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Agenda
Introduction Overview:
What is Signal Analysis? What Measurements are available?
Theory of Operation Specifications Specifications Modern Signal Analyzer Designs & Capabilities
Wide Bandwidth Vector Measurements
Wrap-up
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 2
Overview
Display and measure amplitude versus frequency for RF & MW signals Separate or demodulate complex signals into their base components (sine waves)
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 3
Spectrum Analysis
Overview
Amplitude (p (power) )
Overview
Noise
Spur Search
Distortion
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 5
Overview
FFT Analyzer A
Parallel filters measured simultaneously i lt l LCD shows full spectral di l l display
f1
f2
f
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 6
Overview
Swept Analyzer A
Filter 'sweeps' over range of interest i t t LCD shows full spectral display
f1
f2
f
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 7
Agenda
Introduction Overview Theory of Operation:
Swept Spectrum Analyzer Hardware
Wrap-up
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 8
Theory of Operation
RF inp t input attenuator mixer
Input signal
Pre-Selector Or Low Pass Input Filter
IF gain
envelope detector
Log Amp
video filter
Theory of Operation
Display terminology
Reference Level
Start Freq.
Amp plitude
Stop Freq.
Freq. Span
Center Freq.
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 10
Theory of Operation
Mixer Mi
MIXER
f sig
1.5 GHz
RF
LO
IF
f sig
f LO - f sig
f LO + f sig
f LO
3,6 GHz
f LO
6.5 GHz
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 11
Theory of Operation
IF Filter
Theory of Operation
Envelope D t t E l Detector
Before detector
After detector
Envelope Detector
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 13
Theory of Operation
Video Filter
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 14
Theory of Operation
Video Filter vs. Trace/Video averaging
Video Filter
Video Filter operates as the sweep progresses, sweep time may be required to slow down by the transient response of the VBW filter. f h fil Trace/Video Average takes multiple s eeps, sweep time o each sweep s sweeps, s eep t e for eac s eep is not affected
Trace averaging for 1, 5, 20, and 100 sweeps, top to bottom (t b tt (trace position offset for each set of sweeps) iti ff t f h t f )
Many signals give the same results with either video filtering or trace ith ith id filt i t averaging
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 15
Theory of Operation
Other Components
RF INPUT ATTENUATOR
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 16
Theory of Operation
fs
0 1 2 3 (GHz) Signal Range
f LO - f s fs
0 1
f LO
f LO + f s
IF filter 6 detector
mixer input
3.6
sweep generator LO
f IF
A
f LO
3 3.6 36 4 5 6 6.5 65 (GHz)
3 (GHz)
LCD display
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 17
Agenda
Overview Theory of Operation Specifications:
Which are important and why?
Wrap-up
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 18
Key Specifications
8563A
SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 kHz - 26.5 GHz
Safe S f spectrum analysis t l i Frequency Range Accuracy: Frequency & Amplitude Resolution Sensitivity Distortion Dynamic Range
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 19
Specifications
!
0 V DC MAX +30dBm (1W) MAX
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 20
Specifications
Description Internal Mixing Bands 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 External mixing
Frequency Range F R
Specifications
3 Hz to 3.0 GHz 2.85 6 6 2 85 to 6.6 GHz 6.2 to 13.2 GHz 12.8 to 19.2 GHz 18.7 to 26.8 GHz 26.4 to 31.15 GHz 31.0 t 50 0 GH 31 0 to 50.0 GHz 18 to 325 GHz
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 21
Specifications
Accuracy: Frequency & amplitude
Components which contribute to uncertainty are: Input mismatch (VSWR) RF Input attenuator (Atten. switching uncertainty) Mixer and input filter (frequency response) IF gain/attenuation (reference level accuracy) RBW filters (RBW switching uncertainty) Log amp (display scale fidelity) Reference oscillator (frequency accuracy) Calibrator (amplitude accuracy)
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 22
Specifications
(freq readout x freq reference error + 0.25%*span + 5% of RBW + 2Hz + 0.5 x Horiz. Res.*)
RBW Error
Span Accuracy
Residual Error
*Horizontal resolution is span/(sweep points 1)
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 23
Specifications
Accuracy: Frequency Readout Accuracy Example Frequency: 1 GHz Span: Span 400 kH kHz RBW: 3 kHz Sweep points: 1000
Calculation (1x109Hz) x (1.8x107/Year ref. Error) = 180Hz 400kHz Span x 0.25% = 1000Hz 3kHz 3kH RBW x 5% = 150H 150Hz 2Hz + 0.5 x 400kHz/1000-1 = 202Hz Total uncertainty = 1532Hz
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 24
Specifications
Resolution
Resolution Bandwidth
Specifications
Resolution: Resolution Bandwidth
Mixer
Input Spectrum
LO
3 dB BW
3 dB
Envelope Detector
RBW Display
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 26
Specifications
Resolution: Noise Sidebands
Phase Noise
Specifications
Resolution: RBW Determines Sweep Time
Meas Uncal
Specifications
Resolution: RBW Type Determines Sweep Time 8563E Analog RBW PSA Digital RBW PSA FFT RBW
Specifications
Sensitivity/DANL
RF Input Mixer RES BW Filter LO Detector
Sweep
A Spectrum Analyzer Generates and Amplifies Noise Just Like Any Active Circuit y
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 30
Specifications
Sensitivity/DANL
2.2 dB
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 31
Specifications
Sensitivity/DANL
10 dB Attenuation = 10 dB A i Attenuation = 20 dB
Specifications
Sensitivity/DANL: IF Filter(RBW)
Specifications
Sensitivity/DANL: Video BW filter (or Trace Averaging)
Video BW or Trace Averaging Smoothes Noise for Easier Identification of Low Level Signals g
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 34
Specifications
Sensitivity/DANL: Summary
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 35
Specifications
Distortion
Two-Tone Intermod
Harmonic Distortion
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 36
Specifications
RF INPUT ATTENUATOR
IF GAIN
No change in amplitude: distortion is part of input signal (external) Change in amplitude: at least some of the distortion is being generated inside the analyzer (internal) (i l)
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 37
Specifications
Spectrum Analyzer Dynamic Range
Dynamic y Range g
The ratio, expressed in dB, of the largest to the smallest signals simultaneously present at the input of the spectrum analyzer that allows measurement of the smaller signal to a given degree of uncertainty.
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 38
Agenda
Introduction Overview Theory of Operation Specifications Modern spectrum analyzer designs & capabilities Modern
Wide Analysis Bandwidth Measurements
Wrap-up
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 39
FFT
Attenuation YIG Swept vs . FFT ADC
Replaced by y
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 40
Digital IF Filters Digital Detectors 160 RBW filters 4.1:1 Shape factor Normal RMS 1 Hz to 8 MHz Fast sweep Peak QPD EMI RBWs Min 0.03 dB Avg Sample switching error Sample
FFT
Attenuation 2 dB step to 50 GHz FFT vs Swept RBW Digital Log Amp Faster Sweep 0.07 dB Scale Fidelity w/Max DR >100 dB Dynamic range 0 0 dB reference level error 0.0 14 bit ADC Digitally S h i d Di i ll Synthesized LO Wider dynamic range Fast tuning Frequency Counter Digital Video Filters with autoranging Close-in phase noise Fast (0.1s) Power, voltage, Dither on/off Far-out phase noise High resolution (mHz) log filtering
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 41
Format Setups
Ext. source control Noise figure Code compatibility suite Flexible demod W-CDMA, HSDPA, HSUPA GSM with EDGE Cdma2000 & 1xEV-DV 1xEV-DO cdmaOne NADC/PDC TD-SCDMA
Modern designs demand more bandwidth for capturing high data rate signals and analyzing the quality of digitally modulated bandwidths anal ing q alit digitall mod lated band idths Aerospace and Defense
Radar Chirp errors & modulation quality Satellite Capture 36/72 MHz BWs w/high data rates Military communications Capture high data rate digital comms & measure EVM
Emerging communications
W-LAN, 802.16 (wireless last mile), mesh networks - Measure EVM on broadband, high data rate signals
Cellular Communications
W-CDMA ACPR & Multi-carrier Pre-Distortion - High dynamic range over 60 MHz BW to see low level 3rd order distortion for 4 carrier pre distortion pre-distortion algorithms
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 44
CPU
A/D
Auto range
ASIC
Detectors Log Amp RBW filters Decimation
Display Proc
Display
A/D
Swept and Stepped S LO 14 bit 200 Msps
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 45
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 46
Agenda
Introduction Overview Theory of Operation Specifications Modern spectrum analyzer designs & capabilities Modern
Wide Analysis Bandwidth Measurements
Wrap-up
www.agilent.com/find/b2b Slide 47
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