Determination of Heat of Reaction Sukesh A/L Soundara Pandian 55204212251 8th August 2011

Objective To determine of heats from three exothermic reactions and investigate the Hess Law Summary Based on this experiment, we have study three related exothermic reactions involving sodium hydroxide. The first reaction (Part A), solid sodium hydroxide will dissociate into water. The heat produce by this reaction (H1) and this called as the heat of solution of solid NaOH. From the experiment we have managed to determined that H1 = -25.104 KJ/mol In the second reaction (Part B), an aqueous solution of NaOH is allowed to react with an aqueous solution of HCl. This is a neutralization reaction between a strong acid and strong base. Therefore the heat of reaction (H2) is called as the heat of neutralization of HCl and NaOH solutions. The H2 calculated from this experiment is -5.0172KJ/mol. This is because the enthalpy changes when one mole of H+ ions from an acid (HCl) reacts with one mole of OHfrom an alkali (NaOH) to form one mole of water molecules under the stated conditions of the experiment. In the final reaction of the experiment (Part C), solid NaOH will react with an aqueous solution of HCl. This reaction is also the combination of the first and two reactions. The solid NaOH will dissociate into its ions as it dissolves in the acid solution which is then neutralized by the acid solution. Thus the heat of the reaction (H3) is said be equal to (H1+H2). It is called the heat of solution of solid NaOH. From our calculation it known that H3 is -58.6 kJ/mol. When ionic solid dissolves in water, heat was librated. Reaction 1: Dissolving solid sodium hydroxide in water. NaOH(s) ---> Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) + heat Reaction 2: Reaction of sodium hydroxide solution with dilute hydrochloric acid. Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) + H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) ---> Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2O Reaction 3: Reaction of solid sodium hydroxide with dilute hydrochloric acid solution. NaOH(s) + H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) ---> Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2O

Introduction During a chemical reaction, often energy is either released or absorb and this amount of energy can be called as heat of reaction (H) which can be measure with the unit kilojoules per mole. In a reaction when heat is released it is called exothermic reaction (-H), while heat is absorbed it is called endothermic reaction (H). For this experiment, we test three related exothermic reactions which use sodium hydroxide. For the first part of the experiment, solid sodium hydroxide will be dissolved in distilled water, the heat produced this reaction (H1) is called the heat of solution of NaOH. The second reaction is about NaOH aqueous solution reacting with HCl aqueous solution. The heat of this reaction (H2) is called the heat of neutralization of NaOH. While the third reaction is about solid NaOH reacting with HCl aqueous solution. This reaction is also a combination of the first two reactions. The solid NaOH will dissociate into its ions as it dissolves in the acid solution and then is neutralized by the acid. Thus, the heat of the reaction (H3) could be equal to (H1+ H2). With all this data collected we would be able to construct all the calculation and determine the additive nature of heats of reaction Materials 1. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution 2. 1 M NaOH solution 3. 0.5 M and 1 M Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
4. Distilled water (H20)

Equipment 1. Balance 2. Graduated cylinder 3. Spatula 4. Thermometer 5. Beaker

Procedure Part A: Heat of solution of Solid NaOH 25 mL of distilled water is measured using a graduated cylinder and is than poured into a clean, dry beaker. It is allowed to stand until it reaches room temperature

0.5g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is weighed using a spatula The temperature of water in the beaker is measured and recorded as Ti The solid NaOH is now added into the beaker and it is stirred until all of the solid NaOH dissolved and the temperature has stop rising. The highest temperature is measured and recorded as Tf

The balance solution is disposed and the thermometer is rinsed while the beaker is dried

Part B: Heat of Neutralization of NaOH and HCl

25mL of 1M HCl is measured and poured into a beaker. The acid is allowed to stand until it reaches room temperature. The temperature is measured and recorded as Ti

25mL of 1M NaOH solution is measured and poured into the HCl solution. It is stirred using a thermometer and the highest temperature is measured and recorded as Tf

The balance solution is disposed and the thermometer is rinsed while the beaker is dried

Part C: Heat of Solution of Solid NaOH 25mL of 0.5M HCl is measured and poured into a beaker. The acid must be handled carefully. The acid is allowed to stand until it reaches room temperature

0.5g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is weighed using a spatula The temperature of acid in the beaker is measured and recorded as Ti Solid NaOH is added into the acid and the mixture is stirred using a thermometer. The highest temperature is measured and recorded as Tf

Result: INITIAL TEMPERATURE FINAL TEMPERATURE Ti (C) Part A 25 Part B 25 Part C 25 Tf (C) 28 31 32

Calculation i) Part A NaOH(s) ---> Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) + heat Q =MCpT = (25)g x 4.184 J/g.C x (28-25) (C) = 313.8 J Moles = Mass/RMM 0.5g/40 g/mol = 0.0125 mol H1 = 313.8 J/0.0125 mol = 258104J mol 25104J/mol X 1KJ/1000J =24.104 KJ mol The temperature is rising (exothermic) = -25.104 KJ/mol

ii) Part B Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) + H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) ---> Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2O Q= MCpT = (25+25)g x4.184 J/g.C x (31-25) (C) = 1254.3 J

(Assume that density is 1g/cm3) Number of mole of NaOH = Number of mole of H2O 250 cm3/1000cm3 x 1.0 mol = 0.25 mol The heat released per mole is H2: 1254.3 J /0.25 mol = 5017.2J/mol 5017.2J/mol X 1KJ/1000J = 5.0172 KJ/mol The temperature is rising (exothermic) = -5.0172 KJ/mol iii) Part C NaOH(s) + H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) ---> Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2O Q= MCpT = (25)g x 4.184 J/g.C x (32-25) (C) = 732.2 J (Assume that density is 1g/cm3) Number of mole of NaOH = Number of mole of H2O Moles = Mass/RMM 0.5g/40 g/mol = 0.0125 mol H3 = 733.2 J/ 0.0125 mol = 58656 J/mol 58656J/mol X 1KJ/1000J = 58.656KJ/mol The temperature is rising (exothermic) = -58.656KJ/mol

DISCUSSION In this experiment, there are three parts of reaction. For each of the reaction, the final temperature of the solution is increases. In part A, the initial temperature of the solution is at 25oC while the final temperature increases up to 28oC. There is a scientific reasoning to this occurring. The temperature increases in this reaction because this is a exothermic reaction. Which means heat from solution is released to the surroundings. Heat was released by molecules in this reaction. This heat originates from the potential energy stored in the NaOH. The heat is released when NaOH break down to become Na+ and OH- . When the strong chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are being formed, energy is being released. With this we can determine the H, which means we can determine the heat of the reaction for the part A. The heat of the reaction is -25.104 KJ/mol. In part B of the reaction, the final temperature of the solution increases from 25oC up to 31oC which is final temperature. The reason the temperature is increases is the same part A which is because this reaction is an exothermic which also means heat is being released from the solution to the surroundings. Heat produces from this reaction is called as the heat of neutralization because the reaction between NaOH solutions with HCl solution is known as a neutralization reaction. The end product of this reaction is the formation of water and NaCl. The enthalpy for heat of neutralization between NaOH and HCl is -5.0172 KJ/ mol. At Part C of the experiment, the initial temperature of the reaction is at 25oC and the final temperature is recorded at 32o C. In this reaction as well the final temperature is higher than the initial temperature. This also means this reaction as well can be classified as an exothermic

reaction. This result in the heat is being released to the surroundings. Heat is first produced from the reaction of heat of solution of solid NaOH and this heat is being released. The enthalpy for this reaction is-58.6 KJ/mol. Based on these three experiments it can be noted that the final temperature increases compared to the initial temperature. The reason to this occurring is because there is an exothermic reaction occurring in all of experiment and the heat is being released to the surrounding. The breaking of the bond in the reactant and the formation of the new bond in the product also produces heat. The result from this experiment is no as accurate a controlled experiment because the experiment was not done in an isolated place thus there are many external factors which might affect the validity of the experiment. Not only that the experiment might not be very accurate due to human error such as parallax error. For example, while measuring the solution in graduated cylinder, our eyes must be in correct position. This would reduce the error in the experiment. To get the best result we should do this experiment in controlled surrounding which will not affect the experiment. Conclusion Based on the data obtained, in Part A, the initial temperature of the solution is at 25C while the final temperature is at 28C, in Part B, the initial temperature is at 25C while the final temperature is at 31C and for Part C, the initial temperature is at 25C and the final temperature is at 32C. From the calculation done based from the obtained data, it can be noted that the enthalpy for each part A and Part B does not tally to the sum of the enthalpy in Part C as Part C is the combination of Part A and Part B. In Part A, the enthalpy is-25.104 /mol. While in Part B, the enthalpy is-5.0172 KJ/mol. In the Part C the enthalpy is -58.6KJ/mol. From here we can note that the sum of enthalpy of Part A and Part B is only -30.1212KJ/mol which does not equal to the value of enthalpy in Part C which was calculated as -58.6KJ/mol. By following Hesss Law, it states that the enthalpy changed that is carried out in a series of steps is equal to the sum of the enthalpy which is conducted individually. The result obtained is slightly different from the law. This is due to the errors that occurred during the experiment Recommendation

1. Ensure that parallax error does not occurs during recording the reading of the thermometer or the measurement from a graduated cylinder 2. Ensure that all the solid NaOH is fully dissolved during the reaction before measuring the final temperature 3. Conducted the experiment in a controlled and isolated area to ensure other types of error does not affect the validity of the experiment

Tutorial 1 Write the ionic equation for the three reactions observed in this experiment.
i) Part A = NaOH(s)

Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) + heat Na+(aq) + CI-(aq) + H2O

ii) Part B = Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) + H+(aq) + CI-(aq) iii) Part C = NaOH(s) + H+ (aq) + CI- (aq)

Na+(aq) + CI- (aq) + H2O

2. What are the possible sources of error in this experiment? The possible errors that might have occurred during this experiment are a few. The first error is known as parallax error while taking the reading of thermometer. In this our eyes might not been in the correct position to recorded the temperature in the thermometer thus occurs parallax error. Another error which occurs is when all of the solid NaOH might not have dissolved thus the final temperature will be not accurate. These errors can affect the calculations for this experiment 3. What are the units of energy normally used to measure heat? The unit that is being used to measure is Kilojoules per mol (KJ/mol). 4. What is calorimeter? A calorimeter is an instrument for measuring the heat of reaction during a well defined process References 1. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/techniques/calorimeter.html

2. http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/energetics/practical.html 3. Physical Chemistry Degree Slides Notes by Miss Haniza bte Kahar.