AN1 Mobile and Wireless Communication

89-850 Communication Networks: Wireless and Mobile Communication Networks Prof. Amir Herzberg BIU, Dept.
of CS
From ch.6 of Kurose and Ross, 3rd edition; and [KMK], ch. 8.
All material copyright 1996-2004 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved
Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach Featuring the Internet,

3rd edition. Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley, July 2004.
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks
6-1
Background: Wireless and Mobile Networks

# wireless (mobile) phone subscribers now exceeds # wired phone subscribers! Computer nets: laptops, palmtops, PDAs, Internet-enabled phone promise anytime untethered Internet access Internet telephony: a reality, an earthquake Two important (but different) challenges
Wireless link: no CD (e.g. hidden-terminal), reliability, security Mobility of computers and users; provisioning Plus: limited computing power and energy
6-2
Wireless and Mobile Communication Networks: Outline

6.1 Introduction Wireless 6.2 Wireless links, characteristics 6.3 IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs (wi-fi) Sensor and personalarea networks Mobility 6.5 Principles: addressing and routing to mobile users 6.6 Mobile IP 6.7 Cellular networks 6.8 Mobility and higherlayer protocols 6.9 Summary
6-3
Elements of a wireless network

wireless hosts laptop, PDA, IP phone run applications may be stationary (non-mobile) or mobile
wireless does not always mean mobility
network infrastructure
6-4

base station typically connected to wired network relay - responsible for sending packets between wired network and wireless host(s) in its area e.g., cell towers, 802.11 access points
6-5

wireless link typically used to connect mobile(s) to base station also used as backbone link multiple access protocol coordinates link access various data rates, transmission distance
6-6
Characteristics of selected wireless link standards

54 Mbps 5-11 Mbps 1 Mbps 802.15
802.11{a,g} 802.11b
.11 p-to-p link
384 Kbps 56 Kbps
UMTS/WCDMA, CDMA2000 IS-95 CDMA, GSM
3G 2G
Indoor
Outdoor
Mid range outdoor

200m 4Km
Long range outdoor

5Km 20Km
10 30m
50 200m
6-7

infrastructure mode base station connects mobiles into wired network handoff: mobile changes base station providing connection into wired network
6-8
Wireless network characteristics

Lower Signal/Noise ratio (cf. wired networks) Limited, shared spectrum: orthogonal signals (FDMA/CDMA/TDMA) or `collisions as noise`
A C B
As signal strength Cs signal strength
Hidden terminal problem

B, A hear each other B, C hear each other A, C can not hear each other
space
Signal fading:
B, A hear each other B, C hear each other A, C can not hear each other interfering at B
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-9
Wireless Link Characteristics

Differences from wired link . Energy and computing-power limitations Decreased signal strength
Obstacles and hidden-terminal problem Collision detection hard or impossible
More noise
Interference from other sources Multipath propagation different delays interferences between paths or (multipath) fading
Lower signal/noise . more difficult
Higher bit error rate
6-10
Hi/Low BER States Model

Wireless links often have two BER states
High, Low E.g., due to (multipath) fading
(1g) Model by two-state Markov model:
Good
Bad
(1b)
Simplify: all packets Ok in `Good`, fail in `Bad`
6-11
Wireless Link Characteristics

Differences from wired link . Decreased signal strength: signal attenuates as it propagates through matter (path loss)
Obstacles: e.g. mountain; hidden-terminal problem Collision detection hard or impossible
More noise:
Interference from other sources: frequencies (e.g., 2.4 GHz) shared by other devices (e.g., phone); also noise e.g. from motors Multipath propagation: radio signal reflects off objects ground, arriving ad destination at slightly different times
Energy and computing-power limitations . make communication across (even a point to point) wireless link much more difficult

6.1 Introduction Wireless 6.2 Wireless links, characteristics 6.3 IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs (wi-fi) Ad-hoc, sensor and personal-area networks Mobility 6.5 Principles: addressing and routing to mobile users 6.6 Mobile IP 6.7 Cellular networks 6.8 Mobility and higherlayer protocols 6.9 Summary
6-13
IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs

802.11 Wireless LANs Up to 11Mbps 5-6 GHz 2.4-5 GHz (unlicensed) 802.11b
lo-cost, good propagation; but slow, interferences
Up to 54 Mbps
802.11a
802.11g
All use CSMA/CA for multiple access All have base-station and ad-hoc network versions
IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN

802.11b
2.4-5 GHz unlicensed radio spectrum up to 11 Mbps direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) in physical layer all hosts use same chipping code widely deployed, using base stations
802.11a
5-6 GHz range up to 54 Mbps
802.11g
2.4-5 GHz range up to 54 Mbps
All use CSMA/CA for multiple access All have base-station and ad-hoc network versions
802.11 LAN architecture

Internet router LAN switch AP BSS 1 DS AP
wireless host communicates with base station base station = access point (AP) Basic Service Set (BSS) (aka cell) in infrastructure mode contains: wireless hosts (mobiles) access point (AP): base station ad hoc mode: hosts only
=Independent BSS (IBSS)
Extended Service Set (ESS)

One or more BSS Connect by LANswitch or DS BSS 2
DS=Distribution System
802.11: Channels, association

802.11b: 2.4GHz-2.485GHz spectrum divided into 11 channels at different frequencies Non-overlapping only if at least 4 channels apart
At most 3 non-overlapping channels (1, 6 and 11).
AP admin chooses frequency for AP interference possible: channel can be same as that chosen by neighboring AP!
host: must associate with an AP

scan channels, listening for beacon frames containing SSID (ESS/IBSS name) and MAC address of AP select AP; initiate association protocol may perform authentication will typically run DHCP to get IP address in APs subnet
IEEE 802.11: multiple access

Like Ethernet, uses CSMA:
random access carrier sense: dont collide with ongoing transmission
Unlike Ethernet: Ack, no Collision Detection

no collision detection transmit all frames to completion ACK: to detect loss without collision detection
Why no collision detection?

difficult to receive (sense collisions) when transmitting due to weak received signals (fading) cant sense all collisions in any case: hidden terminal, fading And loss may be due to (higher) error rate of wireless
Goal: avoid collisions: CSMA/CA (Collision Avoidance)

IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol: CSMA/CA

[simplified]
802.11 sender 1 if sense channel idle then

- transmit entire frame (no Colli. Detect) 2 if sense channel busy then - start random backoff timer - timer counts down while channel idle - transmit when timer expires
sender
receiver
data
802.11 receiver
if frame received OK then return ACK else ignore (no NACK!) SIFS: Short Inter-Frame Space max time to begin Ack [e.g., 16sec in 802.11a]
ACK
SIFS (e.g. 16s)
6-19
IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol: CSMA/CA

802.11 sender (when trying to send) 1 if sense channel idle for DIFS then
transmit entire frame (no CD) [DIFS>SIFS+2Tprop for priority to ACK] 2 if sense channel busy then - count down the backoff timer - but only while channel idle - transmit when timer expires
-
sender
receiver
DIFS
data
- If ACK, reduce backoff range by 1
- if no ACK, double backoff range, select time randomly from range, repeat 2
DIFS
ACK
SIFS (e.g. 16s)
802.11 receiver
if frame received OK - return ACK (within SIFS)
802.11 MAC Operation

Data Frames and their ACK
DIFS
Src Dest Other
Data
SIFS
Ack
DIFS Contention Window
Next MPDU Defer Access Backoff after Defer
Acknowledgment should arrive within DIFS Senders wait for DIFS no-carrier time, then exponential backoff delay [slot=Tprop]
Two Additional Mechanisms in 802.11

PCF (Point Coordination Function)
Polling to coordinate senders, e.g. to ensure QoS SIFS < PIFS < DIFS (priorities!)
RTS/CTS mechanism
Cant detect collision while sending Collision for long packet is wasteful RTS (Request to Send): request to reserve channel to send long packet w/o collisions CTS (Clear to Send): approve RTS Optional mechanism
RTS/CTS [optional in 802.11 MAC]

Sender sends small request-to-send (RTS) RTSs may collide with each other (but are short) Include indication of length of packet transmission AP broadcasts clear-to-send CTS in response to RTS CTS heard by all nodes sender transmits data frame other stations defer transmissions for time specified in CTS Q: if you hear RTS only (no CTS), should you wait? Avoid data frame collisions completely using small reservation packets!
Collision Avoidance: RTS-CTS exchange

A
RTS(A)
AP
B
RTS(B)
reservation collision
RTS(A)
CTS(A)
CTS(A)
DATA (A)
defer
time
ACK(A)
ACK(A)
Q: Defer on RTS, CTS or both?

Idea 1: RTS contains length, defer till end
A RTS
B RTS
CTS data
CTS
ACK
ACK
6-25

Problem: maybe not granted?
Idea 2: defer only on CTS

A RTS
B RTS
C RTS
CTS
CTS
data ACK
ACK
6-26


What if unheard?
A RTS
B RTS
CTS data
CTS
ACK
ACK
6-27


What if unheard?
A RTS B RTS C D
Solution:
Defer by CTS
By length in CTS
CTS data
CTS
Defer by RTS But only 2 DIFS ! Ok if A hears either recipient or sender
ACK
ACK
6-28
802.11 DCF MAC Example

1 ....
Data
ACK
time
2
time
RTS
CTS
Data
ACK
time
RTS
CTS
Data
ACK
time
node defers; backoff counter frozen
backoff period
1
time
RTS
2
time
RTS
3
time
RTS
CTS
Data
ACK
4
time
6-29
802.11 addressing & `switching`

AP H1 AP R1 router Internet
R1 MAC addr AP MAC addr

dest. address source address
802.3 frame AP MAC addr H1 MAC addr R1 MAC addr

address 1 address 2 address 3
AP identified in 802.11 frame (Unlike regular switch!!)

802.11 frame
802.11 frame: addressing

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312
payload
4
CRC
frame address address address duration control 1 2 3
seq address 4 control
Address 1: MAC address of wireless host or AP to receive this frame Address 2: MAC address of wireless host or AP transmitting this frame
Address 4: used only in ad hoc mode Address 3: MAC address of router interface to which AP is attached Why 3 addresses (with AP)? Is AP a switch or a router??
6-31
802.11 frame: more

duration of reserved transmission time (RTS/CTS) 2 2 6 6 6 2 frame seq # (for reliable ARQ) 6 0 - 2312
payload
4
CRC
frame address address address duration control 1 2 3
seq address 4 control
2
Protocol version
2
Type
4
Subtype
1
To AP
1
Retry
1
WEP
1
Rsvd
From More AP frag
Power More mgt data
frame type (RTS, CTS, ACK, data)

802.11: mobility within same subnet

H1 remains in same IP subnet: IP address can remain same Works fine for hub Switch: which AP is associated with H1?
self-learning switch will see frame from H1 and remember port to reach H1 Solution: when H1 joins, AP2 sends switch a packet from H1
router
hub or switch BBS 1 AP 1 AP 2 H1 BBS 2
6-33
MAC Management, Beacons and Traffic Indication Map (TIM)

802.11 has several MAC management frames
(Re/De)Association req/response, Authentication
Beacon (sent periodically by AP)

Timestamp, Beacon Interval, Capabilities, SSID, Rates, Parameters, Traffic Indication Map (TIM) Allows host to select AP (or host can send probe) TIM: list of (associated but sleeping) hosts with packets queued at the access point. Even sleeping hosts (sometimes) listen to Beacon
To check incoming messages in TIM, get broadcasts Sleeping to save energy when idle
6-34
Ad Hoc Networking
Ad hoc networks no base stations transmit to other nodes within link coverage nodes organize themselves into a network: route among themselves Supported in 802.11 but still many open issues, research WANET: Wireless AdHoc NETwork MANET: Mobile Ad-Hoc Net (they move, too!)
802.15: personal area network

less than 10 m diameter replacement for cables (mouse, keyboard, headphones) ad hoc: no infrastructure master/slaves:
slaves request permission to send (to master) master grants requests
S P M S
P radius of coverage P
M Master device S Slave device P Parked device (inactive)

Evolved from Bluetooth
Sensor Networks
A special interesting type of Ad-Hoc network Idea: distribute low-cost `sensors` to perform measurements, even do actions Applications:
Weather forecasts, natural disaster warnings Detection of physical damages (leakage, fire,) Military applications: intelligence, smart mines
Properties
Wireless Random location Low cost, energy
6-37
Which Transmission Range?

When using AP/Bases, nodes must reach it
Large transmission range
But in sensor networks, WANET?

Smaller transmission range Saves energy, allows spectrum reuse (cellular?) But: requires routing, forwarding by nodes
6-38
Connectivity, Topology, Routing

Assume nodes distributed uniformly in area
One dimensional (line), two (surface), three (space)
Let n be number of nodes Let r(n) be transmission range of node Questions:

Probability that all/most nodes are connected Probability that entire area is `covered` by nodes connected to `base`/`edge` Routing, scheduling, broadcast protocols for nodes
Using minimal resources (energy, storage) Minimize collisions
6-39
Sensor Network Tasks/Protocols

Routing, forwarding, broadcast Neighbor/topology discovery, organization
E.g. setup spanning tree for efficient broadcast Optimization tasks
Optimize communication Load balancing (also to save energy)
Location measurement Clock synchronization Distributed computation

E.g. to detect image
Handling mobility (MANET)
6-40
Chapter 6 outline
6.1 Introduction Wireless 6.2 Wireless links, characteristics
CDMA
6.3 IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs (wi-fi) 6.4 Cellular Internet Access
architecture standards (e.g., GSM)
Mobility 6.5 Principles: addressing and routing to mobile users 6.6 Mobile IP 6.7 Handling mobility in cellular networks 6.8 Mobility and higherlayer protocols 6.9 Summary
6-41
Components of cellular network architecture

MSC cell
connects cells to wide area net manages call setup (more later!) handles mobility (more later!)
covers geographical region base station (BS) analogous to 802.11 AP mobile users attach to network through BS
Mobile Switching Center
air-interface:
physical and link layer protocol between mobile and BS
Public telephone network, and Internet
wired network
Cellular networks: the first hop

Two techniques for sharing mobile-to-BS radio spectrum combined FDMA/TDMA: divide spectrum in frequency channels, divide each channel into time slots frequency CDMA: code division bands multiple access
time slots
6-43
Cellular standards: brief survey

2G systems: voice channels
IS-136 TDMA: combined FDMA/TDMA (north america) GSM (global system for mobile communications): combined FDMA/TDMA
most widely deployed
IS-95 CDMA: code division multiple access

TDMA/FDMA CDMA-2000 GPRS EDGE UMT S IS-136 GSM IS-95
Dont drown in a bowl of alphabet soup: use this for reference only

2.5 G systems: voice and data channels
for those who cant wait for 3G service: 2G extensions general packet radio service (GPRS)
evolved from GSM data sent on multiple channels (if available)
enhanced data rates for global evolution (EDGE)

also evolved from GSM, using enhanced modulation Date rates up to 384K
CDMA-2000 (phase 1)
data rates up to 144K evolved from IS-95

3G systems: voice/data
Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS) GSM next step, but using CDMA CDMA-2000
.. more (and more interesting) cellular topics due to mobility (stay tuned for details)

6.1 Introduction Wireless 6.2 Wireless links, characteristics 6.3 IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs (wi-fi) Mobility 6.5 Principles: addressing and routing to mobile users 6.6 Mobile IP 6.7 Cellular networks 6.8 Mobility and higherlayer protocols 6.9 Summary
6-47
What is mobility?
Covered in [KR], not in [KMK]
spectrum of mobility, from the network perspective:

no mobility high mobility
mobile wireless user, mobile user, using same access connecting/ point disconnecting from network using DHCP.
mobile user, passing through multiple access point while maintaining ongoing connections (like cell
phone)
Mobility: Vocabulary
home network: permanent
home of mobile
(e.g., 128.119.40/24)
home agent: entity that will perform mobility functions on behalf of mobile, when mobile is remote
wide area network
Permanent address:
address in home network, can always be used to reach mobile
e.g., 128.119.40.186
correspondent
6-49
Mobility: more vocabulary

visited network: network Permanent address: remains
constant (e.g., 128.119.40.186) in which mobile currently resides (e.g., 79.129.13/24)
Care-of-address: address
in visited network.
(e.g., 79.129.13.2) wide area network
correspondent: wants to communicate with mobile
Foreign agent: entity in visited network that performs mobility functions on behalf of mobile.
How do you contact a mobile friend:

Consider friend frequently changing addresses, how do you find her? search all phone books? call her parents? expect her to let you know where he/she is? I wonder where Alice moved to?
6-51
Mobility: approaches
Let routing handle it: routers advertise permanent
address of mobile-nodes-in-residence via usual routing table exchange. routing tables indicate where each mobile located no changes to end-systems
Let end-systems handle it: indirect routing: communication from

correspondent to mobile goes through home agent, then forwarded to remote direct routing: correspondent gets foreign address of mobile, sends directly to mobile
Mobility: approaches
Let routing handle it: routers advertise permanent
not address of mobile-nodes-in-residence via usual scalable routing table exchange. to millions of routing tables indicate where each mobile located mobiles no changes to end-systems
let end-systems handle it: indirect routing: communication from

correspondent to mobile goes through home agent, then forwarded to remote direct routing: correspondent gets care-ofaddress of mobile, sends directly to mobile
Mobility: registration
home network visited network
1
wide area network
foreign agent contacts home agent home: this mobile is resident in my network
mobile contacts foreign agent on entering visited network
End result: Foreign agent knows about mobile Home agent knows location of mobile
Mobility via Indirect Routing

home agent intercepts packets, forwards to foreign agent foreign agent receives packets, forwards to mobile
visited network
home network
wide area network
3 2
1 correspondent addresses packets using home address of mobile
4 mobile replies directly to correspondent

6-55
Indirect Routing: comments

Mobile uses two addresses: permanent address: used by correspondent (hence mobile location is transparent to correspondent) care-of-address: used by home agent to forward datagrams to mobile foreign agent functions may be done by mobile itself triangle routing: correspondent-home-networkmobile inefficient when correspondent, mobile are in same network
Indirect Routing: moving between networks

suppose mobile user moves to another network
registers with new foreign agent new foreign agent registers with home agent home agent update care-of-address for mobile packets continue to be forwarded to mobile (but with new care-of-address)
mobility, changing foreign networks transparent: ongoing connections can be
maintained!
Mobility via Direct Routing

correspondent forwards to foreign agent foreign agent receives packets, forwards to mobile
visited network
home network
2 correspondent requests, receives foreign address of mobile 1
wide area network
3 4 mobile replies directly to correspondent

6-58
Mobility via Direct Routing: comments

overcome triangle routing problem non-transparent to correspondent: correspondent must get care-of-address from home agent
what if mobile changes visited network?
6-59
Accommodating mobility with direct routing

anchor foreign agent: FA in first visited network data always routed first to anchor FA when mobile moves: new FA arranges to have data forwarded from old FA (chaining)
foreign net visited at session start anchor foreign agent
wide area network
2 4 5 3
new foreign agent new foreign network
correspondent agent correspondent
6-60
Response (mobile corresponding)

Triangle routing: mobile corresponding
Using mobile hosts IP address Foreign network may block for `IP spoofing` (egress filtering)
Indirect via foreign: mobile FA Indirect via home: mobile

Overhead but works
corresp.
Requires FA (Foreign agent) to `spoof`
home corresp.
Direct: mobile
corresponding
Use temporary IP address (and mobile IP)
Exercise: which are supported in mobile-IP? GSM?
6-61

6-62
Mobile IP
RFC 3220 has many features weve seen:
home agents, foreign agents, foreign-agent registration, care-of-addresses, encapsulation (packet-within-a-packet)
three components to standard:

indirect routing of datagrams agent discovery registration with home agent
6-63
Mobile IP: indirect routing

foreign-agent-to-mobile packet packet sent by home agent to foreign agent: a packet within a packet
dest: 79.129.13.2 dest: 128.119.40.186 dest: 128.119.40.186
Permanent address: 128.119.40.186 Care-of address: 79.129.13.2
dest: 128.119.40.186
packet sent by correspondent

Mobile IP: agent discovery

agent advertisement: foreign/home agents advertise service by broadcasting ICMP messages (typefield = 9)
0 type = 9 8 code = 0 =9 16 24 checksum =9 standard ICMP fields
H,F bits: home and/or foreign agent R bit: registration required
router address
type = 16
length
sequence # RBHFMGV reserved bits mobility agent advertisement extension
registration lifetime
0 or more available Care-Of-Addresses (COA)
6-65
Mobile IP: registration example

visited network: 79.129.13/24 home agent HA: 128.119.40.7 foreign agent COA: 79.129.13.2
ICMP agent adv.

COA: 79.129.13.2
Mobile agent MA: 128.119.40.186
registration req. registration req.

COA: 79.129.13.2 HA: 128.119.40.7 MA: 128.119.40.186 Lifetime: 9999 identification: 714 encapsulation format . COA: 79.129.13.2 HA: 128.119.40.7 MA: 128.119.40.186 Lifetime: 9999 identification:714 .
registration reply time

HA: 128.119.40.7 MA: 128.119.40.186 Lifetime: 4999 Identification: 714 encapsulation format .
registration reply
HA: 128.119.40.7 MA: 128.119.40.186 Lifetime: 4999 Identification: 714 .
6-66

6-67
Components of cellular network architecture

MSC cell
connects cells to wide area net manages call setup (more later!) handles mobility (more later!)
covers geographical region base station (BS) analogous to 802.11 AP mobile users attach to network through BS
air-interface:
physical and link layer protocol between mobile and BS
Public telephone network, and Internet
wired network
Multiple operators (providers)

recall:
wired public telephone network MSC MSC MSC MSC MSC correspondent
different cellular networks, operated by different providers

Handling mobility in cellular networks

subscribe to (e.g., Sprint PCS, Verizon) home location register (HLR): database in home network containing permanent cell phone #, profile information (services, preferences, billing), information about current location (could be in another network) visited network: network in which mobile currently resides visitor location register (VLR): database with entry for each user currently in network could be home network
home network: network of cellular provider you
GSM: indirect routing to mobile

HLR
2
home MSC consults HLR, gets roaming number of mobile in visited network
home network home Mobile Switching Center
correspondent
1 3
VLR
Mobile Switching Center Public switched telephone network
call routed to home network
4
mobile user visited network
home MSC sets up 2nd leg of call to MSC in visited network MSC in visited network completes call through base station to mobile
GSM: handoff with common MSC

Handoff goal: route call via new base station (without interruption) reasons for handoff:
stronger signal to/from new BSS (continuing connectivity, less battery drain) load balance: free up channel in current BSS GSM doesnt mandate why to perform handoff (policy), only how (mechanism)
VLR Mobile
Switching Center old routing old BSS new routing new BSS
handoff initiated by old BSS
6-72
GSM: handoff with common MSC

1. old BSS informs MSC of impending handoff, provides list of 1+ new BSSs 2. MSC sets up path (allocates resources) to new BSS 3. new BSS allocates radio channel for use by mobile 4. new BSS signals MSC, old BSS: ready 5. old BSS tells mobile: perform handoff to new BSS 6. mobile, new BSS signal to activate new channel 7. mobile signals via new BSS to MSC: handoff complete. MSC reroutes call 8 MSC-old-BSS resources released
VLR Mobile
Switching Center 2
1 8
old BSS
7 3 6
new BSS
GSM: handoff between MSCs

anchor MSC: first MSC
home network correspondent Home MSC anchor MSC MSC MSC MSC
visited during cal

call remains routed through anchor MSC
PSTN
new MSCs add on to end of MSC chain as mobile moves to new MSC Or: optional path minimization step to shorten multi-MSC chain
6-74
GSM: handoff between MSCs

anchor MSC: first MSC
home network correspondent Home MSC anchor MSC MSC MSC MSC
visited during cal

call remains routed through anchor MSC
PSTN
(b) after handoff
new MSCs add on to end of MSC chain as mobile moves to new MSC IS-41 allows optional path minimization step to shorten multi-MSC chain
Mobility: GSM versus Mobile IP

GSM element Comment on GSM element Mobile IP element
Home system Gateway Mobile Switching Center, or home MSC. Home Location Register (HLR) Visited System Visited Mobile services Switching Center. Visitor Location Record (VLR) Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN), or roaming number
Network to which the mobile users permanent phone number belongs Home MSC: point of contact to obtain routable address of mobile user. HLR: database in home system containing permanent phone number, profile information, current location of mobile user, subscription information Network other than home system where mobile user is currently residing Visited MSC: responsible for setting up calls to/from mobile nodes in cells associated with MSC. VLR: temporary database entry in visited system, containing subscription information for each visiting mobile user Routable address for telephone call segment between home MSC and visited MSC, visible to neither the mobile nor the correspondent.
Home network Home agent
Visited network Foreign agent
Care-ofaddress
6-76
Wireless, mobility: impact on higher layer protocols

logically, impact should be minimal best effort service model remains unchanged TCP and UDP can (and do) run over wireless, mobile but performance-wise: packet loss/delay due to noise, collisions, handoff TCP interprets loss as congestion, will decrease congestion window un-necessarily delay impairments for real-time traffic limited bandwidth of wireless links
6-77
Summary
Wireless wireless links:
capacity, distance channel impairments CDMA
Mobility principles: addressing, routing to mobile users

home, visited networks direct, indirect routing care-of-addresses
IEEE 802.11 (wi-fi)

CSMA/CA reflects wireless channel characteristics
case studies
mobile IP mobility in GSM
cellular access
impact on higher-layer protocols
6-78

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89-850 Communication Networks: Wireless and Mobile Communication Networks Prof. Amir Herzberg BIU, Dept.

Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach Featuring the Internet,

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

Background: Wireless and Mobile Networks

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

Wireless and Mobile Communication Networks: Outline

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

Elements of a wireless network

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

Elements of a wireless network

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

Elements of a wireless network

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

Characteristics of selected wireless link standards

384 Kbps 56 Kbps

UMTS/WCDMA, CDMA2000 IS-95 CDMA, GSM

Mid range outdoor

Long range outdoor

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

Elements of a wireless network

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

Wireless network characteristics

Hidden terminal problem

Wireless Link Characteristics

Lower signal/noise . more difficult

Higher bit error rate

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

Hi/Low BER States Model

Simplify: all packets Ok in `Good`, fail in `Bad`

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

Wireless Link Characteristics

Wireless and Mobile Communication Networks: Outline

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs

IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN

802.11 LAN architecture

Extended Service Set (ESS)

802.11: Channels, association

host: must associate with an AP

IEEE 802.11: multiple access

Unlike Ethernet: Ack, no Collision Detection

Why no collision detection?

Goal: avoid collisions: CSMA/CA (Collision Avoidance)

IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol: CSMA/CA

802.11 sender 1 if sense channel idle then

SIFS (e.g. 16s)

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol: CSMA/CA

- If ACK, reduce backoff range by 1

SIFS (e.g. 16s)

802.11 MAC Operation

Src Dest Other

Next MPDU Defer Access Backoff after Defer

Two Additional Mechanisms in 802.11

RTS/CTS [optional in 802.11 MAC]

Collision Avoidance: RTS-CTS exchange

Q: Defer on RTS, CTS or both?

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

Q: Defer on RTS, CTS or both?

Idea 2: defer only on CTS

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

Q: Defer on RTS, CTS or both?

Idea 2: defer only on CTS