ANNEX 2

CASE STUDIES FINAL REPORT VALORIZATION OF ORGANIC WASTE IN BINH DINH PROVINCE

Foreword In Vietnam, the cost of landfilling is rising rapidly. That are cost of land, public complaints and view of city. Alternative processing technologies, such as composting or anaerobic digestion, offer some potential for recovery of value from organic wastes by producing soilenhancing composts and, in the case of anaerobic digestion, biogas. Therefore, anaerobic digestion and composting are both being considered as possible routes for treatment of the biodegradable fraction of municipal solid wastes, and it is anticipated that their use will become more widespread over the coming years. The implementation would be of no question mark in many countries but municipal waste properties in Vietnam are different from other countries. Unsorted municipal waste makes application of bio-digestion or composting difficult. The list of cases to be studied within Binh Dinh Organic Waste Valorization component formulated based on the analyses above, the list includes all current practices in organic waste treatment and management within Vietnamese circumstance. This report can be used to prove that there are chances for composting, re-feeding animals, bio-digestion of municipal organic waste in the provincial / regional / national strategic planning. Table 1 gives an overview of all current techniques being applied to treat organic municipal waste within the cases visited. The waste from kitchens, restaurants, canteen are presented in other schemes given the fact that they are reused for re-feeding animal and animal waste is recycled to compost or to raise worm.

Table 1. Summary of all technology currently applied in Vietnam to treat organic municipal waste

Locati on Viet tri Hanoi

N o. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Input

Capacity Ton/d 120-150 0.6 80

Separation At At source plant No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Grin ding No Yes No

Dewateri ng No No No

Current practices within a plant / location Mixing Aerob Forced Break Sievin with ic Turni ventilat ing g additiv comp ng ion es ost No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Reuse leacha tes Yes No Yes

Anaero bic treatme nt No No No

Incenera tion Yes No No

Viet Tri city Co Bi Gia Lam Hong Ky

1

Hue Hoi An Binh Dinh Dalat

PHT2 Thuy Phuong Tra Que Nhon Phu Xuan Huong Xuan Tho Market Farm Huong Trung3 Kitchen refuse4

200 0.3 1.5 1.7 0.0006 25 15

No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes

Yes No Yes Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No No No Yes Yes

No No No Yes No

No No No Yes Yes

No No No No No

Yes Yes Yes Yes yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

No No No No no

Yes Yes Yes Yes yes

Yes No Yes Yes yes

No No No No no

No No No No no

HCM C

1 2

See in text at relevant chapter for Hanoi cases studied See in text at relevant chapter for Hanoi cases studied 3 See in text in the report for HCMC cases 4 See in text in the report for HCMC cases

1. Phu Tho: Date: Nov. 9 11, 2010, Viet Tri Phu Tho, Hanoi Vietnam Participants: Thuy, Ha, Dung Location: Viet Tri Waste Treatment Co. Viet Tri city, Phu Tho province Meeting with mr. Tran Xuan Tao (head of business division), mr. Bui Thuong (director) Viet Tri WTP Co. directed by Viet Tri URENCO for the treatment of all solid waste in the city. The plant is small established in 1998 with potential capacity to treat only 60 tons/d while at this current time the plant receives 120 tons municipal waste/d. Fresh waste is manual separated (see image), humidity / temperature and forced ventilation controlled by internal temperature of compost, mechanical sieving and additional E.M (effective microorganism).

Figure 1. Separation fresh municipal waste at plant.

60% of waste collected and transported to the plant is organic waste, which is compostable. Compost product produced daily is approximately 30tons. This product is sold into three quality levels with different prices ranged from 80,000VND/ton to 300,000VND/ton depending on the finesse of compost. There are 80 staff in the company in which 60 direct workers. For 1 ton of fresh waste, the factory spends 100,000VND/ton for treatment (electricity for spraying water, leachates, forced ventilation, ). The procedure is presented in the figure, the whole process for automatic control in temperature, forced ventilation and spraying water or leachates consumes 30,000 to 40,000KW electricity per month.

Mixed waste Manual separation (in open field) for burning Non-organic waste

Organic waste entering compost compartment (20 compartments * 130 180m3 volume) (mixing with E.M, control humidity and temperature (50 - 530)) Turning once per week + spray leachates on compost to reuse nutrion Forced ventilation via floor air channel 25 30days Resting period (30days), turning using plough machine Post compost separation (sieving) Fine particles Package Rough particles Landfill (on-site)

Figure 3. Sieving at final step before packing

Although there is large amount of compost stored on-site but the director shares with the consultant that there is less than 10% non-compostable waste has to go to landfill. Compost quality analysis showed that percentage of Ntotal, P2O5, K2O were 2.0%, 0.4%, 1.3%, respectively which is acceptable compost quality (CoFQ No. 11, 2009). Compost that poor quality (sandy, rough in size) is sold to a military camp for bedding the camp yard and enhance soil within the camp. The company plans to add value into the existing compost to make it rich in nutrition. A scheme of good management in production / technology and marketing will bring good profit to the company together with helping crop farmer to have good products for their productivities.

Incoming cash: URENCO (10USD/ton), recylables (plastic pellets, bricks), compost (50,000 to 300,000VND/ton).

Expense: operation electricity (20millions VND/month), water, labour cost (85 personels * 1.5millions VND/month)

At this moment, compost is not yet an assest. The plant sold compost to SouthEast Highland area via a mediate in Nam Dinh. The contract however terminated due to the mediator was no longer working in the business. This showed that a good marketing strategy is very essential for the business. However, a new contract system is being built up with good prospect (1,000tons/ in 2011). Contract in 2011 is in active with new strategy is to sell to the Northern Mountain markets. Important notice for this case is that the awareness on compost value of people involved in this business is not high enough to put more effort and investment in making compost saleable.

2. Hanoi: 2.1. Integrated small scale organic farm waste management: Hong Ky dairy farm, Soc Son, Hanoi , Vietnam. This is a typical Garden, Fond, Animal house (VAC) model for small scale Vietnamese farm in which waste chain is closed by establishing the intake of one object is taken from the output of the other. Looking at the chart shown under, organic waste that originally produced by keeping few animals if managed well, income of the farm is increased tremendously.

It is environmental important to consider that: If one point within the chain of organic waste management in the farm would be broken (for example non-functional biogas due to maintenance as what we observed during the visit) a back up plan to handle all manure produced by cows and horses should be prepared, e.g. having a secondary bio-digester so that whenever needed pipes used to collect manure can be shifted from one biogas system to the other. In term of soil nutrition balance, the amount of liquid manure fertilized to the grass field should be controlled to just meet the nutrition required but this amount should not be surpluses

This integrated waste management model is suitable for almost any of the 70% of Vietnamese farmers who keep animals. On farm treatment organic waste (generated from both animals and farmers kitchen) will save cost for waste treatment at central plant (no
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cost for collection, transportation and treatment). Otherwise, farm waste discharged to the open environment will pollute water (water surface, underground water).

Dairy cows + white horse Waste* (drop feed, hair, skin, sneezing particles, urine, feaces) Liquid Solid 3 Bio - Digester (17m ) Vermiculture Bio-energy Effluent Worm Worm manure Worm castings Frog / Layer Fertilizer organic vegetables Beddings Elephant grass

digester bio-energy (burning / electricity) effluent: liquid irrigation sediment vermicompost

Figure 4. Cow barn and manure storage before entering biogas system

Within the farm, organic waste generated from daily activities of the farmers family can be added (after cutting into fine size) into the vermiculture. 2.2. Recycling organic matter in animal manure for vermiculture in small scale: PHT earthworm farm (Soc Son, Hanoi, Vietnam) www.triagiunquePHT.com.vn. Within a simple set up, an area of 400m2 covered with earthworm semi-concrete basins. Input is purely cattle manure that traders collect, transport and sell to the farmer. The distance for transportation cattle manure to the farm is approx. from 3 4km to 20km.

Manure (cattle / pig) Traders / farmers Dilute with water (resting time min. 4h, max 24h) + spraying E.M Semi-concrete basin (20cm height of the basin, optional length), bedding with leaves, ricestraw + castings from previous worm basin. Roofing with coconut leaves, plastic fleece Pour diluted manure on top of the worm basin Havesting Worm Worm Manure Worm Casting Fresh worm (tortle, frog) Dried worm (supplement for human nutrition) Worm manure (fertilizer) Worm castings (new worm basin, fertilizer)

In a context that small scale farms are still popular in many parts of Vietnam, especially in Binh Dinh province, this model contributes to a simple but cost effective solution to treat organic waste from animal production while increase farm income.
100m2 of land, worm farmer can deliver: 1. 250 300kgs fresh worm 30kgs dried worm (400,000VND/kg) 2. 3 tons/month worm castings (1,200VND/kg) Investment: 1. Land 2. Labour (4 people * 2millions VND/month) 3. Cattle manure * 7,000VND/bag 30kgs) 4. E.M (2,000VND/litre)

2.3. Agricultural and Environmental Service Cooperatives Co Bi commune, Gia Lam district, Hanoi Vietnam. In a community with 1,200 households in which 700 households with activities related to agriculture, in a consecutive arrangement, waste collected by a waste collection team comprised of 10 cooperative members. Waste is collected according to whether it is organic (Monday, Wednesday, Friday, Sunday) or non-organic (the rest of the week). Inputs include waste collection fee (2,000VND/head/month), salary paid by local government, selling recyclables, and compost. Outputs include waste collection, reseparation, composting. The remainder of waste that non-recyclable is returned to Urenco (98,000VND/tons).

Figure 5. Compost after 1 month and Biomix, a combination of E.M (powder) and enzyme.

This waste will then be put in Gia Lam landfill. The purification of organic waste is responsible of household themselves but the waste collectors are very proactive in correcting any misplacements. The idea of collecting waste into two different days aims to assure that there is no misplacement during collection and transportation. Vehicles to collect waste are also defined by two different colours. The organization chart can be seen as below:
1,200 households (pay for waste collection 2,000VND/person/month) Waste Organic Non-organic Collect Monday, Wednesday, Friday, Sunday Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday (vehices and equipments provided by GiaLam district PC) Compost plant Waste collection point Spray diluted Biomix (1kg/1tons waste) Urenco (98,000VND/ton) Mixing well (one per week) (60days) Compost (use by own cooperatives members)

Discussed with mr. Thuong, head of the cooperative, some drawbacks were occurred such as: quality of separated waste was low due to the facts that low awareness of households, waste collectors altitude (finishing the work as fast as possible spending little time in raising awareness, and still there is no reward/penalty scheme).

Solution applied the assessment of separation quality is done at the collection point near by the composting plant. If there is mixed waste, the waste collectors should receive warnings or penalty if misplacements repeated. This according to the cooperative head is to encourage waste collector to be proactive in not only to collect waste but also in awareness raising. Not always all organic waste is composted at the plant of the cooperative because crop seasonal effect. For certain period of the year when crop is not in high demand for compost (e.g. rainy season), separated organic waste is transferred to a waste treatment plant managed by Gia Lam district Urenco. 2.4. Municipal waste treatment composting plant Gia Lam Urenco, Kieu Ki commune, Gia Lam district, Hanoi Vietnam. The plant (a landfill included) covers an area of 14ha, in which 7ha for waste treatment and composting, the other part is landfill with sanitary facility. The compost plant of the factory operates in 2007 2008 including 22 compartments capacity of 200m3 each. Total physical investment was approx. 20 billions VND with all mechanics produced by Vietnamese factories. Harmonizing with consecutive organic waste collection at each communes, trucks with organic colour sent to collect waste 4 times per week (Monday, Wednesday, Friday, Sunday).

Figure 6. Images from top down, left to right: fresh sorted organic waste (waiting for coming organic waste to be compost this batch of well sorted organic is always very high quality compost), segregation belt at plant, colours differentiated trucks for organic and non-organic waste, forced ventilation system, compost compartments, compost with unsorted waste, final products before packing, aerorated system to treat wastewater (leachate) from landfill, landfill near by the composting factory.

On average, 8 to 10 tons of organic waste are collected per shift. Besides, waste that gathered at the plant includes also mixed-waste (approx. 70tons/day), this waste is entered separation chain which is manually segregated by worker of the plant. There is in total 18 staff (including direct workers) working in the plant. Excluding organic matter (approx. 55%) and recyclables the quantity of non-biodegradable waste that go to near by landfill is approximately 50 60%. In an effort of trying to reduce as much as possible organic matter that ending up in the landfill causing leachates, all waste that collected (after briefly separation large size particle and specific waste from artisan villages which are 100% non-biodegradables) are composted. This methodology helps to reduce workload for manual separation at the

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start, much lower leachates from the landfill, very high percentage of humus compost, however, the huge quantity of waste too soon occupied the compost facilities.
Separated organic waste collected by communes Mixed waste collected by Urenco worker

Weighing 1st Separation chain Separated drums (5cm2) nd 2 Organic waste separation (big The organic particle that is not well size) separated from the mixed waste will release leachates no matter how Compost compartments (21 25days) integrated the factory is. (spraying E.M, leachates, forced ventilation, turning) Resting compost (19days), turning Sieving (2mm2) Packaging

For the case of Gia Lam district Hanoi, a model of waste management can be expresed as the following chart:
Collection Waste - Organic (Mon, Wed, Fri, Sun)
- Non - organic (the other days)

Composting

Sorting at household

Commune waste collectors

Compost at commune facility

Uunsorting waste: Household, office, hospital, canteen, street waste

Urenco

Compost at plant

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3. Hue: Thuy Phuong Municipal Waste Treatment and Composting Plant, Tam Sinh Nghia Co.. Taking over from Hue Urenco in 2006, the factory was renovated and applied to new technology which innovated by domestic technology. The factory is responsible for treating municipal waste from Hue city (200tons/day), however, there is still 30 50% waste not collected. All waste entered the factory without separation at source. Total organic waste in the whole waste is approx. 60 to 65%, in which the compost products is about 20 to 25%. Activities within the plant include three compartments: segregation, recycling, and composting recruiting 180 staff (including administrative people). At this current time, recycling plastic to produce plastic pipes stopped, workers of this compartment are shifted to work into two others. Facilities in the plant include segregation conveyor belts, magnetic rollers (to pick up metals), plate sievers, drum sievers, plastic and light particles blower, incinerator, driers, composting compartment, humidifier (for adjusting moisture in final compost), packaging. Protocol for forced ventilation is 24/7 operation with interval of ventilator is 4h on 4h off At the end of the processing, waste sent to landfill is lower than 10%. The integrative procedure helps this plant to produce final compost at fine particle (2mm2) with high humus percentage.

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Figure 7. Images from top down, left right: manual segregation on two sides of waste conveyor belt, drum siever, wire container where blowed plastic is collected, second metal picking using magnetic roller, sorted waste to enter compost compartment, incinerator with drier next to, compartment where final products are produced, humidifier of final products, packing, products

Mixed waste gathered at the plant by Urenco Hue Manual segregation Grinding to get particle of 10cm2 in size Aerated static piling inside composting compartments (15 compartments, size: 6m*18m*2.5m height) adding EM, molasses, additional N (within 30days, turning once per 10days, forced ventilation) end of this step, the compost reaches humidity of 30 35% Sieving to select humus (large size still) Drying using heat from incinerator (100tons/day capacity of the drier) Resting (60days) (7 compartments, size 6m*18m*2.5m height) at this stage, compost size is approx. 20mm2 Sieving to select 3mm2 at this stage, compost contains approx. 17% humidity Compost entering a process to enhance quality (additives, urea, humidity) Packaging

Incinerators driers: the incinerator operates in two stages: preliminary burn and secondary burn, waste entered is burned under temperature of 700 to 8000C, hot air and dust emitted are
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The incinerator emits too much heat and dust to the environment

supposed to go filtering (cyclone, charcoal, water), hot air leads to a drier drum where 100 tons of semi compost is being dried everyday.

Via a branched company Thuan Sinh Nghia with main function in marketing, compost products produced by the plant at this moment is very marketable in SouthEast highland crop and industrial plantation farmers, however, the factory is undergoing negative balance for compost. This is explained as a strategy to promote compost to crop farmers who are not yet familiar with using compost as a good soil enhancer. At later stage (year 2011) the price of compost will increase. Currently, compost prices 1,000VND/kg, most of the market locates in SouthEast highland, reaching there, the compost plus transportation prices 2,000VND/kg. The plant director board aims to establish a fertilizer company with future activities are to buy remaining compost from other waste treatment composting plants, process these compost to improve quality and add additives to produce high organic fertiliser, compost fertilizer would be made in pellet form.
Strong odour emission

change to other E.M better / earlier segregation organic waste cover with composting fleece
High dust emission better segregation organic waste from the start installation evaporative dus submission in sensitive dus emission area Heat loss improvement the technical parts of the incinerator better reuse heat production for drying compost Long composting time change E.M cover with composting fleece to prevent influences from external weather condition High energy consumption heat produces by incinerator can be reused to generate electricity Efficiency although mechanic levels seem high but the worker is high in number too (180 people to treat 200 tons of waste) Too much leachates due to too low dry matter after manual / mechanical sorting (<10%) change E.M mix rough / low quality compost with watery raw waste before composting process start
Figure 8. Drawbacks and potential solutions recognized by both the Thuy Phuong Tam Sinh Nghia factory director board and the consultants

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Leachate is currently treated by diluting with water / chemicals / E.M and discharge to environment (after small portion is reused to humidify compost piles). As a solution, the international consultant advised to feed back into the composting process some of the compost to mix with the ingoing substrate to increase the initial dry matter content and to prevent the production of leachate / percolate. This advise is well taken by the vice director. In order to improve the system with respects to reducing odour and dust emission, a discussion between the director and consultants on possible cover fleece / vessel compost was made. Further communication will be done between both parties. 4. Hoi An People Committee. Primary Separation and Composting at Household Level in Hoi An city. 4.1. Tan Hiep island. Household segregation composting. An original plan to visit Tan Hiep island was cancelled due to rough sea waterway (the island is 20km sea waterway from the mainland. Instead, a thoroughly meeting was conducted at division of environment Hoi An PC. Started in 2005, in the island Tan Hiep segregation waste at source project conducted in Cam Huong village (94 households). The compost bin was introduced aiming that household waste after separation organic part could be composted at source. However, due to the fact that useable land in the island is very limited, only 3 compost bins (40litres volume) were placed at three public places were too small in volume for composting organic waste from all projected households. The project was die-young and terminated. Currently, 2 tons of waste per day after preliminary separation (construction waste left on the island), all unsorted waste is being transported by sanitary ship (financed by Hoi An PC) and ended up in a landfill in Hoi An city (Cam Ha landfill).

low awareness in local residents

too few compost bins

limitatio n of land on the island

Project failure
Figure 9. Explanation from Hoi An PC on the failure of Tan Hiep project

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Seemingly lesson learnt, on the Cu Lao Cham (World Biosphere Zone) (Tan Hiep island included), the Dans government is funding to establish a waste treatment plant, composting plant and sanitary landfill. The project values at 9billions VND. The factory is aiming to treat waste from 660 households (approx. 3,000 inhabitants) and waste generated from tourism (projection of approx. 10tons/day). After completion of the projected plant, all compost products will assumingly be used to cultivate 10ha agricultural land in the Cu Lao Cham (at the moment, due to rapid development in tourism, most of paddy rice field is being converted to vegetables. 4.2. In the mainland of Hoi An, an on-going project on at source waste segregation and composting was introduced to the consultants. There is 30 households participated in the first phase, each household received inception workshop, demonstration on composting technique, and three compost bins (composite material, 300,000VND each, with three different colours for three stages of composting). The second phase would include 400 households. Inception works had been done and at this current time, the second phase is on implementation. Compost bin made of composite, volume of 40 litres (an average household has 5 heads * 1.35kgs organic waste produced per day * 30days). At the bottom of the bin there is 4 holes with diameter of 0.5cm to release leachates. A cover on top of the bin to protect the bin and waste inside from rain water, too much sunshine and rat. A flexibility of the bin material can be that ceramic or clay vase used but the technical design should be complied. Preparation of the bin: bedding with leaves, mud, soil, ash to a level of 1/8 of the bin volume. Everyday waste entered the bin should be mixed well. Moisture control is done by adding in leave (dried), ash, dried mud; and dryness control by pouring washed rice water. Compost in each bin should remain in the bin for at least one month, after that, compost can be rested to reach ultimate composting stage. In total, three months are needed for a compost batch.

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Figure 10. Images from top down, left right: three household size compost bins provided by the Hoi An PC, end-user of the compost (organic vegetable garden), seaweed free collection by farmer, soil preparation with seaweed as beddings.

The consultants observed that local farmers use seaweed to prepare soil for organic vegetable cultivation. The seaweed is collected with free payment by farmer, being bedded at the bottom of the heap and covered with a thin layer of soil before new seeds are cultivated. In term of organic waste management, this is a good use of local farmer to covert natural organic into productivity. One concern could be that if there is any heavy metal in such seaweed undetected and those heavy metal would contaminate what so called organic vegetable. 5. Binh Dinh: 5.1. Agricultural and Environmental Service Cooperatives Nhon Phu, Qui Nhon city, Binh Dinh province. Oganization charts can be described as the follows:

Management unit of Nhon Phu Cooperative 3 persons

Agricultural Activities
involvement of 2,884 farmers

Environmental Services
6 persons * Collection unsorted waste from 600 households, 1 hospital, 1 office, 1 school canteen (3 times per week) * Transportation to compost plant * Sorting at plant * Composting

Crop farming in 300ha Seeds producers in 20ha

Initiated from a French project, the composting plant established in 2005 with 50% financial source from French and 50% from Qui Nhon PC. The project activities including 1) awareness rising, 2) capacity building, and 3) composting of household waste in a centralized small plant. Since 2007, the cooperative takes over the facility and run the business quite independently.

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Three times per week (between 02:00 and 05:00), waste is collected from 600 households, 1 school, 1 office and 1 hospital. Hospital waste only concerns the non-hazardous fraction. The waste is loaded in Besides, farmer refers to fertilizer organic vegetable using seaweed. Kitchen refuse is being collected by animal farmers. a simple wagon fixed to the back of a motorbike and transported to the plant. The site is located in the middle of the collection area.
During the field trip to Tra Que organic vegetable artisan village, regardless to participating in the project using three compost bins which processed same quality compost, a vegetable farmer told that he would totally return to the old fashioned backyard composting using static, turned piles. Main reason is that this approach allowed him to have compost of adequate quantity input in his crop rotation.

Figure 11.Tricycles used to collect municipal waste in a distance of 2km, quantity of 1.5tons/ day, waste gathered at the plant and segregated manually

Figure 12. Scheme of activities in environmental service in Nhon Phu Cooperative

At the plant, after sorting for all recyclables (an add in income for direct workers) and nonbiodegradables (Urenco takes away), organic waste segregated at plant and mixed well with E.M (dilution at 1litre E.M: 50litre water) in aerated static principle all situated in concrete compartments (8 compartments * 10m3 each). Equally distributed over the length of the containers are 4 to 5 plastic, perforated tubes (diameter of 0,20 cm) are penetrated into central area of compost materials. Since heat is produced during composting, hot air is
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discharged through the tubes (thermal buoyancy) creating airflow within the heap. Fresh air enters the heap through the perforated brick walls of the container. The process lasts for 40 to 45days, compost then moved manually to a open space for intensive turning before getting ready to be used as a compost product.

Figure 13. Fresh organic waste placed inside compost compartment, plastic aerated holes penetrated onto the bottom of the compost providing circulated air within the compost.

The bottom of the containers is sloping towards percolate collection gutters in between each set of 2 containers. Channels connected open gutters to an underground concrete container (2m depth * 3m * 4m) where all leachate is stored and then when necessary to be pumped and sprayed to provide nutrients (maintain C:N ratio) back to the compost. Excepted the segregation area, the plant is placed under an iron-sheet roof, to prevent rainwater to enter the heaps. Temperature of the core of the heap is monitored on a daily basis. Ideally, temperature increases from approx. 300C at the beginning to approx. 700C during the actual composting process. When the temperature drops again to 300C Depreciation is not taken into account in the (composting process is finished) the end product is operational costs of the facility. Without allowed to further dry for 10-15 days, intensive this depreciation, the plant is said to be turning is done during this period. After that, the economic (balanced operational costs, compost is sieved to separate the fine particles including labor, and income), however, there is no capital for maintenance and from the larger parts. The finer parts are put into expandability bags and stored ready for selling.

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Figure 14. Gutter to lead leachates to an underground container, leachates seen

Compost production is approx. 3 tons per month, the price of compost is 700VND/kg sold mainly to own cooperatives members.
Chances for improvement: Introduce a grinder to refine the raw organic waste (faster composting, thus greater capacity) Re-consider the use of E.M Add nutrients to the compost to increase fertilizer and economic value Elimination of odour using cover fleece over the compost compartment with technical compromise for the aerated plastic pipes

Figure 15. Final compost

With 300,000VND/truck of 7m3, non-biodegradables collected by Urenco to Long My landfill, Qui Nhon city. Qui Nhon PC currently subsidizes 7 trucks free of charge (average the plant leaves 2 to 3 trucks of non-compostables per week). 6. Dalat city Lam Dong province. Dalat is a highland city with agriculture is the most important source of income. According to figure provided by Dalat Urenco, the city produces 130 tons waste per day from different sources such as market (wet market and wholesale vegetable market), household, farm, roadkill, packing station. Waste generated from 195,365 inhabitants (in 40,760 households) is approximately 56 tons per day (0,29kg waste produced per inhabitant per day). From a study conducted by Dalat University, there is approx. 85.41% biodegradable waste meanings over 48 tons waste can be composted. Urban Environment Unit, belongs to Urenco Dalat, is responsible for collecting, gathering, transporting and treating municipal waste. The unit consists of 231 staff (170 women).

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Figure 16. Collecting residential waste in Dalat city. Source: PACMO PMU

Waste collected (approx. 60%) is sent to a natural landfill of 12ha at ward 5 Dalat city. At this landfill there is no controls on pollutants such as leachates, foul odour, and the landfill is also overwhelmed with increasing waste from the city over the years. 6.1. PACMO project Besides waste management activity conducted daily by Dalat Urenco, there is a prominent project going on in the city: PACMO. The project aims to eliminate landfill within Dalat city, in which organic waste is totally reused. Structure of the project implementation: Vice President of Dalat People Committee: Project Leader Deputy Head of Economic Department (PC): Project Coordinator Project Manager Project Assistants (staff working for PC) Organik Ltd. Co.: Main implementator Langbian Farm Urenco: Project partner Dalat Green Environment: Project partner The PACMO project is funded by ADEME (French Agency for Environment and Energy) with 30% of the project cost financed by Dalat PC. There are private enterprises such as Organik Ltd. Co., Green Environment Ltd. Co. taking part as project implementators. Three organic waste management and composting models are chosen to be studied within the project: household, farm (legume, vegetable, horticulture), market. 6.1.1. Household: Xuan Tho commune is a commune where household waste is dumped into nature (forest, backyard, street, local water course) because there is no service from Dalat Urenco provided. All project activities in this commune can be described as the follows:
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Inception phase: - Workshop: within 1 day workshop project objectives and activities were introduced to all participants (household representatives; local officials; elementary teachers; project members); the content of the lecture was about guiding target participants to distinguish biodegradable waste and nonbiodegradable waste; the importance of separation these two types of waste in treatment process, etc. - Selection of project household: within the workshop, interested households are selected based on their willingness, good perception on project objectives; fitting with project model categories (with land, without land). - On-site demonstration: after that, the next day the compost bin and its properties were performed by the project technician to all project households. Technology: segregation and composting at source using compost bin, black soldier fly, red-worm and natural composting process. - Segregation at household: on average each household in Xuan Tho commune produces 1.19kg biodegradable waste per day (433kg/y). A storage bin is provided which its volume (80cm*60cm) is enough for storing the organic waste produced per household in the entire year. o The compost bin: this is a development from international consultant (Paul Olivier). The bin sizes 80cm height * 60cm in diameter made of

Figure 17. Compost bin without-bottom. Source: PACMO PMU

Figure 18. Compost bin with-bottom. Source: PACMO PMU

concrete with opening holes on the sides and two lids on the top. The small lid is opened when waste is fed into the bin while the large lid is opened once per 10days for stirring the materials inside the bin.

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Comprised from three pieces of concretes, the whole bin is assembled using iron wires, the idea for this concrete material is following: anti-stealing; dog free; anti-oxidant; inexpensive (300,000VND/bin); produced by local craftsman (generates local income). Depending on land availability two type of bins were introduced: withbottom for less land / flood subjected land (image ) and without-bottom for land available household. To void leaches (although rich in plant nutrition) from the without-bottom bin, a group of young trees are recommended to be planted around the bin area (e.g. bananas). For the with-bottom bin, a hole linked with a plastic container was introduced, the leaches collected in this container is a great fertilizer. - Black Soldier Fly (BSF): whose larva is known for the most voracious consumer in the natural world. In one day, BSF larva can help to reduce 20-fold kitchen refuse volume. In an area of 1m2 BSF larva can eat 40kg food waste within a day.
Figure 19. Compost bin in active at a household in Xuan Thanh village, Xuan Tho Commune

Figure 20. Adult Black Soldier Fly, BSF larvae, Red Worm inside a compost bin. Source: PACMO PMU

In a form of larva during the two week time, they only eat. After that, to pupating larva seeks for dry, dark place either within the bin or outside the bin. This period is good for larvae harvesting. In a discussion, dr. Paul Olivier mentioned that BSF larva

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meal is very high nutritious and can be a replacer for fish meal in animal feed industry with market price is of 1,000USD/ton. - Red worm: for tough cellulosic material in waste which BSF larvae would leave behind its meal, red worm can digest easy. Red worm itself and its residues are the best organic fertilizer as well as feeds to aquaculture or poultry. Outputs: free of city waste management fee larvae / red worm for high value plants fertilizer, larvae / red worm for high nutritious protein for animal feed odour free compost for garden / dcor plants. Management and monitoring: Management: Each project household received free of charge one compost bin Project household is responsible for applying strictly technical instruction such as waste type, mixing waste bin (wall to centre; top to down), Each project household receives 100,000/month during the first 5 months of the implementation period. Project household is committed to participate in demonstration the model. Project household is committed to assure that there is no misplacement of the waste type into the bins (there is proposal for reward and penalty if there is non-degradable waste found in the bin, the fines would range from 100,000VND to 1,000,000VND for the case of batteries) Monitor: Project household will receive fines if there is misplacement of waste types in the compost bin. 6.1.2. Farms: during this mission, the consultant visited Organik farm which locates at Xuan Tho commune, 10km from Dalat centre. The farm produces high-end vegetables such as cherry tomatoes, rucolar, lectuce, salad, and provides to five-star restaurants in Ho Chi Minh city. The owner of the farm is also main implementator of PACMO project. The present compost windrow serves as an experimental unit at which the two experimental factors were studied: 1) proportion between green waste and enhancing additives (coconut fibre,
Figure 21. Waste is being gathered at Organik Farm. Source: PACMO PMU

coffee shell, rice straw); 2) the usage of toptex fleece.

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Input of the compost comes from Dalat Wholesale Vegetable market (cho Nong San Dalat); vegetable farm, export processing plant; wet market. Compost product at this moment is buffered in soil for coffee and tea plantation in the farm. Technology: one limitation of traditional composting process is long term occupation of land. Therefore, shorten composting process is one of the objectives of this project. Using toptex cover over compost windrow a thermophilic condition is provided making the process as short as 45 to 60 days (traditional way is 100days if the outside temperature is constant). Besides, fresh organic waste contains more than 80% water, water absorbents are used to dry raw compost materials, this addition contributes greatly to prevent leachates from the compost as well as odour. Toptex is a material made of 100% polypropylen, it provides an aerobic condition, water proof while retains proper internal temperature for the activities of aerobic composting micro-organisms. This fibre character cover also gives space for moisture produced during the process to be evaporate reducing leachates to underground. Toptex is a light material (200gr/m2) with Mixing the compost with proportion of 80:20 (the best result came from experiment) between waste and enhancing additives (dried pineapple byproducts, rice straw, coffee shell, sawdust, core corn). This mixture with additives is aimed to adsorb moisture from fresh vegetable. Grinding Piling (2.5m height, optional length) Checking and adjusting internal environmental conditions Covering with toptex assuring that two sides and ends of the pile are well stopped by heavy wooden bars / rocks / bricks to avoid intrusion of water Turning each 6 to 10 days Controlling compost quality at after 60days lifetime ranges from 4 to 10 years. When reaching Dalat farmer, cost per square meter of toptex is approx. 10,000VND (0.55USD) (personal communication). During the composting process, condition for humidity (50 60%), temperature (650C), pH < 8; , pH < 8; 0% air space; C:N ratio 30:1; and others
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(CO2 20%; O2 > 5%; nitrate 100 300ppm; non-detectable nitrite) must be monitored. Compost quality control results: thank to the generosity that the consultant received from Dalat PACMO PMU, the results from compost quality control were used to compare with standard issued by Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development.

Figure 22. Piling and picking up misplaced non-biodegradable waste at the compost site. Source: PACMO PMU

Figure 23. Adding and mixing additives (effective micro-organisms and CaCO3). Source: PACMO PMU Table 2. A preliminary comparison between the agricultural standard for compost product quality from composting municipal waste TCVN 562 2002 issued by MARD (2002) and compost quality from Dalat Organik farm (source: PACMO PMU, 2010).

Parameter Moisture pH Aerobic micro-organism Carbon N P K Salmonella

Unit % CFU/g % % % % CFU 27

Standard 35 6,0 8,0 106 13 2,5 2,5 1,5 0

Dalat compost 57.4 5.3*106 35 1.1 1.75 1.8 0

Parameter Pb Cad Cr Cu Ni Zn Hg Storage period

Unit mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg month

Standard 250 2,5 200 200 100 750 2 6

Dalat compost 0.36 0.0069 5.86 0.61 21.53 0.054

This low N:P:K content compost therefore needs to be enhanced by mixing with goat manure which is available within the region. The mixture with proportion of 1:1, the price of goat manure is approx. 25,000VND/bag mixed with Dalat compost which costs 18,000VND/bag (equivalent to 18kgs). Discussed with mr. Nguyen main implementator of the project, the compost technology applied in Dalat
Figure 24. Compost after finishing period (45days).

contributes greatly to the main objectives of the project: 1) reducing organic waste ending up in landfill; 2) providing soil buffer to enhance soil physic properties; 3) decentralization in organic waste treatment; 4) raising awareness in inhabitants / industry. To make this compost a valuable fertilizer, there will be simple available solutions.

Small feasible on-site investment for self-composting: Supposed that a Binh Dinh farmer would produce green waste as much that he would pile up the waste into a heap of 10meter length and 2meter height. He then needs a toptex cover of 18 running meters (10meter + 2*2 + 4 extra for well stopping at four sides of the pile). A standard size of the cover is 5meters width = 90m2. Cost for this cover at this moment is 10,000VND/m2 meanings he would pay 900,000VND for the cover in a period of 4 to 10 years. This 18-meter fleece will cover almost 20m3 of all compost materials. After 40days the compost would be completed. Within a year, this farmer would be able composting 180m3 green waste free from transportation. Such a decentralization in organic waste treatment is critical for a sustainable organic waste management in every province within Vietnam (idea derived from Paul Olivier presentation at the PACMO inception workshop)

Product quality validation on-farms: compost products had been validated at horticulture and vegetable farms within Dalat city, the results show good growth rate and high plant
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disease resistance. An amazing result from composting using toptex thermophilic method is that a great reduction in pesticide residuals was recorded. There is obviously a need to conduct further studies but according to dr. Nguyen, a group of Figure 25. Toptex Thermophilic Compost at farm sites. Source: PACMO PMU effective micro-organisms might play a role in degrading chemical structure of those pesticide residuals. 6.1.3. Wholesale Vegetable Market. the mission visited Dalat vegetable wholesale market in Trai Mat, 12km from Dalat centre. This market operates daily with a turn over of more than 40tons fresh legumes and vegetables. In order to meet customer demands, vegetables are trimmed and cleaned resulting approximately 25% fresh green waste. Approximately 10% of this waste goes directly to feed freshly to pig, rabbit, fishes, cattle, horse. Everyday, organic waste from this market go to a composting process: Gathering waste to the compost plant (50meter at the end of the market) Grinding (machines domestically designed for two types of waste: leaf / root) Pressing (to remove water) Striking (waste after pressing become a cake form, the striking machine breaks the waste cakes into finer dried fresh waste) Mixing (in this machine, dried soft waste is mixed with CaCO3 2.5kg/1tons waste) Piling in open air (turning over the pile is done each 2 to 3 days to provide aerobic condition into the compost) Compost (after 60days)

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Figure 27. Trimming cabbage at Dalat Wholesale Vegetable market

Figure 26. Pig farmer picks up trimmed cabbage for his animal, 100kg per day to feed for 30 fatteners.

Figure 29. View of the compost site at Dalat market

Figure 28. Feeding waste into a grinding machine

Figure 30. Green waste after pressing

Figure 31. compost after 7days (brown colour pile); compost after 3 weeks (dark colour pile)

Current drawback and potential solutions. Leachates: at this moment, the plant discharges 8m3 juice from pressing process. This quantity goes to a container and rejoin at a liquid waste treatment center of the city with the cost of 50,000VND/m3 this discharged liquid is high nutritious value, Binh Dien Fertilizer Co. is allegedly offered 400VND/kg to Green Environment Co., this contract will be signed in very near future. a chanel system can be built in order to lead this juice to horticulture farmer near by the plant. a lagoon can be built in order to separate high value sediment and surface clean water can be discharged to nature.

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Comments Household model. 1. this is a very successful model for household waste management in general and organic waste management in particular. 2. cost for application the compost bin is affordable to almost every standard Vietnamese households (300,000VND/bin). 3. harvest twice a year, economically, this household compost generates additional source of income given the price of compost in Dalat is ranging from 200,000VND to 250,000/m3. 4. ecologically, this model gives complete solution to treat organic waste at source without any potential impacts to the ecological environment. Farm model. 5. at a larger scale than household model, on-farm compost gives successful solution to reduce green waste to be discharged to the environment which is past and still in current practice in Dalat. 6. applying compost to soil helps to restructure soil characters 7. toptex thermophylic compost offers shorter composting time low cost technology 8. with local source additives, compost can be made a valuable fertilizer to replace chemical fertilizer. 9. composting on-farm helps to reduce risks of plant diseases transmission from farms to farms Market model. 10. on-market composting site helps to reduce cost for collecting, transporting of waste 11. domestic mechanics made the composting process at lowest cost possible General remarks: I. It is obvious that Dalat city is working on on-source waste treatment, especially for organic waste treatment. This strategy will reduce tremendously the need of an expensive, centralized, inefficient compost centre. II. Keys of existence are: 1) raising awareness in inhabitants, government, industry, and children; 2) devotion and motivation of project members; 3) great supports from local government, scientist (national and international); 4) good understanding of the compost value (as a soil buffer) from project participants. III. At any scale of the waste production there are suitable and feasible solutions therefore the technologies are accepted within a wide range of participants IV. All models observed in Dalat are absolutely feasible for Binh Dinh organic waste management.

City waste management in practice. Up stream Xuan Huong lake communes use to dump waste into surround water courses, waste drifts with water flow and ends up in Xuan Huong lake with a volume of approx.
Figure 33. Mixed waste on Xuan Huong lake, a black spot is a dead pig Figure 32. Waste after a day being separated and composted, right on the place

300m3/day in rainny season

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(6months/year). Source of waste include garden refuses, kitchen refuses, plastic, empty bottle (food, pesticide, herbicides), dead animal, At this current time, Green Environment Ltd. Co. is a main contractor to be in charged of collecting, segregating and composting waste collected in Xuan Huong lake. Daily, waste collected from the lake is gathered on an area at the end of the lake, there 4 to 5 workers separate waste and pile them up according to their types. For organic waste, on-site composting is done everyday. The technology applied is as same as at Dalat Vegetable Wholesale Market (grinding, pressing, striking, mixing and piling). 7. Ho Chi Minh city 7.1. Reusing kitchen refuse for animal production in Tan Tao ward, Binh Tan district 7.1.1. Pig production It is of importance to shortly introduce some properties of kitchen refuse, in a national study on opportunities to bio-digest kitchen refuses conducted in the UK (Southampton UR and Greenfinch Ltd., 2003), there was 17% kitchen waste in total household waste in which 60% was composed of uncooked fruit and vegetable waste. Eggs and raw meat were found to be relatively low in mass at 1.3% and 1.4%, respectively; 12% was cooked meat. In another study, according to Thai researchers (Jayalakshmi, et al., 2007) (supposedly Thai / Vietnamese kitchens were similar), kitchen refuse properties can vary within the value as below table shown:
pH Volatile Solids (% dry wt.) Organic Carbon (% dry wt.) Total Solid (% dry wt.) Moisture Content (%) Total Kjeladal Nitrogen (% dry wt.) 5.5 86.0 48.1 16.14 83.86 2.26

In Taiwan, about 20-30% (in weight) Kitchen refuse to energy: of the household waste (garbage) is Source separation of the organic fraction of municipal waste yields on average 2.9 kg per household per week kitchen waste, which includes leftover with less than 2.5% contamination. In all, 23.2 tonnes meals, vegetable leaves, fruit peelings of kitchen waste was diverted from landfill. The and scraped food. With high content of average moisture content of the source-separated kitchen waste was 78.4%, and volatile solids were organic and moisture in kitchen waste, found to be 92.4%. Thermophilic digestion (560C) of the incineration of kitchen waste is kitchen was found to be less stable than mesophilic digestion. Mesophilic digestion (36.50C) medium has a problematic due to its high moisture greater buffering capacity and is more robust to and salt contents; if treated by changes or accumulation of inhibitory chemicals. The landfilling, the unpleasant odors and biogas in both systems comprised of 58% methane. The mesophilic system produced 164 m3 per tonne, whereas copious leachate generated by kitchen the thermophilic system produced 157m3 per tonne. waste is another area of concern. On the other hand, the high organic contents of kitchen waste make it suitable for other recycling and reuse purposes, which can
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not only reduce the pressure on waste disposal system, but also conform to the 21st century's sustainable resource management trend. In 2009, total kitchen waste collected and reused was 721,472tons. The government of Taiwan projects that by 2012 total kitchen waste reused would be 769,000tons (Environmental Protection Administration Executive Yuan, 2010). Hence, it is important for the Binh Dinh project on organic waste valorization to consider this important solution to reduce household waste (high percentage of volatile solids) ending up in landfills or treated with complex technology.

Figure 34. Kitchen refuse on collecting vehicle (motorbike), reuse of water container (300litre volume) to cook kitchen refuse, pig fed kitchen refuse at 4 month old, fishpond with morning glory.

As a matter of fact, with strong agreement of Binh Dinh PMU on cases selection, consultants visited an integrated farm where the farmer keeps 70 pigs from farrowing sows to piglets, most of the animals are fatteners (approx. 65kgs BW), manure from animals flushed into a plastic bio-digester, effluent after biogas used to fertilize morning glory and feeding to a near by fish pond. Daily, kitchen waste from 12-13 restaurants and canteens at approximately 5 km distance from the farm is collected in simple bucket (20litres volume). At farm, kitchen refuse is re-cooked (high temperature sterilization) for at least 2hours prior to feeding time. Final feed for animal composes soybean paste and rice wine by-products, re-cooked kitchen leftover, and 1 to 2% portion of concentrated animal feed. The dietary value of the kitchen refuse is not know; there appears to be no interest with the farmers in that knowledge.

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Feeding pigs with kitchen refuse reduces Kitchen waste / Swill feeding costs Collectors (animal farmer, traders) with on average 6070% when Pig Fish compared to full Recook (2 3 hours) Feeding directly concentrate pig diets. Due to a lower average Adding 1 2% concentrated feed, rice wine / soya paste byproducts, daily gain (ADG) when fed kitchen Feeding refuse, the fattening cycle is 5-7 months, against 4 months for a full concentrate diet. Compared to concentrated feed, quantity of kitchen refuse consumed by a fattener is of triple in weight.
Household, restaurant, canteen Surplus biogas is in theory to be delivered in the neighborhood for household cooking, but in practice it is released into the atmosphere (alternative idea: buy a simple device for producing warm water, e.g. for taking shower. It has to be memorized that the release of surplus biogas into the atmosphere is a nonsustainable practice).

All animal manure (slurry) is directly discharged to a plastic container (reactor), placed in a pond directly outside the farm, where biogas is produced. This reactor has a volume of 8 m3, and operates on a continuous flow basis. Slurry is fed to the reactor on the bottom of one side, whereas the effluent is discharged via the top of the other side. The

effluent is discharged to the pond water, where fish and vegetable (morning glory) are grown. Biogas produced is used for household cooking and the cooking of kitchen refuse. The reactor is emptied (removal of sediment solids) every 2 years. In the region, a total of 60 pig farms operate the same practice. It applies to 5,000 pigs in total.

In animal production, commercial feed normally shares 70% of total production cost. Lets look at feed cost using kitchen refuses for a pig farm with 70pig heads, Input: 13 containers (20litres) * 10,000VND each = 2 soya paste byproduct (20litres) * 15,000VND each = 10 rice wine byproduct * 2,500VND each = 2 litres gasoline /d * 17,500VND/litre = 1 kgs commercial feed * Output: Fattener 100kg in 5months * market price = Biogas from 8m3 digester Fish * market price = Morning glory = Additional environmental value: Sustainable solution to organic waste management in the area

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7.1.2.

Aquaculture, Binh Tan Farmer Association.

Total kitchen refuses (including approx. 100kgs fresh fishes removals) reused daily in this aquaculture farm is 20 containers plus 25kgs concentrated feed. Kitchen waste delivered to the farm by traders who collect from surrounding restaurant, com binh dan, canteens (industrial zone). Using motorbike, containers with kitchen waste carried on two sides (see image).

Figure 35.Weighing, feeding and overview of aquaculture feeding kitchen refuse, eating fishes (brown yellow layer is fat remained from feeding with kitchen waste.

At farm, kitchen refuses as fishs removal is weighed and directly feed to fishes in the ponds (see image). In an area Household, restaurant, canteen, fish market of 1ha water surface, three kind of fishes are kept: surface eater, suspending eater, Kitchen waste, fishs removals Collectors (animal farmer, traders) and bottom eaters. Each fish group has their own function within a background that Adding 1 2% concentrated feed all food fed into the water should be completely eaten. Fresh feeding The farmer exchanged experience that although
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fishes are kept within a ha of water surface but using a fishing net to confine fishes, the growth rate is much higher. Fishes in confining area (4m* 8m* 2.5m depth) consumed more feed with less efforts. Fishes kept in net reach market weigh after round 4months. Growth rate / economics from fishes fed with kitchen refuse vs. commercial feed is: 1. Kitchen refuse: 15kgs breeding fish 4 months = 800 fattening fishes (market weigh is 300 400gr/fish * 17,000 20,000VND/kg) 2. Commercial feed: 15kgs breeding fishes 3 months = 800kgs fattening fishes (the same market weigh / price) In the ward, there is 17ha aquaculture with 10 farms keep fishes in confining water and 36 farms keep fish in open water, all reuse kitchen waste for feeding. In summary, benefit from good scheme of reusing kitchen waste can be sum up as below figure:
farms with 5,000pigs * 6.5kgs kitchen waste/day = 32.5tons/d

Less wet, high carbon organic, high volatile solid waste go to incinerator / landfill

Sustainable environmental society

Household pays less environmental fee due to less weigh in the bins
Figure 36. Single case assumption of benefits to farmer, household, and government in term of reusing kitchen refuses

7.2. Organic waste from animal production management: Vermicompost Huong Trung Ltd. and Tien Phong Pig Husbandry Cooperative. In this co-operative, 14 farms participate with a total of 3,500 sows and 30,000 fatteners. This numbers used to be higher in the past, but due to PRRS outbreaks the farmers control herd size. The solid manure that separated on farm is mixed with trichoderma in 45days, the product is is used to fertilize for rubber, tea and coffee plantation in SouthEast highland area. The other part of solid manure is used to feed earthworm which is kept in open field under shadow of 10ha rubber plantation. The area of worm culture is reduced to 1fifth compared to the area in 2007, this reduction in production of worm is due to limitation in market for worm. Although the farmer is producing liquid fertilizer for leave fertilization.

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Solid part from biogas effluent is added into solid manure to compost producing high quality of plant nutrients. Manure management within the cooperative:
Fattener Separation solid and liquid manure Liquid Solid Bio-digester Mixed with trichoderma Raise earthworm compost Electricity generator Fertilizer for crop Worm Worm manure Worm casting Sow

For vermicompost production, between the rows of 10ha rubber trees, concrete wall (20cm height) compartments for the substrate (mix of 1 part of pig and 3 part of cattle dung) are positioned in the vicinity of large basins for vermin-composting. This assures an optimal climate (low direct radiation, shade, low wind speed) for vermin-composting and for the 80 workers.

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Figure 37. View of vermiculture within 10ha rubber plantation (under blue compost fleece is where worm kept), feeding spots on surface of the worm space, manure preparation (mixture of pig / cattle manure with water), feeding spoon with long handle to reach middle feeding spots, worm products processing factory, worm product to fertilize root part, worm product to fertilize leave.

The compartment sizes 1.5m width * optional length * 0.2m height firstly prepared with a bedding of rubber leave and thin layer of previous compost casting, worms then placed on surface of the preparation, feeding is done twice a day by pouring liquid mixed manure on surface of the heap. Worms start to feed on the manure, to grow and reproduce. Circular spots of fresh manure (approximately 30 cm diameter) are applied systematically on the existing manure surface. For this, a 2-litre plastic mug attached to a bamboo stick is used to pour liquid feed to the worm place. Worms will migrate to the freshly applied manure. On average, 1kgs worm consumes 1kg feed per day. Price of pig manure varies from 5,000 10,000VND/ 20kg bag (depending on manure from sow or from fattener); cattle manure is 4 5millions VND/truck of 10m3. Harvesting of worm and worm products is done monthly, on 1m2 surface, 2kgs of worm and 60kgs worm manure harvested per month. Fresh worm formerly was sold to shrimp farms with good price, however, at this current time, within this region the shirmp farming is decreasing therefore this market is very limiting causing worm production is low. During 4 years, worm manure was surplus due to huge productivities in worm production, the farmer now converts stored worm manure into high quality fertilizer by enhancing its quality with trichoderma, micro minerals. From that a fertilizer factory is established processing and selling fertilizer at 2,000 2,500VND/kg (regular fertilizer is 1,500VND/kg), producing capacity is 50tons fertilizer / day, at this moment all products are sold. Fertilizer is being used by Dalat vegetable farms, tea plantation, horticulture, Chu Se coffee Association, Tay Ninh province for orchards, cassava, and rubber farmer, to the Mekong for rice farmers.

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For higher quality fertilizer, the worms are currently processed (grinding and centrifugal extraction) to produce a liquid fertilizer for application on leaves or roots in horticulture and plant production (5 litre or 1 litre containers). We discussed the possibilities to use other types of substrate (e.g. kitchen refuse) for vermincomposting. Outcome was that experiments will be needed to study this. Farmer recruits a research institute to produce suitable additives to enhance existing vermicompost with the fee of 100millions VND. At this moment, the improvement shows strong confidence in the sell capacity of new products as high quality fertilizer converted from surplus compost.

Technical and economical parameters Monthly production of worms : Daily production of vermin-compost: Daily consumption of the worms: Economic value of enhanced compost: Economic value of worm castings:

2 kg/m2 of basin 2 kg/m2 1 kg of manure per 1 kg of worms 2,500 VND/kg 10,000 VND/kg

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From the cases studied, a general comment is that there is indeed reluctance of alternatives to manage organic waste in Vietnam. A chart with briefly analysis of all differences between centralized and socialized waste management within the cases studied is given under to clarify the above remark.

Best solution for organic valorization in municipal waste can be formulated but as a matter of fact, any solution requires thoroughly participation of all parties (government, industry, society, scientist). Awareness raising is a key of success in implementation of waste management, especially in the practical sorting organic waste at source.

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Acknowledgement The consultant (s) expresses her earnest thanks to PACMO PMU Coordinator mr. Do Minh Ngoc, mr. Nguyen Truong Hoang Vuong, mr. Nguyen Hoa, dr. Nguyen Ba Hung, mr. Hiep (director of Binh Dien Fertilizer Co.), mr. Tran Xuan tao, mr. Thuong (Viet Tri Waste Treatment and Composting CO.), mr. Hong Ky, mrs. Lien (PHT worm farm), mr. Hoa (director of Hanoi Urenco), mr. Tan, mr. Phong (Cau Dien / Nam Hoa waste treatment and composting plants), mrs. Kim (Vietnam Association of Cooperatives COSTE), mr. Thuong (Co Bi Agricultural & Environmental Service Cooperative), ms. Lien, mr. Luc (Gia Lam Urenco Waste Treatment and Composting Plant), mr. Tiec (Director General of Tam Sinh Nghia Co.), mr. Tuan (Vice director of Thuy Phuong Hue Waste treatment and Composting plant), mr. Bay, mr. Hien (Hoi An PC Environmental and natural Resource division), mr. Bui (head of Nhon Phu Agricultural & Environmental Service Cooperative), ms. Huong (Binh Dinh Farmer Association), mr. Tui, mrs. Dieu, mr. Tien, mr. Luc, mr. Viet (Farmer Association Tan Tao, Binh Tan district) who give full support to the mission, they are not only generously to give information but also giving precious recommendation and experiences.

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References listed
CoFQ No. 11. 2009. Phiu kt qu phn tch mu N,P,K, T Lim H Ni. Environmental Protection Administration Executive Yuan, R. O. C. 2010. The Current Status for Kitchen Waste Recycling and Reuse. http://www.epa.gov.tw/en/epashow.aspx?list=125&path=9105&guid=2d105564-911d-4536ae70-798eb75b345c&lang=en-us. Jayalakshmi, S., V. Sukumaran, and K. Joseph. 2007. Hydrogen Production from Kitchen Waste using Heat Treated Anaerobic Biogas Plant Slurry. International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management, Chennai, India:356-362. Southampton UR and Greenfinch Ltd. 2003. Biodigestion of Kitchen Refuse - A comparative evaluation of mesophilic and thermophilic biodigestion for the stabilisation and sanitisation of kitchen waste. Funded by BIFFAWARD and South Shropshire District Council through the Landfill Tax Credit Scheme.

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