Cisco Introduction To Wireless

WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr
Introduction to Wireless Technology

Session WMT-101
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
Agenda
Requirements and Marketplace Basics of Radio Technology Fixed Wireless Overview Mobile Wireless Overview Wireless LAN Overview Q&A
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
Requirements and Marketplace
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
Wireless Data Network Drivers

Information access PDAs Network computers Alpha paging, information distribution Web Audio and video
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
What Is the Interest in Wireless?
No more cables Mobility Increased productivity Competition Flexibility
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
Some Wireless Data Solutions

Field servicedispatch, parts/order, electronic signature, package tracking Public safetyparking enforcement, ambulance-hospital links, anti-theft Financialnews, brokerage, pricing Telemetryhealth care, vending machines, alarm systems, energy Identificationinventory in warehouse and stores, anti-theft
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
Ciscos Wireless Data Initiatives
Point-Point/Multipoint Wireless
Wireless LAN
Wireless Broadband Local Loop

WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
Mobile Cellular Voice/Data Communications

9
Emerging and Existing Wireless Data Technologies
Wireless LAN and PAN: IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth, HomeRF Fixed wireless: MMDS, LMDS, satellite dish, microwave, optical Mobile wireless: PCS, GSM, CDMA, TDMA, 2.5 G, 3G
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
10
Wireless Data Networks

10 Mbps
Infrared Wireless LANs
4 Mbps
LMDS and MMDS Spread Spectrum Wireless LANs
2 Mbps
Data Rates
1 Mbps
56 Kbps 19.6 Kbps 9.6 Kbps

Narrow Band Narrow Band Wireless LANs Wireless LANs
Broadband PCS Metricom

Circuit and Packet Data
Cellular, CDPD, RAM, ARDIS Cellular, CDPD, RAM, ARDIS
Narrowband PCS
Satellite
Wide
Local
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
Coverage Area
11
Introduction to Radio Spectrum
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
12
Radio Basics
Frequency = f = V / ? ?(m/sec)
Waves are measured by frequency of movement Radio devices operate in bands or a designated frequency range
1 Second 1 Cycle (? )
Time
2 Cycles in 1 Second = 2 Hertz
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
13
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
14
Regulation of Wireless
Radio Frequency (RF) is a scarce and shared resource
Each country regulates the use of the radio spectrum by a government agency In the U.S. it is the F.C.C. that allocates spectrum for use and resolves conflict disputes) Internationally coordinated through the ITU (International Telecommunications Union)
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
15
Spectrum Licensing
Spectrum can be allocated for specific users
Civil, government or military Acquired via auction or beauty contest
Unlicensed or Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) bands

In most countries does not require a license, but may require registration Needs to conform to power and other parameters to reduce interference
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
16
What Is Spread Spectrum RF Technology?
Data sent over the air waves Two-way radio communications Same radio frequency for sending and receiving No licensing required
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
17
Access Spectrum Availability and Comparison

5000
Voice, Data, Fax, ISDN

256 Kbps 256 Kbps
+ High Speed Internet and Multimedia

1 to 50 1 to 50 Mbps Mbps 300 200 200 100
+ TDM Leased Lines

1000 1350 10 to 100 10 to 100 Mbps Mbps
1400
+ Ultra High-Speed LAN/WAN

>100 Mbps >100 Mbps
2000
400
Bandwidth 20 30 (MHz)
No LOS No LOS
LOS LOS 10 24 26 28 38 40 60
1 GHz 2.5
3.5
5.8
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
18
Spectrum Suitability
Less than 6 GHz

Long range (up to 45 km), non Line of Sight (LOS), not affected by weather
Greater 6 GHz
Line of Sight (LOS), short range (15 km), affected by weather, more spectrum (1 Ghz)
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
19
Wireless Basics
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
20
10
Wireless Basics
Signals Modulation Access technology Antenna theory Range Interference
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
21
Data Bandwidth Depends on...
Frequency bandwidth Modulation techniques
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
22
11
Transmitting a Signal
The goal of sending data over RF is to get information across with as much data as possible, sending it as far as possible and as fast as possible More data can be placed on a signal in one of two ways:
More frequency used Complex modulation
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
23
Signal Processing
Analog
High Frequencies Changes Reduced
Digital
To Radio Modulator
Filter
Microprocessor
Audio Signal
Audio Filter
Analog Signal
Performs Sampling and Coding
Digital Signal
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
24
12
Radio Modulation
CB Radio Signal FM Radio Signal TV Signal
More information = More frequency spectrum used

3K 175K 4500K
Bandwidth in KHz
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
25
Radio Modulation
High speed modem compresses the data to use the same line as an old 300 baud modem; this means the same bandwidth is available 56K modems require a better (quieter) phone line to communicate at the higher speed If there is noise on the line, the modem will drop down in speed to connect Mode noise, less speed Complex modulation requires better signal strength, therefore less coverage is available
Low
Signal Strength Strong Med Med Noise Level Weak High
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
26
13
System Access Technology
Frequency division multiple access Time division multiple access Code division multiple access Frequency hopping
Each Technique Varies in Its Efficiency (Throughput), Interference and Range; Depends on Application and Environment
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
27
TDMA and FDMA
TDMA
FDMA
Channel 1
Frequency
2 1
Frequency
3
Time
Channel 2
Channel 3 Time
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
28
14
CDMA
CDMA
1 1
Frequency
5 2
2 3 5 7 1 2 4 A long Code is Used to Generate a Mask for Each Radio Typically a Code is Transmitted on a Separate Channel
29
Time 1 Bit
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
Frequency Hopping
2.483 GHz
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Frequency 2.400 GHz
1
Time
79 channels, 1 MHz each Changes frequency (hops) at least every 0.4 seconds Synchronized hopping required
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
30
15
Antenna Concepts
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
31
Coverage Area
Sector Maxicell >10 Miles
Macrocell 410 Miles
Microcell 12 Miles
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
32
16
Antenna Concepts
Directionality
Omni (360 degree coverage) directional Directional (limited range of coverage)
Gain
Measured in dBi and dBd. (0 dBd = 2.14 dBi) More gain means more coverage in certain directions!
Polarization
Antennas are used in the vertical polarization
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
33
Antenna Gain
In life you never get something for nothing, the same is true in antenna gain If the gain of an antenna goes up, the coverage area or angle goes down Coverage areas or radiation patterns are measured in degrees These angles are referred to as beamwidth, and have a horizontal and vertical measurement
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
34
17
Antenna Theory
A theoretical antenna (Isotropic) has a perfect 360 degree vertical and horizontal beamwidth This is a reference for all antennas
Side View (Vertical Pattern)
Top View (Horizontal Pattern)
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
35
Antenna TheoryDipole
To obtain omnidirectional gain from an isotropic antenna, the energy lobes are pushed in from the top and bottom, and forced out in a doughnut type pattern The higher the gain smaller the vertical beamwidth, and the more horizontal lobe area This is the typical dipole pattern; gain of a dipole is 2.14dBi (0dBd)

Vertical Beamwidth New Pattern (with Gain)
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
36
18
High Gain Omnidirectionals
High gain omnidirectional antennas will create more coverage area in far distances, but the energy level directly below the antenna will become lower, and coverage here may be poor
Beamwidth
Area of Poor Coverage Directly Under the Antenna
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
37
Directional Antennas
For directional antennas the lobes are pushed in a certain direction, causing the energy to move be condensed in a particular area Very little energy is in the back side of a directional antenna
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
38
19
Cables Lengths Example for Aironet Antennas
Coax cable presents a loss for the RF signal 2.4 GHz maximum recommended length is 100 feetwith the new cable
Loss Factor
20 Ft. Cable 50 Ft. Cable 75 Ft. Cable 100 Ft. Cable
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
Cable
N/A 2.2 3.3 4.4
39
Diversity and Multipath

Dual Antennas Typically Mean if One
In a multipath Antenna Is in a Null, the Other One Will Not be, therefore Providing Better environment, signals Performance in Multi-path null points are located Environments throughout the area Moving the antenna slightly will allow you to move out of a null point and receive the signal correctly
Ceiling RX2 TX
RX1 Obstacle
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
40
20
Multipath
Received Signals Ceiling TX RX Time Combined Results Obstruction Floor Time
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
41
Multipath and FH
2500 2400
The distance an RF wave travels, how it bounces and where the multipath nulls occur are based on the wavelength of the frequency As frequency changes, so does the wavelength Therefore as frequency changes, so will the location of the multipath null
Wavelength Ceiling
TX 2.4 GHz 2.5 GHz Obstacle

42
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
21
Multipath (Cont.)
Multipath signals can cause high RF signal strength, but poor signal quality levels Bottom line
Low RF signal strength does not mean poor communications Low signal quality DOES mean poor communications
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
43
Range Depends on...
Frequency Transmit power Radio sensitivity Processing gain from access technique and redundancy Interference effects (-)
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
44
22
Reach Distance from Hub

Point-to-Point
2.5 GHz 6 GHz 23 GHz 28 GHz
Point-to-Multipoint 2.5 GHz 6 GHz 24 GHz
28 GHz
38 GHz
50.0
20.0
7.5
5.0
3.57
5.34
6.92
14
40
Reach Distance**, Km **Assume Rain Zone K, 6cm Antennae for 99.995% Average Availability, Vertical Polarization
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
Reach Distance*, Km *Assume Rain Zone K, Single Channel per Transmitter, Same Power, Same dB Gain Antennas for All Frequencies
45
Interference Is Caused By...
Obstacles like buildings, trees, walls that absorb or refract signals Atmospherics like rain, fog, solar spots Other electromagnetic devices Interference Can Appear as Noise or Can Cause Loss of Signal Strength
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
46
23
Fixed Wireless Overview
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
47
Ciscos Fixed Wireless

Provides last mile access Point to point up to 44.4 Mbps per sector Multipoint up to 22.2 Mbps per sector
P2P Dedicated Bandwidth
P2MP Sector
P2MP Shared Bandwidth
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
48
24
Point to Multipoint Features
Small-cell and single-cell deployment Open interfacespart of Cisco's dedication to open architectures Highly efficient MAC protocol, based on the industry standard DOCSIS MAC
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
49
Choice of Frequencies
MMDS (Multichannel Multipoint Distribution System) Spectrum Band Channel Size 2.5 Ghz 1.5 MHz, 3 MHz, or 6 MHz Coverage Point-to-Point Multipoint LOS and NLOS License Required
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
U-NII (Unlicensed) 5.7 Ghz 1.5 MHz, 3MHz, or 6 MHz
25 Miles (Approximately) 25 Miles (Approximately) Yes Yes
20 Miles (Approximately) 7 Miles (Approximately) Yes No

50
25
Headend and Subscriber Overview

Headend can support one downstream and four upstream channels Subscriber supports one downstream and upstream channel pair Downstream and upstream channels may have bandwidths of 1.5, 3 and 6 MHz Headend and subscriber both support antenna diversity
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
51
Point-to-Point for Campus Networks
PTP links in UNII bands available to extend PMP coverage beyond LOS constraints Intra-campus data can be transported without using up cell capacity
UNII Band PTP Links UNII Band PTP Links
P PM nk Li
LOS Con stra ints
90 Sector of PMP Network
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
52
26
Point-to-Multipoint Features
Small-cell and single-cell deployment Multipath robustness Adjusts transmit power of subscribers to maintain desired signal levels at headend Headend and subscriber both support antenna diversity
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
53
Point-to-Point Network Overview

Subscriber Unit Subscriber Unit PBX
Internet Service Provider PSTN Headend
Subscriber Unit
Headend
Subscriber Unit
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
54
27
VOFDM and Fixed Wireless
Building New World Networks with Unlicensed Wireless Spectrum

(http://www/warp/public/cc/pd/witc/wt2700/275 0/bbfw_wp.htm)
Ciscos Broadband Wireless Solutions

(http://www/warp/public/cc/pd/witc/wt2700/275 0/brwis_ai.htm)
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
55
Fixed Wireless VOFDM Association
www.bwif.org
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
56
28
Mobile Wireless Overview
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
57
Why Is It Called Cellular?

Originally one set of frequencies across a metro
Freq {6} Freq {6} Freq {1} Freq {1} Freq {2} Freq {2} Freq {0} Freq {0}
Limited number of simultaneous conversations Idea was to allocate a subset of frequencies to small areas orcells Allowed re -use of frequency sets as long as not adjacent Vastly increased capacity Shrink cell sizes to add even more Mobility (call hand-off) required Roaming
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
Freq {5} Freq {5} Freq {4} Freq {4} Freq {6} Freq {6} Freq {1} Freq {1} Freq {5} Freq {5}
Freq {3} Freq {3}
58
29
Radio Frequencies
Licenses are required Most common frequency bands are 800, 900, 1800 and 1900 Mhz No single worldwide standard for roaming
Some regions or countries use a single standard and frequencies (mandated) Some countries use more than one standard and frequencies (open market or less regulated)
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
59
Spectrum Allocation for Mobile Wireless Services
GSM, PHS, and PCS are the current systems used for digital wireless communications in Europe, Japan, and the U.S., respectively IMT 2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications) is the official term referring to 3G services
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
60
30
The Mobile Wireless History and Roadmap

1st Generation Deployment
1980s 1980s
2nd Generation
1990s 1990s
3rd Generation (3G)

Starting 2001 Starting 2001
Post 3G
Starting 2003-4 Starting 2003-4
Technology
Analog-FDMA Analog-FDMA
Digital -Mostly Digital -Mostly TDMA and CDMA TDMA and CDMA Based Based
Ubiquity Services Ubiquity Services Voice, SMS,Circuit Voice, SMS,Circuit and Basic Packet Data and Basic Packet Data
Packet/IP Packet/IP
AII-IP AII-IP
Services
Ubiquity-Voice
Advanced Packet Advanced Packet Data Data
Multimedia Multimedia
Air Interfaces
AMPS-NMT AMPS-NMT
GSM, IS-136, GSM, IS-136, IS-95, PDC, IS-95, PDC,
EDGE, W-CDMA, EDGE, W-CDMA, cdma2000, 1xEV, cdma2000, 1xEV, 384 kbps (Typically) 384 kbps (Typically) -2MBPS (Marginally) -2MBPS (Marginally)
Not Defined Yet Not Defined Yet
Data Rates
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
<20 kbps <20 kbps
<2 Mbps <2 Mbps
61
Possible Set of Applications

Data rate (kbit/s) 1000 BROADBAND
Streaming Audio and Video Multimedia Video Conferencing
100
Telemetry
Web Browsing REAL TIME Instant Messaging Voice Telephony
10
eMail
Meter Reading
10
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
0.1
0.01
Delay (s)
62
31
3G Mobile Terminals
Feature Phone:
Voice Centric Design and Features Limited WAP-Browsing and Text Entry Capabilities
Smart Phone:
Voice and Data Full-Blown WAP-Browsing Basic PDA-Like Capabilities
Multimedia Phone:
Color Video and Rich Media Capabilities
PDA:
Data Centric Basic Voice Support
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
PC Card:
For Laptops
63
Wireless Architecture Today

Proprietary
Slower rate of innovation and higher costs
Hierarchical
Bottlenecks
Hosted App.
Circuitswitched
Inefficient use of bandwidth
IN IP MSC Circuit Backbone PSTN

WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
64
32
Mobile Wireless Internet Architecture in the Future

Open interfaces
Service and transport independence Services ecosystem
Third-Party Hosted Applications Applications
IN
Distributed
Scalable
Open IP Standards
PSTN
Packet based
Bandwidth efficient
Options for integrated services
IP
Enterprise
Internet
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
65
The Road to IP 1st Phase: Circuit Data Services
0 Mos Circuit Packet
BSS routes the call to the MSC MSC recognizes the call as data and initiates a V.110 call setup to the PSTN -SS7 network MSC packs the raw asynchronous data into the 64K ISDN data channel Call is routed to Cisco AS5300 or AS5800 universal access servers capable of terminating the V.110 call
Circuit Network
MSC Circuit Switch
Traffic
Voice Data BSC
WAP SC2200 SS7 Gateway Gateway

PSTN/ISDN/ SS7 IP Core Network
WAP/WEB Content and Services
Corp Intranet
Circ. Data Circ. Data Voice Voice 2G 2G
Value Chain
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
AS5x00 Access Pool w/ V.110
Internet
66
33
The Road to IP 2nd Phase: Packet Data Services

0-6 Mos Circuit Packet
Circuit Network
MSC Circuit Switch
Higher speed interfaces and always-on data services, and enable operators to charge by packet instead of connect time A PCU (Packet Control Unit) in the BSC converts data traffic to packets and steers it to the GPRS (in GSM networks) or the PDSN (in CDMA systems) where it accesses the packet network
Traffic
IN Services
Voice Data BSC
Enabling Data Services

Internal IP Network Network Feature Server
PDSN/GPRS VPN VPN Data Data Voice Voice 2G 2G/2.5G DHCP Server DHCP Server Management Management (SNMP) (SNMP)
Charging Charging Gateway Function Gateway Function
Security Security Server (RADIUS) Server (RADIUS)
Value Chain
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
DNS Server DNS Server
Application Application Server Server

67
The Road to IP 3rd Phase: Integrated Voice/Data Services

Circuit Network
MSC Circuit Switch
Traffic
IN Services R99 Voice RNC
Circuit/ Signaling Gateway
Mobility Manager
Feature Server(s)
IP Core
04.08 Proxy
Call Agent PDSN/GSN Packet Gateway
Voice (Legacy Features) Multimedia Multimedia

Unified Unified Communications Communications
Packet Data
BSC Access Node
RAN
Circuit Voice
Packet Network (Internet)
Network Feature Servers
Packet Voice Packet Voice VPN VPN Data Data Voice Voice 2G 2G/2.5G
Voice and data are integrated in the RAN The RNC terminates circuit voice in legacy MSC or in 04.08 proxy in the IP core, with call control and transport occurring in the packet core Circuit and packet cores can talk to the SS7 network and intelligent network platforms to terminate calls to and from the PSTN
68
3G
Value Chain
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
34
The Road to IP 4th Phase: True Peer-To-Peer Network

Circuit Network
MSC Circuit Switch
Traffic
Circuit/ Signaling Gateway
Feature Server(s) PDSN/GPRS
Packet Network (Internet)
IN Services Voice (Legacy Features) Multimedia Multimedia

Data + Packet Voice
RNC
IP Core
Mobility Manager
Packet Gateway
Network Feature Servers
BSC
Call Agent
Packet Voice Packet Voice VPN VPN Data Data Voice Voice 2G 2G/2.5G 3G
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
Value Chain
True peer to peer architectureall traditional MSC services offered by distributed servers in the IP core: Call Agent (CA), Mobility Control Function (MCF), Bearer Path Gateway (BP-GW), Media Gateway Controller (MGC), PSTN GW, SS7 GW, and Feature Servers (FS) HLR/VLR functions will be provided by a Subscriber DataBase (SDB)
69
Common IP Architecture
Services
Voice Voice Features Features
eCommerce eCommerce
Web Web Hosting Hosting
Location Location Services Services
Other Feature Other Feature Servers Servers
Core Network
Network Mgt
Core IP
Mobility Management Call Agent Radio Network Controller
Internet PTSN
Access Network(s)
Access Control
cdmaOne cdmaOne UMTS UMTS
Wireline Wireline
GSM GSM
CDMA2000 CDMA2000
TDMA TDMA
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
70
35
References
Mobile IP: The Internet Unplugged, Solomon, James D., Prentice Hall, 1998 Mobile and Wireless Networks, Black, Uyless, Prentice Hall, 1999 Cisco IOS Mobile IP:
http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/cc/ cisco/mkt/ios/rel/120/prodlit/817_pb.htm
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
71
Mobile Wireless Internet Association
www.mwf.org
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
72
36
Wireless LAN Overview
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
73
IEEE 802.11 Standard

IEEE 802.11 became a standard in July 1997 IEEE 802.11B became a standard in September 1999 Three technologies defined:
FHSS1 Mbps and 2 Mbps DSSS2 Mbps and 11Mb Infrared
802.11 defines a high-performance radio 802.11 promises true vendor interoperability (over the air)
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
74
37
IEEE 802.11 Standard
802.11 incorporates many ARLAN features

Power management Active scanning Registering (association) with AP Concept of roaming
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
75
Customer WLAN Requirements
Market Requirement
Secure
Proof Points
Up to 128 Bit Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) Must Integrate with Existing LAN Management Infrastructure Roaming to Extend the Network; Deployment in Large Enterprise Facilities 802.11(b); FCC-Certified
Manageable Scalable
Standards-Based
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
76
38
IEEE 802.11 Impact

Enables BASIC interoperability over the air
DS adapters from different vendors can interact FH adapters from different vendors can interact
System level interoperability requires more...

Vendor co-operation Higher level protocol agreement
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
77
802.11bHigher Datarate
With the need for higher datarate, 802.11 decided to add more specifications Ratified in September, 1999 an 11 MB specification was ratified Direct sequence only Utilizing CCK modulation
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
78
39
Radio Technology
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
900 MHz, 2.4 GHz One piece PCMCIA radio product 1, 2, 5.5 and 11 MB 25 mile bridge links Fully compliant 802.11 at all speeds
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)

2.4 GHz frequency One piece PCMCIA radio product Fully compliant 802.11 1 and 2 MB
79
Security
128-bit (strong encryption) 802.11 optional Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) Inherent security of spread spectrum User authorization using 802.1X
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
80
40
ISM Unlicensed Frequency Bands

Short Wave Radio FM Broadcast Infrared Wireless LAN AM Broadcast Television Audio Cellular (840 MHz) NPCS (1.9 GHz)
Extremely Very Low Medium High Very Ultra Super Infrared Visible Ultra- X-Rays Low Low High High High Light violet
902928 MHz 26 MHz
2.42.4835 GHz 83.5 MHz (IEEE 802.11)
5 GHz (IEEE 802.11) HyperLAN HyperLAN2
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
81
Global RF Regulations
900 MHz and 2.4 GHz Unlicensed Usage 2.4 GHz Unlicensed Usage
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
82
41
900 MHz vs. 2.4 GHz vs. 5GHz
900 MHz
2.4 GHz
Global Market IEEE 802.11 Higher Data Rates (10+ Mbps)
5 GHz
Global Market IEEE 802.11 Higher Data Rates (20+ Mbps) Much Less Range than 900 or 2.4 GHz Higher Cost RF Components Large Antenna Required
PROs
Greater Range than 2.4 GHz (for In- Building LANs)
CONs
Maximum Data Rate 1 Mbps Limited Bandwidth Crowded Band
Less Range than 900 MHz (for In-Building LANs)
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
83
Whats the Difference?
Frequency hopping
Multipath interference tolerance
Direct sequence
Throughput Range
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
84
42
Direct Sequence Modulation

Each data bit becomes a string of chips (chipping sequence) transmitted in parallel across a wide frequency range Minimum chip rate per the FCC is 10; Aironet uses 11 for 1 and 2 MB data rates
If the data bit was: 1001 Chipping code is: 1=00110011011 Transmitted data would be: 00110011011 1
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
0=11001100100
11001100100 0
11001100100 0
0110011011 1
85
FH vs. DS: A Summary on Interference Handling

Frequency Hopping
2.4835 GHz 2.4835 GHz
Direct Sequence Channel 1

3
Frequency
Frequency
Channel 2
2.4 GHz
2.4 GHz
Channel 3
Time FH system hops around interference Lost packets are re-transmitted on next hop Data may be decoded from redundant bits Can move to an alternate channel to avoid interference
86
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
43
Direct Sequence vs. Frequency Hopping (802.11)
DS
FasterUp to 11 Mbps
FH
Multipath Resistant
PROs
Greater Range Multimedia Support
CONs
Slower2 Mbps Max Limited Range
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
87
Data Rates
The over-the-air data rate at a given range and given similar implementations will favor DSSS by a factor of 2 to 1 A 1 Mbps DSSS system should have twice the range of a 1 Mbps FHSS 2 Mbps DSSS system will offer comparable range to 1 Mbps FHSS technology For these reasons, the data rate advantage goes to DSSS
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
88
44
RANGEFH vs DS
Because of this processing gain, the DSSS technology will have more range than FHSS at a given data rate
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
89
Access Point Coverage

2 Mbps FHSS
175 ft Radius
2 Mbps DSSS 1 Mbps FHSS

350 ft Radius
5.5 Mbps DSSS

175 ft Radius
11 Mbps DSSS
125 ft Radius
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
90
45
Wireless LAN Compatibility Association
www.wi-fi.org WECA (Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance)
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
91
Other Pointers
http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/ (standards are available after 6 months for free) http://www/warp/public/44/jump/ wireless.shtml
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
92
46
Summary
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
93
Cisco Wireless at a Glance
Campus
Wireless LAN
Fixed
Broadband
Mobile
2G Cellular 3G Cellular
802.11 Aironet/Radiata
MMDS Clarity
GSM/GPRS CDMA/PDSN GSM Bldg JetCell
UMTS CDMA 2000 IP RAN IPMobile CDMA Bldg EXIO
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
94
47
Ciscos Wireless ProductsOverview

Enterprise Cellular Voice/Data Enterprise Cellular Voice/Data
GSM Port PBX T GSM Mobility Controller RF RF Link Link
Fixed Wireless Fixed Wireless MMDS/U-NII MMDS/U-NII Access Network Access Network
Internet Service Provider Core Voice/Data Network
PSTN
B a 100 Baset s LAN
IP IP N T RF Link RF Link
GSM Port Enterprise OAM Browser H.323 GW AS5300 2600/VG200
GPRS Access Network

IP IPVPN
Mobile Wireless
Enterprise Enterprise Wireless Data Wireless Data (WLAN) (WLAN)
Features: Features:
End-to-end QOS End-to-end QOS Encryption Encryption Secured VPN Secured VPN Real-time billing Real-time billing End-to-end provisioning End-to-end provisioning IP unified communications IP unified communications
95
Residential
Branch Office
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
Interesting URLs
U.S. Office of Spectrum Management http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osm ITUhttp://www.itu.int/brfreqalloc/
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
96
48
Other Networkers Presentations

WMT-210 Deploying and Managing Wireless LAN WMT-230 Deploying Fixed Wireless Wide Area Networks WMT-240 Deploying Mobile Wireless Application and Services WMT-241 Deploying Packet Data Services in Mobile Wireless Networks WMT-310 Troubleshooting Wireless LANs RST-110 Introduction to IP Mobility
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
97
Questions?
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
98
49
Introduction to Wireless Technology

Session WMT-101
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
99
Please Complete Your Evaluation Form

Session WMT-101
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
100
50
WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1
101
51

Cisco Introduction To Wireless

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cisco Introduction To Wireless

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

WMT-101 3101_05_2001_c1

2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Introduction to Wireless Technology

2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Requirements and Marketplace

2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Wireless Data Network Drivers

2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

What Is the Interest in Wireless?

No more cables Mobility Increased productivity Competition Flexibility

2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Some Wireless Data Solutions

Ciscos Wireless Data Initiatives

Wireless Broadband Local Loop

Mobile Cellular Voice/Data Communications

Emerging and Existing Wireless Data Technologies

2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Wireless Data Networks

Infrared Wireless LANs

LMDS and MMDS Spread Spectrum Wireless LANs

56 Kbps 19.6 Kbps 9.6 Kbps

Broadband PCS Metricom

Introduction to Radio Spectrum

2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2 Cycles in 1 Second = 2 Hertz

2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Unlicensed or Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) bands

2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

What Is Spread Spectrum RF Technology?

2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Access Spectrum Availability and Comparison

Voice, Data, Fax, ISDN

+ High Speed Internet and Multimedia

+ TDM Leased Lines

+ Ultra High-Speed LAN/WAN

2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Less than 6 GHz

2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Data Bandwidth Depends on...

Frequency bandwidth Modulation techniques

2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Performs Sampling and Coding

2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

More information = More frequency spectrum used

Signal Strength Strong Med Med Noise Level Weak High

2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

System Access Technology

TDMA and FDMA

2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Frequency 2.400 GHz

2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Macrocell 410 Miles

2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Side View (Vertical Pattern)

Top View (Horizontal Pattern)

2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.