H2 Mathematics Essentials for Trigonometry 1 Objective

This set of materials has been developed for students to acquire just-in-time skills in trigonometry (which is not a formal topic in the syllabus), which may be applied in other areas of H2 Mathematics, e.g. summation of series, differentiation, integration, complex numbers, etc. You should spend at least 3 hours in understanding the concepts & applying them. Reference books: Pure Mathematics by L Bostok & S Chandler New Additional Mathematics by Ho Soo Thong & Khor Nyak Hiong

Basic concepts

2.1 Trigonometric ratios adjacent side OQ = hypothenuse OP opposite side PQ sin = = hypothenuse OP opposite side PQ tan = = adjacent side OQ cos = P

2.2 Signs of trigonometric ratios in the four quadrants 2nd quadrant only sin positive (S) 3rd quadrant only tan positive (T)
1st quadrant all 3 ratios positive (A) 4th quadrant only cos positive (C)

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2.3 Trigonometric identities

sin cos 1 cot = tan 1 sec = cos 1 cosec = sin Note: denominator in each identity cannot be zero. tan = Pythagorean identity: sin 2 + cos 2 = 1 -- (*) Dividing (*) throughout by sin 2 , we obtain 1 + cot 2 = cosec 2 Dividing (*) throughout by cos 2 , we obtain tan 2 + 1 = sec 2

2.4 Useful relationships

Negative angles:

sin ( ) = sin

cos ( ) = cos

tan ( ) = tan

Complementary angles:

cos = sin 2 sin = cos 2 tan = cot 2 cot = tan 2

1 For example, sin = sin = 2 6 6 Note: radians = 180

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2.5 Special angles

sin
cos tan

0 0 1 0 6 1 2
3 2 1 3

4 1 2 1 2 1

3 3 2 1 2 3

2 1 0 undefined

0
1

3 2
1

2 0 1 0

0 undefined

Compound angle identities

For any 2 angles A and B, A + B , A B and 2A + B are called compound angles. We can prove that:

sin ( x + y ) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y -- (1) and cos ( x + y ) = cos x cos y sin x sin y -- (2)

If you are interested, you may wish to refer to the geometry proofs of (1) and (2) at:

http://www.acts.tinet.ie/compoundanglesandcalcu_668.html
From (1), we replace y with y to obtain sin ( x + ( y ) ) = sin ( x y )

= sin x cos ( y ) + cos x sin ( y )

= sin x cos y cos x sin y -- (3)

From (2), we use the same approach to obtain cos ( x + ( y ) ) = cos ( x y ) sin x cos y + cos x sin y cos x cos y sin x sin y Dividing each term in the numerator and denominator by cos x cos y , sin x cos y + cos x sin y cos x cos y tan ( x + y ) = cos x cos y sin x sin y cos x cos y tan x + tan y = -- (5) 1 tan x tan y

= cos x cos y + sin x sin y -- (4)

Consider (1) (2): tan ( x + y ) =

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From (5), we replace y with y to obtain tan ( x + ( y ) ) = tan ( x y ) =

tan x tan y -- (6) 1 + tan x tan y

Worked example 1: Without using a calculator, show that cos 75 =

find (a) cos15 , (b) tan105 , (c) sin ( 15 ) .

3 1 . Similarly, 2 2

cos 75 = cos ( 30 + 45 ) [ Note: 30 & 45 are special angles ] = cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 sin 45 [ Applying formula (2) ] 3 1 1 1 = 2 2 2 2 = 3 1 (shown) 2 2

(a) cos15 = cos ( 45 30 ) = cos 45 cos 30 + sin 45 sin 30 [ Applying formula (4) ] 1 3 1 1 = + 2 2 2 2 = 3 +1 2 2

(b) tan105 = tan 60 + 45 =

tan 60 + tan 45 [ Applying formula (5) ] 1 tan 60 tan 45 3 +1 = 1 3 1 = 3 +1 1 3

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(c) sin ( 15 ) = sin ( 30 45 ) [ Applying formula (3) ] = sin 30 cos 45 cos 30 sin 45 1 1 3 1 = 2 2 2 2 = 1 3 2 2

Double angle identities

We make use of (1), (2), (5) in Section 3 to obtain double angle formulae sin 2 x , cos 2 x , tan 2 x respectively. From (1), we replace y with x to obtain sin ( x + x ) = sin 2 x = sin x cos x + cos x sin x = 2sin x cos x -- (7) From (2), we use the same approach to obtain cos ( x + x ) = cos 2 x = cos x cos x sin x sin x = cos 2 x sin 2 x = 1 2 sin 2 x = 2 cos 2 x 1 -- (8) From (5), we use the same approach to obtain tan ( x + x ) = tan 2 x tan x + tan x 1 tan x tan x 2 tan x = -- (9) 1 tan 2 x
=

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Worked example 2: Without using a calculator, find the values of sin 2 A , cos 2 A and 3 1 tan 2 A if (a) sin A = and A is acute, (b) cos A = and A is obtuse, 5 2 2 (c) cot A = 2 and 90 < A < 270 , (d) sec A = and 90 < A < 0 . 3
We will use formulae (7), (8), (9) for each part of this example. (a) sin A = 3 4 3 , so cos A = and tan A = from the diagram 5 5 4 3 4 24 sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A = 2 = 5 5 25

5
A

7 4 3 cos 2 A = cos 2 A sin 2 A = = 25 5 5

3 3 2 tan A 4 = 2 = 24 tan 2 A = = 2 2 7 1 tan A 7 3 1 16 4 2

1 3 (b) cos A = , so sin A = and tan A = 3 from the diagram 2 2 sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A = 2 3 1 3 = 2 2 2
2

2 3
A

2 1 1 3 cos 2 A = cos A sin A = 2 =2 2 2 2

tan 2 A =

2 tan A 2 3 = = 3 2 1 tan A 1 3 2

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(c) cot A = 2 tan A =

1 . Since tan A is positive, A has to lie in the third quadrant. 2 2 1 2 and cos A = from the diagram So, sin A = 5 5 A sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A = 2 1 2 4 = 5 5 5
2 2

2 1 3 cos 2 A = cos A sin A = = 5 5 5

2 2

2 tan A tan 2 A = = 1 tan 2 A

1 2 =4 2 3 1 1 2 2

(d) sec A =

2 3 cos A = ; since 90 < A < 0 , A is in the fourth quadrant. 2 3 1 1 So sin A = and tan A = 2 3 (Try drawing the diagram yourself to obtain the ratios)

1 3 3 sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A = 2 = 2 2 2

3 1 2 1 cos 2 A = cos A sin A = 2 2 = 2
2 2 2

1 2 tan A 3 = 3 tan 2 A = = 2 2 1 tan A 1 1 3 2

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x in (7), (8), (9) we can obtain expressions for sin x , cos x , tan x 2 respectively. These are half-angle identities.

By replacing x with

x x x For example, sin 2 = sin x = 2sin cos 2 2 2

Similarly, cos

x x x x x = cos 2 sin 2 = 1 2sin 2 = 2 cos 2 1 2 2 2 2 2

x 2 . and tan x = 2 x 1 tan 2

2 tan

By considering sin ( x + 2 x ) and the double angle formula for sine, we can obtain an expression for sin 3 x in terms of sin x as well as cos 3 x in terms of cos x . These are multiple angle identities. For example, sin ( x + 2 x ) = sin 3x = sin x cos 2 x + cos x sin 2 x = sin x 1 2 sin 2 x + cos x ( 2 sin x cos x )

= sin x 2sin 3 x + 2sin x cos 2 x = sin x 2 sin 3 x + 2sin x 1 sin 2 x

= 3sin x 4 sin x
3

By a similar approach, cos ( x + 2 x ) = cos 3 x = 4 cos3 x 3cos x Try to apply the approach and see for yourself.

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Factor formulae

We make use of (1), (2), (3), (4) in Section 3 to obtain 4 factor formulae (or product-tosum identities): Consider (1) + (3): sin ( x + y ) + sin ( x y ) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y + sin x cos y cos x sin y = 2sin x cos y -- (10) Consider (1) (3): sin ( x + y ) sin ( x y ) = 2 cos x sin y -- (11) Consider (2) + (4): cos ( x + y ) + cos ( x y ) = cos x cos y sin x sin y + cos x cos y + sin x sin y = 2 cos x cos y -- (12) Consider (2) (4), cos ( x + y ) cos ( x y ) = 2sin x sin y -- (13) Identities (10), (11), (12), (13) should be used when a given product is to be changed to a sum or difference. For example, to express 2 cos 7 cos 2 as a sum we use (12) to give cos ( 7 + 2 ) + cos ( 7 2 ) = cos 9 + cos 5 .
p+q pq and y = . 2 2 p+q pq Substitute these into the identity to obtain sin p + sin q = 2 sin cos -- (12) 2 2

Suppose in (10), we let x + y = p and x y = q . Then x =

We use the same approach for (11) to derive sin p sin q = 2 cos Similarly, cos p + cos q = 2 cos and cos p cos q = 2 sin
p+q pq cos -- (14) 2 2

p+q pq sin -- (13) 2 2

p+q pq sin -- (15) 2 2

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Identities (12), (13), (14), (15) are best used when a sum or difference is to be expressed as a product. We call these sum-to-product identities. For example, to express sin 6 sin 4 as a product we would use (13) to obtain 6 + 4 6 4 2 cos sin = 2 cos 5 sin . 2 2 sin A + sin B A+ B tan . If A, B and C are the angles of cos A + cos B 2 sin A + sin B C a triangle, deduce that = cot . cos A + cos B 2

Worked example 3: Prove that

sin A + sin B cos A + cos B [ Applying formula (12) for the numerator & formula (14) for the denominator ] A+ B A B 2 sin cos 2 2 A+ B A B 2 cos cos 2 2 A+ B tan 2 LHS Since A, B and C are angles in a triangle, A + B + C = A+ B C + = 2 2 2 C A+ B are complementary and 2 2
C A+ B C tan = tan = cot [ Recall the useful relationships in Section 2.4 ] 2 2 2 2

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Worked example 4: Prove cos cos 3 cos 5 + cos 7 4 cos 4 sin 2 sin .
LHS cos cos 3 cos 5 + cos 7 ( cos 7 + cos ) ( cos 5 + cos 3 ) [ Applying formula (14) twice ] 7 + 7 5 + 3 5 3 cos 2 cos cos 2 2 2 2 2 cos 4 cos 3 2 cos 4 cos 2 cos 4 ( cos 3 cos ) 2 cos 3 + 3 2 cos 4 2sin sin [ Applying formula (15) ] 2 2 4 cos 4 sin 2 sin

Self-attempt Exercises

Apply compound angle identities to solve Q1 & Q2.

Q1 Without using a calculator, evaluate: (a) cos 80 cos 20 + sin 80 sin 20 , (c) sin165 , (d) tan 75 .
[ Answers: (a) 1 1 1 , (b) , (c) 2 2 4

(b) sin 37 cos 7 cos 37 sin 7 ,

6 2 , (d) 2 + 3 ]

Q2 Prove tan ( x + y ) tan x

sin y . cos x cos ( x + y )

Apply double angle identities to solve Q3 & Q4.

Q3 Given that cos = c and that is acute, express in terms of c,

(a) cos 2 , (b) sin 2 , (c) tan 2 , (d) sin

[ Answers: (a) 2c 2 1 , (b) 2c 1 c 2 , (c) cos A + sin A . cos A sin A

2c 1 c 2 , (d) 2c 2 1

1 c ] 2

Q4 Prove sec 2 A + tan 2 A

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Apply factor formulae to solve Q5.

Q5 Prove sin + sin 2 + sin 3 sin 2 (1 + 2 cos ) .

List of trigonometric formulae in the formulae booklet (MF15)

It is not expected of you to know how to derive the trigonometric identities. However, do appreciate how everything is related in interesting ways Also you are not required to memorize all the trigonometric formulae we have discussed. You may refer to the formulae booklet provided during examinations. I have reproduced the section on Trigonometry for your reference below.

Like the crest of a peacock so is mathematics at the head of all knowledge.

-- Anonymous

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