/ .

-

*
-- - -
- - .
/

/ :
-- - -

aa@m na bm Z@a a














(Cullen)





(Monge) (Clouet)
(Van Morum)
(Van Mroastvijk)


(Oliver Evans)

 (Jacob Perkins)


"" ""
""

""
""
""




(Harrison)




(A. Catlin Twining)

o




(Carl Van-Linde)

o



(Linde)
(Windhausen) (Lowe)

(Midgley)



Nagengast







(Stuart Cramer)








.[ASHRAE, 2003]














(CH )
(C H )

HCFC CHClF
CCl FCClF
CFC

4

[Jennings, 1978] [Thevenot, 1979]

.[ASHRAE, 2006]

o
o


o
o
o


o

.[Jones, 1994]

. [Fisher et al, 1996]

[Cox and Miro, 1996]
[UNEP 2003]

(Cullen)


(Thomas Moore)

(Jacob Perkins)

(Midgley)


(Roland)
Molina)

bja bbi na@Zbra@a

(shell & tube)











""


""

bja bnbi na@Zsbra@a

H2O-LiBr
NH3-H2O

(William Grove)

. [Phan 2007]

m i na@ Ziaa@a

(thermo-electrical cooling)






[Butler 2001]



. [McCarty, 2005]

(Debaye)
(Giauque)

[Wade 1993]

aa@m pbubnya Zba a

(Willis Carrier)

[ASHRAE, 2005]




















.[ASHRAE, 2005]












.[ASHRAE, 2005]





[ASHRAE 2003]

[ASHRAE 2003]

( )






[ASHRAE, 2005]














[ASHRAE 1999]

aa@m pb Zba@a



















[ASHRAE, 2004]

""

aa@n na a Ziba@a











[ASHRAE, 2004]

aa@n na @a Zbra a

aa@m zna@ Zbna a

.[ASHRAE, 2003 & 2005]

(Bacnet)
(Lonwork)

na bja na Zba a

(ASHRAE)
(NFPA)
(SMACNA)
(ASME)
(ANSI)



.


./

./
ASHRAE, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers,
Handbook of HVAC Applications, 2003
ASHRAE, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers,
Handbook of HVAC Systems and Equipment, 2004
ASHRAE, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers,
Handbook of Fundamentals, 2005
ASHRAE, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers,
Handbook of Refrigeration, 2006
ASHRAE, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers,
Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, ASHRAE Standard 621999, 1999
Butler, D J G, Using air for cooling, Prepared for CIBSE, BRE Publication Draft
number 202296, Bucknalls Lane, Garston, Watford, UK WD2 7JR, Jan 2001
Cox, JF. and C.R. Miro, Geneva Climate Change Negotiations, ASHRAE J., pp. 18 -19,
Sept. 1996.
Fisher, S.K., P.D. Fairchild, and P.J. Hughes, Global Warming Implications of
Replacing CFCs, ASHRAE J., Vol. 34, No. 4, pp 14 - 19 ,1996.
Jennings, B.H., The Thermal Environment: Conditioning and Control, Happer & Row,
Publishers, New York, 1978.
Jones, W.P, Air Conditioning Engineering, Edward Arnold, pp 255 -259,1994.
Nagengast, B.A., Refrigerants: 160 Years of Change, ASHRAE Journal, Vol. 37, No.3,
pp 54 -62, 1995.
Nagengast, B.A., Refrigerants: 100 Years of Air Conditioning, ASHRAE Journal, pp.
44 - 46, 2002.
McCarty, M., An Introduction to Thermoacoustic Refrigeration, School of Mechanical

and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, April 29, 2005. A report on

Internet, http://132.236.67.210/EngrWords/issues/ew02/McCarty_slides.pdf
Phan, T., A. Erman, M. Hair, M. Countis, V. Biccoca, Fuel Cells: Efciency and
Materials, Power Point Presentation on Internet, http://sexton.ucdavis.edu
/CondMatt/ cox/fuelcellmaterials04.ppt, 2007
Thevenot, R., A History of Refrigeration Throughout the World, translated by
J.C. Fidler, International Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, France, 1979.
UNEP, The Ozone Story, UNEP presentation, a power point presentation,
updated 2003, see ozone.unep.org/slideshow/EDs_pres_ozoneday.ppt
Wade, L. A., Advances In Cryogenic Sorption Cooling, Recent Advances In Cryogenic
Engineering-1993, ed. By J.P. Kelley and J. Goodman, American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY, HTD-Vol. 267, pp.57- 63,1993.

global warming
energy recovery
SMACNA
ASME
ANSI
NFPA
ASHRAE
single pass
heat pipe
capillary tube
automatic
ozone
digital signal
analogue signal
compression
BACnet
vapor
cooling tower
communication protocol
lithuim bromide
external environment
internal environmental
refrigeration effect
refrigeration
thermoacoustic refrigeration
thermoelectrical refrigeration
desiccant refrigeration
magnetic refrigeration
vortex tube refrigeration
air cycle refrigeration
absorption refrigeration

evaporative refrigeration
vapor compression refrigeration
Stirling Cycle Refrigeration
district cooling
sensible cooling
air dehumidication
control
digital control
thermal storage
air humidication
sensible heating
air change
air conditioning
turbine
thermostat
ASHRAE

sensor
temperature sensor
bimetal temperature sensor
specication volume
load
cooling load
heating load
free convection (natural)
thermal load
forced conversion
damper
air damper
psychometric chart
fuel cell
temperature
dry bulb temperature
wet bulb temperature
dew point temperature

impeller
green house
air circulation
refrigeration cycle
reversed Bryton cycle
thermal comfort
relative humidity
digital
vane
n

suction
ow
extended surface
psychromety
silica gel
semi conductor
design condition
work
mechanical work
valve
orice plate valve
venturi valve
expansion valve
automatic expansion valve
thermostatic expansion valve
compressor
reciprocating compressor
screw compressor
hermetic compressor
open compressor
semi hermetic compressor
discharge
exhaust
energy wheel

psychometric process
crank shaft
control card
piston
efciency
CloroFlouroCarbons
lithium chloride
code
Lonwork
makeup water
refrigerant
desiccant material
absorber
chiller machine
heat exchanger
evaporator
evaporator, shell and tube
evaporator, direct expansion
refrigerant
multi zone
convergent-divergent
chiller
air duct
trigeneration plant
dual generation plant
signal convertor
air outlet
air inlet
air lter
humidier
fan, centrifugal
fan, axial
stroke
suction stroke
discharge stroke
pump
condenser

condenser, evaporative
condenser, water cooled
condenser, air cooled
split air conditoner
cooling coil
heating coil
zone
specication
actuator
generator
microprocessor
carbon seives
humidity ratio
building management system
all water system
all air system
jet
indoor air quality
halocarbon
communication interface
sick building syndrome
fan coil unit
air handling unit
single zone


(A)

absorber
absorption refrigeration
actuator
air change
air circulation
air conditioning
air cycle refrigeration
air damper
air dehumidication
air duct
air lter
air handling unit
air humidication
air inlet
air outlet
all air system
all water system
analogue signal
ANSI

ASHRAE

ASHRAE

ASME

automatic
automatic expansion valve

(B C)

BACnet
bimetal temperature sensor
building management system
capillary tube
carbon seives
chiller
chiller machine
CloroFlouroCarbons
code
communication interface
communication protocol
compression
compressor
condenser

condenser, air cooled

condenser, evaporative
condenser, water cooled
control
control card
convergent-divergent
cooling coil
cooling load
cooling tower
crank shaft

(D E)

damper
desiccant material
desiccant refrigeration
design condition
dew point temperature
digital
digital control
digital signal
discharge

discharge stroke
district cooling
dry bulb temperature
dual generation plant
efciency
energy recovery
energy wheel
evaporative refrigeration
evaporator
evaporator, direct expansion
evaporator, shell and tube
exhaust
expansion valve
extended surface
external environment

(F H)

fan coil unit

fan, axial
fan, centrifugal
n

ow
forced conversion
free convection (natural)
fuel cell
generator
global warming
green house
halocarbon
heat exchanger
heat pipe
heating coil
heating load
hermetic compressor
humidier
humidity ratio

(I N)

impeller
indoor air quality
internal environmental
jet
lithium chloride

lithuim bromide
load
Lonwork
magnetic refrigeration
makeup water
mechanical work
microprocessor
multi zone
NFPA

(O R)

open compressor
orice plate valve
ozone
piston
psychometric chart
psychometric process
psychromety
pump
reciprocating compressor
refrigerant

refrigerant
refrigeration cycle
refrigeration effect
refrigeration effect
relative humidity
reversed Bryton cycle

(S)

screw compressor
semi conductor
semi hermetic compressor
sensible cooling
sensible heating
sensor
sick building syndrome
signal convertor
silica gel
single pass
single zone
SMACNA
specication volume

speicifation
split air conditoner
Stirling Cycle Refrigeration
stroke
suction
suction stroke

(T Z)

temperature
temperature sensor
thermal comfort
thermal load
thermal storage
thermoacoustic refrigeration
thermoelectrical refrigeration
thermostat
thermostatic expansion valve
trigeneration plant
turbine
valve
vane

vapor
vapor compression refrigeration
venturi valve
vortex tube refrigeration
wet bulb temperature
work
zone

Oliver Evans

Stuart Cramer

Clouet
Cullen

Monge
Midgley

Harrison

Jacob Perkins