases. In addition, oxygen radical formation, which is indirectly controlled by CcO, might cause tissue damage arising as a result of heart infarct, and degradation caused by
ageing. The functional principle of CcO is also interesting for the energy industry, because the enzyme works as a fuel cell, although more efficiently. In the future the functional principle of CcO might be used as a model for developing bioinspired fuel cells. The most important result of the thesis is a new model for the pumping mechanism. This model helps to explain how CcO separates the pumped protons from the chemical protons, which are used in the reduction of oxygen to water. This principle is known as the gating mechanism, which is one of the central questions in solving the functional principle of CcO. In addition, as a result of this work, a particular amino acid (Glu-242) close to the enzymes active center was found to work as a valve for preventing protons from leaking backwards in proton-pumping. Thus, this amino acid works like a molecular engine shaft. A mechanism was also suggested by which CcO activates and switches between its two proton-conducting channels. Furthermore, a new method was developed for modeling complex metal centers in enzymes, by efficient classical simulations, and quantum chemically derived parameters. Parameters derived for the metal centers of CcO were used in the other studies of the thesis. n
reSeArCh TeSTIng The VALIDITy of TeChnICoLor TheorIeS

ari Rummukaisens research group used grid simulations in their Grand Challenge project to test one of the technicolor models that can be used to supplement and extend the Standard Model of particle physics. As a result of their massive supercomputing, the lattice phase diagram and the excitation spectrum of SU(2) gauge field theory has been determined. This is a necessary step to resolve the strongly connected dynamics of the theory, which is, in turn, an important test of the validity of technicolor theory. The research group used 500,000 processor hours at the FZJ Research Centre Jlich in Germany. This study was part of the Experimental cycle change agreement between CSC and Jlich. In accordance with the agreement CSC and Jlich exchange computing time. n
Ville Kaila
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Forschunzentrum Jlich
DISSerTATIon: MoDeLIng gIVeS new InforMATIon for PreVenTIng The breAST CAnCer
reast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the western countries. Approximately two-thirds of breast cancer tumors are hormone dependent, requiring estrogens to grow. One approach in treating hormone dependent breast tumors is to block the local estrogen production by inhibiting enzymes. Inhibitors are relatively small compounds that bond with enzymes rather than with hormone precursors, thus preventing the hormones from being made. In Sampo Karkolas dissertation (University of Helsinki) aromatase enzyme was modeled.
CSCs supercomputing resources and chemistry software and databases were utilized in the dissertation. Estrogens are formed in the human body via a multistep route starting from cholesterol. The final steps in the biosynthesis include the CYP450 aromatase enzyme, converting the male hormones androgens (preferred substrate androstenedione ASD) into estrogens (estrone E1), and the 17beta-HSD1 enzyme, converting the biologically less active E1 into the active hormone 17beta-hydroxyestradiol E2. E2 is bound to the nuclear estrogen recep-
Sampo Karkola
The overview of the aromatase model.
tors causing a cascade of biochemical reactions leading to cell proliferation in normal tissue, and to tumor growth in cancer tissue. Computer-assisted molecular modeling is an invaluable tool in modern drug design, enabling research into structures and phenomena that cannot be experimentally studied or in situations where experiments would be expensive and time-consuming. Molecular modeling has applications in predicting the activities of theoretical inhibitors and in finding possible active inhibitors from a compound database. Experimental methods have been insufficient to clarify the structure of aromatase, but inhibitor binding at atomic level can also be studied with molecular modeling based on a related enzyme conformation. To clarify the interactions between the aromatase enzyme and its substrate and inhibitors, a homology model was generated based on a mammalian CYP450 enzyme, rabbit progesterone 21-hydroxylase CYP2C5, which is the only experimentally isolated mammalian CYP450 enzyme involved with steroid metabolism. The model was carefully validated using molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) with and without the natural substrate ASD. n
DISSerTATIon: PrePArATIon AnD STrUCTUrAL ChArACTerIzATIon of ChALCogenoeTher

n her doctoral dissertation defended at the University of Oulu, Ludmila Vigo studied the reactions involved in the formation of metal complexes. During her studies, she used CSCs Conquest, a search program for retrieving information from the Cambridge Structural Database. Oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and tellurium belong to the group 16 of the periodic table of elements, also known as chalcogens (ore formers). Organic chalcogen compounds, such as chalcogenoethers and chalcogenolates, react with metals to form metal complexes. Going from hard to soft down the group from oxygen to tellurium the properties of the chalcogen donors change as do those of the metal complexes. Abundant information is available on oxygen and sulfur complexes, but especially on tellurium studies are notably fewer. Metal-chalcogen complexes can be used as catalysts in organic syntheses, and they are
also useful starting materials for the preparation of semiconductor materials. A common way to synthesize chalcogen compounds involves the use of an inert atmosphere since they are moisture and oxygen sensitive. The use of gas protection makes the work involved with the reaction slower and more complicated. The compounds prepared in this study are not sensitive to moisture or atmospheric oxygen. Additionally, several phases of the syntheses can be performed without the use of inert atmosphere. Hence, the complexes are easy to prepare and store even in large amounts. The complexes may provide a possibility for low-temperature preparation of new catalytic and electronic materials. In the course of the study several factors were found to affect the reaction progress and reaction products. Three different telluroethers and five metals were investigated. In the case of palladium and platinum, the
reactions were also performed using thioether and selenoether ligands, and the results were compared with the corresponding tellurium reactions. Additionally, preparations of metal complexes containing sulfur and tellurium ligands were also studied. The doctoral thesis work involved a total of 23 new chalcogen-metal complexes. Reactions were monitored using NMR spectroscopy, and both the intermediates and the products were structurally characterized using X-ray diffraction techniques. Some dinuclear metal complexes exhibited interesting structural properties: the coordination spheres of the two metal centers were different. The catalytic properties of these metal complexes will be investigated further. The results obtained in this research have provided much new fundamental information on the chemistry of chalcogen-containing metal complexes. n
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he group of researchers from Helsinki University of Technology, Sampsa Riikonen, Arkady Krasheninnikov and Risto Nieminen, and Adam Foster from Tampere University of Technology, are studying boron nitride nanotube synthesis by calculating the energy cost to form bonds between individual boron and nitrogen atoms on a metal surface. The structure of boron nitride nanotubes is very similar to the more wellknown carbon nanotubes, but some of their physical properties are much more attractive than their carbon cousins. The structure of boron nitride nanotubes and sheets are analogous to carbon nanotubes and graphene: instead of a single atom species, boron nitride sheet consists of alternating boron and nitrogen atoms and instead of carbon-carbon bonds, boron nitride sheet features the more ionic boron-nitrogen bonds. This results in a band gap that is independent of the boron nitride tube chirality and is always approx. 5.5 eV, allowing to produce semiconducting nanotubes only. This is very different to the case of carbon nanotubes, where the
conducting/semiconducting nature of the tubes depends strongly on their chirality. The mechanical properties of boron nitride nanotubes are very similar to carbon nanotubes, so it is extremely strong and light material. Boron nitride is also known to be very resistant to oxidation, making it an ideal candidate for shielding and coating applications. Iron nanoparticles encapsulated into boron nitride nanotubes have been produced very recently; by boron nitride shielding, the oxidation of the nanoparticle can be avoided and the magnetism of the nanoparticle does not suffer. Unfortunately, the production of boron nitride nanotubes has proven to be very difficult. The same chemical vapor deposition techniques, using catalyst metals such as iron or nickel to produce carbon nanotubes do not seem to work in the case of boron nitride nanotubes. The best synthesis method currently available was developed by Tang et al. and it has been speculated that the magnesium present in their synthesis method plays the role of the catalyst.
The researchers observed that on a flat iron surface, B2 formation will dominate over the BN production and the synthesis is spoiled. However, in a realistic iron nanoparticle, steps are always present and according to the research groups calculations, in these step edge regions, boron nitride molecule becomes the most stable end-product. This is good news from the point of boron nitride nanotube synthesis. It seems that catalyst morphologies with high number of steps and very narrow terraces might improve the boron nitride nanotube yield when transition metal catalysts are used. n
wAVe LoADS CAUSe SPrIngIng VIbrATIon of ShIPS
he Marine Technology unit at the Department of Applied Mechanics at the Helsinki University of Technology has studied wave loads which cause springing vibration of ships. The research has been carried out in 20052009 under the supervision of professor Jerzy Matusiak in a project funded by Tekes and STX Europe. The investigation and utilizing of related numeric modeling continues in a dissertation work carried out by Satu Hnninen at the graduate school of Computational fluid dynamics. The research focuses on wave loads which are weak in relation to the size of the ship and which cause long-term, small vibration (springing) of the hull of large ships. For shipbuilding, studying the springing vibration is an important topic because in the long term, vibration of this kind results in fatigue of the hull, and also causes momentary disturbances in traveling
comfort. The phenomenon is particularly related to large ships, because the size of the ship has an impact on the characteristics of the hull. The numeric modeling of wave loads that result in springing is challenging. This is partially due to the fact that their physics is not entirely understood. Model experiments conducted by the Marine Technology unit of the Helsinki University of Technology have indicated that wave breaking in the bow area of the ship is a significant factor for the springing excitation. Traditional methods used for the
seakeeping cannot take into account the impact of wave breaking. By using the computing resources allocated by CSC, it has been investigated whether the Navier-Stokes solver could be used for the evaluation of springing loads. The Navier-Stokes solver connected with an interface capturing method is also able to model breaking wave loads. Before this, the method has not been applied to springing excitation, which means that the on-going study started off by investigating the numeric accuracy of the solution provided by the method. The computation results have been compared with the results of the model experiments. The comparison has indicated that the computing method provides reasonable results. The advantage of the computing is that it is possible to analyze the physics of the phenomenon in detail by using a high resolution. n
Satu Hnninen
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Arkady Krasheninnikov
A new ProMISIng nAnoMATerIAL froM boron AnD nITrIDe
InCreASIng hyDroeLeCTrIC Power by IMProVIng The ACCUrACy of InfLow foreCASTIng
uccessful flow regulation in lake-river systems depends on the accuracy of inflow forecasting of the regulated lakes. However, little attention has been paid to methods of increasing hydroelectric power production by improving the accuracy of inflow forecasts. Instead, discussions on increasing Finnish hydropower production have focused on building new man-made reservoirs and hydropower plants and on renewing machineries in old plants. One of the aims in Jarkko Koskelas doctoral thesis work was to evaluate the dependence between the accuracy of inflow forecasts used in making discharge and runoff plans and success in regulation and hydroelectric power production. Additionally, Koskela also evaluated the potential for increasing hydroelectric power production in Finland by improving the accuracy of inflow forecasts. Koskela also developed a new type of a forecast model for long-term discharge forecasts. The accuracy of the new forecast model was tested in case studies in Lake Pijnne, Lake Pyhjrvi at Skyl, and in two small catchment areas just upstream of Lake Pijnne.
The results show that the new forecast method based on pattern recognition is useful in real-time inflow forecasting at sites like Pijnne where the catchment area is large and lead-times are long. The forecasts made with the new model in the small catchment areas and in Lake Pyhjrvi are fairly good, but forecasting longterm inflows during autumn turned out to be difficult irrespective of the model used. CSCs computing resources were utilized in Koskelas research work carried out at Helsinki University of Technology. The impact of forecast accuracy on successful regulation was investigated both in Lake Pyhjrvi at Skyl and in the Kymijoki lake-river system. The results show that when long-term forecasts were used in the regulation planning of lake-river systems, the length of the period of the forecast has a significant impact on the forecasts success. The suitable length for the forecast will depend on both the characteristics of
the lake-river system and the forecast accuracy. If the live capacity of the system under consideration is high, forecasts for several months should be utilized in planning without the need to pay too much attention to forecast accuracy. On the other hand, lake-river systems with a small live capacity benefit more if shorter but more accurate forecasts are used. Koskelas case studies show that if forecast accuracy is increased, it can lead to a realistic, maximum increase of 0.52% in hydroelectric power production. At the same time, problems caused by floods and droughts would significantly decrease. At the scale of Finland as a whole, an increase of one percent represents an increase of 130 GWh in annual electricity production. In other words, if the accuracy of forecasts can be improved, it would provide substantial potential for increasing hydroelectric power. n
Pohjolan Voima
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STUDIeS AboUT ChIrAL CoMPLexeS AnD enAnTIoDIfferenTIATIon

nteractions between chiral compounds are studied by high level computational calculations in a project initiated by Docent Karel D. Klika from the University of Turku. The project, in particular, focuses on complex formation involving chiral compounds. Certain molecules possess the property of chirality. This means that the molecules are not superimposable upon their mirror images just as our left and right hands are not superimposable upon each other although they are quintessentially one and the same thing. The study of chiral molecules is challenging, none the least because of the great similarities between molecule mirror images, known as enantiomers. The chemistry of life itself is intrinsically a study of chirality since many biomolecules are chiral. Drugs can also be chiral, and moreover, the two enantiomers of a drug can often vary greatly in their efficacy, even to the point that whilst one is beneficial, the other can be toxic. Thus, chirality studies can potentially afford great practical benefits. The molecular modeling method used in the studies at the University of Turku is density functional theory (DFT). The target objectives in the project are the understanding of chiral phenomena and chiral interactions, but also to ultimately find and develop new methods of enantiodifferentiation, i.e. the identification of
enantiomers, their quantification, and their physical separation. The project extends now over several countries: Slovakia, USA and Germany. The calculations require the use of the very latest and sophisticated theoretical methods to attain high accuracy, demanded in part by the small energy differences that are involved as a result of the similarity of the two enantiomers. The computational methods available at CSC and the powerful hardware infrastructure are able to meet the demands necessitated by the work, and to do so in a timely manner, such that a large number of structures can be dealt with simultaneously. A great deal of experimental structural information in this research can also be obtained on the complexes under study by the application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Computational calculations can reveal much about the structure of the complexes too, as well as the energy of the molecular complexes and thus the structural preferences. Together, these two methods provide a powerful combination for investigating chiral phenomena and the interactions of chiral molecules, potentially for beneficial tangible returns in addition to the accumulation of inherently interesting knowledge. n
DISSerTATIon: LhC AnD rIb Two fronTLIne ProjeCTS In nUCLeAr AnD PArTICLe PhySICS
omasz Malkiewicz has completed his doctoral thesis work, Tools for Physics with LHC and RIB, at the University of Jyvskyl. The first part of the thesis concerns the T0 detector for use in the ALICE experiment with the worlds largest particle collider LHC at CERN. The LHC Large Hadron Collider is a particle accelerator contained in a circular tunnel approximately 27 kilometers long, located at CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research in Switzerland. The T0 is the fast timing and trigger detector for the Large Ion Collider (ALICE) experiment. Tomasz Malkiewicz utilized CSCs computing resources in his research. Technical requirements set for the detector are tough, for it has to endure high radiation levels, handle high operating frequencies, and remain functional in a strong magnetic field. The detector has to be able to detect not only the exact time but also the position of the collisions. Malkiewiczs thesis describes simulations, design, construction, tests, installation and commissioning of the T0 detector as well as how these technical requirements for the detector were solved. In the second part of the thesis Malkiewicz concentrates on neutron yield measurements. Acceleration laboratory facilities like SPES and SPIRAL2 will use neutrons to yield radioactive atoms. Malkiewicz studied neutron yields at the Accelerator Laboratory of the University of Jyvskyl between 2004 and 2008. The experimental results were compared with theoretical Monte Carlo calculations. The results indicated that the yield expectations were too high. The results led to changes both in the SPES and SPIRAL2 projects. Based on the results of the thesis the SPES project implemented the direct neutron yield method. A re-evaluation of the converter and fission target module has been recommended by the SPIRAL 2 Technical Advisory Committee following the outcome of the measurements. n
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CERN
DISSerTATIon on gene exPreSSIon: froM MICroArrAyS To fUnCTIonAL genoMICS
esearcher Dario Grecos study at the University of Helsinki consisted of increasing the performance of microarrays, and was measured by the successful validation of the results by independent techniques. In the dissertation CSCs computing and software resources were utilized. The time of the large sequencing projects has enabled unprecedented possibilities of investigating more complex aspects of living organisms. Among the high-throughput technologies based on the genomic sequences, the DNA microarrays are widely used for many purposes, including the measurement of the relative quantity of the messenger RNAs. However, the reliability of microarrays has been strongly doubted as robust analysis of the complex microarray output data has been developed only after the technology had already been spread in the community. An objective of this study consisted of increasing the performance of microarrays, and was measured by the successful validation of the results by independent techniques. To this end, emphasis has been given to the possibility of selecting candidate genes with remarkable biological significance within specific experimental design. Along with literature evidence, the re-annotation of the probes and modelbased normalization algorithms were found to be beneficial when analyzing Affymetrix GeneChip data.
Typically, the analysis of microarrays aims at selecting genes whose expression is significantly different in different conditions followed by grouping them in functional categories, enabling a biological interpretation of the results. Another approach investigates the global dif-
ferences in the expression of functionally related groups of genes. Here, this technique has been effective in discovering patterns related to temporal changes during infection of human cells. Another aspect explored in this thesis is related to the possibility of combining independent gene expression data for creating a catalog of genes that are selectively expressed in healthy human tissues. Not all the genes present in human cells are active; some involved in basic activities (named housekeeping genes) are expressed ubiquitously. Other
genes (named tissue-selective genes) provide more specific functions and they are expressed preferably in certain cell types or tissues. Defining the tissue-selective genes is also important as these genes can cause disease with phenotype in the tissues where they are expressed. The hypothesis that gene expression could be used as a measure of the relatedness of the tissues has been also proved. Microarray experiments provide long lists of candidate genes that are often difficult to interpret and prioritize. Extending the power of microarray results is possible by inferring the relationships of genes under certain conditions. Gene transcription is constantly regulated by the coordinated binding of proteins, named transcription factors, to specific portions of the promoter sequence. In this study, the analysis of promoters from groups of candidate genes has been utilized for predicting gene networks and highlighting modules of transcription factors playing a central role in the regulation of their transcription. Specific modules have been found regulating the expression of genes selectively expressed in the hippocampus, an area of the brain having a central role in the Major Depression Disorder. Similarly, gene networks derived from microarray results have elucidated aspects of the development of the mesencephalon, another region of the brain involved in Parkinson Disease. n
Jyrki Hokkanen
DISSerTATIon: A new grAPhene eDge foUnD In ADDITIon To zIgzAg AnD ArMChAIr

n nanostructures carbon exists in several different forms, including spherical fullerenes, nanotubes and graphene sheets. The diversified properties of carbon nanotubes and graphene make them promising materials for different applications. In ideal carbon nanotubes and graphene, carbon atoms form a hexagonal, honeycomb-like structure. A cross section of the honeycomb
sheet has either a zigzag or an armchair pattern. At the same time, the rolling direction of the graphene sheet determines the chirality of the carbon nanotube that is formed. In order to develop applications it is essential to understand the structures and their behavior. Various defects affect the structural properties and producing completely ideal structures is difficult. In his doctoral dissertation work at the University of Jyvskyl, Sami Malola used computational methods to investigate the impacts and properties of different defects. A significant factor affecting the properties of graphene ribbons is the edge structure. One of the main observations was discovering a new edge structure for graphene.
The edge energy of the reconstructed structure is more favorable than that of the previously known zigzag and armchair edges, which makes it superior under high vacuum conditions. The reconstruction is characterized by triple bonds between carbon atoms that form at the edge. The studies on vibration modes show that the reconstruction also makes the edge more rigid. Malola also presents an experimental observation of the novel edge structure made after the computation. Previously, graphene edges have been assumed to appear either in the form of a zigzag or an armchair, or a combination of them. n
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DISSerTATIon: DeVeLoPMenT of beAM AnD PLATe fInITe eLeMenTS bASeD on The AbSoLUTe noDAL CoorDInATe forMULATIon
he focus of Marko Matikainens (Lappeenranta University of Technology) dissertation is to develop finite elements based on the absolute nodal coordinate formulation. The absolute nodal coordinate formulation is a nonlinear finite element formulation, which is introduced for special requirements in the field of flexible multibody dynamics. In this formulation, a special definition for the rotation of elements is employed to ensure the formulation will not suffer from singularities due to large rotations. The absolute nodal coordinate formulation can be used for analyzing the dynamics of beam, plate and shell type structures. The improvements of the formulation are mainly concentrated towards the description of transverse shear deformation. Additionally, the formulation is verified by using conventional iso-parametric solid finite element and geometrically exact beam theory. Previous claims about especially high eigenfrequencies are studied by introducing beam elements based on the absolute nodal coordinate for-
Distribution of axial stress of cantilever beam, computed with ABAQUS.
mulation in the framework of the large rotation vector approach. Additionally, the same high eigenfrequency problem is studied by using constraints for transverse deformation. It was determined that the improvements for shear deformation in the transverse direction lead to clear improvements in computational efficiency. This was especially true when comparative stress must be defined, for example when using elasto-plastic material. Furthermore, the developed plate element
can be used to avoid certain numerical problems, such as shear and curvature lockings. In addition, it was shown that when compared to conventional solid elements, or elements based on nonlinear beam theory, elements based on the absolute nodal coordinate formulation do not lead to an especially stiff system for the equations of motion. n
fULLerene STrUCTUre DeTerMIneD on SILVer SUrfACe

atriina Pussi, who works at the Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT), and in collaboration with an international research group, has determined the structure of fullerenes on a silver surface. Pussi utilized CSCs supercomputers and the cluster machine of LUT. Fullerene is one of the forms of carbon. Carbon-based nanomaterials are currently very popular research targets for the design of new materials. In an article published in the leading physics journal, Physical Review Letters, Katriina Pussi and her colleagues present the results of their experimental and theoretical research. The fullerene molecule (C60) consists of 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons, with carbon atoms at the vertices. There are several elements of symmetry. The carbon atoms bond with each other via single or dual bonds, like in graphite. The high level of symmetry and the bonding structure make the electronic properties of C60 quite unusual. This is one of the reasons why many research groups are striving to build molecular-scale electronic devices using the C60 molecules. n
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Katariina Pussi
Marko Matikainen
DISSerTATIon: CoMPUTATIonAL SCreenIng for new DrUgS

he Brutus screening method, developed at the University of Kuopio as a result of Toni Rnkks doctoral thesis work, helps researchers to find new and different drug candidates for the needs of new drug development. CSC IT Center for Science Ltd. has collaborated in the project and the Brutus software has been run on CSCs computing equipment. Molecular screening is the most important method for finding new drug candidates. However, one of the problems concerning the currently used virtual screening methods is their tendency to find molecules that are structurally similar or resemble known drug compounds. These molecules have usually been patented or studied by
other companies, so they do not provide a favorable starting point for the development of a completely new drug. One of the primary goals in a new drug development project is to discover a previously unknown, active lead molecule, on which the dedicated drug development can be built. The Brutus screening method is designed for discovering structurally different lead molecules. The method is suitable for use especially at the early phases of a drug development project. The method is based on computer-based modeling of intra-molecular electronic interactions. Electronic interactions are vitally important when a drug molecule binds with receptors within the body. Brutus searches for molecules
with suitable electronic properties and the search may produce new and structurally different lead molecules. Brutus complements the currently used virtual screening methods and can help researchers to develop new drugs against various diseases. The method has been successfully utilized in drug development projects at the University of Kuopio as well as in industrial projects. The rights for the method have been sold to Visipoint Oy, a company in Kuopio, to introduce the method for implementation by international pharmaceutical companies. n
Tommi Nyrnen
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geoMeTry of nAnoSIzeD CLUSTerS exPLAInS DIfferenCeS In reACTIVITy
omputational methods are very important when researchers try to find out, why catalytic properties of nanosized particles are quite different compared to the characteristics of larger particles of the same material. Recent progresses in nanoscience and nanotechnology open new possibilities for technological applications in many fields, including magnetism, electronics and catalysts. Metallic nanoparticles show unique catalytic properties that may differ considerably from those of the corresponding crystalline surfaces. Often the good catalytic activity can be related to catalytic sites, like atomic size steps, on the cluster. Due to the high curvature of the clusters, the special site density and distribution is much higher than on almost flat surfaces. Furthermore, nanoclusters have several unique active sites like facets and vertexes between the facets which can have catalytic properties that differ drastically from the ones on almost flat surfaces of larger particles or bulk material.
For example, it is well known that gold, which is rather inert as a bulk metal, shows high reactivity when in the form of nanosized clusters. Although nanoparticles have excited much interest owing to their unusual and somewhat unexpected catalytic properties, the origin of the catalytic activity is still not fully understood. The group has observed that small clusters exhibit new active sites that complement the stepped surface calculations. A new important effect has been observed: the increased reactivity of low-coordinated molecule on the vertexes. Such sites are particularly abundant on the small nanosized particles, and they very likely explain the catalytic activity of them. Experimentally many investigators have studied the catalytic effect of nanoclusters on different reactions of industrial relevance, using a wide range of surface science techniques. These studies have been done with rather arbitrary size of clusters because it is very difficult to prepare fixed size clusters. However, if we want to model properly the
catalytic activity of nanoclusters it is important to know the geometrical characteristics of the clusters used in the research or applications. Even then, each cluster has several different active sites and it is very difficult to identify experimentally which of them is the most active one. For this reason the computational approach, where precise sites can be studied, is very attractive. The group of researchers Jarkko Vhkangas, Dr. Giorgio Lanzani and prof. Kari Laasonen from the University of Oulu are studying the mechanism of catalytic activity of nanosized gold and iron clusters. Giorgio Lanzani and Kari Laasonen are participating in an EU project devoted to develop a model for continuous CVD based synthesis method for three dimensional regular nanostructures in the form of hetero-atomic nanotubes (NTs) composed of boron, nitrogen and carbon: BN, N-doped carbon, B-doped carbon and mixed BNC nanotubes. n
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Jyrki Hokkanen
reDUCTIonS In InDUSTrIAL ProCeSSeS energy ConSUMPTIon
hti Jaatinen showed in his doctoral thesis that energy consumption in industrial processes can be reduced by using a suitable diffuser. Diffusers are used in the radial compressors commonly present in process industries, effluent aeration, and superchargers of combustion engines. A diffuser is used to slow down the gas flow to convert most of the its kinetic energy into pressure. CSCs computing resources were utilized in the dissertation. In the thesis work numerical modeling was applied to five different vaneless and six vaned diffusers in a low pressure high-speed radial compressor. In four of the five vaneless constructions the diffuser geometry was pinched from its original height - in other words, the diffuser width was decreased. The vaned diffusers had
better efficiency but a considerably narrower operating range than that of the vaneless unpinched diffuser. The best pinched diffusers had better efficiency than the vaned ones, but the pinch had no significant effect on the operating range. Reducing the diffuser width is very simple to do. Improved efficiency means reduced energy consumption in the process. Additionally, reducing the diffuser width also enables designing longer diffusers, which means that more of the kinetic energy is recovered as pressure. This makes it possible to run the compressor with a lower rotation speed, which further reduces the energy need. n
DISSerTATIon: noVeL roboT SoLUTIonS for ConSTrUCTIng fUSIon reACTorS
ue to the demanding working environment highly specialized robots are needed both in the manufacturing and maintenance of the ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor). The purpose of Pekka Pessis (Lappeenranta University of Technology) thesis was to develop special parallel robots for the assembly, machining and repairing of the vacuum vessel of the ITER. The vacuum vessel consists of nine sectors that are to be welded together. In addition to the initial vacuum vessel assembly, after a limited running period, sectors need to be replaced for repair. Pessi utilized CSCs application services in his thesis work. The process of the assembly and machining of the vacuum vessel needs a special robot.
By studying the structure of the vacuum vessel, two novel parallel robots were designed and built; they have six and ten degrees of freedom driven by hydraulic cylinders and electrical servo motors. Kinematic models for the proposed robots were defined and two prototypes built. The design and testing processes of the robots are complex tasks due to the high specialization of the manufacturing technology needed in the ITER reactor. The results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed solutions quite well. The results offer not only devices but also a methodology for the assembly and repair of ITER by means of parallel robots. Mechanisms with closed-loop kinematic chains are used in the design of robots in this work. One version is a purely parallel manipulator and another is a hybrid manipulator where parallel and serial structures are combined. Traditional industrial robots that generally have the links actuated in series are inherently not very rigid and have poor dynamic performance in high speed and high dynamic
loading conditions. Compared with open chain manipulators, parallel manipulators have high stiffness, high accuracy and a high force/ torque capacity in a reduced workspace. Parallel manipulators have a mechanical architecture where all of the links are connected to the base and to the end-effector of the robot. Experiments for machine cutting and laser welding with the 6-DOF robot were carried out. It was demonstrated that the parallel robots are capable of holding all necessary machining tools and welding end-effectors in all positions accurately and stably inside the vacuum vessel sector. The kinematic models appeared to be complex especially in the case of the 10-DOF robot because of its redundant structure. Multibody dynamics simulations were carried out, ensuring sufficient stiffness during the robot motion. n
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nUCLeAr MAgneTIC reSonAnCe (nMr) PArAMeTerS of grAPhene frAgMenTS eVALUATeD CoMPUTATIonALLy
ecently developed experimental techniques have made it possible to produce two-dimensional sheets of graphene, a carbon nanostructure with many interesting characteristics. Graphene is composed of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice, and has been shown to have a gapless semiconductor band structure. Its properties include high current-carrying capacity and thermal conductivity, making it a potentially advantageous material for electronic devices. First-principles electronic structure studies on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) properties of increasingly large planar hydrocarbons, which can be related to finite graphene fragments, have been carried out by collaboration between the Molecular Magnetism and NMR Research groups at the Universities of Helsinki and Oulu, re-
spectively, and CSC. NMR provides a powerful tool for characterization of materials. This study showed that the isotropic and anisotropic chemical shifts and one-, twoand three-bond spin-spin coupling tensors converge rather quickly as the number of carbon atoms in the molecule is increased, which allows extrapolation of the parameters to the large-system limit. Hence, these results constitute a plausible starting point of the analysis of eventual NMR experiments for graphene. High predictive value of the data was ensured by calibrating the density-functional theoretical methods by correlated ab initio wave functions for small model systems, as well as by using the novel completeness-optimized basis-set paradigm developed earlier by two of the authors. With these novel basis sets, results close to the basis-set limit are attainable with rela-
tively few basis functions: the saving by a factor of three in the dimension of the basis set means a reduction of the computational resources by two orders of magnitude. The calculations carried out in the study would not have been feasible using traditional basis sets, as the number of functions would have been too high for the larger molecules. Large-scale density-functional linear response calculations using up to 128 parallel cores were carried out in the supercomputers of CSC and the local Linux cluster facilities in Helsinki and Oulu. The work was part of the Ph.D. project of Suvi Iklinen under the supervision of Prof. Juha Vaara. The academic teams belong to the Finnish Center of Excellence in Computational Molecular Science (CMS) funded by the Academy of Finland. n
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Jyrki Hokkanen
DISSerTATIon: enVIronMenT CAUSeS goLDen nAnoPArTICLeS To TrAnSforM
n his doctoral thesis in the field of physics, Pentti Frondelius (University of Jyvskyl) investigated the properties of gold nanoparticles, with a diameter sometimes even smaller than a millionth part of a millimeter, on metal oxide films supported by metal carriers. The macroscopic gold items that we encounter in our day-to-day lives are chemically inactive, and hence, they maintain their luster finish almost forever. For example, unlike a bronze statue, the surface of a golden ring does not become oxidized. Surprisingly, however, gold nanoparticles, which are a billion times smaller, are chemically active. Among other things, they can catalyze chemical reactions, or in other words, they reduce the activation energy required by a certain reaction. The use of catalysts is extremely common in the chemical industry. In fact, it has been estimated that as much as 20% of the gross national product of the industrial countries is linked, either directly or indirectly, with chemical catalysis. One of the main results attained in Frondelius work is the fact that the struc-
ture of gold nanoparticles depends on the oxide film thickness. If the oxide film is thinner than two nanometers, the gold nanoparticles interact with the metal underneath the oxide film, with the result that the particles are transformed, electronically charged and stick to the surface tighter than on thicker films. The very smallest ones, clusters consisting of 26 atoms, become chain-like on thin films. Slightly bigger ones, clusters of about 20 atoms, become planar against the surface. On thick films, even the smallest of clusters are not chain-like and larger clusters form three-dimensional polyhedral structures. The atom clusters studied are too small to see. Observing them requires special empirical methods, such as scanning tunneling microscopy. With this method it is possible to measure the spatial probability of density of occurrence of electrons tied around a cluster of atom nuclei. The computational method used by Frondelius can be used to predict the shape of the density distribution for a certain size and form of a gold atom cluster. n
InhIbITorS roUTeS To ProTeIn PoP

n his Grand Challenge project, Alex Bunker used long time molecular dynamics simulations to study protein Prolyl Oligopeptidase (POP). POP is a very important protein involved in a wide range of metabolic functions and it has a very important role for a wide range of neurological function. Bunkers group used an extremely large scale umbrella sampling simulation to study the inhibitor molecules (Z-Pro-pronylol) entrance route to POPs active site and exit pathways from POPs active site. The study was performed by calculating a number of simulations, each with the inhibitor bound at a different site along the route. At each site, the inhibitor was held in place with a force to allow effective sampling of adjacent conformations (umbrella sampling). Since the system size was extensive and several long simulations had to be run, a considerable amount of computing time was required. Alex Bunkers Grand Challenge project used roughly one million processor hours of CSCs computing resources. n
DISSerTATIon: SIMULATIonS of weT fIber neTworkS CAn IMProVe PAPer ProDUCTIon MeThoDS
n his doctoral thesis in the field of applied physics, Pasi Miettinen, MSc (University of Jyvskyl) studied computer simulations on the structural and rheological properties of wet fiber networks. The research deployed the supercomputing resources of CSC IT Center for Science, Ltd. In paper manufacturing, water is added to pulp mass to create a suspension that consists mainly of fibers and water. The suspension is taken into a paper machine to form a continuous paper web. At this point the web contains more than 90 percent of water. Water is gradually removed by pressing and drying before the paper is fed onto large rolls.
It is increasingly important to understand the properties of wet paper web, because the web has a major effect on the performance of a paper machine. In his thesis Miettinen shows that the models and parameters applied to dry paper are not appropriate for describing wet paper. Understanding the properties of wet paper web would help to prevent wasting expensive fiber raw material and the extra material costs due to the waste. This would also allow raising the production rates of paper machines. The aim of the study was to understand the physical mechanisms covering the formation of the paper structure and its
properties in the paper manufacturing process. Miettinen investigated the properties of fiber webs by utilizing a previously developed computational model for fiber suspensions. Miettinen developed the model further by adding the inter-fiber adhesion forces present in the water-air wet fiber web. Fiber web simulations represent a research tool gaining popularity in paper sciences. They are particularly useful for studying phenomena that are difficult to study empirically. n
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DISSerTATIon: MoDeLLIng boreAL foreST Co2 exChAnge AnD SeASonALITy

an-induced climate change has raised the need to predict the future climate and its feedback to vegetation. These are studied with global climate models; to ensure the reliability of these predictions, it is important to have a biosphere description that is based upon the latest scientific knowledge. Meteorological Thesis of Tea Thum (University of Helsinki) concentrates on the modelling of the CO2 exchange of the boreal coniferous forest, studying also the factors controlling its growing season and how these can be used in modelling. In addition, the modelling of CO2 gas exchange at several scales was studied. A canopy-level CO2 gas exchange model was developed based on the biochemical photosynthesis model. This model was first
parameterized using CO2 exchange data obtained by eddy covariance (EC) measurements from a Scots pine forest at Sodankyl. The results were compared with a semiempirical model that was also parameterized using EC measurements. Both of the models gave satisfactory results. The biochemical canopy-level model was further parameterized at three other coniferous forest sites located in Finland and Sweden. At all the sites, the two most important biochemical model parameters showed seasonal behaviour, i.e., their temperature responses changed according to the season. Modelling results were improved when these changeover dates were related to temperature indices. During summer-time the values of the biochemical model parameters were similar at all the four sites.
Different control factors for CO2 gas exchange were studied at the four coniferous forests, including how well these factors can be used to predict the initiation and cessation of the CO2 uptake. Temperature indices, atmospheric CO2 concentration, surface albedo and chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) were all found to be useful and have predictive power. In addition, a detailed simulation study of leaf stomata in order to separate physical and biochemical processes was performed. The simulation study brought to light the relative contribution and importance of the physical transport processes. The results of this work can be used in improving CO2 gas exchange models in boreal coniferous forests. n
DISSerTATIon: IDenTIfICATIon of hADronICALLy DeCAyIng TAU LePTonS In SeArCheS for heAVy MSSM hIggS boSonS wITh The CMS DeTeCTor AT The Cern LhC
n his doctoral thesis in the field of physics, Lauri Wendland (University of Helsinki) describes methods for the reliable identification of hadronically decaying tau leptons in the search for heavy Higgs bosons of the minimal supersymmetric standard model of particle physics (MSSM). The Higgs boson(s), whose existence has not yet been experimentally verified, are a part of the standard model and its most popular extensions. They are a manifestation of a mechanism which breaks the electroweak symmetry and generates masses for particles. Since the H->tautau and H+->tau nu decay channels are important for the discovery of the Higgs bosons in a large region of the permitted parameter space, the analysis described in Wendlands thesis serves as a probe for finding out properties of the microcosm of particles and their interactions in the energy scales beyond the standard model of particle physics. The tau-jet identification is studied with methods based on a signature of a low charged track multiplicity, the containment of the decay products within a narrow cone, an isolated electromagnetic energy deposition, a non-zero tau lepton flight path, the absence of electrons, muons, and neutral hadrons in the decay signature, and a relatively small tau lepton mass compared to the mass of most hadrons. n
Charged Higgs boson in reaction gg->tbH+, t->Wb->scb, H+->tau nu->hadr.
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Lauri Wendland
DISSerTATIon: genoMIC ProfILIng of gASTrIC CAnCer

n her doctoral thesis in the field of biochemistry, Siina Junnila (University of Helsinki) investigated the complex genomic alterations of gastric cancer. Multiple chromosomal regions with recurrent copy number alterations were detected. Junnila used the microarray analysis program, Chipster in the studies. Chipster has been developed by CSC IT Center for Science Ltd. Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Due to lack of early symptoms, gastric cancer is characterized by late stage diagnosis and unsatisfactory options for curative treatment. Several genomic alterations have been identified in gastric cancer, but the major factors contributing to initiation and progression of gastric cancer remain poorly known. Gene copy number alterations play a key role in the development of gastric cancer, and a change in gene copy number is one of the fundamental mechanisms for a cancer cell to control the expression of potential oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Siina Junnilas thesis aims at clarifying the complex genomic alterations of gastric cancer to identify novel molecular biomarkers for diagnostic purposes as well as for targeted treatment. Altogether 192 clinical gastric tissue samples and 7 gastric cancer cell lines were included in this study. To highlight genes of potential biological and clinical relevance, scientists carried out a systematic microarraybased survey of gene expression and copy number levels in primary gastric tumors and gastric cancer cell lines. Results were validated using immunohistochemistry, real-time qRT-PCR, and affinity capture-based transcript (TRAC) assay. n
DISSerTATIon: PrePArATIon, STrUCTUre AnD bonDIng of noVeL ChALCogen-nITrogen rIng SySTeMS
roup 16, or the Oxygen Family, of the periodic table of elements consists of oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium. These elements are also known as chalcogens, or ore formers. Chalcogens and their compounds are an important part of inorganic chemical technologies. Especially sulfur and selenium have been found to be suitable materials for several industrial applications. There are numerous studies on compounds of chalcogen and sulfur. The interest in these compounds is largely due to the polymeric sulfur nitride, which is supraconductive at low temperatures. In contrast, until recent decades very little information has been available on chalcogen-nitrogen compounds containing selenium and tellurium, partly due to the instability of these compounds and partly due to the lack of suitable source materials.
At the University of Oulu, as part of her doctoral research work, Maarit Risto has prepared several new chalcogen-nitrogen ring structures containing selenium and tellurium. The structures were determined using NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Risto investigated the formation of chalcogen-nitrogen complexes with transition metals and the chemical and structural properties of the compounds both in a solution and in the solid state. The research results provided much new basic information on the chemistry of selenium-nitrogen and tellurium-nitrogen compounds. The prepared compounds should be suitable source materials both in inorganic and organic syntheses, with possible applications in the preparation of novel electronic materials. Maarit Risto used CSCs software services in her thesis work. n
A DISSerTATIon on The SIMULATIon of free SUrfACe fLowS
n his dissertation, Tommi Mikkola has developed a numerical method for solving time-dependent, frictionless free surface flow problems, and systematically reviewed the behavior of the error between the numerical and analytic model. The public defense of the dissertation took place at the Helsinki University of Technology. In the development stage of the solution method developed in the dissertation, the heaviest test simulations were run on CSCs computing servers. A free surface problem is a case where, besides the flow of liquid, the interface between two different substances, such as water and air, are under review. The case is mathematically challenging because the shape of the interface depends on the flow, which itself depends on the shape of the interface. Typically, the problems are separated from each other, and the flow and the shape of the interface are solved in turn. The approach is simple, but computationally it is very intensive. The first section of the dissertation presents two different ways to connect the flow solution and the free surface solution. The simple implementation of the methods pre-
sented is a considerable difference from the connection methods presented in previous literature. The second section of the dissertation investigates the behavior of the error related to the computational solving of the flow problem. This is challenging because the problems precise solution, to which the computational solution could be compared, is not usually known. The method presented in the dissertation, based on the MMS method (method of manufactured solutions), differs from the method based on approximate solutions typically used in relation to free surface methods. The developed numerical method can be used, for example, when investigating the behavior of progressing waves or when determining the forces that waves impose on structures, but also as a research platform when developing new solution methods. With the information obtained about the behavior of the error, and with the analysis method presented, it is possible to improve the reliability of simulation results. n
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DISSerTATIon on STATIC AnD DynAMICAL ProPerTIeS of Two DIMenSIonAL LATTICe SySTeMS
DISSerTATIon on UnLIMITeD-VoCAbULAry SPeeCh reCognITIon

utomatic speech recognition is used in systems that convert human speech into text or make other actions based on what is said to the system. Typical applications include dictation, automatic transcription of large audio or video databases, speechcontrolled user interfaces, and automated telephone services. In his doctoral thesis defended at the Helsinki University of Technology, Teemu Hirsimki presented methods that facilitate improvement of accuracy and efficiency of speech recognition in morphologically rich languages, such as Finnish, Estonian and Turkish. Instead of using a fixed vocabulary, Hirsimki uses morpheme-like units, referred to as morphs, which, in practice, may be used to identify an unlimited vocabulary. He uses speech recognition experiments to show how statistical language models can be trained efficiently, and presents efficient information structures for the models. The thesis also introduces methods for reducing recognition errors made by the system and investigates the most significant sources of error. In his work towards his dissertation, Teemu Hirsimki used the text corpora of CSCs Language Bank in training his language models. n
histian Achims (Helsinki University of Technology) thesis deals with the static and dynamic properties of adsorbed layers under the influence of a driving force using an extended version of the Phase Field Crystal Model. The supercomputing resources of CSC, the Finnish IT center for science, were utilized in the studies. In the case of periodic potentials, the various commensurate phases are described in detail and the complete phase diagram is mapped out as a function of pinning strength and lattice mismatch. To investigate the microscopic origins of friction, these structures were also driven under external driving force causing a depinning transition that is characterized in detail. The research has applications in, for example, research on surface nanostructures and supraconductors. Achims doctoral thesis, Studies of static and driven lattice systems with the Phase Field Crystal model, was inspected at Helsinki University of Technology. n
DISSerTATIon: CoMPUTATIonAL MoDeLS of CrUMPLIng of ThIn SheeTS This type of crumpling occurs to paper microscopic systems. In this case, the imAnD MeMbrAneS
he aim of Tuomas Tallinens doctoral thesis in physics (University of Jyvskyl) was to investigate the crumpling of thin sheets and membranes using computational methods. The discrete element simulations were carried out in collaboration with CSC IT Center for Science Ltd., and the research provided detailed information on the deformations in crumpled thin sheets and membranes.
when it is crushed and to the sheet metal of a car in a collision. The results help to choose materials in which the crumpling binds as much energy as possible. Thin membranes are common also at the microscopic scale. Examples of these are, for example, a single-atom-thick graphene layer and cell membranes. These were modeled by taking into consideration the thermal fluctuations and attractive interactions that are commonly present in
portance of computational research is emphasized, because corresponding empirical research is extremely challenging. The results can be used to predict the conditions under which membranes will remain flat and when protein-like folding is likely to occur due to attractive interactions. However, this type of spontaneous folding is uncharacteristic for biological membranes and graphene. n
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annual report 2009 editors: Ari Turunen Tiina Leiponen Sirpa Kotila Statistics of CSC: Sirpa Kotila layout: Up-to-Point Oy Paula Winter translations: Pirkko Huuskonen print: Painorauma Oy Photographs unless marked otherwise Peter Forsgrd, Studio IMG dissertation news collected from news releases from the universities
CSC IT CenTer for SCIenCe LTD. Life Science Center Keilaranta 14, P.o. BoX 405 fI 02101 espoo www.csc.fi

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CSC annual report 2009

YEAR OF THE ENVIRONMENT 2009

CSC IT CenTer for SCIenCe In brIef

DATA NETwORkS AND DATA HANDLINg

POwERFUL COMPUTERS IN FINLAND AND IN EUROPE

CSC ANNUAL REPORT 2009

ExTENSIVE DATAbASES AND SOFTwARE

CSC ANNUAL REPORT 2009