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7/858 B, A.W.H _nUnwKv, anTmbn sXcp-hv, tImgn-tmSv 673 001
t^m: 0495 - 2724007

malayalam
Title: masarambam pramanangalil samsaya nivaranam
Authors : a group of scholars
(a.abdussalam sullami, dr.koyakkutti farooqi, moulavi abdul rasheed
salem, k.t.assainar moulavi)
editor : adbushukoor.t
cover & layout : riyas pokkunnu
dtp : shine
first edition : august 2011
printed at : premier printers, kozhikode -1
price : 60/copy right reserved with publisher
hijra committee of india
7/858 b, awh building, s.m.street, kozhikode - 673001
phone : 0495 - 2724007
e-mail: hijraindia@rediffmail.com, editor@hciindia.net
web : hijracalendar.in & hijracalendar.com
2

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3

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4

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5

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7

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9

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10

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11

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12

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4. Ckvemapw Kth-j-Whpw

27

5. N-{-amk \n-bhpw hn]-co-Xm sXfnhpw

34

6. \yqaq hnl-Zhpw a-n \np Hfn-tm-hpw

39

7. amk-n-d-hnbpw `n-X-p ]cn-lmc km[y-Xbpw

43

8. N{-amk \n-bhpw Jmfn-amcpw lnem In-n-Ifpw

47

`mKw 2
9. ]cn-ip Jp-B\pw N{s DZb hyXym-k-fpw

51

10. N{s DZb hyXymkw \_n-N-cy-bn

55

11. Ipssd-_ns lZokpw N{s DZ-b-hy-Xym-khpw

64

12. \mev aZvl_ns Cam-ap-Ifpw N{-amk \n-bhpw

77

13. l\^o aZvl_pw N{s DZ-b-hy-Xym-khpw

83

14. amenIo aZvl_pw N{s DZb hyXym-khpw

86

15. im^nCu aZvl_pw N{s DZb hyXym-khpw

88

16. leo aZvl_pw N{s DZb hyXym-khpw

95

17. inbm-fpw N{s DZb hy-Xym-khpw

97

18. ke^n ]WvUnXamcpw N{s DZb hyXym-khpw

98

13

`mKw 3
IWpw ImgvNbpw
19. Dn-bmb kaq-lhpw Am kaq-lhpw

105

20. Dn-mb kaqlw kabw Adn-bp-hm-\p am[y-a-fpw

108

21. `qanbpw \h-N-{s\ Zin-epw

118

22. kmn-Xzhpw IWpw

120

23. Zi-\hpw kab ]cn-[nbpw

127

24. IWpw ImgvNbpw

129

25. Jp-B\pw hymJym-\hpw ]qo-Iamcpw aWn-Iv^m\pw

135

26. IWpw ImgvNbpw \_n-N-cy-bn

139

27. \app Fgp-Xp-hm\pw IWv Iqm\pw Adn-bp-I-bn-

148

28. klm_n hcyamcpw N{-amk \nbhpw

159

29. IWpw ]WvUn-Xm-`n-{]m-bhpw

169

30. IWv \ntj-[hpw `qcn-]w ]WvUn-Xamcpw

175

31. \yqaqWpw ]ndhn N-{\pw

180

32. ASn-m\w amk-n-dhn Xs. ImgvNbpw Xocp-am-\-hp-a

182

33. ImgvNbpw kmn-I-fpsS Fhpw

184

34. \_n-N-cybpw Dt-iyhpw

187

35. amk-n-dhn Zi-\hpw {]m-\bpw

193

36. lnPvd Ie-WvSdpw {]mtZ-inI Ie-WvS-dp-Ifpw

195

37. Ad-^m-bn kt-fn-epw Ad^m t\mpw

197

14

am-tcJ
HbCGh j~dGdG hCG fCG Y dh qd AG~T dH eGb Gfc GeBG jdG jCG nj (1
(AdG)
kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-tf, \n \oXn-mbn \ne-sIm-p-I.
Am-lp-hn\p kmn-I-fmbn, \ntm amXm-]n-Xmtm _p-tm FXn-cm-bmt]mepw \oXn-ssI-hnScp--Xv. (hn.-Jp. 4: 135).
(I~FG) id bCG g Gd~YG Gd~J CG Y b CT ej h (2
Hcp P\-X-tbmSp hntcm[w Ah-tcmSv A\oXn ImWnm \nsf t{]cn-X-cm--cp-Xv. \oXn ]pep-I. AXmIpp kq-a-X-tbmSv _-ap--Xv. (hn.-Jp. 5:8).
(HdG) bOdG e Gfch dG GJG GeCG jdG jCG j (3
Atbm hnizm-kn-Isf Am-lp-hns\ \n `b-s-SpIbpw kXyw ]dbp-h-tcm-sSmw \n BIp-Ibpw sNphn (kq-d.-Xu-_. 119).
(edGh OhGOHCGh ,AdG) FL S ~Y M c OG aCG
Ghpw t{ijvT-amb PnlmZv A{I-an-bmb Hcp `c-Wm-[nIm-cn-bpsS apn-em-bmepw kXyw Xpdv ]d-b-emWv (\mCu, A_q-Zm-hq-Zv)
(edG) Y GPG H j CG SdG g e G~MG
\n a\-n-em-nb Hcp kXyw ]d-bp--Xn\v P\-sf-p-dn-p `bw Hcn-epw \nv XS--am-bn-cn--cpXv.
(XnapZn)
15

1. Ckvemapw ka-b-\n-jvIjXbpw
tNmZyw 1
Ckveman Nne ka-b-pw Znh-k-pw amkpw {]m[m-\yhpw ]hn-{X-Xbpw DWvS-tm. CXv auen-I-amb Hcp {]iv\-am-tWm? Am-lp- B-Z-cn-p-Ibpw {]m[m\yw
In-p-Ibpw sNbvX Znh-k--fp-sSbpw amk--fp-sSbpw BZchpw ]hn-{X-Xbpw kwL-S\m Xm-cy-v thWvSn ap
Znh-k-pw amk-pw \Ip-Xv ]m]-amtWm?..... DZml-cWw, `qan-bn Fhn-sS-sb-nepw amkw IWvSm {]kvXpX
ImgvN Fm-hpw _m[-I-am-sWv ]d-bp--hcpw Htc DZ-bn hcp--hsmw _m[-I-am-sWv ]d-bp--hcpw Ch
AwKo-I-cn-p Cu XXz- tIc-f-n amkw IWvSnm
F Imc-W-m Ah-K-Wn-p-p. a-bn s]cp-m
BtLm-jn-p k`-n ChnsS t\m-\p-jvTn-p-p.
abpw tIc-fhpw Htc DZ-b-n hcp k`--fnepw Nne
tIc-f
- n C Znhkw C{X an\pv kqcy\v apv N{ AkvXan-p--Xn-\m amk-n-dhn Zin-p-I-bn-spw AXn-\m
ASp Znh-k-am-bn-cnpw t\mv As-n s]cp-m Fv
apIqn {]Jym-]n-p-p. tIc-f-n\v Apdw amk-n-dhn Zinp-hm-\p km[y-Xsb Ch Xosc ]cn-K-Wn-p-n-. Ah
Xs `qan-bn Fhn-sS-sb-nepw amkw IWvSm aXn-sbpw
{]Jym-]n-p-p. Nne ]d-bp-hm ka-b-am-bn-n-sv hymJym\nv im amks da-fm amk-ambpw Zpln-p-am-ks
Zp--J-AvZv amk-ambpw apw ]cn-K-Wn-pp. ap Nne {]mtZin-I-amb sFIy-n\v thWvSn am{Xw C{]-Imcw sNp-p. Cu
hnj-b-n Ckvem-anI hn[n-sbv?
16

Dcw
Ckveman Nne ka-b-pw Znh-k-pw amkpw {]m[m-\yhpw t{ijvT-Xbpw BZ-c-hp-ap-WvSv. Am-lphmWv B Znh-k-pw amk-pw {]m[m-\yhpw t{ijvTXbpw BZ-chpw \In-bn-p--Xv. apl-Zv \_n(-k)v t]mepw
Am-lp-hns \nt-i-an-msX CXn\v Ah-Im-i-an-. Znh-kpw amk-pw Ah-bpsS {kjvSmhv \Inb Cu khnti-jX
- I
- amn adn-p-hm krjvSn-Iv Ah-Im-ia
- n-. \psS
kuI-cy-pw hyn-]-c-ambpw kwL-S-\m-]-c-hp-am-bp
Xm]-cy-pw thWvSn C{]-Imcw amn-ad
- n- kXy-\n-tj[w
(Ip-^-dv) BsWv ]cn-ip Jp-B hnh-cn-p-p. a-bnse
hn{K-lm-cm-[-I-m C{_mlow \_n(-k)-bpsS kZvam-Zi-\n-embn Pohn-p--h-cm-sWv hmZn-n-cp-p. Fm GIssZ-h-hn-izm-kn hsc Ahv hyXn-bm\w kw`-hn-p. N{amk \n-b-nepw. ]cn-ip Jp-B Ah-cpsS kXy-\ntj-[-n\v Hcp DZm-l-cWw hnh-cn-p-Xp ImWp-I.
I~Y GWGd eY fejh eY fj Ghc jdG H j dG IOjR dG EG
(HdG IQS) jadG dG ~j dGh dYG AS d jR dG M e Ga dG M e
""Xo-bmbpw ]nn- kXy-\n-tj-[-n Hcp-Xcw
h\ am{X-am-Wv. AXp-aqew kXys \ntj-[n--h hyXnN-en-s
- Spw. AXns\ (B ]nn-n-e
- n-s\) Hcp hjw Ah
A\p-h-Z-\o-b-ampw asmcp hjw Ah ]hn-{X-am-pw.
Amlp ]hn-{X-am-n-b-Xns Fw Ah tbmPn-n-p-hm\m-bn. As\ Ah Amlp ]hn-{X-am-n-b-Xns\ (]-hn{X-X- I-fv) A\p-hZ- \
- o-ba
- m-p-p. Ahv Ah-cpsS I-fpsS Xnsb Ae--cn--s-p. kXy-\n-tj-[n-I-fmb P\Xsb Amlp (\n_-n-v) am-Zi\w sNp-I-bn-.''
(kqd:Xu_:37)
almb XXz-f
- mWv Cu kqw Dsm-p-Xv. Ad_n-I Ckvemans appw Nm{n-I-am-k-ns ASn-m-\-nem-bn-cpp Ime-\nbw sNbvXn-cp--Xv. kqcy-hjhpw N{hjhpw Xn sIm-n GI-tZiw ]Xn-s\mv Znh-ks
hyXymkw DWvSm-bn-cn-pw. CXp-Im-cWw lv Imew Nne-tm
AXypjvW thf-bn hcpw. CXv Ahv km-n-I-ambpw
17

imco-cn-I-ambpw {]iv\- DWvSm-pw. AXn-\m Nm{n-I-amk-sf IW-m-p--Xn Nne \op-t]m-p-I kzoI-cn-psImWvSv lp-Imew Ah amn \n-bn-pw. \ko-Cs
Hcpcq]w CXmWv. aqv amkw XpSbmbn bpw sNp-Xn AIv \npI FXv Ad- _ n- I v Nne- t m
{]bmkw tXmpw. AXn-\m apld amk-n Ah bpw
sNbvXXv \mev amkw ]qn-bm-p-hm apl-d-ns ]hn{XX k^-dn\v \Ipw. B {]h-W-Xbpw Ahn-izm-k-am-sWv
Amlp ]d-bp-p. C amk-amWv \msf-sbv Ddv e`n--tijhpw {]hm-N-I\pw klm-_n-h-cy-mcpw Ip-sImWvSv N{-e-I-WvSnm F Imc-W-m da-fm amks iAv_m
amk-am-p-Itbm im amks da-fm amk-am-p-Itbm
ZplnPv amks Zp--J-AZv amk-am-p-Itbm sNbvXn-n-.
\ko-Cs\ Ah `b-s-p. da-fm amkw As-n im
amkw 5 an\p-p-WvSv. N{-n-dhn IWvSm Rsf Adn-bn-p-I.
ImWm-]
- w da-fm amks iAv_m amk-ambpw im
amks da-fm amk-ambpw \n ]cn-KW
- n-pI Fv {]Jym]n-p-hm \_n(-k)tbm klm-_n-h-cy-mtcm aZv_l-_ns
Cam-ap-Itfm hnizmk PoX {]I-Sn-n-n-cp-n-.
dG SQ f ej Gg :a (Q) G H Y e ~dG ~T :b (Q) ~Y HCG Y
(eh QdG) f e a cCJ NBG dGh eU e ca j eU Y (U)
""A_p Dss_-Zv(-d) ]d-bp-p. Rm Da(-d)s IqsS
s]cp-m Znhkw ]s-Sp-p. Atm Da(-d) ]d-p.
Cu cWvSv Znh-k--fn t\m-\p-jvTn-p--Xns\ \_n(-k)
hntcm-[n-n-cn-p-p. Hv \n-fpsS t\mv apdn-p Znh-kamb sNdnb s]cp-m Znhkw. asmv \n-fpsS _en-arK-ns amwkw `n-p _en-s]m-cp-m Zn\w.'' (_pJmcn: 1199, apkvenw: 1137)
(eh QdG) dGh dG j U Y (U) qdG SQ f b (Q) ~S HCG Y
A_qkCuZv(d
- ) ]d-bpp: ""sNdnb s]cp-m Znh-khpw
_en-s]-cp-m Znh-khpw t\m-\p-jvTn-p--Xns\ \_n(k) hntcm-[n-n-cn-p-p.'' (_p-Jmcn: 1991 apkvenw: 1139)
dG jh VCG j :ej U Y f (U) dG SQ EG :b (Q) Ijg HCG Y
18

(QdGh e)
A_p-lp-ssd(-d) \nth-Z-\w. ""Xo-bmbpw Am-lp-hns
ZqX cWvSv Znh-ks t\mns\ hntcm-[n-n-cn-p-p.
_ens]cp-m Znh-khpw sNdnb s]cp-m Znh-khpw.''
(apkvenw: 1138, _pJmcn: 1993)
(FdGh CWG) e jG U Y f (U) dG SQ CG (Q) dG ~Y Y
A_p-(-d) \nth-Z-\w. ""Xo-bmbpw an\m-bpsS Znh-k-fn (Zplv 11,12,13) t\m-\p-jvTn-p--Xns\ \_n(-k)
hntcm-[n-n-cn-p-p.'' (\-m-Cu, aph-Xz)
b eU Y fj (U) dG SQ c dG jCG g :b (Q) UdG H hY Y
(OhOHG) jdG jG gh :de
Awdv(-d) \nth-Z\w. ""Am-ap-icoJns Znh-k--fn
t\m-\p-jvTn-p-X
- ns\ \_n(-k) R-tfmSv hntcm-[n-n-pWvSv''
(A-_q-Zm-hqZv: 2418, 2419). Hmtcm {]tZ-ipw amk-n-dhn Zinv
s]cp-m BtLm-jn-p k`-n asmcp hn`mKw
t\m-\p-jvTn-p--Xns\ am{X-a \_n(-k) ChnsS hntcm-[np--Xv. {]Xyp-X- `q-an-bn Hcp- hn-`mKw apkvenwI s]cp-m
BtLm-jn-p-tm asmcp hn`mKw t\m-\p-jvTn-p--Xn-s\bmWv Am-lp-hns ZqX Dt-in-p--sXv Ahn-Spp hnhcn-p-X-cp-Xv ImWpI:
Gdb (U) dG SQ UG e QfCG e JCG Y K~M b de H fG HG Y
GhCGQ fCG dG ~Y Gh~a QdG NBG e cQ Aa eU UCa GT g Y ZCG
Le HG) ~dG e g~Y EG GLj CGh Ghj CG (U) dG SQ gheCa .eCH dG
(dGh ~MGh
C_v\p A\-kv(-d) \nth-Z-\w. ""im amk-n-dhn RfpsS ta ad--s-p. AXn-\m R t\m-\p-jvTn-p--hcmbn {]`m-X-n {]thin-p. Ans\ Hcp H-I- kwLw ]Iens Ay-n hcn-Ibpw Cse amkw IWvSXmbn \_n(k)-bpsS ASpp kmyw hln-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.'' Atm
\_n(-k) Ah-tcmSv t\mv apdn-m Iev]n-p. \msf CuZv
Kmln-tev ]pd-s-Sp-hm \nt-in-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. (C-_v\pamP: 1653, Al-aZv 9266, ss_lJn: 8189, A_q-Zm-hqZv: 2339).
19

apl-Zv \_n(-k) _en-s]-cp-m Znh-khpw sNdnbs]cp-m

Znh-khpw Am-ap-ivcoJns Znh-k--fnepw t\m-\p-jvTn hntcm-[n-X
- mbn {]kvXm-hn-p [mcmfw lZo-kp-I \nthZ\w sN-s-Sp-p. CXp-sImWvSv \_n(-k) Dt-in-Xv `qan-bn
BZy-ambn N{-n-dhn DWvSm-Ip--Xns\ ASn-m-\-am-n-bmsWpw hy- a m- I p- p. Fm imkv { Xo- b - a mb IWv
sImWvSv \_n(-k) N{-amkw \n-bn-p--Xns\ hntcm-[np-shp ]d-bp Hcp Zpe lZo-kv t]mepw \nth-Z\w sNsSpn-. AXp-t]mse `qan-bn BZyw DZ-ba
- p-WvSm-hp ]ndhn
N{s\ ASn-m-\-amn DZ-b-N-{s hyXymkw A\p-`-h-sSp ev Xma-kn-p--hcpw {]hn-p--Xns\ \_n(k) hntcm-[n-p-shv ]d-bp lZokpw D-cn--s-Sp-n-. N{amk \nbw hnZqc cmPyw, ASp-p cmPyw F ]cn-K-W\-bpsS ASn-m-\-n Xocp-am-\n-p-hm I]n-Xpw \_n(k)-bn \nv kzlo-lmbn D-cn--s-Sp-n-. Imc-Ww aplZv \_n(-k) Hcp I-{]-hm-N-I-\m-bn-cp-n-. (hn-i-Zo-I-cWw
hgnsb)

20

2. A`n-{]m-b-`n--X-bpw,
hnj-b
- ns A{]-k
- nbpw
tNmZyw 2
Hmtcm {]tZ- i pw amk- n- d hn Zin- - W - s av Hcp
hn`mKw ]n-X-m A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p. `qan-bn Fhn-sS-sbnepw amkw IWvSm aXn-sbv asmcp hn`mKw. IvsImWvSv
Zin- A\n-hm-cy-am-sWv `qcn-`m-Kw. Zin-t-WvS-Xn-spw
Jn-X-amb IW-ns\ Ah-ew-_n-m-sapw asmcp hn`mKw. N{s DZb hyXymkw Xocp-am-\n-t-WvSXv \a-kvImcw
Npcpn \a-kvI-cn-p Zqc-]-cn-[n-bm-sWv Nne. IW-ns
ASn-m-\-n-em-sWv ap Nne. Zin--Xmbn ]d-bp
kmn-I-fpsS F-n `n-X. Xm IWv D]-tbm-Knm-sav \yq\-]-w. Xm\pw sImm\pw IWv \njn-am-sWv asmcp hn`m-Kw. Cu `nX N{-amk \n-b-ns
{]iv\w {]k-n-bn-m-X
- m-sWv hy-am-p-nt? CXv Xocpam-\n-m thWvSn am{Xw Fn-\mWv Hcp kwL-S\ {]hnp-Xv?
Dcw: Ckvemanse ASn-m-\-]-c-amb hnj-b--fn
Xs ]n-X-mn-S-bn `nX ImWmw. ASn-m\ {]amW--fnepw `nX ImWmw. aZvl_p-Ifpw kzlm-_n-am-cpsS A`n{]m-b-fpw Jnbmkpw CPvamDw {]am-W-amtWm? ac-W-s--hsc
hnfnv CkvXnKmk sNp-hm ]mSptWvSm? alm-m-cpsS lJv,
Pmlv, _v apX-em-b-h-sImWvSv Am-lp-hn-t\mSv {]mnp-hm ]mSptWvSm? Cu tNmZy-v apkvenw ]n-Xmp adp-]Sn `nX \nd--Xm-Wv. \a-kvIm-c-ns ka21

b-, cq]-, Jp\qv HmX, kv{XoI-fpsS ]n {]th-i\w, JpXp_:bpsS `mj. Xdm-ho^v \a-kvIm-c-ns dIv-A-XpI, \_n-Zn\w BtLm-jn-, _dmvcmhv, XJo sNm,
Jp-B sImWvSv a{n-, knlvdv _m[, Pnv _m[ apXemb hnj-b--fn Fmw-`n-X-I ImWmw. AXn-\m Cu
hnj-b-v {]k-n-bn-sv h-h\pw ]d-bptam? tIc-fn Jmfn-am-cm-bn-cpp N{-am-k-\nbw \S-n-bn-cp--Xv.
N{-amk \n-b-ns {]iv\w A{]-[m-\-am-sW-n Fn\mWv lnem Inn cq]o-I-cn-Xv? amk-n-dhn Zin-p-shv
kmn-I {]Jym-]n-npw Fn\v Cu sImp tIc-f-n
t\mpw s]cp-mfpw ]e hj-f
- nepw cWvSv Znh-k
- f
- n-emn?
N{- a mk \n- b - n\v Jmfn- a m- c psS kwL- S \ Fn\v
DWvSmn? ]en-ibpw aZy-]m-\hpw Ckvemw hntcm-[n--Xm-sW-Xn A`n-{]m-b-`n--X-bn-. Cu \njn-- apkvenwInS-bn hf-sc-b-[nIw hym]n-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-p-WvSv. Fnpw
Chsb {]Xn-tcm-[n-p-hm Fmhcpw tNv Fp-sImWvSv
kwL-S\ DWvSm-n-bn?
Xdm-holv \a-kvImcw Hcp hn`mKw 23 dIvAp \a-kvI-cnp. \a-kvIm-c-n Jp\qv HmXn. Iqp-{]m\ \S-n, ssI
s\n\v Xmsg sIn. Ccw kwK- X n- I sImWvSv
AapkvenwI Ckvemans\ hnIr-X aX-ambn Zin-p-I-bn-.
Fm t\mpw s]cp-mfpw aqv Znh-k--fn-embn A\p-jvTnp--XvsImWvSv Ckvemans\ Ah hf-sc-b-[nIw sXn--cnp-p.- Zn-h-k--fpsS ]hn-{X-Xsb amn-a-dn-p-p. Hcp Ipn-bpsS
P\-\-Zn-h-khpw Hcp a\p-jys ac-W-Zn-h-khpw Amlp P\v \Inb N{-am-ks ASn-m-\-amn tcJ-s-Sp-phm km[y-a-msX hcp-p. ssee-p JZv Hcp Znh-k-n
am{X-am-sWv ]cn-ip Jp-B-\n-eqsS Amlp {]Jym-]n-pp. aqtm \mtem Znk-h--fn ae-p-Isf Cdn sseep JZv kw`-hn-n-p-hm apkvenwI Am-lp-hns\ \n_n-n-pp?!.
N{-am-k- \nbw \nmc {]iv\-am-sW-n Cu \nmcX t\mpw s]cp-mfpw cWvSpw aqpw Znh-ka
- m-p-hm thWvSn
Xs {]tbm-Kn--W-sa-ptWvSm? ]cn-ip Jp-B\pw \_n22

N-cybpw aZvl_ns Cam-ap-Ifpw ke^o ]n-X-mcpw "`qanbn BZy-ambn amk-n-dhn DWvSm-bm AXns\ ASn-m-\amn N{-amkw \n-bn--W-sav' \nt-in--Xns\ ASnm-\-amn t\mn-sbpw s]cp-m-fn-sbpw N{-amk \nb-n-sbpw hnj-b-n apkvenw temIv sFIy-ap-WvSm-phm thWvSn {]tbm-Kn-p-IqsS?
Hcp hnj-b-n apkvenwI-fpsS CPvamAv (G-Im-`n-{]mbw) Cm-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw ]n-X-mn-S-bn `nX DWvSmhp-Ibpw sNp--]w {]kvXpX hnj-b-n Hcp ]n-X
Xs Kth-j-W-ns ASn-m-\-n Hc-`n-{]mbw {]I-Sn-np-Ibpw B-h
- \ \S-mXn-cnpItbm Xs a\x-km-nv
FXn-cmbn {]hn-m-Xn-cn-p-Itbm sNp ]w At-lns t\sc i{Xp-Xbpw ]Ibpw {]I-Sn-n-m-Xn-cn-p-hm\pw
At-l-ns CkvemanI {]h-\-v {]Xn-_--
krjvSn-m-Xn-cn-p-hm-\p-amWv \mw {ian-t-WvS-Xv. \_n(-kz)bpsSbpw A\p-N-c-m-cp-sSbpw aZvl_ns Cam-ap-I-fp-sSbpw
bYm ke^o ]n-X-m-cp-sSbpw Zi\w C{]-Im-c-am-bncp-p. adnp `nX hnjbns {]m[m-\yhpw t{ijvT-Xbpw
Ipdv ImWp-hm am\-Z--am-p-I-b Ah sNbvXn-cp--Xv.
.GLCG a UCG K ~La cG M GPEG (U) dG SQ b (Q) UdG H hY Y
(eh QdG) LCG a C NCG K ~La M GPEGh
Awdv(-d) \nth-Z\w: ""\_n(-kz) Acp-fn. Hcp hn[n ]d-bp-h Kth-jWw sNbvXv hn[n ]d-bp-Ibpw Xs hn[n- icnbmhpIbpw sNbvXm Ah\v cWvSp {]Xn-^-e-ap-WvSv. Ah\v
sXv ]n-bm Hcp {]Xn-^-e-hp-apWvSv'' (_p-Jmcn: 7352, apkvenw:
1716).

23

3. kabw sXn-p t\Xm--mcpw

{]hm-N-Is \nt-ihpw
Ckvemanse Bcm-[\m I- kabw sXn-p-sImWvSv
\n-ln-p-hm t\XrXzw \Ip t\Xm--mcpw `c-Wm-[nIm-cn-Ifpw cmPm--mcpw cwK-{]-th-i\w sNp-sav \_n(-k)
\s DWp-I-bp-WvSm-bn. Ccw k`-n Ckvemans
\nt-i- apl-Zv \_n(-k) \apv \Ip-Xv Xmsg hnhcn-p-p.
oAnrTnCG roonrnJ oAGnneoG p~rnH rornnY oonnS nsfpEG (U) dG SQ b (Q)edG H IOY Y
:nnb?ronne unUoG psdG noSnQnj loLnQ nnna nprbnpd nInsdG Gonna norbnhnngrnj snM nprbnpd pInsdG pnY
(~nrMnGnh nLne orHGh OohGnOoHnG) nrpT rpG rnnf
D_mZ-v(-d) ]d-bpp: ""Am-lp-hns ZqX Acpfn:
Xo-bmbpw Nne t\Xm--m \nv DWvSm-Ip--Xm-Wv.
]e kwK-Xn-Ifmepw \a-kvmcw AXns ka-bv \n-lnp--Xn \npw Ahsc A{i--bn-em-pw. icn-bmb kabw
\jv S - s - p- t ]m- I p- - X p- h sc. Atm \n \a- k v I mcw
AXns ka-bv Xs \n-ln-p-hn. Atm Hcm
tNmZn-p. Am-lp-hns ZqXtc! Rm Ah-cpsS IqsS \a-kvIcn-t-WvS-XptWvSm? \_n(-k) {]Xyp-cw \In. \o Dt-inp-p-sh-n \a-kvIc
- n-p-sIm-pI'' (A-_q-ZmhqZv: 433, C_v\pamP:)
s]cp-m \a-kvIm-c-sf \_n(-k) ChnsS Hgn-hm-pn-. A{I-an-I-fmb apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS Iogn Pohn24

p apkvenwI Ah-cpsS IqsS ]s-Sp-p. \a-kvI-cn-m

]w Ah h[n-p-I-f-bp-Itbm Xs kv Ihs-Sp-pItbm sNp-sav `b-s-Sp k`-nt]mepw \a-kvIm-c AXns ka-bv \n-ln-m \_n(-k) Iev]n-p.
tijw Xs ico-chpw [\hpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fn \nv kwcn-t-WvS-Xmb \n_w DWvSm-bm Ah \a-kvI-cn-ptm Ah-scbpw (hoWvSpw) ]nXp-Sp \a-kvI-cn-p-hm
\_n(-k) A\p-aXn \In.
nopoj nAGnneoG nrnnY rnfnc GnPpG nrfnG nrnc qQnP nHnG nj (U) psdG ooSnQ pd nnb :nnb (Q) xQnP pHnG rnY
nnrcnQrOnG rpna nprbnpd nInsdG unU :nnb ?pfroerCnJ nna psdG noSnQ nj ornb .nInsdG nhooerDnj nnb rhnG ?nInsdG
(FdGh eh ~MGh OhGO HG) npanf nnd nsfpna ronne nunna ronne
A_qZdv(-d) \nth-Z\w: ""\_n(-k) FtmSv ]d-p.
A_qZtd, \a-kvImcw AXns kabw sXnp \n-ln-p-
`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I \ns `cn-m \o Fp-sNpw? \_ntb
Xm FmWv FtmSv Iev]n-p--sXv Rm tNmZn-p.
\_n(-k) ]dp: \o \a-kvIm-cs AXns ka-bv Xs
\n-ln-p-I. \o Ahsc IWvSp-ap-n-bm Ah-cp-sS-Iq-sSbpw
\a-kvI-cn-p-I. AXp \n\v kp-m-Ip--XmWv'' (\n_-an-) (A-_q-Zm-hqZv: 431, 432, AlvaZv, apkvenw. \m-Cu) atXXc Cy-bn Cu \n_-m-h t]mep-an-.
ond GonrSna psdG pnppH oonj Gk~rnY rornnY oprnrSnG rdn (U) psdG ooSnQ nnb(Q) prnoM uoG rnY
(e) GopWnGnh
Dp lpssk(-d) \nth-Z-\w, \_n(-k) Acpfn: ""Hcp ASna-bmWv \n-fp-tS-ta A[n-Imcw Gs-Sp--sX-nepw Jp-B
ASn-m-\-amn Ah \nsf \bn-p ]w \n
Ah ]d-bp-Xv tIp-Ibpw A\p-k-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-hn''
(apkvenw: 1838)
(eh QdG) phornrdG pa onYsdG nsfpG (U) psdG ooSnQ nnb (Q) qpnY rnY
Aen(-d) \nth-Z\w: ""\_n(-k) Acpfn: t\Xm--msc
]nXp-S-c \-bn am{X-amWv'' (_p-Jmcn: 7145)
(QdG) pnprnrdG pa nnYnW n mnjGnhpQ panh
\_n(-k) Acpfn: ""sXn bmsXmcp A\p-k-c-W-bp-an''
25

(_p-Jmcn: 7257)
(e) mpFn nnernd psdG pa onnf n soc nnrjnG unrdpH nonf rnG nnYnh .... (Q) nInOnoY rnY
C_m-Z(-d) \nth-Z\
- w............. ""Fm Fhn-sS-bm-bn-cp-mepw
kXyw Xpdp ]d-bp-hm \_n(-k) R-tfmSv Iev]n-n-p-WvSv.
Am-lp-hns Imcy-n R Bscbpw `b-s-Sm-Xn-cn-phm\pw'' (apkvenw: 1709)
(edGh OhGOHGh FdG) mpFnL mnroS n~rpY xnM onpnc pOnprdG onranG (U) psdG ooSnQ nnb
\_n(-k) Acpfn: Ghpw t{ijvT-amb bpw A{I-an-bmb
Hcp `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bpsS apn shmbmepw kXyw Xpdv
]d-b-emWv (A-_q-Zm-hq-Zv, \Cu Xpap-Zn)

26

4. Ckvemapw Kth-j-Whpw
tNmZyw: 4
CkvemanI hnj-b--fn Kth-jWw \S-p--Xns aX]-c-amb asmcp hi-hpw-IqSn A_vZp laoZv aZo\n hni-Zo-I-cnp-p. Jp-B-\n-sbpw kp-n-sbpw hy-amb \nt-isImWvSv nc-s hnj-b-n CPvXnlmZv (K-th-j-Ww)
A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-. lnem Zi\w sImtWvS amk-amw Xocp-am\n-m ]mSpq FXv Jp-B sImWvSpw lZo-kp-sImWvSpw
CPvamAv sImWvSpw hy-ambpw nc-s XXz-am-Wv. AXn\v
C\n Hcp CPvXn-lm-Zn\p {]k-n-bn (\yq aqWpw amk-n-dhnbpw: tUm. C.-sI. Al-Zv Ipn-bpsS Ah-Xm-cnI (t]Pv:14)
Cu {]kvXm-h\ icn-bmtWm?
Dcw: JpB\nepw kp-nepw nc-s Hcp hnjb-nepw Kth-jWw ]mSn-. AXp-t]mse CPvamAv sImWvSv
nc-s hnj-b-nepw Kth-jWw ]mSn-. CXn Bpw
A`n-{]m-b-`n--X-bn-. Fm lnem Zi\w sImtWvS amkamw Xocp-am-\n-p-hm ]mSp-p, Cs imkv{Xo-b-amb
IWv AXn-p-] -t bm-K n-p-h m ]mSn- F hmZ- n\v
]npW \Ip Jp-B-\n-stbm kp-n-stbm kqN\
t]mepw ImWp-hm km[n-p-Ibn. {]XypX imkv{Xob IWp-I D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xn-\p sXfn-hp-I-fmWv Jp-B-\nepw
kp-nepw ImWp--Xv. ]qo-I-cmb [mcmfw ]n-X-m
C{]-Imcw {]Jym-]n-p-Ibpw sNp-p. Camw djoZv dnfm(-d)bpsS X^vko Aa-\m-dn Cu bmYmyw hy-amb sXfnhns ASn-m-\-n hnh-cn-p-p. (hn-i-Zo-I-cWw hcp-p27

WvSv) GsX-nepw hnj-b-n CPvamAv DWvSm-bn-ptWvSm F

Xn Xs ]n-X-mn-S-bn `nX ImWmw.
""C_v\plkw(-d) Xs A--AlvImav F {K-n
AlvaZv_v\p l(-d) ]d--Xmbn Adm-ln-Xns aI
A_vZp--bn \nv \nth-Z\w sNp-p. ""Hcm C hnj-bn CPvamAv DsWvSv hmZn-m Abm ]d-Xv If-hmWv. h-h\pw CPvam-Cs\ hmZn-m Ah I hmZn-bmWv''
(D-kq-ep ^nJln: t]Pv: 43). Alvep lZo-kn-sbpw Camamb Camw Al-aZv_\p-l-(-d) C{]-Imcw ]d--Xmbn {]kn-s an- In-Xm-_p-I-fnepw D-cn-p--Xp-ImWmw (Camw
jum-\n-bpsS Cjm-Zp^plq, apkap kp_qv)
C_v\p lkw(-d) Xs Fgp-Xp-p. ""CPvamCs {]iv\n Rm ]n-X-cp-ambn hntbm-Pn-p asmcp ew
AkXyw m]n- m thWv S n CPv a mAv nc- s - S m
ev CPvam-Av DsWvSv ]e epw Ah hmZn-p-Xn-t\m-SmWv. (A--ClvImav: 4131) (tkm-h-\o apPm-lnZv
kwm\ kt-f\
- w-92, t]Pv 198). Camw Jmfn(-d)-bpsS CPvamAv
hmZs ]e epw Camw \h-hn(-d) Jn-p-p. Camw
\h-hn(-d)-bp-sSbpw C_v\p apZn-dn-sbpw CPvamAv hmZs
]e-cw-Kpw C_v\p lP(-d) tNmZyw sNp-p. Cu ]n-I C{]-Imcw \oWvSp t]mIp-Xp ImWmw. Xdm-ho-lns dIv-A-Xp-IfpsS Fw, aqv Xzem-Jns hnjbw, Ppap-AJp-Xp-_bpsS
`mj, \a-kvIm-c-n ssI sI, apX-emb hnj-b--fn kakvX-bnse ]n-X-m X-fpsS hmZ-n\v CPvamAv D-cnm-dp-WvSv. Ckvemln {]m\w Cu hnj-b--fn CPvam-Cs\
FXnp-I-bm-sWv Btcm-]n-m-dp-WvSv. Atm CXp-tIp
ioen Hcp hnai-\-am-b-Xn-\m IqSp-X hni-Zo-I-cn-t-WvSXmb Bh-iy-an-. ]pdsa aZo-\n-bpsS ]pkvX-I-n\v Ah-XmcnI Fgp-Xnb ]n-Xs hmZw ASn-m-\-c-ln-X-am-sWv
]pkvXIw Xs {]Jym-]n-p-Xp ImWpI ""Fm apXvcn^v,
A_q Amkv, C_v\p JpssX_'' t]mse-bp hfsc
sNdnb Hcp hn`mKw ]n-X-m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw amk-n-dhn
DWvSm-bm aXn, Ip-sImWvSv IWvSn-s-nepw J_p-sImWvSp
IWvSm aXn FmWv. Hp-IqSn hy-ambn ]d-m amkw
28

29-\v kqcy AkvX-an--tijw N{I-hm-f-n N{ DsWvSn Av ]ndhn bYm-n DWvSm-bn-p-WvSv. ]t ImtaLw, ]pI-]-S-e- apX-em-b Imc-W- sImWvSv amk-n-dhn
ImWm Ign-n-n-s-nepw Av ]ndhn DWvSv Fv JnX-amb tKmf-imkv{X IW-ns ASn-m-\-n \apv a\n-em-m Ign-m Av id-C--mbn amk-n-dhn kw`-hn-Xp-sImWvSv B cm{Xn apX Xs ]pXnb amkw ]nd--Xmbn
IW-mn t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-m-hp--XmWv. Cu
XXz-amWv amk-n-dhn \n-bn-p--Xn tKmf imkv{X-I-Wv
Ah-ew-_n-m-sav ]d-bp ta ]d ]n-X-m-cpsS
\ymbw. CXns\ \mw ]q-ambpw Xn--f-bp-n. (\yq aqWpw
amk-n-d-hn-bpw: F. A_vZp laoZv aZo\n, t]Pv: 17)
""lnem Zi\w sImtWvS amk-amw Xocp-am-\n-m
]mSpq FXv Jp-B sImWvSpw lZo-kp-sImWvSpw CPvamAv sImWvSpw hy-ambpw nc-s XXz-am-Wv''. Fv AhXm-cn-I-bn Fgp-Xn-bXv icn-bm-sW-n {K-Im-c Fgp-XnbXv If-hm-sWv nc-s-Spw. Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn Xs FgpXpp: ""Jn-X-amb tKmf-imkv{X IW--\p-k-cnv amkw 29\v amk-n-dhn DWvSm-Im Znhkw amkw IWvSp-shv Bscnepw ]d-m IWv kzoI-cn-p-sImWvSv B ImgvN Xnckv-cn-t-WvS-XmWv (A-h-Xm-cn-I, t]Pv: 12). Atm Ccw
amk--fn AXm-bXv IWp aptJ\ kqcy AkvX-an-p-Xns apv Xs N{ AkvXa
- n-p-t]m-Ip-sav Adn-bp amk-fn N{-amk -amw Xocp-am-\n-p-Xv Zi\w sImWvS
{]XypX IWv sImWvSm-Wv. Fm IWp aptJ\ kqcy
AkvX-an tij-amWv N{ AkvX-an-pI Fv Adn-bp
amk- - f n N{- a m- k - a mw Xocp- a m- \ n- p- Xv Zi\w
sImWvSmWv FmWv Ctlw ]d-bp--Xv. Cu hmZw icn-bmsW--Xn\v Jp-Bs bmsXmcp kqN-\-bp-an-. Hcp hmtdm-e-lZo-kn t]mepw C{]-Imcw A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-n-. im^nCu
aZvl_nse ]nme ]n-X-m-cn Nne am{X-am-Wv C{]Imcw ]d-bp--Xv. apl-Zv \_n(-k)tbm klm-_n-h-cy-mtcm
29-s Znhkw ImgvNsb IWv sImWvSv Xn--f Hscm
kw`-hhpw D-cn-p-n-. GsX-nepw 29-s Znhkw P\-29

tfmSv amk-n-d-hn-bptWvSm Fvt\m-t-WvS-Xn-sv \nt-inn-n-. laoZv aZo\n Xs Fgp-Xpp: ""\_n(-k)-bpsS Pohn-XIm-ev kzlm-_n-am amkw 29-\v ]ndhn t\mpI ]Xn-hm-bncp-p.'' (\yq aqWpw amk-n-d-hnbpw t]Pv: 31). Atm Xm
IW-p-]-tbm-Kn-mw, sImm ]mSn F cWvSv tXmWnbn Htc kabw Imen-Sp hnI-e-amb Cu A`n-{]m-b-n-\mWv
Jp-B-\n-sbpw lZo-knsbpw CPvam-C-sbpw hy-amb
\ntiw DsWvSv ]d-bp-Xv!!! F.-hn. k-cnb t]mse-bp-h ]d-bp-Xv s]cp-m-fn-sbpw da-fm t\mn-sbpw amk am{X-amWv Zi\w sImWvSv amk-amw Xocp-am-\n-t-WvSXpq Fm-Wv. ap--am-k- IWv sImWvSv am-k-amw
Xocp-am-\n-m-sa-p-am-Wv. Cv Ch kzoI-cn-p-t]m-cp-Xpw C{]Im-c-am-Wv. Fm amkhpw 29-s Znhkw amk-n-dhn IWvSm
Adn-bn-p-hm Ch ]ckyw sNm-dn-. Atm GXv hnj-bn-emWv CPvamAv DWvSm-b-sXv Ch hy-am--Ww.

FmWv CPvamAv
(eGG L) c eCG CG Y Y (U) ~ Iah ~H eCG ~ JG gh
CPvam-Av FXv apl-Zv \_n(-k)-bpsS kap-Zm-b-nse
Kth-jWw sNp ]n-X-m Ahn-Sps ac-W-tijw
GsX-nepw Ime-L--n GsX-nepw Imcy-n tbmPn-emWv. (Pw-ap Phm-an-Av: 1-176)
QeCG e eG Y QYCG e Y Jah ~H (U) ~ eG ~ JEG a
(dG OTQG)
CPvam-Av FXv apl-Zv \_n(-kz)-bpsS kap-Zm-b-nse
Kth-jI ]n-X-m GsX-nepw Imcy-n GsX-nepw
\qm-WvSn, \_n-bpsS ac-W-ti-jw, GtIm-]n--emWv (C
imZp ^plq). Atm Hcp-Im-ev Hcp ew apkvenw
]n-X-m DsWvSv \mw kn-p-I. Ch apgp-h\pw
hy-amb \nev Xs \yq aq N{-am-k-ns amw a\n-em-p-hm Hcp \nepw D]-tbm-Kn-p-hm ]mSn-sv A`n{]m-b-s-m CXn-\mWv Cu hnj-b-n CPvamAv DsWvSv
30

]d-bp-I. As-n Ch Fmw imkv{Xo-amb IW-ns\ amkamw Xocp-am-\n-p-hm {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp- \njn--am-sWv

A`n-{]m-b-s-p. Fn Cu hnj-b-n CPvamAv DsWvSv
]d-bmw. Hcp ]n-X am{Xw Xs A`n-{]mbw hy-am-msX
au\w ]men-m CPvamAv nc-s-Sp-I-bn-. AXp sXfn-hp-a-.
kXyw \yq\-]--ns IqsS-bm-hm-\mWv IqSp-X km[y-X.
CPvam-C Cu \yq\-]
- hpw {]th-in-p-X
- p-sIm-WvSmWv sXfnhm-Ip--Xv. AmsX `qcn-]--ns A`n-{]mbw Ckveman
sXfn-hm-p--Xp-sIm-WvS-. Camw Km-en(-d) ]d-bpp:
nnY to~nJ lQnrNnG rnOnQnh r~nbnh nrnc ppa lpNGnO OGnordG nrnrdG snG nnrnpd ppnrdG pnrLG rpe s~oH nnh
lpnbnh :ndnnJ nnbnh noprnj n rogonrcnCGnh ndnnJ nnbnh ntnbnG mpnernj nognh U nnb ornM unrdG prgnG pspb
(G) oQosdG pOnpY rpe
""Fm-hcpw tbmPn- CPvamC A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. kXyns Bfp-I-fmb \yq\-]-hpw {]th-in-n-p-sWvSv Ddv
hcp-p-hm Xo-bmbpw kXy-ns Bfp-I \yq\-]--ambn-cn-p-sav h-am-\--fn hn-p-WvSv. \_n(-k) ]dp:
kXy-ns Bfp-I Av Ipd-hm-bn-cn-pw. Amlp ]d-bpp:
`qcn-]w Bfp-Ifpw _pn D]-tbm-Kn-p-n-. Amlp ]dbpp: Fs Zmk-m-cn Aev]w am{X-amWv \n ImWn-p-h'' (apkvXkzv^m: 1183)
tNmZyw 5
CPvamD-I-fn aqmw m\-p-Xv GsX-nepw Hcp
\qm-WvSnse ]n-X-m Hcp hnj-b-n hnhn[ A`n-{]m-b tcJ-s-Sp-n. Fm asmcp ]n-X Ch-cpsS Fmh-cp-sSbpw A`n-{]m-b-n\v hncp--amb Hc-`n-{]m-b-hp-ambn cwKp-h-cm ]mSn-.... (D-kzq-ep ^nIz-lv-206) (\yq aqWpw amkn-d-hnbpw t]Pv. 83). Atm Cu hmN-I-ns ASn-m-\n Kth-jWw (CPvXnlm-Zv) sNp--Imew Ah-km-\n-psh-mtWm a\-n-em-t-WvSXv?
Dcw: Hcp hnj-b-n apkvenw ]n-X-m ]e
A`n{]mb- {]I-Sn-n-p. Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-b
- sfmw hyXym31

k-s--Xm-sW-nt]mepw Hcp XXz-n CPvamAv DsWvS-n

B CPvamAv DWvSmb XXz-n\v FXn-cmbn A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S\w
\S-p-hm ]mSn-. Cu \nb-as \mapw AwKo-I-cn-p-p.
CPvamC\p ]n-X-m ]d hyh--I ]men-p-sImWvSv
CPvamAv Hcn-epw DWvSm-hm km[yXbnsv Camw Al-aZv(-d) {]Jym-]n-Xv \mw D-cn-p. GXv XXz-n GXv Ime-L-n-emWv CPvamAv DWvSm-b-sXv BZyw hy-am--Ww.
tijw B Ime-L--n F{X ]n-X-m DWvSm-bn-cp-pshv hy-am--Ww. Ah-scmw Xs \yqaq N{-am-kns amw a\-n-em-p-hm bmsXm-cp-\n-epw {]tbm-P-\s-Sp-phm ]mSn Fv hy-ambn ]d-b-Ww. A`n-{]mb
`nX D-cn--s-n- F-Xp-sImWvSv {]am-W-amb CPvam-Cs
]cn-[n-bn {]th-in-p-Ib
- n-. GXm\pw ]n-X
- m A`n-{]mbw
{]I-Sn-n-p. Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-samw tbmPn-mepw AXn\v
CPvamAv Fv ]d-bp-I-bn-. CPvam-D-p-Ipn FmWv CXn\v
]d-bp-I. {K-Im-c Xs Cu bmYmyw hy-am-p-Xp
ImWp-I. ""Jp-B-\n\pw kp-n\pw kcn-X-cmb kzmlm-_nns amXr-Ipw FXn-cm-b-Xp-sImWvSv Idp--hmhv am\-Z-am-n-bp lnPvd Ie-WvS A\p-k-cnv t\mpw s]cp-mfpw
BN-cn-m ]mSn Fm-Wv. CXn\v `mKn-Ia
- mb CPvamAv (CPvam
DpIp-n) Fv ]d-bmw (\yq aqWpw amk-n-d-hn-bpw. laoZv
aZn\n: t]Pv: 51)
CPvamAv ]cn-K-Wn-p-hm inbm hn`mKw ]n-X-msc
]cn-K-Wn-t-WvS-XptWvSm F-Xnepw A`n-{]m-b-`n--X-bp-WvSv.
lv sNp-hm\pw apw Ahv k-Xa
- p-X
- n-\m Ah-scbpw
]cn-K-Wn--W-sav Hcp hn`mKw A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p. (D-kq-ep
^nJvlv: 40). CPvam-D-p-Ipn (`m-Kn-I-amb CPvam-Av) sXfn-hv Camw im^nCu(-d) t]mepw hy-am-p-p-WvSv. kpn
]n-X-m t]mepw CXp AwKo-I-cn-p-p. kwhm-Z-v
hyh Fgp-Xp-tm kpIq-Xn-bmb CPvamAv sXfn-hm-p-hm
]mSn-sv Ahcpw k-Xn-m-dp-WvSv. Camw Km-en(-d) ]d-bpp.
ppcnS ndpEG onrnj nnh onrLpEG r~pnrnj rnd nhonNBG nnnSnh inrnpH pnHnsdG nrnH nranG GnPpG
32

(G) prnb
""Nne kzlm-_n-am Hcp hnj-b-n aX-hn[n \In.
ap--h au\w ]men-p. Fm CPvamAv kw`-hn-p-I-bn-.
ImcWw au\w Zon-p Hcm-fpsS t]cnepw Hc-`n-{]m-bhpw
tN-s-Sp-I-bn'' (apkXzkv^m: 1188)
Camw jum-\n(-d) Fgp-Xpp
p~jp~nrdGpa ppasdG snf osfpG p~oeBGnh pRGsdGnh pdGnnrdG nnbnh msoM nnh mnrLpEpH nrnd osfG
(dG OTQEG)
""Camw im^n(-d)-bpsS Jn-Xhpw Ah-km-\-t-Xp-amb
A`n-{]mbw CXv CPvamAv A, sXfn-hp-a F-XmWv'' (CimZp ^plq)
n jp~pnrordG npe pOGnranG ornH inCGnQ ppfrnc rpe oornj n osfnGnh ksoM nrnd osfnG ndpEG oQorordG nngnna
( dG UG)
CPvamD-p-Ipn sXfn-h-sv `qcn-]w ]n-X-mcpw
A`n-{]mbsSp-p. ImcWw CXp Nne ]n-X-m-cpsS A`n{]m-b-amWv (Fm apkvenw ]n-X-m-cp-sSbpw A`n-{]m-b-a-)
(C- k p- e p^n- J v l v t]Pv : 45). lnPv d : 746- ac- W - s
C_v\pkCuZp Xz_ncnbpsS {K-n Fgp-Xp-p.
(VhdG T) ndrhnG nognh nna spGnh nnnreG nnrLpEG opdsdG nnanQ rnG npbh
aqm-as A`n-{]mbw CPvamCs\ FXnp--Xm-sWn {]ISnn-p-hm ]mSn-. Am--]w hntcm-[-an-. Cu
A`n-{]m-b-amWv Ghpw A\p-tbm-Py-am-bXv (ilp- apJvXkzdn dufm 188). kpIq-n-bmb CPvamAv sXfn-h
- sbv Ctlw
hy-am-pp (t]Pv:27)

33

5. N{-amk \n-bhpw
hn]-co-Xm sXfnhpw
tNmZyw 6
""ChnsS aWnIv^m \S-p Zphym-Jym\w \
A-c-m-\-an-m--h-cm-Wv. Fgp-Xp-hm\pw hmbn-p-hm\pw
Adn-bn-. Atm Fgp-Xp-hm\pw IW-p-Iqm\pw Adn-bm-Xp-sImWvSmWv amkw t\mn ImWm ]d--Xv. Cv FgpXm\pw IW-p-Iq-m\pw Ign-bp--Xp-sImWvSv amkw t\mtWvS-Xn-. aWn-Iv^m Xs 40 sIms Kth-j-W-n-eqsS
Fn-t \nK-a\w Chn-sSbpw Fgp-s-n-p-p. hmN-In {]tXy-I-ambn ]d Imcy-ns hn]-coXw ]d-bm-Xn\v, Npa-n-sIm-Sp-p-X
- n\v d e dO (hn-]c
- o-Xm-ns
sXfn-hv) FmWv ]d-bp-I. AXm-bXv Acfn-eqsS ]d
Hcp hn[n-bpsS t\sc hn]-coXw ]d-bm--Xn\v Npa-p-I. CXv
Fm-hcpw AwKo-I-cn-p {]am-W-a. AwKo-I-cn-p--h
Xs ]e \n_--\-Ifpw shn-pWvSv. CsXmcp {]am-W-ambn
AwKo-I-cn-m Ckvemanse ]hn-{X-amb \nba-sf hnIr-Xam-p ]e XXz-fpw \mw AwKo-I-cn-t-WvSn-h-cpw. DZm-lcWw: \n-fpsS ASna kv{XoI Nmcn-{X-ip-n-tbmsS Pohnm B{K-ln-p-p-sh-n sFln-I-Po-hnX hn`hw B{K-lnp-sImWvSv \n Ahsc thiym-hr-nv "\n_-n--cpXv'
(24:33) Cu Bbv ta]-d a^v-lqap apJm-e^ F XXza-\p-k-cnv ]cn-tim-[np t\mq. \n-fpsS ASna kv{XoI
Nmcn-{X-ip-n-tbmsS Pohn-m B{K-ln-p-n-s-n ]Ww
km-Zn-m thWvSn Ahsc thiym-hr-nv \n_-n-mw.
34

asm-cp-Zm-lc
- Ww: BIm-i
- fpw `qanbpw krjvSn Znhkw apX
Amlp tcJ-s-Sp-n-bX-\p-k-cnv Am-lp-hns ASp-
amk--fpsS Fw ]{-WvSm-Ip-p. Ah-bn \msew (bpw) hne--s ]hn-{X-am-k--fm-Ip-p. AXmWv h{I-X-bnm aXw. AXn-\m, B (\m-ev) amk--fn \n-tfmSv
A{Iaw {]hn-cpXv. (9:36) Cu Bb-ns a^vlqw apJme^ BZ-c-Wo-b-amb \mev amk--fn am{X-amWv A{Iaw \njn-am-Ip--Xv. _mn Fp amk--fnepw A{Iaw \Smw Fph-cp-p. A{Iaw Fpw \njn--am-Wp-Xm-\pw. Jp-B-\nepw lZoknepw C-c-n-ep {]tbm-K- \nc-h-[n-bp-WvSv. Ah-bn
t\sc sNms (aZqJv) kzoI-cn-p-I-b-msX ]d-b-s-Sm-Xn\v hn]-coX lpIvav \I CkvemanI ho-W-n Hcnepw AwKo-I-cn-p-hm ]p-I-bn-sv hy-am-b-tm. {]tXyInv amkw ImWmsX \n t\ms-Sp-c
- p-Xv. amkw ImWmsX
\n t\mv apdn--cpXv F \_n hN\w \psS apn
DWvSm-bn-cn-p-tm (\yq aqWpw amk-n-d-hnbpw, t]Pv: 46) Cu
{]kvXm-h\ F{X-tmfw icn-bmWv?
Dcw: 1. ]cn- i p Jp- B - \ n \n- f psS ASna
kv{XoI Nmcn-{X-ip-n-tbmsS Pohn-m B{K-ln-p-p-shn sFlnI PohnX hn`hw B{K-ln-p-sImWvSv \n Ahsc
thiym-hr-nv \n_-n--cpXv (24:33) F kqw am{X-amWv hy`n-Nm-cs hntcm-[n--Xmbn hn-p--Xv, hy`n-Nm-cs
hntcm-[n-p bmsXmcp sXfnhpw JpB\nepw lZo-kp-I-fnepw
Cu kq-n\v ]pdsa hn-n-, Fn Nmcn{X ipntbmsS
Pohn-m B{K-ln-p-n-s-n ]Ww km-Zn-m thWvSn
ASn-a-kv{Xo-Isf thiym-hr-nv \n_-n-m-sav h-h\pw
a^vlqap apJm-e^ sXfnhv ]nSnv hymJym-\np]w Ah
Hcn-epw hnai-\-n\v hnt[-b-\m-hp-I-bn-. Fm apl-Zv
\_n(-k) Hcn-epw Fs kap-Zmbw \nc-c
- X
- b
- n \nv ]ptcmKXn {]m]nv Fgp-Xm\pw IW-p-Iq-m\pw Adnhv Ic--am-nbmepw IWv D]-tbm-Knv N{-amkw \n-bn-m ]mSn-,
Ay-Zn\w hsc Zi-\s Xs ASn-m-\-am--W-sav
\nt-in-n-n-. \_n(-k) IWv A\pk-cnv N{-amkw \nbn- p- - X ns\ hntcm- [ n- n- p- s Wv S v {]kv X m- h n- p Hcp
35

hmtdme lZokv t]mepw D-cn--s-Sp-n-. IW-n-eqsS C{X

an\pv C-am-k-ap-sWvSv \nv t_my-s-p, Fmepw
Adn-hn anI Dulw (Km-en-_p-fz-v) am{Xw e`n-p ctWvSm
]tm Bfp-I amk-n-dhn Zinp Fv ]d-bp kmnXzw
Cs-n Adn-hn Jn-Xhpw Ddpw e`n-p IW-ns\
Dt]-n--W-sav \_n(-k) Iev]n-n-n-. \nv Xm
IWv D]-tbm-Kn-mw sImm IWv D]-tbm-Kn-m ]mSnsv, ""h-h\pw _ Xnm kz-n {]th-in-psav'' ]d-bp--Xp-t]msebp hmtdme lZo-kp-I-fn t]mepw
\_n(-k) {]Jym-]n--Xmbn D-cn--s-Sp-n-. A{Iaw \n
{]hn--cp-sXv Ctlw D-cn (9:36) kq-n am{XamWv Am-lphpw Ahs ZqX\pw hntcm-[n--sX-n Cu Bbns a^vlpw apJm-e^ sXfnhv ]nSn-p-sImWvSv BZ-c-Wo-bamb \mev amk--fn am{X-amWv A{Iaw \njn--am-Ip-Xv
Fv h-h\pw ]d-bp--]w Ahs\ hnain-p-hm Hcp
]n-X\pw Ah-Im-i-an-.
kqcy-\-kvX-an-p--Xns 2 an\pv apv N{ AkvX-anp-sav IW-n-eqsS \apv t_m[y-amb k`-n amkn-dhn Zin-p-shv ]v t] ]d-mepw Cu kmyXzw
If-hm-sWpw AXns\ kzoI-cn-m ]mSn-spw {K-Imc\pw Ah-Xm-c-I\pw k-Xn-p-p-WvSv. Fm kqcy AkvXan--tijw 2 an\pv am{Xw N{I-hm-f-n Ah-ti-jn-p
N{s\ \qdv t] Zinp Fv ]d-bp--]w Ch-cpsS kmnXzhpw If-hm-Wv. 2 an\pv N{I-hm-f-n Ah-ti-jn-p--]w
N{s\ Zin-p-shv Htm-ctWvSm Bfp-I Ifhv ]d-m
N{-amkw amdn-b-Xmbn ]cn-K-Wn--Ww. Fm Cu Ifhv ]db kw`-hn-m ]w Jn-Xhpw kpZr-V-hp-amb Adnhns\ Dt]-n--W-sav apl-Zv \_n(-k) Hcn-epw \ntin-n-n-. AXm-bXv Jn-Xhpw Dd-p--Xp-amb Hcp Adn-hns\
AwKo-I-cn-p-hm Nne hyn-I Ifhv ]d-b-W-sav Ckvemw
\nt-in-p-n-. _pnv nc-X-bp Hcp a\p-jy\pw C{]Imcw ]d-bp-I-bn-. 2 an\pp am{X-ap N{s\ Zin-p-shv
Nne ]d--Xn-\m lnem Inn AXp AwKo-I-cnv amkamw ]cn-K-Wn kw`-h- hsc tIc-f-n DWvSm-bn-pWvSv
(hn-i-Zo-I-cWw hcp-p-WvSv)
36

Dcw 2 ""amkw IWvSm \n t\m-\p-jvTn-p-hn.

amkw IWvSm \n t\mv apdn-p-hn'' F lZo-kns
hn]-co-Xm-ns sXfnhv (a-^vlqap apJm-e-^) Ch sXfnhv
]nSn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. amk-n-dhn Zin-m--]w t\m\p-jvTn-p-hm\pw s]cp-m BtLm-jn-p-hm\pw ]mSn Fv
lZo-kns\ hymJym-\n- "a^vlpav apJm-e^'bmWv, Amlp
]d-bpp:- ""Atm \o Ah cWvSm-tfmSpw "sO' Fp-]-d-bcpXv (kqd: C{kmAv: 23) iIm-cn-p-hm Ad-_n-`m-j-bn {]tbmKn-p Ghpw eLp-hmb ]Z-amWv'' D^n (sO) FXv.
CXp-t]mepw ]d-bp-hm ]mSn Fv ]d-bp-tm "IgpX' "]n'
apX-emb ]Z {]tbm-Kn-p-hm ]mSn-sv Cu kq-n
\nv Xs hy-am-Wv.
CXp-t]mse N{-amkw \n-bn-p-hm-\p Ghpw {]bmk-I-c-amb coXn-bmWv Zi\w F-Xv. IW-mWv Ghpw inbp-Xpw Jn-Xhpw Dd-p--Xpw. Xm thWvSn IW-ns\
D]-tbm-Kn-m-sav ]d-bp k`-n Ch Xs Cu
bYmyw hy-am-p-X
- p-Im-Wmw. Ch D-cn-pp: Ama
D_mZn ]dp: ""amk-n-dhn ImWp-I-bn-sv Jn-X-amb
IW--dn-bn-m hniz-kvX-cmb kmn-I amkw IWvSp Fv
]d-mepw Ah-cpsS kmyw kzoI-cn-m ]mSn-. Ah-cpsS
kmnXzw Xn-f
- t- b-WvSX
- m-Wv'' (Izbq_n 2:49). (\yq aqWpw
amk-n-d-hnbpw t]Pv:16). ]p hyn-I Hcp Imcy-n\v
kmn-\np ]hpw ZrV-amb Adnhv e`n-p-I-bn-. Adnhns Hcp C\-amb anI Dulw am{Xta e`n-p-I-bpq shv
Dkq-ep lZo-knsbpw Dkq-ep ^nJvln-sbpw ]n-X-m
(\n-Xm\ imkv{X ]n-X-m) A`n-{]m-b-s-Spp. (hn-i-Zo-IcWw AXns A[ym-b-n ImWp-I). Atm IWv Adnbm kaq-l-tmSv ImgvN N{-am-k-ns amw \n-bn-phm Ah-ew-_-am-m-sav \_n(-k) ]d-bp-tm IWv Adnbp kaq-l-n\v Jn-Xhpw kpZr-V-hpamb Adnhv e`n-p
IW-ns\ Ah-ew-_n-m-sav {]tXyIw ]d-tb-WvS-Xn-. amXm]n-Xm--tfmSv D^v^n (sO) Fv ]d-bphm ]mSnsv JpB ]d-bp-tm IgpX, ]n, ]n apX-emb ]Z- D]-tbmKn-m ]mSn-sv {]tXyIw ]d-tb-WvS-Xn-m--Xp-t]m-se.
amkw ImWmsX \n t\ms-Sp--cpXv amkw ImWmsX
37

\n t\mv apdn--cpXv Fv \_n(-k) ]d-Xv C{X an\pv

N{ DsWvSv Dd-mb Adnhv e`n kaq-l-tm-Sm-sWv
Ch sXfn-bn--Ww. C{]-Imcw \_n(-k) D]-tZ-in-Xv IWpw
Fgp-p-a-dn-bm \nc--c-cmb kaq-l-tm-Sm-sWv \_n(-k)
Xs hni-Zo-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. ]pdsa Ch Xs lZokns t\sc sNms (aXzq-Jv) kzoI-cn-p-p-an-. 29-s Av
amk-n-dhn Zin--Xmbn \qdv t]cv ]d-mepw IW-p-ambn
tbmPn-m--]w Ch CXns\ AwKo-I-cn-p-I-bn-. Hcp
Zp-ea
- mb lZo-kn t]mepw IW-p-ambn tbmPn-m Zi\w
\n AwKo-I-cn-m aXn-sbv ]d-bp-n-. apl-Zv \_n(k)-bp-sSbpw klm-_n-h-cy-m-cp-sSbpw aZvl_ns Cam-ap-I-fpsSbpw lZokv ]n-X-m-cp-sSbpw Pohn-X-Im-ev amk-n-dhn
IWvS-Xmbn hniz-kvX-m ]d-npw IW-p-ambn tbmPn-m-Xn-\m AXns\ Ah-K-Wn--Xn\v Hscm kw`hw t]mepw
D-cn-p-hm Chp km[y-a-.
Dcw 3
Amlp ]d- b p- p: ""Atbm hniz- k n- - h - s c, h
Zpamnbpw Fs-nepw hm-bp-ambn \n-fpsS ASpp-h-m \n bm-Ymyw At\z-jn--dn-bp-ho'' (kqd: -lpPqdmv). Amlp ChnsS Hcp Zpamn Fs-nepw
hm-bp-ambn hm AXns\ \n AwKo-I-cn--cpXv
FmWv ]d-bp-Xv. Atm Hcp hnizmkn h hmbpw
\nth-Z\w sNbvXm AXp AwKo-Ic
- n-m-sav nc-sp. AXn\m GI-kmn \nth-Z\w sNp lZo-kp-I {]am-W-amm-sav hWvSq kwhm-Z-ns thf-bn tNI-q aue-hnv
FXn-cm-bn \mw sXfnhv D-cnp. Cu Bb-ns ASn-m-\n \n Bbns hn]co-Xmns sXfnhv (a^vlqap apJ-Im-e-^) ]nSn-p-I-bm-sWpw AXp sXfn-h-spw
{]Jym-]n auehn \n-fpsS ASna kv{XoI Nmcn-{X-ip-ntbmsS Pohn-m B{K-ln-p-p-sh-n Ahsc thiym-hrnv \n_-n--cp-sXv ]d-bp Bbv D-cn-p-sImWvSv
hnc-m {ian--Xp-t]msebmWv laoZv aZo\n hnc-m {ian-p-Xv.
38

6. \yq aq hnhm-Zhpw a-n

\np Hfn-tm-hpw
tNmZyw 7
lnPvd I-n Hm^v Cysb in-bmbn hnain-psImWvSv cWvSv aqv {K- {]kn-o-I-cn-Xv k{iw
hmbnp. Ah-bnsemw \yq aq {]iv\s ASn-m-\-am-nsm-WvSmWv hnai-\-v hgnI \nn-p--Xv. FmWv
bmYmyw?
Dcw
lnPv d In ASn- m- \ - ] - c - a mbpw auen- I - ] - c - a mbpw
apkvenw kap-Zm-b-tmSv ]d-bp XXz Xmsg hnh-cn-pp
1. `qan-bn Fhn-sS-sb-nepw amkw ]nd--Xmbn hnhcw
e`n-m {]kvXpX hnhcw e`n-p--h-scmw Xs AXns\
ASn-m-\-amn N{-am-k-ns amw \n-bn--Ww.12 (]{-WvSv) amk-fpw \n-bn-t-WvSXv C{]-Im-c-amWv. Cu A`n{]mbw Ckvemans {]am-W
- f
- mb Jp-B\
- nt\m \_n-Nc
- ytm
nc-s] CPvamCtm hy-amb Jnbm-knt\m FXn-c-.
{]XypX A\p-Iq-e-am-Wv.
2. N{- a mkw \n- b n- p- - X n DZ- b - h y- X ymkw
(CJvXnem^p aXzmen-Av) ]cn-K-Wn-p-hm ]mSn-. Cu A`n{]mbw Ckvemans {]am-W-v FXn-c-. \mev aZvl_ns
Cam-apI-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-pw FXn-c-. {]XypX {]am-Wpw Cam-ap-I-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-pw A\p-Iq-e-am-Wv.
39

3. hnZq-c-cm-Py-, ASp cmPy- F-Xns ASnm-\-n N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw \n-bn-p-hm km[ya-, N{s Htc DZ-b-n hcp cmPy-sf nc-amb
\nev Hcp ]n-I-bn sImWvSp-h-cm km[y-hp-a-. N{s DZb-hy-Xymkw amkw-tXmdpw hyXym-k-s-Spw. Nne-tm ASpp {]tZ-i- Xn DZ-b-n hyXym-k-s-Spw. tKmfimkv{X IWv sImWvSv am{Xta CXp Xocp-am-\n-p-hm km[np-I-bp-q.
amk-n-d-hn, Ime-K-W-\, tKmf-imkv{X hnm-\o-b-
Fo hnj-b- N sNp--Xn-mbn Ipsshv kbkv
_pw Ipsshv Fm- n- j v s a v t^m kbn- ^ n- v
AUzmkvsa v F kwL-S\
- bpw kwbp-a
- mbn 1989 ""s^{_phcn 27 apX amv Hp hsc \oWvSp-\n {XnZn\ skan-\m
Ipssh-n kwL-Sn-n-p-Ib
- p-WvSm-bn. tPmZm, bp.-F.-C, Ham,
APo-cn-b, kDuZn Atd-_y, kqUm, ^e-kvXo, IzXz,
Ipssh-v, CuPn-]vXv, samtdm-tm, ba Fo cmPy--fn
\np \nc-h[n CkvemanI \nb-a-cpw tKmf-imkv{X hnZKv[cpw skan-\m-dn kw_-n-p. IqSmsX Pn Bm-\-ambp CkvemanI ^nIzvlv Am-Z-an, Ad_n eoKns D]-L-SI-amb Ad_v FUyp-t-j kbkv B v I-d HmKss\-tk-j, Ad_v kb _vkv Atkm-kn-tb-j XpS-nb
kwL-S-\-I-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw ]s-Sp-p-I-bp-WvSm-bn. skan\m AwKo-I-cn ip]mi-I
1. Hcp \mn amkw IWvS-Xmbn AwKo-I-cn--s-m
apkvenwI Fmhcpw AXw-Ko-Ic
- n- \n_-a
- m-Ip-p. DZb
m\--fpsS hyXymkw CXn ]cn-K-W-\o-b-a-. Fp-sImsWvS-m {hXw A\p-jvTn-p--Xn-s\bpw {hX-a-h-km-\n-p-Xn-s\bpw kw_-n id-Cs I-\-I s]mXp-kz-`m-hn D-XmWv'' (\yq aqWpw amk-n-d-hnbpw, t]Pv: 52)
2. C\n asb ASn-m-\-amn Ad^m Zn\w, CuZp
Afzvlm apX-em-bh temI apkvenwIv BN-cn-p-IqsS? BNcn-m-sa-mWv Fs A`n-{]mbw (AtX ]pkvX-Iw, t]Pv: 65)
3. ""1427 ZpJ-AvZv 29, 2006 Unkw-_ 20 _p[ kpDu-Zn40

bn amkw IWvS-Xmbn {]Jym-]n--Xns ASn-m-\-n

ASp Znhkw hymgw ZplnPv Hv F \nev Zplv
H]Xv shn-bmgvN Ad^ \n-bn-p. av Atd-_y \mSp-Ifn-semw kqcy AkvX-an-p--Xn-\p-apv N{ AkvX-an-pp. Ipsshv 21 an\n-v, _lvssd 19 an\n-v, J 19 an\pv,
bp.-F.-C. 18 an\pv, Ham 13 an\np apv N{ AkvX-an-p-p.
B \mnse ]n-X-m CsXmpw IW-n-se-Sp-msX abn shp \S Ad-^bpw lpw tNmZyw sNmsX kzoIcn-p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. Cu cmPy--fn Cm amk-n-dhn
IWvS-Xmbn Bcpw ]d-n-n-.'' (AtX ]pkvXIw, t]Pv:67)
C\n Atlw Xs Fgp-Xp-p. ""]ndhn D \nnX
{]tZ-i--fn GsX-nepw {]tZ-iv amkw IWvSm Av
]nd-hn-bp Fm {]tZ-i-pw AXv _m[-I-am-Wv. CXmWv
amkw IWvSm t\ms-Sp-pI AXv IWvSm t\mv apdn-pIbpw sNpI F \_n hN-\-ns hym]-Imw, Av
kqcym-kvX-a-\-n-\p-tijw N{-n-dhn Cm {]tZ-i--fn
]nt Znhkw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-m-hp--Xm-Wv.''
(AtX ]pkvXIw, t]Pv: 62)
ChnsS N{-amkw Xocp-am-\n-p-hm DZ-b-hy-Xymkw ]cnK-Wn--W-sav ]d-bp-p. CXpw Ch AwKo-I-cn-m-dn-. amkn-dhn IWvSm Adn-bn-p-I Fv ]dp ]ckyw \Ipw.
tIc- f - n Xs IWv S - X mbn hnhcw e`n- m- X n- c p- m
t\mpw s]cp-mfpw {]Jym-]n-m-dn-. abpw tIc-fhpw Htc
DZ-b-n hcn-Ibpw AhnsS amkw IWvS-Xns ASn-m-\n t\mpw s]cp-mfpw {]Jym-]n-mepw Ch AXns\
AwKo-I-cn-m-Xn-cn-p--Xn\v [mcmfw kw`-h- FSp-p-ImWn-p-hm km[n-pw. C\nbpw Fgp-Xp-Xv ImWp-I. ""Cu cWvSv
A`n-{]m-b--sfbpw ka-\z-bn-n-m-\p Hcp t^mape F
\nev Rm ]dp. \mw tKmf-imkv{X IW-\
- p-kc
- nv amkw
29-\v Fhn-sS-sbms ]ndhn DWvSv Fv a\-kn-em--Ww... Av
]ndhn D GsX-nepw Hcp \mn amkw IWvSm Av
]ndhn D Fm {]tZ-i-pw AXv _m[-I-am-p-I. an\n-pI-fpsS hyXymkw {]k--a. kqcym-kvX-a-b-n\v tijw Hcp
an\n-s-nepw ]ndhn N{ N{I-hm-f-n DWvSm-bm aXn.
41

B {]tZ-iv amk-n-dhn IWvSn-s-nepw. CXn-t\-m IqSpX kabw ]nd-hn-bp e--fn IWvS-Xp-sImWvSv ChntSv AXv _m[-Ia
- m-p-I. Cs\ hcp-tm Nne-tm Gjy
apgp-h\pw Htc Znhkw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-m km[nt-pw. Av N{-n-dhn Cm \mSp-I ]nt Znhkw
t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-Ww. CXmWv {]mtbm-KnI amw.
H Znhkw BN-cn-m Hcn-epw km[y-a-. CXmWv Rm
]d-Xv. CXmcpw FtmSv tNmZnv ]d--X Rm kzta[bm ]d--XmWv. Ctmgpw Rm CXn Ddv \np-p.
(AtX ]pkvXIw, t]Pv: 113).
ChnsS N{-amkw Xocp-am-\n-p-hm DZ-b-hy-Xymkw ]cnK-Wn--W-sav ]d-bp-p. Fw.-F-kv.-Fkv kwL-Sn-n Hcp
kwhm-Z-n Ct-l-ns A\p-a-Xn-tbm-Sp-IqSnbmWv `qan-bn
Fhn-sS-sb-nepw amk-n-dhn Zin-m N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw
]cn-K-Wn-msX AXns\ Fm-hcpw AwKo-I-cn--W-sav kn.]n. Da kpan {]Jym-]n--Xv. sI.-]n. kI-cn alqw sI.sI
apl-Zv kpan apX-em-b-hcpw Cu {]Jym-]-\s AwKo-I-cnp-I-bp-WvSm-bn. amkw IWvSm hnhcw Adn-bn-W-sav ]dbp-tm Gjysb apgp-h Ch ]cn-K-Wn-m-dp-an-. s]mm\n,
t_q, ImmSv apX-emb {]tZ-i-phsc am{X-amWv ]cn-KWn-m-dp--Xv. tIc-f-n DZbw D Znh-k--fn amk-ndhn tIc-f-n Zin-m-Xn-cp-m AXns\ am{X-amWv ]cn-KWn-m-dp-Xv. Htc DZ-b-n hcp tIc-f-n\v Ap-d-ap
e--fn (a--bn hsc) amk-n-dhn Zin--Xns\ ]cn-KWn-m-dp-an-. Zqc-cmPyw F ]cn-K-W-\-bmWv ChnsS Ch
am\-Z
a
- m-m-dp-Xv. IW-n-s\-b. CsX-m-amWv lnPvd In Hm^v Cybpw lnem I-nbpw Xn-ep ASn-m\]camb `n-X-I. X kXy-ambn AwKo-I-cn-p XXz-
hsc AhKWn-p-sIm-WvSmWv t\mpw s]cp-mfpw tIcf
lnem Inn {]Jym-]n-p--Xv. taXXzw AwKo-I-cn-p-hsc tXtPm-h[w sNp-hm\pw PqX-msc ]n]-p--h-scv
Btcm-]n-p-hm\pw {ian-p-Ibpw sNpp. kwL-S-\m-{]-iv\ DsWvS-n AXp Xpdp ]d-m aXn-btm. X
Ctm \S-mn sImWvSn-cn-p-Xp Xs-bmWv Ckvemw
aX-sav P\-sf sXn--cn-n-p-hm Fn\v {ian--Ww...?
42

7. amk-n-d-hnbpw `n-X-p
]cn-lm-c-km-[y-Xbpw
tNmZyw 8
""\mw tKmfimkv{X IW--\p-k-cnv amkw 29-\v Fhn-sSsbms ]ndhn DWvSv Fv BZyw a\-n-em-Ww. Av ]ndhn
D GsX-nepw Hcp \mn amkw IWvSm Av ]ndhn
D Fm {]tZ-i-pw AXv _m[-I-am-pI. an\p-p-I-fpsS
hyXymkw {]k-I-Xa-. Av N{-n-dhn Cm \mSp-I
]nt Znhkw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-Ww CXmWv
{]mtbm-Kn-I-amw. (\yq aqWpw amk-n-d-hnbpw laoZv aZo\n
t]Pv: 113)
""]ndhn D \nnX {]tZ-i--fn GsX-nepw Hcn-Sv
B ]ndhn IWvSm Av ]nd-hn-bp Fm {]tZ-i-pw
AXv _m[-I-amWv. CXmWv amkw IWvSm t\ms-Sp-p-I,
AXv IWvSm t\mv apdn-p-Ibpw sNpI F \_n hN-\ns hym]-Imw. Av kqcym-kvX-a-\-n\v tijw N{n-dhn Cm {]tZ-i--fn ]nt Znhkw t\mpw s]cpmfpw BN-cn-m-hp--Xm-Wv. (AtX ]pkvXIw tbmPn-ns
taJe F A[ymbw t]Pv: 62) CXv {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-amtWm?
tbmPn- ns taJ- e - b mbn CXns\ AwKo- I - c n- p- - X n\v
Ckvemans {]am-W- XS--amtWm?
Dcw 1: Ch ]d-bp XXz-sa-nepw tbmPn-ns taJe-bmbn Ch {]hn-ptam? IWvSm Adn-bn-pI Fv
]dp ]ckyw lnem Inbpw aue-hnbpw \Ip-tm
temIv Av Htc DZ-b-n hcp cmPy- IqSn hnh-cnp-sImWvSv ]ckyw \Iptam? tIc-f-n am{Xw IWvSn
43

F-Xns ASn-m-\-n t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-phm {]Jym-]n-msX tIc-f-n\v Ap-d-ap Htc DZ-b-n
hcp cmPy--fn-se-nepw amkw IWvSn-ptWvSm Fv At\zjnv IWvSn-n-sv t_m[y-am-bm AXns ASn m\nepw {]Jym-]n-ptam? 2007 HIvtSm-_ 11-\v hymgmbvN Xncph-\--]p-cv Hcp an\pv kqcym-kvX-a-b-n\v tijw N{-\pWvSm-bn-cp-p. bp.-F.-Cepw kpDuZn Atd-_n-bm-bnepw CXnepw
IqSp-X an\p-p-I DZbw DWvSm-bn-cp-p. Ahn-sS-sbmw
amkndhn Zi-\-ns ASn-m-\-n Xs shn-bmgvN
s]cp-m-fmbn {]Jym-]n-p. Fnpw Ch tIc-f-n amk-ndhn Zi-\-an-sp]dp Xncp-h-\--]p-cs apkvenwIsf
sImWvSpw s]cp-m Znhkw t\m-\p-jvTn-np. Ans\
{]mtbm-KnI taJ-es
- bbpw tbmPn-ns taJ-es
- bbpw Ch AhK-Wn-p. \qdn A[nIw DZm-l-c-W--fn Hcp-Zm-l-cWw am{Xam-Wn-Xv.
Hcp DZm-l-cWw IqSn ImWpI: tImgn-tmSv: ae-_m-dn
Fhn-sSbpw im N{-n-dhn IWvS-Xmbn hnhcw e`n-m-Xn-\m Cv da-fm 30 ]qn-bmn CuZp ^n shnbmgvN Bbn-cn-p-sav tImgn-tmSv apJy-JmZn \me-Iv aplZv tImb _mJ-hn, hen-b-JmZn aplvkn inlm_v X,
tIcf lnem In sNbam F.-]n. A_vZp JmZ auehn, tImgn-tmSv kwbp JmZn Im-]pcw F.-]n. A_q-_-
apkvenbm Fn-h Adn-bn-p. Fm K^v cmPy--fnepw Cv
s]cp-m BtLm-jn-pw. IWm-S-I-bnse _SvIen im
amk-n-dhn IWvS-Xmbn kzoI-cn-Xn\m Cv sNdnb s]cpm Bbn-cn-p-sav Im-mSv kwbvIpX JmZn bp.-sI.
A_q-_- B-tmb X Adn-bn-p. kwbp JmZn-bpsS
Adn-bn-ns ASn-m-\-n Im-m-Sv, \ote-izcw Fnhn-S--fn Cv s]cp-m BtLm-jn-pw. Imk-d-tKmUpw
Cv sNdnb s]cp-m-fm-sWv Imk-d-tKmUv kwbp JmZn
Sn.-sI.-Fw. _mh apkvenbmcpw Adn-bn-p. awK-em-]p-cpw Cv
s]cp-m-fmWv (am-[yaw: 2005 \hw-_ 3 hymgm-bvN). Atm
Chv amkw Dd-n-p-hm-\p {]mtbm-KnI taJ-ebpw tbmPnns taJ-ebpw kzw C-I am{X-am-Wv. amk-n-d-hn-bpsS
t]cn Aen-a-Wn-Iv^ms\ hnain-p-hm Chv bmsXmcp
44

[mnI Ah-Im-i-hp-an-. amk-n-d-hn-bpsS hnj-b-n Jmfnamcpw lnem I-nbpw XpSp-t]m-cp tXmy-hmkw XpScp-hm C\nbpw \mw A\p-h-Zn--Wtam?
Dcw 2
N{amk-ns amw Xocp-am-\n-p-hm N{s DZ-b-hyXymkw ]cn-K-Wn--W-sa--XmWv Cu tbmPn-ns taJ-e-bpsS
ASn--d. Cu hnj-b-amWv ]cn-ip Jp-B-sbpw lZo-kp-I-fpsSbpw apkvenw ]n-X-m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b--fp-sSbpw ASn-m\-n Ch N sNt-WvS-Xv. CXn-\mWv {K-c-N\ \St-WvS-Xv. hynsb tXtPm-h[w sNp-hm\pw hyn-]-c-ambn
hnain-p-hm-\p-a-. Ch Fgp-Xpp: ""Cs\ Ah-k-c-ns\mv Ifhv ]d-bm Hcp aSnbpw Cm a\p-jy-\mWv aWnIv^m Fs-\nv Dd-mbn'' (\yq aqWpw amk-n-dh
- n-bpw, t]Pv:9)
N{-amkw \n-bn-p-hm N{s DZb hyXymkw (CJvXn-em-^p aXzm-en-C)s\ ]cn-K-Wn--W-sav ]d-bp-Xv ]cnip Jp-B-\n\pw \_n-N-cypw aZvl_ns Cam-ap-I-fpsS A`n{]m-b-pw ke^o ]n-X-m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-pw
FXn-cm-sW-mWv lnPvd I-nbpw Aen-a-WnIv ^m\pw ]d-bp-Xv. N{-s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw ]cn-K-Wn--emWv Ckvemw aXsav m]n-p-hm {K-Im-c GXp Bb-mWv sXfn-hmbn
D-cn-n-p-Xv? GXp lZo-kmWv sXfn-hmbn D-cn-Xv? F{X
]n-X-m-cpsS D-c-Wn-I-fmWv Cu {K-n sXfn-hmbn
D-cn-n-p-Xv? kXym-t\z-jn-I Cu {Kw BZyw apX Ahkm\w hsc hmbnv Ddv hcp-p-I. Cu hmZ-n\v FXn-cmb
{]kvXm-\-h-\-I Cu {K-n Xs hXv \mw FSp-pIm-Wn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. `qan-bn Fhn-sS-sb-nepw amkw
IWvSm AXp Fm-hpw _m[-I-am-Wv. N{s DZ-b-hyXymkw ]cn-K-Wn-t-WvS-Xn F hnjbw ]d-p-sImWvSv
\apv sFIy-ap-WvSmm {ian-m-sav Ctlw Xs kpan-tbmSv t\cnp ]d-bp-Ibpw sNp-I-bp-WvSm-bn. a-kp-Avh:bn shv Cu hnj-b-s-p-dnv Hcp N kwL-Sn-n-ncp-p. Cu k`-nepw kp-an-tbmSv t\cnp C{]-Imcw Ctlw
]d-bp-IbpWvSmbn.
Hcp {]tZ-is ImgvN ap {]tZ-i--fn _m[-I-amtWm
F Imcy-n ]n-X-mn-S-bn `nm-`n-{]m-b-ap-WvSv.
45

temIv Fhn-sS-sb-nepw Hcp-`m-Kv IWvSm Fm-hpw

AXv aXn-sb A`n-{]m-b-ap-WvSv. CXv Ghpw icn-bmbn tXmp-Xmbpw kn.-]n. Da kpan A`n-{]m-b-sp (i_m_v: 2008,
sk]vXw-_ 5, shn, t]Pv:14). N{-amk hnj-b-n sFIyw
DWvSm-p-hm ]cn-ip Jp-B\pw \_n-N-cybpw aZvl_ns
Cam-ap-Ifpw ke^o ]n-X-mcpw CXmWv ]d-bp--Xv. kn.-]n.
Da kpan {]Jym-]n Cu XXzw \S-m-p-I-bm-Wv lnPvd Innbpw aWn-Iv^m\pw sNp-Xv. kwL-S\m {]iv\-Im-cWw CXv
\S-m-p-hm {]bm-k-ap-sWvS-n \S-m-p--hsc hnin-pIbpw Ahsc XuloZv {]m-\-n \nv AI-p-hm {ianp-I-bp-a \mw sNt-WvS-Xv. ]c-am-h[n Ah-cp-ambn kl-I-cnp-hm {ian-p-I. CXn\v km[y-as
- -n a\-p-sIm-sWvS
- nepw
Ahsc AwKo-I-cn-p-I.
Dcw 3
2007 HIvtSm-_ 11-\v hymgvN Xncp-h-\--]p-chpw K^p\m-Sp-Ifpw Htc DZ-b-ns ]cn-[n-bn-em-bn-cp-p. AXm-bXv Xncph-\--]p-cpw K^p-\m-Sp-I-fnepw N{-n-dhn DWvSm-bn-cp-p.
Fm tImgn-tmSv N{-n-dhn DWvSm-bn-cp-n-. Ch ]dbp {]mtbm-Kn-I-XXzw \S-m-p ]w Xncp-h-\--]p-cpw
K^p-\m-Sp-I-fnepw Htc Znhkw t\mpw s]cp-m-fp-am-Ipw.
Fm tImgn-tmSv B Znhkw t\mpw s]cp-m-fp-am-Ip-Xv
Ckvemans ho-W-n \njn--am-sWpw ]d-tb-WvSn-hcpw.
Nne-tm tImgn-tmSpw K^p-\m-Sp-I-fnepw ]ndhn N{
DWvSm-Ipw. sImn-bn DWvSm-hp-I-bn-. Cu Znh-k--fn tImgntmSpw K^p\m-Sp-I-fnepw Htc Znhkw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw
BN-cn-m-sapw AtX-k-abw sImn-bnepw tImgn-tmSpw B
Znhkw BN-cn-p-hm ]mSn-spw aX-hn[n ]pd-s-Sp-hn-tWvSn-h-cpw. Ckvemans t]cn Ccw hn[n Aen-a-Wn-Iv^m
]pd-s-Sp-hn-m--Xp-sImWvSmbn-cn-ptam Ch-scmw Ct-lns t]cn hnain-p-hm sFIy-kwLw DWvSm-n-bXv?
kpDuZn Atd-_y-bn Xs Fm hjhpw cWvSp Znh-k-fn-embn t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-t-WvSn-h-cpw. ImcWw Cu
cmPy-ns Hcp `mKv lnem DWvSm-Ip-tm ap `mK-fn AXv DWvSm-Ip-I-bn-. 12 amkhpw Ch ]d-bp--Xp-t]mse
Xocp-am-\n-t-WvS-XptWvSm? CXpw Ch hy-am--Ww.
46

8. N{-amk \n-bhpw Jmfn-amcpw

lnem I-n-Ifpw
tNmZyw 9
N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw ]cn-K-Wn-p-sIm-tWvSmtWm Jmfnamcpw lnem In-n-Ifpw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw {]Jym-]n-mdp-Xv?
Dcw
Cu tNmZyw Ch-tcmSp Xs BZy-ambn tNmZn--Ww.
Ch ]cn-K-Wn-m-dp-Xv Pn-I-fp-sSbpw kwm-\--fp-sSbpw
hyXym-k-am-Wv. N{s DZ-b-n-ep hyXym-k-a-. N{-am-kn-dhn Xocp-am-\n-p-hm N{s DZb hyXymkw ]cn-K-Wnt-WvS-XptWvSm? ]cn-K-Wn-t-WvS-Xp-sWvS-n Hmtcm {]tZipw Zin-t-WvS-XptWvSm? Pn-bpsS hyXym-k-amtWm
AX kwm-\-ns hyXym-k-amtWm ]cn-K-Wn-t-WvSXv?
cmjv{S-ns hyXym-ktam? N{-am-k-n-dhn Xocp-am\npXn N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw (C-JvXn-em-^p aXzm-en-Av) ]cnK-Wn--W-sav Ch aX-hn[n ]pd-s-Sp-hn-mepw Cs-nepw
Ch Cv \S-n-em-n-sm-WvSn-cn-p k{-Zmbw icn-bmsWv Hcn-epw m]n-p-hm km[y-a-. Imm-Sp-Imv
Imm-Snepw amdmSv _onse Bfp-Iv amdmSv _onepw tImgntm-Sp-Imv tImgn-tmSpw ^tdm-p-Imv ^tdm-nepw ]mem-p-Imv ]me-mSpw Xriqmv Xriq-cnepw Be-p-g,
CSp-n, sImw, tImbw apX-emb Pn-I-fn D-hv AhcpsS {]tZ-i--fnepw {]tXyIw {]tXy-I-ambn amk-n-dhn Zin47

t-WvS-XptWvSm Fv tNmZn-m Jmfn-amcpw lnem I-nIfpw C{]-Imcw Zin-t-WvS-Xnm Fpw Htc DZ-b-ns
Iogn hcp GsX-nepw Hcp ev amk-n-dhn nc-sm aXn-sbpw GtIm-]nv adp-]Sn ]d-bp--Xm-Wv. (b-Ymn Ch DZbw F-Xp-sImWvSv Dt-in-p-XmIs kymk-a-bs AkvX-a-\sIpdn-m-Wv).
alqw sI.-]n. apl-Zv auehnbpsS t\Xr-Xz-n hjv apv ]pfn- aZo-\-p Deqw A-d-_nIv tImtf-Pn
shv amk-n-dhn \n-bs kw_-nv Hcp skan-\m
kwL-Sn-n-n-cp-p. {]kvXpX tbmK-n F.-]n. A_vZp JmZn
auehn {]Jym-]n-Xv _en-s]-cp-m-fns amkw \mw t\mp-It]mepw sNt- W v S - X n- . lv t\mv , lv s]cp- m
FmWv ]d-bp-I. Atm a-bn lmPn-am Ad-^-bn
\np-Ibpw a-bn _en-s]-cp-m BtLm-jn-p-Ibpw
sNp Znhkw Xs-bmWv \psS Ad-^bpw \psS _ens]-cp-mfpw. AXn-\m \mw a-bn-tev t\mn-bm aXn
Fm-bn-cp-p. sI.-]n. apl-Zv auehnsb Bcpw FXnp-Ibp-WvSm-bn-. Cv Ch ]nXp-Sv hcp k{-Zmbw Ch
AwKo-Ic
- n-p XXz-v Xs FXn-cm-Wv. Zpam-am-sWv
{]Jym-]n-p-I-bm-Wv. N{s DZb hyXymkw hnZqc cmPyw,
ASp cmPyw F-Xns ASn-m-\-n Hcn-epw Xocp-am\n-p-hm km[y-a-. AXp-t]mse Htc DZ-b-n hcp cmPysf nc-amb \nev \n-bn-p-hm km[y-hp-a-. amkwtXmdpw CXp hyXym-k-s-p-sIm-WvSn-cn-p--Xm-Wv. Nne-tm
a-bnepw sImn-bnepw N{s DZbw DWvSm-bn-cn-pw. Fm
sImn-bnepw apw DZbw DWvSm-Ip Znhkw tImgn-tmSv
DZbw DWvSm-h-W-sa-n-. Ign Ipsd hj--fn C{]-Imc-am-bn-cpp Ah(kp--ap-emw Ie-WvS-dn Ipsd hjw
a-bnse DZ-bhpw ImWn-n-cp-p. ]noSv AXv FSp-p-I-f-bpI-bmWv sNbvX-Xv). Ccw k`--fnepw Ch ChnsS Xs
N{-e ImWp-hm hmin-]n-Sn-p-Xv Fns ASn-m-\n-em-Wv?
Htc DZ-b
- n hcp cmPy-f
- n Fhn-sS-sb-nepw amkn-dhn Zin--s-m aXn-sbv ]d-bp--h Cu XXz-sbpw
48

Ah-K-Wn-p-sIm-WvSmWv t\mpw s]cp-mfpw Xocp-am-\n-m-dp-Xv. km[m-c-W-m-cpsS A-Xsb Ch icnpw NqjWw

sNp-I-bm-Wv. Adn-hp--h Ch-cpsS Xocp-am-\-v FXnsc
au\w ]men-p-Ibpw sNpw. aWn-Iv^ms {]h-\-^-e-ambn
km[m-c-W-m-cn Hcp hn`mKw A\nkvemanI {]h-W-Xbvv
FXnsc D_p--cm-bn-p-WvSv. A_vZp-emw kpan Cu hnj-bn F{Xtbm hj-p-apv Xs {K- FgpXn
kzX{ kwL-S-\-Isf kao-]nv {]kn-o-I-cn-n-p-WvSv.
amk-n-dhn Xocp-am-\n-p-Xnv DZb hyXymkw ]cn-KWn--W-sapw AXmWv CkvemanI \nb-a-sapw ]d-bp-]w asmcp hnIr-X-hpw hnI-ehpw Ckvemans i{Xp-v
Cu aXw ssZhn-I-a-sv m]n-p-hm km[n-p--Xp-amb
Hcp k{-Zmbw Ckveman-ep-sWvSv AwKo-I-cn-t-WvSn-h-cp-Xm-Wv. AXm-bXv sImn-bnepw a-bnepw K^p-\m-Sp-I-fnepw
Htc Znhkw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw A\p-jvTn-p-tm Imk-dtImUpw tImgn-tmpw D-hv B Znhkw t\mpw s]cpmfpw A\p-jvTn-p-h m ]mSn-s v Pn- t - W v S n- h - c pw.
ImcWw sImn-bnepw a-bnepw Htc DZ-b-am-bn-cnpw. Fm
tImgn-tmSpw Imk-d-tImUpw Htc DZ-b-am-bn-cn-n-. ]cn-k-ct_m[w \jvS-s--h am{Xta C{]-Imcw aXs Zin-p-I-bpq. DZb hyXymkw ]cn-K-Wn--W-sav ]d-bp ]n-X-mcn Xs ]cn-k-c-t_m[w \jvS-s-Sm--h bmYmyw a\n-em-n-b-Xn-\m Ccw k`--fn DZb hyXym-ks
]cn-K-Wn--cp-sXv ]d-bp-p-WvSv. AXm-bXv henb ]-W-amsW-n B ]-W-ns Hcp `mKv amk-n-dhn DWvSm-bn-cnpw. adp-`m-Kv DWvSm-hp-I-bp-an-. Atm Hcp `mK-p
apkvenwI t\m-\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw ap-h
- s]cp-m BtLmjn-p-Ibpw sNt-WvSn-hcpw. Hcp Iqv apXv Znhkw t\mv
A\p-jvTn-epw asmcp hn`m-K-n\v Ccp-]n HXv Znhkw
t\mv A\p-jvTn-epw A\n-hm-cy-am-Ipw. N{s DZ-bh
- y-Xymkw
Xosc Zin-p-hm km[n-m e-fpw Cu `qan-bn DWvSv.
AhnsS apkvenwI Xma-kn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. Ch Xosc
t\mpw s]cp-mfpw A\p-jvTn-t-WvS-Xn-sv Ch-cn Hcmfpw
hmZnp-n-.
49

DZ-b-hy-Xymkw ]cn-K-Wn--W-sav ]d-bp--h-cn Xs

imkv{Xw a\-n-em-n-b-hcpw a\-n-em-m--hcpw DWvSv. Nne
\a-kvImcw Jkvdm-p-hm-\p `q]-cn-[n-bm-sWv ]d-bp-p. ap
Nne Hcp cm{Xnbpw ]Iepw k-cn-p-hm-\p `q]-cn-[nsb
]cn-K-Wn--W-sav ]d-bp-p. Im\-S-bmbn k-cn-p Zqc]-cn-[n-bmtWm AX-, IpXn-c-p-dv k-cn-p Zpc-]-cn-[nbmtWm? H- I - p- d v k- c n- p Zqc- ] - c n- [ n- b mtWm
Fsmpw Ch hy-am-p-n-. Ch Fgp-Xp tKmf-imkv{X-I-W--\p-k-cnv amkw 29-\v Fhn-sS-sbms ]nd-hn-bpsWvSv BZyw a\-n-em--Ww. Av ]nd-hn-bp GsX-nepw
Hcp \mn amkw IWvSm Av ]nd-hn-bp Fm {]tZ-ipw AXv _m[-I-am-p-I. an\n-p-I-fpsS hyXymkw {]k-a-. kqcym-kvX-a-b-n\v tijw Hcp an\nsnepw ]ndhn
N{ N{I-hm-f-n DWvSm-bm aXn. B {]tZ-is amk-ndhn IWvSns-nepw CXn-t\-m IqSp-X kabw ]nd-hn-bp
e--fn IWvS-Xp-sImWvSv Chn-tSv AXv _m[-I-am-p-I.
Cs\ hcp-tm Nne-tm Gjy apgp-h\pw Htc Znhkw
t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BtLm-jn-p-hm km[n-tpw (\yq
aqWpw amk-n-d-hn-bpw, t]Pv: 113) Gjy-sb-Xv tIc-f-am-sW
hymJym-\-n-emWv Ch t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BtLm-jn-phm apkvenwI-tfmSv In-m-dp-X
- v. tIc-f
- n-\
- p-da
- p amkn-d-hnsb kw_-nv Ch At\z-jn-m-dn-. tIc-f-nepw abnepw Htc DZ-b-am-bn-cp-mepw tIc-f-nse Zplnv 9Dw
a-bnse Zplnv 9Dw Ch-cpsS ZrjvSn-bn cWvSm-bn-cn-pw.
""Cs\ hcp-tm Nne-tm Gjy apgp-h Htc Znhkw
hcp-sav'' ]d-bp--h tIc-f-n t]mepw Hcp Znhkw hcn-Ibn F bmYmyw tKm]y-am-n-sh-p. kpDuZn Atd-_ybn an hjhpw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw cWvSmbn Xocp-sav
Fp-sImWvSv ]d-bp-n-? Ctm AhnsS Hcp Znhkw am{Xambn BN-cn-p-Xv \_n-N-cyv FXn-cm-sWv Fp-sImWvSv
{]Jym-]n-p-n-?

50

`mKw 2

9. ]cn-ip Jp-B\pw N{s

DZb hyXym-k-fpw
tNmZyw: 10
N{-amk \nWbw \Sp-Xv N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw
(C-JvXn-em-^p aXzm-en-Av) ]cn-K-Wn-p-sIm-WvSm-bn-cn-Ww
Fv ]cn-ip Jp-B \nt-in-p-ptWvSm? `qan-bn BZyambn DWv S m- I p N{- n- d - h nsb ASn- m- \ amn `qan- b nephscmw N{-am-k-ns am-ambn AwKo-I-cn-p-Xv ]cnip Jp-Bs A[ym-]-\-n\pw Xm]-cy-n\pw FXn-cmIptam?
Dcw: CJv X nem- ^ p aXzm- e nAv ]cn- K - W nv amk\nWbw \S-m Jp-Bt\m lZotkm \nt-in-p-n-.
{]XypX `qan-bn Fhn-sS-sb-nepw N{-n-dhn DWvSm-bm
AXns\ ASn-m-\-amn `qan-bn-ep k a\p-jy-mcpw
t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn--W-sapw N{-am-k-\nbw
\S-W-sa-p-amWv ]cn-ip Jp-B Nnnv ]Tn-m a\n-em-p-hm km[n-p-I. Amlp ]d-bpp: ""Xo-bmbpw
\mw AXns\ Ah-X-cn-n-, hyh--s-Sp-p Hcp cm{Xnbn. hyh--s-Sp-p cmhv Fm-sWv \n\v F-dnbmw. hyh--s-Sp-p cmhv Bbncw amk-t-m Da-am-Wv. B cmhn ae-p-Ifpw Pn_vcoepw Cd-n-sIm-WvSncn-pw. Ah-cpsS cn-Xm-hns I-\-bp-ambn Fm Imcyfpw sImWvSv CXv c-bm-Wv. DZ-b-m\w hsc'' (kq-dXp JZv). 24 aWn-q-dp-I D Hcp Znh-kn am{X-amWv
ssee-p JZv kw`-hn-pI Fv Amlp ChnsS hy51

am-p-p. GI-h-N-\-amWv 3 e--fnepw {]tbm-Kn-n-p-f-f-Xv.

BsI 5 kq--fmWv Cu A[ym-b-n-ep-Xpw. `qan-bn
Hcp cm{Xn am{X-amWv ssee-p JZv kw`-hn-pI Fv \_n(kz) {]kvXm-hn-Xp [mcmfw lZo-kp-I-fnepw hy-am-p-p.
ssee-p JZv GXv Znh-k-am-sW--Xn 40- ]cw A`n{]m-b- D-cn--s-Sp-p. Fm ctWvSm aqtm \mtem
Znhkw kw`-hn-p-sav Hcmfpw A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p-an-. N{amkw \n-bn-p--Xn N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw ]cn-K-Wn-W-sav ]d-bp--]w Cv \mw ImWp--Xp-t]mse ctWvSm
aqtm Znh-k-fn Amlp CXns\ Cd- A\n-hm-cyamIpw. sImn-bnepw ap-- hn-ZqccmPy--fnepw Hcp Znhkw sseep JZv kw`-hn-p-tm tImgn-tmSv ASp--Zn-hkw kw`hn-t-WvSn-h-cpw. Imk-d-tKmUpw Iq-cnepw Htc Znhkw sseep JZv kw`-hn-p-I-bn-sv P]n-t-WvSn-h-cpw. Cybn aqv Znh-k--fn-embn ssee-p JZv Amlp Cdt-WvSn-h-cpw. Amlp ]d-bpp: Amlp Iev]n-p. ""CZm-\qZn-b-en--emn anbuap Ppap-A-n''... CsX-ns\ `qanbnsemhcpw Hcp Znh-k-n A\p-jvTn-pp FXpw CtXmSp-Iq-n-hm-bn-mw.
(185 IdG) a dG e ~T a
""AXn-\m \n-fn h-h\pw B amk-n kmnbm-bm Atm Ah\v AXns\ t\mv hoWw'' (kq: A-_-Jd: 182)
(IdG) I~dG Gdh
anIpw (\n--fn) FXv apkvenw temItmSv BIam-\p-ap I]-\-bm-Wv. apkvenwI-fn Bsc-nepw amk-n-dhnv kmn-bm-bm AXns\ ]cn-K-Wnv temI apkvenwItfmSv t\m-\p-jvTn-p-hm Amlp In-p-I-bm-Wv. aplZv \_n(-kz) \apv hymJym-\nv XXpw CXp-X-s-bm-Wv.
""\n Fw ]qn-bm--Ww''. N{s DZb hyXymkw
]cn-K-Wn-m-sX, ]cn-ip Jp-Bs hymJym-Xm--fn {]kn-\mb Hmw aZvl_ns Cam-amb Camw A_q-l\o-^(-d)
Xs C{]-Im-c-amWv kqs hymJym-\n-p--Xv.
U GPEG fCG Y M HG UCG LCGh :d BGdG MCG c dG cP :b
jYh J GeU jdG Y G ej jYh J ~H gGh jDhd ej KK ~H gG
52

(WdG J) j Ab ej
""Rm ]d-bpp: Xz_vcn Xs A^vIm-ap Jp-B F
{K-n ]d-bpp: A_q l\o-^-bpsS A\p-bm-bn-I Xmsg
]d-bp {]iv\
- n GtIm-]n-n-cn-p-p. Hcp {]tZ-is BfpI Ah N{s Zriy-Xb
- psS ASn-m-\
- n apXp Znhkw
t\m-\p-jvTn-p-p. asmcp {]tZ-is Bfp-I Ah N
- {- s
Zriy-X-bpsS ASn-m-\-n Ccp-]n H-Xp-Zn-hkw t\m\p-jvTn-p-p. Fm 29 Znhkw t\m-\p-jvTn--h Hcp Znhks t\mv t\mv ho \n_-a
- mWv (X-^vko JpXp_n:
2291) tijw CXns ImcWw hnh-cn-p-Xp ImWpI:-
~H gG jDhH Kh ,185 IdG (I~dG Gdh) J db M HG UG Mh
(WdG) dcEG ADg Y La KK I~dG G
Camw A_q-l-\o-^-bpsS A\p-bm-bn-I sXfnhv ]nSn-pXv Am-lp-hns hN-\-am-Wv. "\n Fs ]qn-bmp-hm' A_-Jd, 185. Hcp {]tZ-is Bfp-I amk-ndhn Zin-m da-fm 30 Znh-k-am-sWv nc-s-Sp-p. AXn\m Chv 30 ]qn-bm-- A\n-hm-cy-am-bn. (X-^vko
JpXp_n: 2291).
`qan-bn Fhn-sS-sb-nepw 29-s Znhkw kqcy AkvXan--tijw N{m-kvX-a\w DWvSm-bm AXns\ ASn-m-\-amn
`qan- b n- e p- - h - s cmw N{- a mkw \n- b n- p- h m Cu
kqs ]qn- I - m sXfn- h mbn D- c n- n- n- s v \mw
k]n-p-I. Fmepw kqs C{]-Imcw hymJym-\n-
sXm-hp-n-. ImcWw, hymJym-\n-phm-\p Ime-Lw GsXnepw \qmWvSv sImWvSv Ah-km-\n-p-sav Am-lphpw Ahs
{]hm-N-I\pw \s DWn-bn-n-. \_n(-kz)-bn \nv lZokp-I kzlo-lm-Ip-hm-\p Fm \n_-\-Ifpw tbmPnv
sImWvSv Hcp hymJym\w nc-s-p-h-m B hymJym-\-n\v
FXn-cmbn hymJym-\n-p-Xpw Ad_n `mjm \nbaw Dsmm \nev hymJym-\n-p-Xpw am{X-amWv Zphym-Jym-\w.
CPvamAv nc-s-mepw. CXv km]n-I-am-sWv \mw hnhcn-p. {]kn ]n-X-\mb C_v\p JpZm-a(-d) (a-cWw: ln. 620)
Fgp-Xpp:
e ~T a) J dG b dh .... dG OdG L d ~H gG dG iCGQ GPEGh
b dG e dG Gg J CG eCG dG :d b HGYCd U dG bh (a dG
53

G LCGh eQ T b ?dG e Y dG Va GPe d b NBd dbh f

La dG IOT eQ T e dG Gg CG K ~bh eQ T U Lh Y
(`g560 S aG eG~b HE G) G L Y eU
""Hcp {]tZ-i-nse Bfp-I amkw-I-WvSm k cmPy-fn D-hpw t\mv \n_--am-bn.... \ap-p sXfnhv
D-X-\mb Am-lp-hns hN-\-am-Wv. amk-n\v \n-fn hh\pw kmn-bm-bm Ah AXns\ t\mv hoWw' (_-Jd:
185) Hcp {Kmao-W-t\mSv \_n(-kz) ]d hN-\-hpw. hj-n
Cu amkw t\m-\pjvTn-phm Am-lp-hmtWm Xm-tfmSv
In-Xv Fv Atlw tNmZn--tm AsX Fv \_n(kz) adp-]Sn \In. asmcp hyn-tbmSv \_n(-kz) adp-]Sn \InbXpw Amlp {hX-n \npw FmWv Fs ta \n_-am-n-b-sXv Atlw tNmZn--tm \_n(-kz) Acpfn: "dafm amk-nse t\mv'. apkvenwIn-S-bn GIm-`n-{]m-bap hnj-b-amWv da-fm amk-n t\m-\p-jvTn- \n_-am-sW--Xv. Xo-bmbpw `qan-bn BZy-ambn DWvSm-Ip
amk-n-dhn da-fm amk-ns--Xm-sWv hniz-kvX-m-cpsS
kmnXzw aptJ\ nc-s-p. AXn-\m B Znhkw t\m\p-jvTn- k apkvenwIpw _m[-I-ambn (apn: hmfyw:
3, t]Pv:7). len aZvl_nse {]kn ]WvUn-X-\mWp C_v\p
D_m-Zn(-d).
CXmWv P\m_v Aen aWn-I^
v m\pw kplr-p-fpw lnPvd
In-nbpw ]d-bp Bi-b--fpsS ASn-m-\w. \yqaq-Wns\
\n AwKo-I-cn--W-sa-n-. Znh-k-ns Bcw`w {]`mXw
apX-em-sW hmZhpw \n kzoI-cn--W-sa-n-. `qan-bn
BZy-ambn DWvSm-Ip \h-N{- s\ ASn-m-\a
- mn tIc-f
- n
t\mpw s]cp-mfpw {]Jym-]n-m aXn. IW-ns\ \nv
kzoI-cn-p-hm {]bm-k-am-sW-n AXpw kzoI-cn-t-WvS-Xn. amk-n-dhn IWvSm Adn-bnpI Fv ]ckyw \Ip-tm
tIc-f-ns ]cn-[n-bn hcp e- am{Xw Dt-in-mXn-cp-m aXn. Cu {]tZ-i--sfmw tIcf kwm-\-ns
]cn-[n-bn hc-W-sav Am-lphpw apl-Zv \_nbpw CPvamDw
Xocp-am-\n--X-sv \nv Xs Adn-bm-a-tm.
""\nemhp IWvSm Adn-bn-pI' Fp P\--tfmSp Bhiy-s-Sp BNmcw \psS Ime-p-WvSmb _nZv-A-m-Wv.
dkqepw klm-_pw Ans\ sNbvX-Xn\v sXfn-hn-. DsWvSn lZokv D-cn-p-I.
54

10. N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw

\_n-N-cy-bn
tNmZyw 11
`qan-bn BZy-ambn DWvSm-Ip \h-N-{s\ ASn-m-\amn `qan-bn D-h-scmw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-p-Xn-s\bpw N{-am-k-ns amw Xocp-am-\n-p--Xn-s\bpw
\_n(-kz) hntcm[n-p-ptWvSm?
Dcw:
\_n(-kz) Hcn-epw hntcm-[n-p-n-. Hcp ev amkw
]nd-m B hnhcw e`n-p--hv Fmw DZ-b-hy-Xymkw
]cn-K-Wn-msX t\mpw s]cp-mfpw Bcw-`n- \n_-am-sW-mWv \_n-Ncy hy-am-p--Xv. hnZq-c-cmPyw ASp
cmPyw F ]cn-KW
- \
- s
- bmpw ]mSn-. apl-Zv \_n(-kz) Amlp-hns {]hm-N-I-\m-sW--Xn\v CXv hy-am-sbmcp sXfnhv
IqSn-bm-Wv. ImcWw N{s DZ-hy-Xymkw hnZq-c-cmPyw ASp
cmPyw F-Xns ASn-m-\-n Xocp-am-\n-p-hm km[y-a. CXv Hmtcm amk-nepw hyXym-k-s-p-sIm-WvSn-cn-pw. Hcp
Nc-Sn imiz-X-amb \nev _n-n-p-hm km[y-hp-a-. an
k`--fnepw tIc-f-nepw a-bnepw DZ-b-hy-Xymkw DWvSmhp-I-bn-. tIc-fhpw abpw Htc aXveC(-D-Z-b-n) hcp-Xm-Wv. Nne-tm tIc-f-ns Nne `mK-fpw a-bp-am-bncnpw Htc DZ-b-n hcn-I. ap Nne-tm tImgn-tmSpw
Imk-d-tKmUpw, sImnbpw tImgn-tmSpw Xn DZ-b-n
hyXym-k-s-Spw. kqcy D-cm-b-\-nepw Zn-Wm-b-\-nepw
55

nXn-sN-p--Xns ASn-m-\-n hyXymkw kw`-hn-p-Xm-Wv. a-bn amk-n-dhn DWvSm-Ip--Xns apv Xs

tIc-f-n DWvSm-Ip--Xm-Wv. kqcys Ah--t]m-se-bmWv
N{s Ah-bpw FmWv km[m-c-W-m-cp-sSbpw apkvenbm-m-cp-sSbpw aue-hn-am-cp-sSbpw sXn-m-cW. apl-Zv \_n(kz)sb Cu [mcW _m[n-m-Xn-cp-Xv Atlw Am-lp-hns
{]hm-NI
- Bbn-cp-Xv sImWvSp-am-{X-am-Wv. Fgppw hmb-\bpw
IWpw At-l-n\v Adn-bp-am-bn-cp-n-. Fnepw {]hm-NI\v A_w hcn-I-bn-. \_n(-kz) Acpfn:
(e QdG) jDhdG haGh jDhdG eU qdG SQ b (Q)Y HG Y
C_v\p Da(-d) \nth-Z\w: ""\_n(-kz) Acpfn: amkw
IWvSm \n t\m-\p-jvTn-p-hn. amkw IWvSm \n
t\mv apdn-p-hn (_p-Jm-cn, apkvenw). \_n(-kz) C{]-Imcw
]d- Xv bqWn- p- I - s fbpw ae- - s fbpw Pn- I - s fbpw
kwm-\--sfbpw cmjv{S--sfbpw ASp-p cmPy--sfbpw
Htc DZ-b-n hcp cmPy--sfbpw Dt-in-p-sIm-WvS-.
{]XypX temI-apkvenwIsf Hmbn IWvSp-sImWvSv \nt-in-Xm-Wv. AXm-bXv `qan-bn Fhn-sS-sb-nepw amkw IWvSm
AXns\ ASn-m-\a
- mn DZ-bh
- y-Xymkw ]cn-KW
- n-msX kP-\
- fpw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw Bcw-`n-W
- s
- a-mWv. C{]-Imcw
lZo-kns\ hymJym-\n-p-Xv Aen aWn-Iv^m A. {]XypX
\mev aZvl_ns Cam-ap-I-fp-am-Wv. (hn-i-Zo-I-cWw AXns
A[ymbw t\mp-I) Camw jum-\n(-d) lZo-kns\ hymJym\n-p-Xv {in-p-I.
QGQ~dG) jDhQ dP c e CG e BGQ a eCG N gh
(cd G
""\hN-{s ImgvN DWvSm-bm \n t\m-\p-jvTn-pI. AXns ImgvN DWvSm-bm \n t\mv apdn-pI F
\_n hN\w Fm kap-Zm-b-tm-Sp-ap kw`m-j-W-am-Wv.
Atm GXp e-p-shv amkw IWvSmepw AXp k
apkvenwIp-ap ImgvN-bmWv'' (A--dm-dn- Aap-foA: hmfyw:
1, t]Pv: 148) ssiJp Ckvemw C_v\p-ssX-an-(-d) Fgp-Xpp:
K DhQ fG H a jDhd GeU U dd dG Y eCG Gg QG~e G Hda
56

(J HG d iha ) UG ae ~j~ Z e M
""N{s DZ-b-s-p-dnv hnhcw e`n-pI F-XmWv
ChnsS ASn-m-\-X-Xzw. AXns\ \n IWvSm \n
t\m-\p-jvTn-pI F {]hm-N-Is \nti{]Imcw amkw
IWvS hnhcw Bs-nepw e`n-m bmsXmcp Zqc-]-cn-[n-bpan-msX Ah\pw AXv _m[-Ia
- m-Ipp.'' (aPvaqAv^Xmhm: hmfyw:
25, t]Pv: 107)
Y dG Lh ~H gG dG iCGQ a dG NH IY fCG EG QG gP
CG e iCGQ a eCG Y N gh jDhd GeU SdG d OdG L
(dG a) L d jDhQ dP c e
""N{-amkw \n-bn-p--Xn N{s DZ-b-hy-Xym-kn\v bmsXmcp ]cn-K-W-\bpw CsmWv `qcn-]w ]nX-mcpw A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp--Xv. AXn-\m GsX-nepw \mn
amkw IWvSm Fm \mnse \nhm-kn-Ipw AXv \n_-am-bn. \n amkw IWvSm t\m-\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw t\mv
apdn-p-Ibpw sNp-hn F \_n hN-\-ns ASn-m-\n CXv kap-Zm-b-tmSv s]mXp-hmb \ne-p \nt-i-amWv. AXn-\m GXv e-p-shv amkw IWvSmepw AXv Fmhp-ap ImgvN-bm-Wv. C{]-Imcw `qcn-]w A`n-{]m-b-sSpp'' (^n-Jvlvp: hmfyw: 2, t]Pv: 436). Cu A`n-{]mbw \Smn sImWvSv `qan-bn BZy-ambn DWvSm-Ip N{-n-d-hnsb
ASn-m-\-amn lnPvd In s]cp-m BtLm-jn-p-tm
cl-ky-ambn AhnsS hv Xe-sbn sImWvSv A]w BfpI am{X-amWv DWvSm-bn-cp--sXv ]dv Chn-Ss `qcn-]-ns sXfnhv ]nSn-p-h
- ]WvUnX `qcn-]
-
- ns A`n{]m- b s Ah- K - W n- p- I - b mWv sNp- - X v . `qcn- ] w
apkvenwI F-Xns Dtiyw Aen aWn-Iv^m\pw kplrp-f
- p-am-sWv Ch hymJym-\n-ptam? app imnv thWvSn
Ah-km\w Ch ]d-bpI ""Ch-scmw IWvSm FmWv ]dbp-Xv'' Fm-Wv. Fn Npcp-nb \nev a-bnepw aZo-\bnepw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-p-tm AXns\ ASnm-\-am-n-sb-nepw \n tIc-f-n t\mpw s]cp-mfpw
{]Jym-]n-ptam? Ah ImgvN-sb-bmWv Ah-ew-_n-p-Xv
57

FmWv \n Xs ]d-bm-dp--Xv. lnPvd In t\mpw

s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-p-tm an k`--fnepw a-bnepw
aZo-\-bnepw K^v \mSp-I-fnepw t\mpw s]cp-m-fp-am-sWv
cm{Xn 9 aWnv apmbn Xs hnhcw e`n-m-dp-apWvSv. Hmtcm
{Kma-mcpw amk-n-dhn Zin--W-sav Nne ]n-X-m A`n{]m-b-s-Sp-p-WvSv. Cu A`n-{]mbw \n kzoI-cn-p-I-bm-sWn s]mm-\n-bn amk-n-dhn IWvSm s]mm-\n-bnse
apkvenwItfmSv am{Xw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-p-hm am{XamWv {]Jym-]n-t-WvS-Xv. tIc-f-nse apkvenwI-tfmSv apgp-h
{]Jym-]nphm \nv Ah-Im-i-an-. Npcp--n \n
Cv \S-m-n-sm-WvSn-cn-p k{-Zm-b-n\v \yq\-]-ns ]n_-e-hp-an-. ]nim-Nns Zpa-{-amWv ]n_-e-ap-Xv. Ch Fgp-Xpp: Cs\ aWn-Iv^m-\p-ambn X\nv N
\S-p-tm-sgmw Atlw kXyw AwKo-I-cn-p-Ibpw k-Xnp-Ibpw sNm-dp-WvSv. ]ns A\p-bmbn hr-n Fn-sSp-tm
Dhe f G e fG Gdb WT EG GN GPGh
(A-h Ah-cpsS ]nim-Np-I-fn-tev X\n-m-bm Ah
]d-bpw. Xo-bmbpw R \n-tfm-sSm--am-Wv. R
Ahsc ]cn-l-kn-pI am{X-amWv sNp--Xv) Fv Amlp
]d- - X p- t ]mse Rm \n- f psS IqsS Xs- b m- s Wp
]dv A\p-bm-bn-Isf kam-[m-\n-n- aWn-Iv^ms ncw
tlm_n-bmWv (\yq aqWpw amk-n-d-hn-bpw. laoZv aZn\n: t]Pv:
55). Bb-ns ]cn-`mj aZo-\nbpsS ]pkvX-I-n \In-bnn-. AXp km[m-cW
-
- m-v thWvSn {_m-n R \Inb-Xm-Wv. Aen aWn-Iv^ms kplr-p--sfmw ]nim-Nm-sWmWv Ctlw ChnsS {]Jym-]n-p--Xv. Aen aWn-Iv^ms\
Nne A-ambn AwKo-I-cn-p-I-bm-sWv ]d--h Ctm
Fgp-Xp-Xv Ctlw ap--hsc A\p-k-cn-p-Ibpw t\Xmhv ap-h-cp-am-sW-mWv!!!
ssiJp Ckvemw akq-d_v\p bq\p-kv(-d) Fgp-Xpp:
GeU dG Y dd dG c SdG d ~H jDhQ K e CG (~H gG BGQ GPGh)
(VhQ) ac eCd N gh jDhd
58

""Hcp \mnse P\- amkw IWvSm a\p-jyv apgph\pw t\mv \n_--am-bn. ImcWw amkw IWvSm \n
t\m-\p-jvTn-p-hn Fv \_n(-kz) \nt-in-Xv kap-Zm-btm-Sm-I-am-\-amWv'' (du-f-Xp acn-Av: hmfyw: 1, t]Pv: 46). {]kn\pw ]qnI ]n-X-\p-amb C_v\p lnm-av(-d) Fgp-Xpp:
b jDhHh .jDhdG e jDhd GeU U db G Y hCG Lh
fEa hdGh GhdG H LdG a G Y e H J e a jDhdG SG ~j
(dG HE j~dG a T) LdG Y J j
""`qan-bn DZ-b-hy-Xymkw ]cn-K-Wn-msX Fm-hcpw
t\mpw s]cp-mfpw XpS--W-sa-mWv Hm-as A`n-{]mbw
""\n amkw IWv S m t\m- \ p- j v T n- p- h n. AXns\
IWvSm t\mv apdn-p-Ibpw sNp-hn'' F \_n-bpsS hN\-ns ASn-m-\-n-emWnXv. CXp s]mXp-hmb Iev]-\-bmWv. bmsXmcp D]m-[nbpw (N-{s DZb hyXym-kw, hnZqc cmPyw
apX-em-b-h-sb-tm-se) CXp-ambn _-s-Sp-n-. GsX-nepw
P\X amkw IWvSm amkw XpSn FXv nc-s-Sp-p.
Atm Cu lZo-kn ]d-bp hn[nbpw \n_--amb \nev
Fm-hc
- p-ambpw _-s-Sp-p. kqcy a[ym-n \nv sXpI, kqcy AkvX-an-pI (fp-l, aKvcn_v \a-kvImcw t]mse)
t]mse-b Cu hnj-bw. ImcWw Ch-bp-ambn s]mXp-hmbn
XocpI FXv _-s-Sp-n (ilp ^Xp-lp JZo: hmfyw:
2, t]Pv: 313) AXm-bXv P\- fplv \a-kvI-cn-p-tm-gmWv
fplv \a-kvImcw P\- aKvcn_v \a-kvI-cn-p-tm-gmWv
aKvcn_v \a-kvImcw Fv \_n(-kz) {]kvXm-hn-n-n Fv hnh. ssiJv kzm_q\n X^vko-dp Bb-n h AlvIman
F {K-n ]d-bp-p.
~H gG dG iCGQ GPGh dG NH IY fG EG HGh dGh G gP
Y N gh jDhd GhaGh jDhd GeU U dd OdG H Y dG Lh
(MCG jBG J) L d jDhQ dP c e G e BGQ a eCG
""l\-^n-I, amen-p-I, l-en-I Ch-sc-m-h-cp-sSbpw
Xocp-am\w N{s DZb hyXym-k-n\v N{-amkw Dd-n-ptm ]cn-K-W\ In-t-WvS-Xn F-Xm-Wv. Atm Hcp
\mp-Im amkw IWvSm Fm \mp-Impw t\mv \n_59

-ambn. ImcWw ""amkw IWvSm t\mv Bcw-`n-p-I, AXns\

IWvSm \n t\m-h-km-\n-n-pI'' F \_n(-kz)-bpsS
I-\-bm-Wv. CXp apkvenw kap-Zm-b-tm-Sm-I-am-\-am-Wv.
Atm Ah-cn-em-sc-nepw amkw IWvSp-Ig
- nm AXp GXp
e-m-hs B ImgvN apkvenw kap-Zm-b-n-\m-I-am\w _m[I-amWv'' (X-^vko Bbmp AlvIman).
(j~dG VhdG) jDhQ dP c e CG e iCGQ a eCG N gh
""\n amkw IWvSm t\m-\p-jvTn-p-hn F \_n
hN\w Fm kap-Zm-b-tm-Sp-ap I-\-bm-Wv. AXn-\m
Ah-cn Hcm GXv ev shv amkw IWvSmepw AXp
Fm-hp-ap ImgvN-bmbn'' (du-f-Xp \Zn: hmfyw: 1, t]Pv:
331)
ZG Gdb U dG SQ UGe QfCGe eY K~M b de H fGHG Y
dG GhCGQ fG dG ~Y Gh~a QdG NBG e cQ Aa eU UCa GT g Y
~MGh Le HG) ~dG e g~Y EG GLj Gh Ghj G U dG SQ geCa .eCH
(dGh
""C_v\p A\-kv(-d) Akm-co--fns] Xs ]nXr-ktlm-Z-c-m-cn \nv \nth-Z\w sNp-p. im amk-n-dhn
Rv A\n-n-X-am-bn. AXn-\m R t\m-\p-jvTnp-h
- c
- mbn {]`m-X
- n {]th-in-p. As\ Hcp H-Ik
- wLw
]I-ens Ay-n hcn-Ibpw Cse amkw IWvS-Xmbn
\_n(- k z)- b psS ASpv kmyw hln- p- I bpw sNbv X p.
Atm \_n(-kz) Ah-tcmSv t\mv apdn-p-hm I]n-p.
\msf CuZv Kmln- t ev ]pd- s - S p- h m \nt- i n- p- I bpw
sNbvXp'' (C-_v\p-amP: 1653, Al-aZv: 9266, ss_lJn: 8189, B_qZm-hqZv: 2339) {]hm-N-Is ASpp amkw IWvS-Xmb hnh-c-hpambn hcp--h-tcmSv \n F{X Zqsc \nmWv hcp--sXv
At\z-jn--Xmbn Hcp Zpe lZo-kn t]mepw {]kvXm-hn-pn-. apl-Zv \_n(-kz) Am-lp-hns ZqX-\m-sW-X
- n\v CXpw
Hcp sXfn-hm-Wv. ImcWw hnZq-c-cmPyw ASp cmPyw FXns ASn-m-\-n N{s DZb hyXymkw t]mepw Xocpam-\n-p-hm km[y-a
- . km[y-am-bm Xs {]hm-NI
- AXns\
]cn-K-Wn-n-p-an-. t\mv apdn-p-hm In {]hm-N-I
60

ASp Znh-k-tv s]cp-m \a-kvImcw \on shbvphm ImcWw \a-kvIm-c-k-abw Ah-km-\n--Xp-sIm-WvSm-bn-cpp. Al--Zns {]kn hymJym\ {K-amb ^Xvlp dm-\nbn Fgp-Xpp:
(HdG dG) bh Ga ~H AL cdG C
"Xo-bmbpw H-I-kwLw \a-kvIm-c-ns kabw \jvSs tij-amWv h-Xv. CXp-sIm-WvSmWv ASp Znhkw \apv
CuZv Kmln-tev ]pd-s-Sm-sav \_n(-kz) {]kvXm-hn-Xv' (^Xvlp dm\n: hmfyw: 9, t]Pv: 266)
j VCGh hJ j dGh eJ j dG b U dG G (Q)Ijg HG Y
j VCGh hJ j dGh eJ j dG AL e H ,697 edG) J
(J
""A_q-lp-ssd-d(-d) \nth-Z\w: \_n(-kz) Acp-fn: t\mv
\n t\m-\p-jvTn-p \mfn-em-Wv, sNdnb s]cp-m
\n Btjm-jn-p \mfnemWv. _en-s]-cp-m \n
_ens]cp-m BtLmjnp \mfnepw.'' (XpapZn: 697
t\mns A[ym-bw) A--_m-\nbpw Cu lZo-kns\ kzlolm-p-p.
Le HG) J j VCGh hJ j dG U dG SQ b (Q) Ijg HG Y
(~dG T AL e H
Bbn-i(-d) \nth-Z\w: ""Am-lp-hns ZqX Acpfn:
sNdnb s]cp-m P\- sNdnb s]cp-m BtLmjn-p- \ m- f n- e m- W v . _en- s ]- c p- m P\- _en- s ]- c p- m
BtLm-jn-p \mfn-emWv'' (C_v\p-amP: 802 sNdnb s]cpmfpw _en-s]-cp-mfpw Ftm-gmWv F A[ym-bw)
J j cVCGh hJ j cah U dG SQ b (Q) Ijg HG Y
(OhGO HG) e e ch be aY ch
A_q-lp-ssd-d(-d) \nth-Z\w: \_n(-kz) Acpfn: ""\n
sNdnb s]-cp-m BtLm-jn-p \mfn-emWv \n-fpsS
sNdnb s]cp-m. \n _en-s]-cp-m BtLm-jn-p
\mfn-emWv \n-fpsS _en-s]-cp-m. Ad^ apgp-h \nphm-\p e-amWv. an\ apgp-h _en--e-am-Wv.'' (A-_q-ZmhqZv: 2324)
61

(J HE iha ) SdG aj dG dG aY EG :db (Q) FY rnY

Bbn-i(-d) \nth-Z\w: ""P\- Ad-^mbn \np
Znh-k-amWv Ad^m Znhkw'' (aPvaqAv: 25-203). `qan-bn FhnsS-sb-nepw amk-n-dhn DWvSm-bm AXns ASn-m-\-n
`qan-bn D-h-scmw sNdnb s]cp-mfpw _en-s]-cp-mfpw
BtLm-jnWsav `qcn-]w apkvenw ]n-X-mcpw \mev
aZvl_ns Cam-ap-Ifpw ]d-bp-Xv \mw D-cn Cu lZo-kpIsf ASn-m-\a
- m-n-bmWv. CXp Aen aWn-Iv^m-sbpw kplrp--fp-sSbpw ]pXnb IWvSp-]n-Sp--a-. ""amkw Fhn-sSbpw
IWvS-Xmbn hnhcw e`n-n-n-. AXn-\m hymgmgvN s]cp-m
Bhp-I-bn-. shn-bm-gvN-bmWv s]cp-m'' Fv Jmfn-amcpw
lnem In- nbpw {]Jym- ] n- p- t m Ch Fhn- s Sbpw
IWvSn F-Xp-sImWvSv Dt-in-p-Xv `qan-bn Fhn-sSbpw
Zin--Xmbn hnhcw e`n-n F-X-. N{s Htc DZ-b-n
hcp {]tZ-i--fn Zin hnhcw e`n-n F-Xp-a.
{]XypX "tIcf kwm-\-n Zin' Fm-Wv. ImcWw
Ch C{]-Imcw {]Jym-]n-p Znh-k--fn amkw IWvS
hnhcw a-bn \nv t]mepw e`n-m-dp-WvSv. Cu k`-n
an hj--fnepw tIc-fhpw abpw Htc DZ-b-n-em-bn-cn-pIbpw sNpw. DZb hyXymkw DWvSm-hm-dn-. Atm kwm\s ASn-m-\-amn sImWvSv N{-amkw Dd-n-p ChcpsS Cu ]cn-]m-Snv ]n_-e-ambn Cu `qan-bn P\n Hcp
]n-Xs A`n-{]mbw t]mepw D-cn-p-hm Chv km[ya-. amk-n-dhn \n-b-n Ch CXp-hsc ]nXp-Sp
t]mcp A\nkveman-Ihpw hnIr-X-hp-amb \bs aqSn-sh-bvphm thWvSn-bmWv aqv {K- Ctm cNn-n-p-X
- v. B\pIm-enI-fn ncw teJ-\- {]kn-o-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNp--Xv. \yqaq-Wn-sbpw Znh-k-am--n-sbpw {]iv\w s]mnn-Snv ASn-m\ hnj-b-n \nv P\-{i sXn-p-hm
thWvSn _lfw shp-I-bm-Wn-h. kXyhpw \oXnbpw t\mnbm-bn-cn-Ww kl-I-cn-t-WvS-sX Jp-Bs {]Jym-]-\s
apdp-sI-]n-Sn-p-hm\pw \oXnbpw kXyhpw ]d-bp--hsc H-sSpn J_-d-Sw sNp-hm {ian-p-tm au\w ]men-p62

hm ]mSn-s-p- Ckvemans auenI \ntiw Pohn-Xn ]Ip-hm\pw thWvSn-bmWv Cu {Kw {]kn-o-I-cnp--Xv. Aen-a-WnIv^m ]d-bp hnj-b--fn A\nkvemanI-ambn \nv tXmp--Xn \n kl-I-cn-t-WvS-Xn. kXy-nepw \oXn-bnepw `qcn-]w apkvenw ]n-X-m
{]I- S n- n A`n- { ]m- b - - f p- a mbn tbmPn- p- hbnsenepw
\n At-l-hp-ambn kl-I-cn-p-hm Xm-dptWvSm? Htc
DZ-b-n hcp CybpsS ]pd-p cmPy--fn amk-ndhn IWvSmepw AwKo-Ic
- n-m-sav \n ]d-bp-p. Cu an\naw
]cn-]m-Sn-sb-nepw AwKo-I-cnv t\mpw s]cp-mfpw {]Jym-]np-hm \n Xm-dm-Iptam? Xm thWvSn IWv D]tbm-Kn-p-tm Htc hon cWvSv Znhkw t\mpw s]cp-mfp-am-Ip--Xn \n `n-Xsb `b-s-Sm-dn-. Cu XXz-ns
ASn- m- \ - n C{]- I mcw ]e hj- - f n \n
`nnnpIbpw sNbvXp. Fn \n k-Xn-p asmcp
XXz-amWv Htc DZ-b-n hcp GsX-nepw ev amkw
IWvSm aXn-sb-v. Cu XXz-{]-Imcw `nn-p--Xns\ Fn\v
`b-s-SWw? Ign hjw (lnPvd: 1430). a-bnepw aZo-\bnepw K^v \mSp-I-fnepw s]cp-m Bbnpw Fns ASnm-\-n-emWv tIc-f-nse apkvenwIsf sImWvSvs]-cp-m
Znhkw t\m-\p-jvTn-n-Xv? Am-lp-hns tImS-Xn-bn \n
Ah-X-cn-n-p sXfn-hp-I {]kn-o-I-cn-ptam? Ah {Klnp-hm Xm]-cy-ap-WvSv.

63

11. Ipssd-_ns lZokpw

N{s DZb hyXym-khpw
tNmZyw: 12
`qan-bn BZy-ambn N{-n-dhn DWvSm-bm AXns\ ASnm-\-amn N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw ]cn-K-Wn-msX t\mpw
s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-p-X
- n\v Ipssd-_v(d
- ) C_v\p Am-kn(d) \nv D-cn-p kzlo-lmb lZokv FXn-cm-sWv Nne
]d-bp-p. FmWv B lZo-kns Ah?
Dcw:
BZy-ambn lZo-kns ]qW cq]w D-cn-p-p.
Y SGh LM a dG e~a :b dH jhe EG H dG G G jc Y
H dG ~Y dCa dG NBG j~G e~b K G d dG jCGa dH fGh eQ
BGQh f a ?jCGQ fG a G d jCGQ a dG jCGQ e a dG cP K SY
hG KK f M f Gf a dG d jCGQ d a jhe Uh GeUh SdG
(U) dG SQ feG Gg a eUh jhe jDhH J hG a .Gf
""Ipssd-_v(-d) ]d-bpp: Xo-bmbpw Dp^fvev(-d)
At-ls Ah-cpsS Nne Bh-iy-v thWvSn iman-tev
apB-hn:bpsS ASp--tev \ntbm-Kn-p. Ipssd-_v(-d) ]d-bpp. As\ Rm iman Fn. Ah-cpsS Bhiyw \nln-p. Rm iman-em-bn-cn-p-tm shn-bmgvN cmhv da-Zm\ns amk-n-d-hn-IWvSp. tijw Rm aZo-\-bn Xncn-s-n.
amk-ns Ah-km-\-n-embnsImWvSp, Atm C_v\p
Am-kv(-d) ""Ftm-gmWv \n amkw IWvS-sXv FtmSv
64

tNmZn-p. Rm ]dp: shn-bmgvN cmhv (hym-gmgvN cm{Xn)

\obpw AXns\ Zin-pthm Fv Atlw hoWvSpw tNmZn-p.
AtX, P\-fpw AXns\ Zin-p. apB-hn As\ t\mv
]nSnp Fv Rm {]Xyp-cw \In. Atlw ]dp:
Fm AXns\ IWvSXv i\n-bmgvN cmhn-emWv (sh-n-bmgvN) R apXv ]qn-bm-p-Itbm AXns\ ImWp-Itbm
sNp--Xp-hsc t\m-\p-jvTn-p-sIm-WvSn-cn-pw. Rm ]dp:
apB-hn t\m-\p-jvTn-Xpw Zin-Xpw \nv aXn-bm-IpI-bnt? C_v\p Am-kv(-d) ]dp: aXn-bm-Ip-I-bn-. C{]-Imc-amWv \_n(-kz) R-tfmSv I]n-Xv'' (apkvenw: 1087). ""N{s
DZ-b-hy-Xym-ks ]cn-K-Wn--Xp-sIm-WvSmWv C_v\p Am-kv(d) Ipssd-_ns h-am-\s AwKo-I-cn-m-Xn-cp--Xv. CXp
\_n(-kz) I]n--Xm-sWpw Atlw DWpp'' FmWv
Cu kw`hw hymJym-\n--s-Sp--Xv.
hni-Zo-I-cWw
1. imkv{X XXz-s-p-dn-p A-X-bmWv lZo-kn\v
C{]-Imcw hymJym\w \Ip-hm Nne ]n-X-msc t{]cn-n-Xv. N{s DZb hyXym-kw, hnZqc-cmPyw, ASp-p cmPyw
F am\-Z--ns ASn-m-\-n am{Xw Xocp-am-\n-phm Hcn-epw ]mSn-. AXp-t]mse C cmPy--sfmw Htc
DZ-b-n hcp--hbpw C cmPy--sfmw Htc DZ-b-n
hcm--hbpw Fv imiz-X-amb \nev \n-bn-p-hm\pw
km[y-a-. tIc-fhpw abpw Htc aXveC- (D-Z-b-n) hcp-Xm-Wv. Nne-tm tImgn-tmSpw Imk-dt- Km-Upw, tImgn-tmSpw
sImnbpw Xn t]mepw DZ-b-n (aXveC) hyXym-ks-Spw. sIm-nepw amk-f
- nepw CXv amdn-sm-WvSn-cn-p-Ibpw
sNpw. {]kvXpX amk-n iman-sebpw aZo-\-bn-sebpw
N{s DZ-b-n hyXym-k-ap-sWvSv C_v\p Am-kn\v Hcnepw {Kln-p-hm km[y-a-. imkv{Xob IWv sImWvSv
am{Xta AXv Xocp-am\nphm km[n-p-I-bp-q. N{s DZb
hyXymkw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-p-hm ASn-m-\-am-W-sav ]d-bp Ch Xs Cu bmYmyw Xpdv FgpXp-Xv ImWpI: ""\mw tKmf-imkv{X IW--\p-k-cnv amkw
65

29-\v Fhn-sS-sbms ]ndhn DWvSv Fv BZyw a\-n-em-Ww. Av ]ndhnbp GsX-nepw Hcp \mn amkw IWvSm
Av ]nd-hn-bp Fm {]tZ-i-pw AXv _m[-I-am-p-I.
an\n-p-I-fpsS hyXymkw {]k--a-. kqcym-kvX-a-\-n\v tijw
Hcp an\n-s-nepw ]ndhn N{ N{I-hm-f-n DWvSm-bm aXn.
B {]tZ-iv amk-n-dhn IWvSn-s-n-epw, CXn-t\-m IqSpX kabw ]nd-hn-bp e--fn IWvS-Xp-sImWvSv ChntSv AXp _m[-I-am-p-I. Cs\ hcp-tm Nne-tm
Gjy apgp-h\pw Htc Znhkw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-m
km[n-t-pw. Av N{-n-dhn Cm \mSp-I ]nt Znhkw
t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn--Ww. CXmWv {]mtbm-KnI amw
(\yq aqWpw amk-n-dh
- nbpw t]Pv: 113) hnZq-cc
- m-Pyw, ASp cmPyw
F-Xns ASn-m-\-n N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw Xocp-am\n-p-hm km[y-as
- pw tKmf-imkv{X IW-\
- p-kc
- nv am{Xta
CXp Xocp-am-\n-p-hm km[n-p-I-bp-q-shpw amkw-tXmdpw
Htc DZ-b-n hcp cmPy- amdn-sm-WvSn-cn-p-sapw
Ch Xs ChnsS k-Xn-p-p. Atm t\mpw s]cpmfpw BN-cn-p--Xn DZ-b-hy-Xymkw ]cn-K-Wn--W-sav
]d-bp \yq\-]--n\v BsI-bp sXfnhv \mw apI-fn
Dcn Ipssd-_ns lZokv am{X-am-Wv. AXns\ ASn-m-\am-p-hm km[y-a-sv Ch Xs k-Xn-p-p. Atm
Ch ]d-bp sFIy-n\v bmsXmcp sXfnhpw Chn-.
Chp BsI sXfn-hm-bn-smWvSv Xmsg ]d-bp \ymbamWv D-cn-p--Xv. ""cWvSv, DZ-bm-kvX-ab hyXymkw ]cn-K-Wn-Ww. AXn-\m amkw IWvSm DZ-bm-kvX-ab hyXymkw
Cm \mSp-Iv am{Xw AXv _m[-I-am-Wv. CXmWv im^n
aZn-l-_n ]d-bp--Xv. tIc-f-n `qcn-]w im^n-Cu-a-Zvl_p-Im-cm-Wv. Ahsc ]cn-K-Wn-msX Ccw hnj-b-n
sFIyw km[y-a (\yq aqWpw amk-n-d-hnbpw, t]Pv: 113) kpnI-fpsS BZiw Jp-B\n-sbpw kp-n-sbpw `qcn-]w
apkvenw ]n-X-m-cp-sSbpw sXfn-hns ]n_ew Cs-nepw
Chv Fmw FXn-cm-bn-cp-mepw sFIy-n-\p-thWvSn AwKoI-cn--W-sa-mWv Ctlw ChnsS ]d-bp--Xv. Fn Fn\mWv Ckv e mln {]m- \ - n\v cq]w \In- b Xv ? Fm
66

cwKpw sFIy-n-\p-thWvSn Cu \bw AwKo-I-cn-m aXnbtm? im^n-Cu-aZvl_vImv Ipssd-_ns lZo-sk-nepw

]n_-ea
- p-WvSv. Chv AXpw Ch-cpsS hymJym-\{- ]-Imcw sXfnhmbn D-cn-p-hm km[y-a-.
iman-sbpw aZo-\-bp-sSbpw CS-bn-ep Zqc hyXymkw Afp-sImWvSv Hcn-epw N{s DZ-bh
- y-Xymkw Xocp-am-\n-p-hm
km[y-a-. im^n-Cu-aZvl_nse Xs B[p-\n-I-cmb Nne
]n-X-m Cu kXyw a\-n-em-n-bn-p-WvSv. N{s aXveAv
(D-Zb hyXym-kw) IWv sImWvSv am{Xta Xocp-am-\n-p-hm
km[n-p-I-bp-q-shv ]qo-I-cmb im^n-Cu-aZvl_nse
]n-X-m-cn Nne {]Jym-]n-p-Xp ImWmw (Xplv^: 3381,
anlmPv: 119, apn: 1422, \nlmb: 1156, aln: 250). hnZq-c-cmPyw, ASp cmPyw F ]cn-K-W-\-bpsS ASn-m-\-n
N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw Nne Fgp-Xn-bXpw AXns ASn-m\-n Ipssd-_ns lZo-kns\ hymJym-\n-Xpw Ahv ]nb
hnUvVn-a
- m-Wv. apl-Zv \_n(-kz)-bn \nv aX-ns {]iv\n C{]-Imcw Hcp hnUvVnw kw`-hn-p-sav Aen aWnIv^m\pw lnPvd In-nbpw ]d-bp-hm Ahv hnizmk
PoX _m[n-n-n-.
2. imav (kn-dn-b), aZo-\-bn \nv GI-tZiw 1000 (B-bncw) Intem ao AI-se-bmWv nXn-sN-p--Xv. N{s DZ-bn-ep hyXym-ks ]cn-K-Wn-p-sIm-WvSmWv C_v\p Amkv(-d) C{]-Imcw ]d--sXv hymJym-\n-p--h Hcp ev
amk-n-dhn IWvSm 1000 Intem ao Zqc-ns CS-bn Dhv am{Xta AXv \n_--am-hp-I-bp-q-shv ]d-bptam? Cu
Zqc-ns CS-bn Fm amkhpw N{s DZ-b-n cmPy Xn hyXym-k-ap-WvSm-Ip-sav hmZn- X\n AX-bm-Wv. Aen aWn-Iv^m-t\mSp Aamb hntcm-[-ap--h
am{Xta C{]-Imcw hmZn-p-I-bp-q. kpCuZn Atd-_y-bn 1000-n-e-[nIw Intem ao AI-se-bp e- DWvSv.
Fnpw Fp-sImWvSv AhnsS cWvSv Znh-k--fn-embn t\mpw
s]cp-mfpw Bcw-`n-p-n? Ah sNp-Xv lZo-kns\ [ncn--emtWm? Chn-Ss ke-^n-I Fp-sImWvSv AhnsS
cWvSv Znh-k--fn-embn t\mv Bcw-`n-p-hm D]-tZ-in-p-n67

. XnbXn amdp ev C{X In.-ao- Zqcw thW-sav \nba-ap-tWvSm. temIv Ingpw ]Sn-mdpw kabw amdpw. sXpw
hSpw kabw amdp-I-bn-. imapw aZo-\bpw GXmWvSv Htc
tcJmwi tcJ-bn-em-Wp--Xv.
3. Camw ium-\n(-d) Xs ss\ep HuXzm-dn Cu
lZokns\ ]n-tXmNnXw ZoL-ambn hymJym-\n-p-p-WvSv.
GsXmcp ]n-X\pw ]cn-]q-amb kwXr]vXn Cu hymJym\w
sImWvSv e`n-p--Xm-Wv. AXnse Hcp {][m\ adp-]Sn C{]-Imc-amWv: ""\_n(-kz) R-tfmSv In-Xv C{]-Im-c-amWv'' Fv
C_v\p Am-kv(-d) ]d--Xv. ""amkw IWvSm \n t\m\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw amkw IWvSm t\mv apdn-p-Ibpw sNp-I,
As-n apXv ]qn-bm-p-I'' F \nt-i-am-Wv. N{s
DZ-bs Zqcw t\mn hyXymkw In-W
- s
- a-X
-
- . AXns
ASn-m-\-n {]hn--W-sa-p-a-. ""amkw IWvSm
\n t\m-\p-jvTn-pI''..... F \_n-bpsS {]kvXm-h\
Hmtcm {]tZ-i
- p-Impw {]tXy-Ia
- m-bX
- m-sWv C_v\p Amkv(-d) kzbw Kth-jWw sNbvX-Xm-Wv. \_n-bpsS \nt-i-a
(ss\-ep HuXz: 4268)
G e d j e d N g H OGfEG L Y Mf gH j Ggh
hdG ~Y Y H ~SEG e XG OdG gG e gd ~H gG jDhQ hd Y H ~SEa
(QWhCG f) ed e gZ a G BGQ ~a ~H gG BGQ GPG fC
""amkw IWvSm \n t\m-\p-jvTn-p-I... F \_n(kz)-bpsS \ntiw Hcp {]tXyIw `mK-p--hsc am{Xambn
{]tXy-I-am--s-Sp-n-. ]t CXp apkvenwI-sfv ]d-bm
]p Fm-h-scbpw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cnv ]d--Xm-Wv. Hcp {]tZ-ip--h amkw IWvSm ap--hpw AXp _m[-I-am-sW-Xn\v Cu lZokv sXfnhv ]nSn--emWv _m[-I-am-hp-I-bn
F-Xn\v sXfnhv ]nSn-p--Xn-s\-m Ghpw hy-am-b-Xv.
ImcWw Xo-bmbpw Hcp {]tZ-i-p--h amkw IWvSm
apkvenwI-sfmw Xs AXns\ Zinp Ign-p. Atm
Zin--hv _m[-I-am-bXv Zin-m--hpw _m[-I-am-bno-cpp'' (ss\-ep HuXz: 4268)
4. Camw ium-\n(-d) Xs A-dmdn apfoA: F {Knepw Ipssd-_ns lZo-kn\v ]n-tXm-Nn-X-ambn adp-]Sn
68

\Ip-Xp ImWmw. Atlw ]d-bp {]k `mK--fn

Hcp `mKw ImWpI:
fC j~G .... SG fG Zh e ~Y jc j~H ~SG e ~SG eCGh
SY HG OGQCG H QbCG gG e gZ jDhH Gj CH geG dG CH SY HG j
~SEG CN Ggh G gG jDhQ jDhdH OGG G e X hj hG KdG cEH geG fG
(G QGQ~dG) gGe fK dP GbJ M Gh CG SdG bhG
""Ipssd-_n \nv Camw apkvenapw apw D-cn-p lZokns\ Nne sXfnhv ]nSn-p-Xv icn-b-. ImcWw Hcp \mn
amkw IWvS hnhcw ap--h Adn-m AXp AwKo-I-cn-phm ]mSn-sv \_n(-kz) ]d--Xmbn C_v\p Am-kv(-d)
hy-am-p-n-. Fm C_v\p Am-kv(-d) Dt-in-Xv apXv
]qn-bm-pI As-n amkw ImWpI F \_n-bpsS
I-\-sb-bm-Wv. CXp Hmtcm {]tZ-is Dt-in-mWv \_n
]d--sXv C_v\p Am-kv(-d) Duln-Xv am{X-am-Wv. CXv
sXfnhv ]nSn-p--Xn kw`-hn ]nghm-Wv. P\- Cu kXyw
a\-n-em-msX hnUvVn--nepw ]ng-hnepw ]Xn-p. As\
Fn]cw A`n-{]m-b--fn-tev Ah Cu {]iv\-n `nnp-t]mbn (A--dmdn AapfoA:1-143, 144)
5. {]kn lZokv ]n-X\
- mb Camw ss_l-Jn(-d) Ipssd_ns lZokv D-cn tijw Atlw Xs lZo-kns\
hymJym-\n-p-Xv ImWp-I. km[m-c-W-bmbn Atlw lZokv
D-cn-pI am{X-amWv sNm-dp--Xv. Fm ChnsS lnPvd
In-n-bpsS FXn-cm-fn-I-sf-tm-se-bp--h hnUvVn-n
hogm km[y-Xb
- p-X
- p-sImWvSv lZokv \nth-Z\w sNbvXt- ijw
Atlw Xs lZo-kns\ hyJym\n-p-p.
hG jDhd ~eG U dG G iNG b Y ihQ e OGQG SY HG j G jnh
OGfE jDhQ Y I~dG J M LQ IOH NBG ~H jDhQ ~Y j h I~dG J
(d idG dG) j a G GH jc
""C_v\p Am-kv(-d) C{]-Im-c-amWv \_n(-kz) R-tfmSv
In-Xv Fp]-dXns hnh At-l
- n \nv Xs
asmcp kw`-h-n D-cn--s lZo-kn-s\-p-dn-m-hm
km[y-X-bp-WvSv. \_n(-kz) ]dp: amkw ImW sImWvSv
As-n Fw ]qn-bm- sImWvSv Amlp klm-bn69

n-cn-p-p. cWvSv kmn-I aptJ\ asmcp \mn shv

amkw IWvSXv C_v\ p Am-k nsSpp nc- s- n- n- .
Ipssd_v am{X-amWv CXv At-l-tmSv ]d-bp--Xv. CXp-sImWvSmWv C_v\p Am-kv(-d) B hm kzoI-cn-m-Xn-cp-Xv''
(kp-\\
- p Ip_vdm en ss_lJn: hmfyw:4, t]Pv: 251) im^nCu
aZvl-_nse Xs {]kn ]n-X-\mWv Camw ss_l-Jn(-d).
6. l\^o-a-Zvl-_nse {]kn lZokv ]n-X-\mb Camw
skbveCu (a-cWw: ln:76 a) Xs {]kn lZokv {K-amb
\kzv_pdmb:bn Fgp-Xpp:-
G SY HG j G j aG dG MQ dG b d gG Y M g
jh ~MGdG b a j a GOdG jW jW Lh G GH jc OGfEd dP b
jh I~dG GcCa Y Z G dG Y dH GQYG dG SQ feG Gg db j G
fG e G a dG MU LCGh .fG G GH GNG L e ia db dP
g dh hCG dG Ab Lh G Gh f Hh ~Mh jc H hj
b ~Y ge Y AH gh d hCG GL g GG Ggh .fG j~G
(jGdG f) YG dGh eQ g ~MGdG
""Ipssd-_ns lZokv, `qan-bn Fhn-sS-sb-nepw amkw
IWv S m AXp ap- - h v A\n- h m- c y- a m- s W l\- ^ naZvl_ns A`n-{]m-b-n\v FXn-cm-sWv tXmpw. Fm
Camw ss_l-Jn(-d) Xs aAvcn_v F {K-n Cu lZokn\v C{]-Imcw adp-]Sn ]d-bpp: C_v\p Am-kv(-d) Cu
hmsb AwKo-I-cn-m-Xn-cp-Xv Ipssd_v GI-\mbn sImWvSv
CXv D-cn-X
- p-sIm-WvSm-Wv. kmn-Xz-ns m\v Atlw
CXns\ Ah-X-cn-n-p. kmn-Xz-n Hcm ]d-m kzoIcn--s-Sp-I-bn-. ]pdsa C{]-Im-c-amWv \_n(-kz) In--sX
At-l-ns {]kvXm-h\ kwi-bm-h--bn-em-bm \n
apXv ]qnbm-pI F \_n hN-\s Dt-in-p-sIm-WvSmWv. Cu lZo-kn \nv Hmtcm {]tZ-i-p-Impw {]tXyIw
amkw ImW-W-sa-Xv At-l-ns kzw Kth-j-W-am-Wv.
\_n(-kz) ]d--X-. CXn\pw km[y-X-bp-WvSv. XJo-lns
{K-Imhv Ipssd-_ns lZo-kn\v C{]-Imcw adp-]Sn ]dbpp: Ipssd-_ns am{Xw hmns\ ASn-m-\-amn R
t\mv apdn-p-I-bn FmWv C_v\p Am-kv(-d) ]d--Xv.
70

Cu A`n-{]m-ba
- mWv \mw ]d-bp-X
- v. \psS Xw Hcp cmPyv
amk-n-dhn DWvSm-bn. Cu hnhcw hnZq-c-cm-Pyv D-hv
]noSv a\-n-em-bm B t\mv Ah t\mv hot-WvSX
- ptWvSm
FXmWv . Ipssd- _ ns lZo- k n CXns\ kw_- nv
bmsXmpw {]kvXm-hn-p-n-. Cu adp-]Sn ss_l-Jns adp]-Sn-p--Xm-Wv. da-fm-\ns amk-n-dhn kzoI-cn-p-hm Hcm
aXn-bm-hp-I-bn F A`n-{]m-b-n-t Cu adp-]Sn \nn-s-Spp'' (\kzv_pdm: 2471) ss_l-Jn-bpsS Hcp {]kn
{K-amWv ""aAvcn^-Xp-\-nh-B-kmdn'' F-Xv. {]kvXpX
{K-nse A`n-{]m-b-amWv Camw skbveCu(-d) ChnsS Dcn-p--Xv.
7. Camw \h-hn(-d) D-cn-pp:-
HG j EG :f Gg a VQCG gG L Ve jDhdG J HUG H bh
(e T) ~MGH J a IOT fC jc H SY
""\psS Nne A\p-bm-bn-I ]d-bpp: Hcp ev
amkw IWvSm `qan-bnse k P\-pw AXp hym]-Iamb \nev _m[-I-am-Wv. CXmWv \mw ]d-bp--Xv. Xo-bmbpw
C_v\p Am-kv(-d) Ipssd-_ns hm kzoI-cn-m-Xn-cp-Xv
CXv kmn-Xz-am-b-Xp-sIm-WvSm-Wv. kmnXzw Hcm aqew ncs-Sp-I-bn'' (idlp-apkvenw: 4212). `qan-bn GsX-nepw
ev amk-n-dhn kw`-hn-m AXp `qan-bnse k P\pw _m[-I-am-sWv \psS Nne A\p-bm-bn-I ]d-np-sWvSv Camw \h-hn(-d) Xs ChnsS {]Jym-]n-p-p. CXpsImWvSv Dtiyw Aen-a-Wn-Iv^m\pw Iqp-Im-cp-am-sWv Ch
P]n- ptam? ImWpI F- X mWv Ch- s cmw ]d- b p- Xv
FmWv Nne A]-m-\n-I-fpsS Ah-km-\s \ymbo-I-cWw. Fm `qan-bn Fhn-sS-sb-nepw IWvS-Xmbn hnhcw
e`n-m AXns\ AwKo-I-cn-m--h-cmWv Cu tNmZyw D-bnp--Xv. ]cn-ip a-bnepw aZo-\-bnepw amkw IWvS-Xmbn
Ah {]Jym-]n-p-sImWvSv AhnsS t\mv A\p-jvTn-p-tm
ChnsS hb \ndsb `Ww Ignv Ccnphcpw Ah s]cpm BtLm-jn-p-tm ChnsS Ad^m t\mv t\mpIbpw sNp--h-cp-amWv Cu tNmZyw D-bn-p-Xv!! (hn-i-Zo-I71

cWw AXns A[ym-b-n)

8. {]kn ]n-X-cmb C_v\p-Jp-m-a(-d) (a-cWw: ln:
620) Fgp-Xpp:-
EGh H f fh ~Mh jc H hj fCG Y O Ea jc j~M eCa
(eG~b HE G) j~G g dh hCG dG Ab Lh G
""Ipssd-_ns lZokv Adn-bn-p-Xv Ah At-lns hmns\ am{Xw Ah-ew-_-am-n-smWvSv t\mv apdnn F-Xm-Wv. \mapw C{]-Imcw ]d-bp-p. X-hn-jbw
BZys Znh-ks t\mv Ah t\mv hontbm F-Xm-Wv.
lZo-kn CXns\ kw_-nv ]d-bp-n'' (apn: 35). Cu
]n-X-m-cpsS Imev `qan-bn Fhn-sS-sb-nepw N{-n-dhn
DWvSm-hp-Ibpw AXns ASn-m-\-n Ah t\mpw s]cpmfpw XpS-n-bXv B ka-bv Xs ap {]tZ-i-mv a\n-em-p-hm-\p-ap am[y-a- DWvSm-bn-cp-n-. Ipssd-_ns
lZo-kn \mw IWvS-Xp-t]mse At\Iw Znh-k-v tijam-bn-cnpw Cu hnhcw ap--h Adn-bp-I. CXp-sIm-WvSmWv
t\mv t\mv hop {]iv\w (J-fm-Cs {]iv\w) Ah ]d-bp-Xv. Cs imkv{Xo-b-amb IWpw Av DWvSm-bn-cp-n. Xm\pw Hcp amk-mew t\mv apdn-p-hm\pw Av t\cw
\a-kvI-cn-p-hm\pw IW-p-I Ah D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp-n-.
\psS \mn \a-kvI-cn-p-hm thWvSn IWv D]-tbm-Knp-Xv Xs GXm\pw hj-v apmWv XpS-n-b-Xv.
Gj CH geCG dG CH SY HG j fC jc j~H ~SG e ~SG eCGh
OGG G e X j hG KdG cEH geG fG SY HG OGQCG H QbCG gG e gZ jDhH
(j~dG VhdG) dGh G SdG bhG ~SEG CN Ggh G gG jDhQ jDhdH
9) ""Fm Ipssd-_ns lZo-kns\ (d-a-Zm/ shnbpw
i\n-bp-am-p-hm) sXfnhv ]nSn- (i-cn-b-) ImcWw Xobmbpw C_v\p A-mkv(d) \_n(-kz) Ah-tcmSv h `qJ-nepw amkw IWvSm ap `qJ---fn D-hv AXv
\n_--a-sv ]d--Xmbn hy-am-p-n-. Fm \_n(kz) C{]-Im-c-amWv R-tfmSv In--sXv C_v\p Amkv
]d--Xns Dtiyw apXv ]qn-bm-p-hm \_n(-kz)
In-Xn-s\-bm-Wv. As-n amk-n-dhn IWvSm \n
72

t\m-\p-jvTn-pI Fv \_n(-kz) ]dXv Hmtcm {]tZ-ip-Im-tcm-Sm-sWv Atlw sXn--cn--Xm-Wv. CXp sXfnhv

IsWvS-p--Xn kw`-hn-p ]ng-hm-Wv. P\-sf CXv AX-bn-epw ]ng-hnepw hogvn--f-p. (du-fp-Zn: 1331)
CXmWv hnj-b-ns ASn--d. ap-h imJm-]-c-amb
{]iv\--fm-Wv. Ah AwKo-I-cn-p-hm {]bm-k-ap--h Cu
ASn-d AwKo-I-cn-m Xs Ipsd-sbmw {]iv\w ]cn-l-cnp-hm km[n-p-X
- m-Wv. a-bnepw aZo-\b
- nepw t\mpw s]cpmfpw BIp Znh-k-sa-nepw tIc-f-n-ep--hv t\mpw
s]cp-mfpw BtLm-jn-p-hm km[n-p--Xm-Wv. (Jmfn-am-cpsSbpw lnem In-n-I-fp-sSbpw ]c-am-[n-Imcw Cm-Xm-Ip-sanepw) amkw Fhn-sSbpw IWvS-Xmbn hnhcw e`n-n Fv
]dv t\mpw s]cp-mfpw {]Jym-]n-p-tm tIc-f-n
am{X-ambn AXns\ ]cn-an-X-s-Sp-epw Cm-Xm-Ip--Xm-Wv.
""Fhn-sSbpw IWvSn-'' F-Xp-sImWvSv Ch Dt-in-p-Xv
Fm-sWv hy-amn Ch Cv ]nXp-Sp t]mcp
A\nkvemanI k{-Zm-bs \in-n-p-hm {K-c-N\ \Sp-I-bmWv thWvS-Xv. Aen-a-Wn-Iv^m F hynsb ISnp-Io-dp-hm-\-. Ipssd-_ns lZokv Chv Hcp \nepw sXfnhp-a-. AXp hnh-cn-p-sIm-WvSn-cn-p-I-bmWv \mw Ctm sNp-Xv.
SQ b a hCJ j G j U dG SQ feG Gg db :dG bh
(WdG) jDhd GhaGh jDhd GeU U dG
10) Xz{_cn(-d) ]d-bpp: ""Am-lp-hns ZqX RtfmSv C{]-Im-c-amWv ]d--sXv C_v\p Am-kv(-d) ]d-Xns Dtiyw, Atlw "\n amkw IWvSm t\m-\pjvTn-p-Ibpw apdn-p-Ibpw sNp-hn' F \_n-bpsS hN\s hymJym-\n--Xm-hm km[y-X-bpWvSv'' (JpXp_n: 2:292).
lZokv ]n-X-\mb lm^nfv C_v\p Ad-_n(-d) Xpap-Zn-bpsS
hymJym\ {K-n Fgp-Xp-p.
PMG VQY) ~MGH EG H j fC H dG J SY HG j G j fEa
(HdG HE
11) ""Ipssd-_ns {]kvXm-h\ sImWvSv C_v\p Am-kv(73

d) {]hn-m-Xn-cp-Xv Hcm am{X-ambn Cu h-am\w

At-l-tmSv ]d-Xm-hm km[y-X-bp-WvSv.'' (B-cn-fp
AlvhZn: 3211)
12. Camw knn(- d ) lZo- k ns\ hymJym- \ n- p- Xv
ImWpI:
~MGdG IOT f G feG fG H OGG G j U dG SQ feG Gg dbh
(Fd i~dG T) ~SEG ~j MEG GPEG ~SEG j a QaEG M
C{]-Im-ca
- mWv \_n(-kz) R-tfmSv I]n-s
- Xv C_v\p
Am-kv(-d) ]d-Xp t\mv apdn-p hnj-b-n Hcm-fpsS
kmnXzw kzoI-cn-p-hm ]mSn-sv \_n(-kz) R-tfmSv
I]n-n-p-sWvSv Dt-in-p-hm km[y-X-bp-WvSv. AXn-\m
Cu lZokv sXfnhv ]nSn-p-hm ]p-I-bn-. ImcWw km[y-XI DWvSm-bm sXfnhv ]nSn-p--Xns\ Cm-Xm-p--XmWv
(ilpmCu: 4132)
13. A_q-Zm-hq-Zns {]kn hymJym-\-{K-mb Hu\p
aAv_qZv F {K-n D-cn-p-p:
~MGdG IOT f G feG fG H OGG G j feG Gg db :OhOdG a bh
dG G EGh gZ jDhQ Y ~f J ~H gG jDhQ Y ~f H feG hG QaEG M
~SEG ~j MEG PEG ~SEG j a hCG G d G LJ
(OG Y)
^Xvlp hZp-Zo ]d-bpp: ""C{]-Im-c-amWv \_n(-kz)
R-tfmSv In-Xv F C_v\p Am-kns hmv t\mv
apdn-p hnj-b-n Hcm-fpsS kmnXzw kzoI-cn-m-Xn-cnp-hm(-kz) R-tfmSv In-n-p-sWvSv Dt-in-p-hm
km[y-X-bp-WvSv. As-n Hmtcm {Kmanse \nhm-kn-Ipw
{]tXyIw amkw ImWp-hm \_n(-kz) In-n-p-sWvSpw
asmcp {Kma-m-cpsS ImgvN-bpsS ta R Ah-ew-_n-tWvS-Xn-spw Dt-in-p-hm km[y-X-bp-WvSv. Cu cWvSm-as
km[y-Xb
- n-te-mWv {K-Im-cs A[ymbw Nmbp-X
- v. Fnepw
BZys Dt-iy-n\pw km[y-X-bp-WvSv. AXn-\m Hmtcm {]tZi-p-Impw {]tXyIw amkw ImW-W-sa--Xn\v Ipssd-_ns
Cu kw`hw sXfn-hn\v \ne-\np-n-. ImcWw km[y-X-I
sXfnhv ]nSn-p--Xns\ Ipg--n-em-pp (Hu-\p aAv_qZv:
74

6325)
14. Xpap-Zn-bpsS {]kn hymJym\ {K-amb Xplv^Xp
AlvhZnbnepw Ipssd-_ns lZo-kn\v Camw ium-\n(-d)-bpsS
hymJym\w D-cnv adp-]Sn \Ipp (Xplv^Xp AlvhZn:
hmfyw: 3, t]Pv: 379)
\mw C{Xbpw hniZo- I cn- X n \npw hnZq- c - c m- P yw,
ASp cmPyw F ]cn-K-W-\-bpsS ASn-m-\-n N{s
DZ-b-hy-Xymkw a\-n-em-p-hm km[n-p-sapap AX
Fgp-Xn-hn--hv t]mepw Ah-cpsS Adn-hn-mbva m]n-phm Ipssd-_ns lZokv Hcn-epw sXfn-h-sv t_m[y-ambn. Atm N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw Zqc-]-cn-[nsb ASn-m-\amn Xocp-am-\n-p-hm km[y-a-spw tKmf--imkv{XIWv
sImWvSp-Xs N{s amw Xocp-am-\n-p-tm Gjym `qJ-n apgp-h Nne-tm t\mpw s]cp-mfpw Htc Znhkw
hcp-sapw ]d-bp--hv N{-amkw \nbn-p-hm DZ-b-hyXymkw ]cn-KW
- n-W
- s
- av P]n-p-hm Ipssd-_ns lZokv
Hcp \nepw sXfn-hm-Ip-n-. s]mm-\n-bn Pohn-p
apkvenwIv s]mm-\n-bn amkw IWvSm AXns ASnm-\-n t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-mw. ap--hv
km[y-a-sv ]d-bp--hv am{X-amWv Cu lZokv sXfn-hmp ]w sXfn-hmbn D-cn-p-hm Ah-Im-i-ap-WvSm-hp-I.
Atm t\mnepw s]cp-m-fnepw sFIyw DWvSm-Ip-hm
N{s DZ-bh
- y-Xymkw ]cn-KW
- n-W
- s
- av ]dbp-h
- v Zpe-amb Hcp lZo-kns ]n_ew t]mepw D-cn-p-hm km[ya-. CXp Ch a\-n-em-n-bXpsIm-WvSmWv im^nCu aZvl_ns\ AwKo-I-cn--W-sav hfsc [oc-X-tbm-Sp-IqSn Fgp-Xn-hn-Xv. kp_vlv \a-kvIm-c-nepw hnXvdnepw Jp\qv HmXp-I, Xdmho-lv 23 dIv-Av \a-kvI-cn-p-I, PpapA: kzmlo-lm-Ip-hm 40
kztZ-in-I DWvSm-hp-I, XJo sNmp-I, `mcysb kv]inm hpfp apdn-bp-sav ]d-bp-I, ssI s\ns Xmsg sIp-I,
JpXp-_-bn hm FSp-p-I, Xe-mhv [cn- ]pWy-am-sWv
{]Jym-]n-pI apX-emb hnj-b
- f
- nepw Xw CmsX sFIyw
DWvSm-p-hm im^nCu aZvl-_ns\ AwKo-I-cn--W-sav
Chv ]d-bm-hp--Xm-Wv. Cu hnj-b--fn Chv Zp-e75

amb lZo-kp-I-fpsS ]n_-e-sanepw DWvSv.

Ch Fgp-Xpp: ""cWvSv: DZ-bm-kvX-ab hyXymkw ]cn-KWn--Ww. AXn-\m amkw IWvSm DZ-bm-kvX-ab hyXymkw
Cm \mSp- I v am{Xw AXv _m[- I - a m- W v . CXmWv
im^nCu aZv l _n ]d- b p- - X v . tIc- f - n `qcn- ] w
im^nCu aZvl_p-Im-cm-Wv. Ahsc ]cn-K-Wn-msX Ccw
hnj-b-n sFIyw km[y-a-... Ctmgpw Rm CXn Dd-p\npp'' (\yq aqWpw amk-n-d-hnbpw t]Pv: 113) Cu {]kvXmh-\sb sXfnhv ]nSnv kakvXbnse ]n-X-mv Ckvemln
{]m-\s XIp-hm km[n-p-X
- m-Wv. Zp-ea
- mb lZokns ]n_ew t]mep-an-m hnj-b-n im^nCu aZvl_ns\ sFIy-n\v thWvSn AwKo-I-cn--W-sav \n ]dbpp. Ctm sFIy-n-\p-thWvSn Zp-eamb lZo-kp-If
- psS
]n_- e - s a- nepw D hnj- b - - f n Fnepw \nv
im^nCu aZvl_ns\ sFIy-n\v thWvSn AwKo-I-cn-p-IqtS?
C{]-Imcw Ahv tNmZn-mw. Xm IWv D]-tbm-Kn-mw.
sImm D]-tbm-Kn-p-hm ]mSn F \n-fpsS XXzw
GsXmw apkvenbm--m-cmWv AwKo-I-cn-pI? AwKo-I-cn-psa-n N{ kqcy\p aps AkvX-an Znhkw Iq-cn
amk-n-dhn Zin--Xmbn Hcm kmn \n-Xns ASn-m-\n tIc- f - n t\m- \ p- j v T n- p- h m Fs\ Ah
Inpw?
Note:-(N{ \nco--W-n kqva-m-\n-bmb C_v\p
Am-kv(-d) imanse da-Zm XpSw AwKo-I-cn-p-n-. aZo-\bnse Xocp-am\w icn-bmb Znh-k-n-em-sWpw C\n 29-mw \p
]ndhn At\z-jn-p-sapw Cs-n 30 ]qn-bm-p-sapw
CXmWv \_n(-k)-bpsS Iev]-\-sb-p-amWv Atlw ]d-bp-Xv. AXn-\m Ipssd_ns\ sImWvSv 31-mw Znhkhpw t\ms-Spn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Zqc-amWv {]iv\-sa-n Ipssd-_ns\
tNmZyw sNt-WvSp Bhiyw Xs-bn-. iman t\mv XpSn-bXv t\c-s-bm-sWv t_m[y-ap--Xn-\m Ipssd-_ns\
Xncp-p-I-bmWp sNbvX-Xv FUn-)

76

12. \mev; aZvl_ns Cam-ap-Ifpw

N{-amk \n-bhpw
tNmZyw: 13
N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw ]cn-K-Wn-p-sIm-WvSm-bn-cn-Ww
N{-amk \nbw \S-t-WvS-sXpw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw
BN-cn-t-WvS-sXpw aZvl-_ns Cam-ap-I-fn Bsc-nepw
{]kv X m- h n- n- ptWv S m? `qan- b n Fhn- s Ssbnepw amkw
IWv S m AXns\ ASn- m- \ - a mn `qan- b n- e p- - h - s cmw
t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-W
- s
- av Aen-aW
- n-Iv^m\pw lnPvd
In-nbpw ]d-bp A`n-{]mbw aZvl-_ns Cam-ap-I-fn Bscnepw {]I-Sn-n-n-ptWvSm?
Dcw
N{s DZb hyXymkw ]cn-K-Wn-p-sIm-WvSm-bn-cn-Ww
N{-amk \nbw \S-t-WvS-sXpw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw
BN-cn-t-WvS-sXpw \mev aZvl_ns Cam-ap-I-fn Hcm
t]mepw ]d-bp-n-. `qan-bn Fhn-sS-sb-nepw amkw IWvSm
B hnhcw e`n-p--h-scmw AXns\ ASn-m-\-amn N{s
DZ-b-hy-Xym-ks ]cn-K-Wn-sX t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BNcn--W-sapw \mev aZvl-_ns Cam-ap-Ifpw {]Jym-]n-p-p.
Cu kXy-samw aX-]-n-X-m tKm]y-amn shp-I-bmWv
sNbvX-Xv. Aen-a-Wn-Iv^m\pw lnPvd In-nbpw cwK-p-h-Xp
ImcWw Cu kXyw km[m-c-W-m t]mepw {Klnp XpS-n.
Amlp \nt-in ka-b
- p-Xs Ipdv hyn-Is-nepw
t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-p-hm ku`mKyw e`n-p. Jmfn77

am-cp-sSbpw lnem In-n-I-fp-sSbpw Xocp-am\w Dd--sam-gnv

Imn-cn-p ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-amb Ah--bn \nv c-sSm Nnes-nepw km[n-p. CXp-Im-cWw X-fpsS {]kn
\jvS-s-Sptam F `bw Nnesc kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw ]nSn-Iq-Sn.
AXn-\m hndfn]n-Snv Cu kXys \in-np-hm "\yq aqWpambn' HmSp-I-bmWv Nne. \yqaq \n Xn--f-bp-I.
Fm \mev aZvl_ns Cam-ap-IfpsSbpw ]cn-ip JpBsbpw \_n-N-cy-bp-sSbpw kzlm-_n-h-cy-m-cpsS Ncy-bpsSbpw _pn-bp-sSbpw sXfn-hp-I ASn-m-\-amn Ah {]ISn-n Xmsg hnh-cn-p CkvemanI A\p-jvTm\ I-tfbpw temI apkvenw sFIy-sbpw \in-nv If-bp-hm icoc-n Poh-\p Imew hsc R A\p-h-Zn-p-I-bn-sv
{]Jym-]n-p-p. Bscmw Dsm-m Xm-dm-Ip-sav
IWv Iqn-b kXyw Ah-X-cn-n-tWvSXv.
1. Camw \h-hn(-d) Xs D-cn-pp:
fh ge J fcP ~b gZ hO ~H gG dG iCGQ GPG a AdG gGe (a)
dG Yh jDhdG ~H gG Z j fG jgGQ H SGh Sh SdGh eY Y QG HG
T) M HGh de j dGh ~G bG YG h b G j ~MGh adGh
(G
Hcp \mp-Im amkw IWvSp. ap--h IWvSn-. Fn
AhnsS aX-]-n-X-m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-sav? \psS (im^nCu) aZvl-_ns hni-Zo-I-cWw \mw \In--gnp. CIv-cn-a,
Jmknw, kmenw, CkvlmJv_v\p dml-sshln Fn-h-cpsS A`n{]mbw C_v\p apZn D-cn-n-p-WvSv. AXmbXv amkw IWvS
\mp-Imv am{X-amWv \n_--am-hp-I. ap--hv \n_-a-. ]s Camw-sse-kv, Camw im^n-Cu(-d) Camw AlaZv_v\p l Fn-h-cpsS A`n-{]mbw Hcn-Sv IWvSm
Fm-hpw t\mv _m[-I-am-hp-sa-m-Wv. C_v\p apZn(-d)
]d-bpp: Camw amen-In-sbpw A_q-l-\o-^-bp-sSbpw A`n-{]mbhpw CXp-X-s-bm-sW-mWv Fs Adnhv (ilp apl_v: hmfyw:6, t]Pv: 274 hcn 17 apX) Alvepp--n-h
Pam-A-ns Camav Fv hniz-kn--s-Sp ]nX\mWv
C_v\p apZn(-d). `qan-bn Fhn-sS-sb-nepw amk-n-dhn DWvSmbm AXns\ ASnm\amn sImWvSv N{s DZ-b-hy78

Xymkw ]cn-K-Wn-msX `qan-bn-ep--h-scmw t\mpw s]cpmfpw BN-cn--W-sa-mWv Camw im^n-Cu(-d) DssS \mev
aZvl_ns Cam-ap-Ifpw ]d-bp--sX-mWv Atlw ChnsS
{]Jym-]n-p--Xv. Al-ep lZo-kns Camav F t]cn
Adn-b-s-Sp hyn-bmWv Camw Al-a-Zv(-d). At-l-ns
A`n-{]m-bhpw CXp-X-s-bm-Wv.
2. lnPvd 914- ac-W-s Al-aZv_\p blvbm(-d) F
]n-X Fgp-Xnb A--an-Avbm F {K-n Fgp-Xpp.
bG YG h ~MGh adGh dG b gh N cQOG e L j fG b bh
(j H ~MC G QG) dGh ~G
Hcp ev amk-n-dhn Zin--s-m B hnhcw e`np--hv Fmw Xs AXv _m[-I-am-sWv Hcp hn`mKw
]d-bp-p. Cu A`n-{]m-b-amWv Camw ssekv, Camw im^n-Cu,
Camw Al--Zv Fn-h {]I-Sn-n-p--Xv. Cu A`n-{]mbamWv
Camw amen-n-sbpw Camw A_q-l-\o-^-bp-sSbpw A`n-{]m-bambn Rm a\-n-em-p--Xpw(-A anAvbm, 1416)
C_v\p apZn(-d) ]d-bpp: `qcn-]w I imkv{X
]n-X-m ]d-bpp:- P\--fpsS h-am\w sImWvSv Hcp
P\X amkw IWvS-Xmbn nco-I-cn-p-Ibpw AXn-\p-tijw
asmcp P\X AXv a\-n-em-n-bm Ah apdn t\mv Ah
t\mv ho-Ww. C{]-Imcw Camw amen-Iv, Camw im^n-Cu, Camw
Al-a-Zv, Camw A_q-l-\o-^(-d) apX-em-b-h ]d-bpp. (id-lpp-, Camw _Kvhn
3. lnPvd: 388- ac-Ws
- Camw JXzm-_n(-d) F {]kn
]n-X Fgp-Xpp:
b BGQ ~b G~dG e ~H gG G SdG H K GPG AdG cG b :QG HG b
dG e dG MQ CGdG UGh ~MGh adGh de b gh GhaG e Ab a
OhGO HG T
C_v\p apZn(-d) ]dp: cmPy--fns GsX-nepw
Hcp cmPyv P\--fpsS h-am\w sImWvSv Ah amkw
IWvSp-shv Hcp P\-Xv apmbn nc-s-m ap--h
Ahv \jvS-s t\mv t\mv hot-WvS-Xm-Wv. C{]-Imcw
`qcn-]w I-imkv{X ]n-X
- m ]d-bp-p. CXp-Xs
- -bmWv
l\^n-bm--fp-sSbpw Camw amen-n-sbpw A`n-{]m-bw. Camw
79

im^n-Cubpw Camw Al-aZpw Cu A`n-{]mbw {]I-Sn-n-p-p

(apB-e-ap--^ idlv A_o Zmhq-Zv) `qan-bn Fhn-sS-sb-nepw
amkw IWvSm Cu Zi\w `qan-bn D-hsmw Zqc-]-cn[ntbm N{s DZ-b-hy-Xym-ktam ]cn-K-Wn-msX _m[-I-amsWpw Cu ImgvNsb ASn-m-\-am-n-bm-bn-cn-Ww `qan-bnep-h
- s
- cmw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-t-WvSs
- Xpw Camw
im^n-Cu(-d) DssS \mev aZvl-_ns Cam-ap-Ifpw A`n-{]mb-s-Sp-p. Camw im^n-Cu(-d)-bpsS A`n-{]mbw B[n-Im-cn-Iambn D-cn-p-hm Ah-Im-i-ap ]n-X-m-scmw Camw
im^n-C-u(-d)-bpsS A`n-{]mbw CXm-sWv hy-am-p-Ibpw
sNp-p. Camw im^n-Cu(-d)v Cm A`n-{]mbw ]nmev Nne ]n-X-m {]I-Sn-n-Xv im^n-Cu(-d) aZvl_mbn
Nne ]cn-K-Wn--Xm-Wv. ]cn-ip Jp-B-stbm Zp-e-amb
Hcp lZo-kn-stbm `qcn-]w ]n-X-m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-nstbm Camw im^n-Cu(-d)-bp-sStbm ap aZvl_ns Cam-apI-fp-sStbm A`n-{]m-b-ns ]n_-e-an-m Hcp A`n-{]mbs N{-am-k
- ns \n-b
- n sFIy-n-\p-thWvSn ]cnK-Wn--W-sa-m-Wv Ch ]d-bp--Xv. Ch Fgp-Xpp:- ""cWvSv:
DZ-bm-kvX-ab hyXymkw ]cn-K-Wn--Ww. AXn-\m amkw
IWvSm DZbmkvX-ab hyXymkw Cm \mSp-Iv am{Xw
AXv _m[-I-am-Wv. CXmWv im^o aZvl-_n ]d-bp--Xv. tIcf-n `qcn-]w im^nCu aZvl-_p-Im-cm-Wv. Ahsc ]cn-KWn-msX Ccw hnj-b-n sFIyw km[y-a-. Atm
tKmf-im-kv{X-sbpw ico-Av \nK-a-\--sfbpw Hn-n-m
\apv km[n-p-p. CXm-W-Xns {]tXy-IX'' (\yq aqWpw amkn-d-hn-bpw, t]Pv: 113) sXfn-hns bmsXmcp ]n_-e-hp-an-m
Hc-`n-{]mbw ico-Av \nb-a-am-sW-mWv Ch ChnsS {]Jym]n-p-Xv! \thm-m\ {]m-\s FXn-cm-fn-Iv J_-dSw sNp-hm km[n-p Hcp cmkm-bp-[-amWv \yqaq-Wns
]nn Ch ASw sNbvXn-p--Xv. \thm-m\ {]m-\hpw
bmYm-n-XnI hn`m-Khpw Xn Cv X-n-ep an
{]iv\--fnepw Zp-e-amb lZo-kp-I-fp-sS ]n_ew ImWmw.
Ccw `n-X-I Cm-sX-bmn sFIyw m]n-p-hm
ChnsS im^nCu aZvl_v AwKo-I-cn--W-sav \thm-m\
{]m-\
- ns FXn-cm-fn-Iv Cu ]pkvXIw FSp-p-Im-Wnv
m]n-p-hm km[n-p--Xm-Wv.
ImcWw N{-amk \nbw \S-p-Xv N{s DZb
80

hyXym-ks ]cn-K-Wnv sImWvSm-bn-cn-Ww F-Xn\v kzlolmb lZo-kns ]n_-e-an-. Zp-e-amb lZo-kns ]n_e-hp-an-. Camw im^n-Cu(-d)-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-ns ]n_-e-an. ap aZvl-_ns Cam-ap-I-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-n-sbpw ]n_e-an-. `qcn-]w ]n-X-m-cp-sS A`n-{]m-b-n-sbpw ]n_e-an-. DZ-b-hy-Xymkw ]cn-K-Wn-m Xs Nne-tm Gjy
apgp-h\pw Htc Znhkw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-m km[np-sav Ch Xs ]d-bp-p. Zqc-]-cn[n t\mn N{s DZb
hyXymkw Xocp-am-\n-p-hm km[y-a-spw tKmf-imkv{X
IWv sImWvSp-am-{Xta CXn\v km[y-am-hp-Ib
- pq Fpw Ch
{]Jym-]n-p-p. Atm Ipssd-_ns lZokv Chv Hcnepw sXfn-hm-Ip-n-.
"amkw Fhn-sSbpw IWvSn' Fv {]Jym-]nv Jmfn-amcpw
lnem In-nbpw Chcpw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw {]Jym-]n-ptm DZb hyXymkw ]cn-K-Wn-m Xs Gjy apgp-h
Htc DZ-b-n hcp-sa Ch-cpsS Xs Xocp-am-\s ]cn-KWn-m-dn-. a-bnepw aZo-\-bnepw K^v \mSp-I-fnepw tIc-fnepw Htc DZ-b-am-hp-Ibpw a-bnepw aZo-\-bnepw t\mpw
s]cp-mfpw amkw IWvS-Xns ASn-m-\-n Xs {]Jym]n-p-Ibpw sNbvXmepw Ch AXns\ AwKo-I-cn-m-dn-.
As\ s]cp-m Znhkw apkvenwIsf sImWvSp t\m-\pjvTn-n--Xn\pw ]cn-ip da-fm amks iAv_m amk-ambn
{]Jym-]nv `Ww Xon--Xn\pw F{X sXfn-hp-I Bh-iys-mepw D-cn-p-hm km[n-p--Xm-Wv. kqcym-kvX-a-b-n\v
tijw Hcp an\np As-n cWvSp an\np am{X-amWv N{
D-sX-n _me-N-{s\ ImWpI km[y-a-sv AwKo-I-cn
Ch Ie-WvS-dp-I-fn amk-am--ambn AXns\ AwKo-I-cn-m-dn. Htc DZ-b-n hcp e--fn CXnepw IqSp-X N{
N{I-hm-f-n DsWvS-n AXn\v Ch ]cn-K-W\ \Im-dpan-. AhnS-fn amkw IWvS-Xns\ AwKo-I-cn-m-dn-.
"amk-ndhn Fhn-sSbpw IWvS hnhcw e`n-n' Fv
]dp Ch t\mpw s]cp-mfpw {]Jym-]n-p-tm Gjysb-p-dnv Nnn-m-dn-. sImp tIcfw am{X-amWv `qtemIw
F \ne-mWv Ch-cpsS Xocp-am-\w. Chv tcmKw _m[nv
NnIn tXSp k`--fn am{X-amWv tIc-f-n\v Apdpw cmPy- DsWvS t_m[w DZn-m-dp--Xv. Hmtcm {]tZi-p-Impw {]tXyIw {]tXy-I-ambn amk-n-dhn Zin--Wsa A`n-{]mbw Ch kzoI-cn-p--]w s]mm-\n-bntem
81

ImmSv ISo-ctm amk-n-dhn IWvSm tIc-f-n apgph AXns\ ASn-m-\-amn t\mpw s]cp-mfpw {]Jym-]np-hm km[y-a
- . Htc DZ-b
- n hcp cmPy-f
- n IWvSm
aXn F A`n-{]m-bs kzoI-cn-m tIc-f-nse ImgvNsb
am{Xw Ah-ew-_n-p-hm km[y-a-. ]utcm-ln-Xyhpw kwLS\m Xm]-cyhpw kwc-n-p-hm thWvSn N{-amk amw Xocpam- \ n- p- h m Cv Ch XpSp- h - c p k{- Z m- b - n\v
bmsXmcp ASn-m-\-hp-an-. Hcp ]n-X {]I-Sn-n A`n{]m-b-ns ]n_ew t]mep-an-. N{-amkw \n-bn-p-hm
N{s DZ-bh
- y-Xymkw ]cn-KW
- n-t-WvSX
- ptWvSm Ctbm? FXmWv ASn-m\ {]iv\w. tIc-f-n `qcn-]w im^nCu
aZvl-_p-Im-cm-b-Xn-\m DZ-b-hy-Xym-ks ]cn-K-Wn-p-sIm-WvSmbn-cn-Ww N{-amkw \n-bn-t-WvSs
- Xpw CXmWv Ckvemw
icn-Ap \nb-a-sapw Ch FgpXn hnSpp (t]Pv: 113)
t\mnepw s]cp-m-fnepw sFIyw m]n-t-WvSXp C{]-Im-cam-sWpw ]cn-lm-c-am-ambn Ch \nt-in-pp! Atm
sImn-bnepw Xncp-h-\--]p-cpw a-bnepw aZo-\-bnepw Gjybnepw D-h s]cp-m BtLm-jn-p-tm tImgn-tmSv
D-h t\m-\p-jvTn-Ww. Ahv Av da-fm amkambncnpw. hm Hcp sFIyw Xs!.
4. C_v\p dpjvZv(-d) Fgp-Xpp:
dG GhCGQ NBG ~H gG G ~H gG ~Y K GPG fG Y GhhQ jGh SdG Ea de eCa
(j~G jG~H) ~MGh adG b Hh gZ eUh haG dG dG dP Ab Y EG
Xo-bmbpw Jmkn-apw(-d) CuPn-]vXnse ]n-X-mcpw
Camw amen-n \npw \nth-Z\w sNp-Xv Hcp {]tZ-i-pIm-cpsS ASpv Ahv apmbn amkw IWvSn-p-sWvSv ncs-m Ah Dt]-n t\mv t\mv ho \n_--am-Wv.
ap--h Ahv apv t\mp-Ibpw sNbvXm C{]-Imcw
Xs-bmWv Camw im^n-Cubpw Camw Al-aZpw ]d-bp-Xv
(_n-Zmb: 1149)
5. aZvl-_p-I hnh-cn-p {]kn {K-amb dlvaXp
D: F {K-n hnh-cn-pp:
f~dG gG FS Y dG j fEa Ta jDhQ ~H dG DhQ fCG Y GJGh
(eCG MQ)
Hcp tZi-m ]cs amk-n-dhn IWvSm `q\n-hm-knIm-I-am\w t\mv \n_--am-Ip-sa--Xn apkvenw ]nX-m GtIm-]n-n-cn-pp (dlvaXp D, t]Pv: 118)
82

13. l\^o aZvl_pw

N{s DZ-b-hy-Xym-khpw
tNmZyw 14:
l\^o aZvl-_n N{s amk-amw Xocp-am-\n-p-hm
N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw ]cn-K-Wn--W-sav ]d-bp-ptWvSm?
Dcw
Hcn--ep-an-, Hm-as aZvl-_mbn Adn-b-s-Sp-Xv
l\^o aZvl-_m-Wv. Camw A_q-l-\o^ (ln: 80-150-)bntev
Cu aZvl_v tN-s-Sp--Xv. apkvenwI-fn `qcn-`mKw Cu aZvl_n-emWv \ne-\np--Xv. `qan-bn Fhn-sS-sb-nepw amk-ndhn DWvSm-bm Bsmw hnhcw e`n-pthm Ah-scmw
N{s DZ-bh
- y-Xymkw ]cn-KW
- n-msX AXw-Ko-Ic
- nv N{-amkw
IW-mn t\mpw s]cp-mfpw A\p-jvTn- \n_--amsWv Camw A_q-l-\o^ A`n-{]m-b-s-Xv \mw D-cn-p.
1. aZvl-_p-I-fpsS hyXy-kvX-amb A`n-{]m-b- {Kln-phm {][m-\-ambpw Ah-ew-_n--s-Sp aZm-ln-_p A_A:
F InXm-_n Fgp-Xpp:
NH IY h QbCG FS Y dG Lh QbCG e H dG jDhQ K GPEG
(HQCG gGG) adG dNh FCG e KK ~Y e dG e
""GsX-nepw Hcp taJ-e-bn amkw IWvSm asm
`qJ---fn-ep--hpw t\mv \n_--am-bn. aXzveAv (N{s DZ-bw) hyXymkw ]cn-K-Wn--s-Sp-I-bn-. \ncp-]m-[n-Iam-bnv Xs aqv Cam-ap-I-fp-sSbpw ASpv CXmWv aX-hn-[n.
83

im^nCu aZvl_p-Im `nn-n-cn-p-p-shv am{Xw'' (a-Zm-ln_p A_A: hmfyw 1 t]Pv: 550)

2. l\^o aZvl_nse {]kn {Kamb ^Xmhm BewKo-cnb: F InXm-_n Fgp-Xpp:
(dG ihdG) jGhdG gX dG NE IY
""N{s DZ-b-hy-Xym-k-v bmsXmcp ]cn-K-W-\-bp-an. A_q- l - \ o- ^ - b n \np \nth- Z - \ - ns _mlyw
CXmWv'' (^Xmhm Bew-Io-cn: hmfyw 1 t]Pv: 198) l\^o
aZvl_nse asmcp {]kn {Kamb ^Xmhm JmfoJm\n
]dbpp:-
a jDhd ej jYh J iNG I~H gGh jDhd ej KK I~H gG U dh
(Vb iha) jGhdG gX dG NEIY h j Ab
""Hcp {]tZ-is Bfp-I Ah amkw IWvS-Xns ASnm-\-n apXv t\m-\p-jvTn-p. asmcp {]tZ-is BfpI Ah amkw IWvS-Xns ASn-m-\-n Ccp-]-n-sbmXp t\mpw A\p-jvTn-p. Fn 29 t\m-\p-jvTn--h Hcp
t\mv t\mv ho \n_-am-Wv. N{s DZ-b-n-ep
hyXymkw ]cn-K-Wn--s-Sp--X-. \nth-Z-\-ns {]I-S-amb
cq]w CXmWv.'' (^-Xmhm Jmfo-Jm: 1198). `qan-bn BZyambn DZn-p \hN-{ Fm-hpw _m[-I-am-sWpw
N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw ChnsS ]cn-K-Wn--s-Sp-I-bn-spw
Cu aX-hn[n hy-am-p-p. Am-]
- w t\mv ho \n_tam kptm Bhp-I-bn-. {]XypX da-fm Am--Xns\
da-fm Bbn ]cn-K-Wn--Xn-\m \njn--am-hp-I-bmWv sNp-I.
3. Camw JpXp-_n(-d) D-cn-p-Xv {]tXyIw {in-p-I.
GPG fCG Y M HG UG gGh :d BGdG MG c dG cP :b
jYh J GeU jdG Y G ej jYh J ~H gGh jDhd ej KK ~H gG U
J GRj G~dG dG fc GPG dP hj adG MGh j Ab ej
I~dG G ~H gG jDhH Kh (185 IdG .I~dG Gdh) J db M HG UG Mh
(WdG J) dcEG ADg Y La KK
""Rm ]d-bpp: Xz_vcn Xs AlvImap Jp-B
F {K-n ]d-bpp: A_q-l-\o-^-bpsS A\p-bm-bn-I
Xmsg ]d-bp {]iv\-n GtIm-]n-n-cn-p-p. Hcp {]tZ84

is Bfp-I Ah amkw IWvS-Xns ASn-m-\-n

Ccp-]n HXv Znhkw t\m-\p-jvTn-p-p. asmcp {]tZ-im Ah IWvS-X-\p-k-cnv apXv t\ms-Sp-p. Fm 29
Znhkw t\m-\p-jvTn--h Hcp Znh-ks t\mv t\mv ho
\n_--am-Wv. Fm im^n-bm- C{]-Imcw A`n-{]m-bs-Sp-n-. N{s DZbw hyXym-k-s-Sp--Xn-\m Camw A_ql-\o-^(-d)-bpsS A\p-bm-bn-I sXfnhv ]nSn-p-Xv Am-lphns hN-\-amWv (\n- Fs ]qn-bm-p-hn A_Jd: 185) Hcp {]tZ-is Bfp-I Ah amkw IWvS-Xn-\m
da-fm 30 Znh-k-ap-sWvSv nc-s-p. AXn-\m Chpw 30
]qn-bm- A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. (X-^vko JpXp_n: hmfyw:
2, t]Pv : 295). N{s DZb hyXym- k s ]cn- K - W n-
Ckvemans ASn-m\ XXz-am-sW-n l\-^n-bm-Iv C{]Imcw aX-hn[n ]d-bp-hm km[y-a-. temI apkvenw P\-X-bn
IqSp-X Bfp-I l\-^n-bm--fm-Wv.
4. l\^o aZvl-_nse {]kn {K-amb ^X-lp JZodns idln ]d-bp-p.
gG gX G gG jDhH G gG a SdG FS d e K GPEGh
(j~G a T)
""Hcp ]-W-n amk-n-dhn nc-s-m ap a\pjyv AXp \n_--am-Wv, AXn-\m ]Sn-mdv `mK-p
\mp-Im amk-n-dhn Zin-m Ing-p \mp-Imv AXv
kzoI-cn- A\n-hm-cy-amWv'' (idlp ^Xp-lp JZo: 2314).
tijw Cu A`n-{]m-bs \_n-Ncy D-cnv nc-s-Sp-pIbpw sNp-Xp ImWmw. l\^o aZvl-_nse {]kn {Kamb dp aplvXm Ae Zpdn apJvXm F {K-n
Fgp-Xpp:
QG Q~dG Y QG OQ) dG a j dG I~dG a G (dG NG QYG ~H)
(j~dG AY ~
""N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw ]cn-K-Wn- C. Atm
amkw ImWm {]tZ-i-p-Impw A\n-hm-cy-ambn'' (d-p
apJvXm: hmfyw: 2, t]Pv: 119)

85

14. ameno aZvl_pw

N{s DZb hyXym-khpw
tNmZyw 15
1. ameno aZvl_
- n DZ-bh
- y-Xymkw ]cn-KW
- n-s
- -Sp-ptWvSm?
`qan-bn BZy-ambn Zin--s-Sp \h-N-{s\ ]cn-K-Wn-p-sImWvSm-bn-cn-Ww `qan-bn-ep--h-scmw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BNcn- t - W v S - s Xpw N{- a mkw \n- b n- p- t m N{s
DZbhyXymkw ]cn-K-Wn-p-hm ]mSn-spw Camw amen-v(d) DssS \mev aZvl-_ns Cam-ap-Ifpw {]Jym-]n-Xv \mw
hnh-cn-p-Ibpw nc-s-Sp-pIbpw sNbvXp. (ilp apl_v: 6274, anAvbm: 1416, ilp-p: 6245, apB-en-ap-p:
284, _nZmb: 1149, dlvaXp D: 118) lnPvd: 93- P\nv
lnPvd: 179- Camw amenIv ac-W-s-p.
e jdG H a QbCG FS Y dG Lh QbCG e H dG jDhQ K GPG
c) adG e NH IY h d Le jW e H GPG ~dGh dG L
(HQCG gGG Y dG
""`qJ---fns] GsX-nepw `qJ--n amk-ndhn nc-s-m Fm `qJ---fn \nh-kn-p--hpw
t\mv \n_--am-bn. nc-s-Sp--Xn ASp cmPyw hnZqc-cmPyw F hyXym-k-an-. t\mv A\n-hm-cy-am-Ip hgn-I-fneqsS Ahv hnhcw e`n-m N{s DZ-b-n-ep hyXymk-n\v bmsXmcp ]cn-K-W-\-bp-an-. Cu A`n-{]m-b-amWv aqv
Cam-ap-I \ncp-]m-[n-I-amb \nev Xs ]d-bp--Xv. im^n-bm CXn\v FXn-cmWv'' (a-Zm-ln-_p A_A: 1550)
86

2. Camw ium-\n(-d) Fgp-Xpp:

(QWhCG f) dG dEG gP e g
""`qan-bn GsX-n-ep-sam-cn-Sv \h-N-{ DWvSm-bm
AXp temI-m-I-am\w _m[-I-amWv F A`n-{]m-b-amWv amenIn-m-p-Xv'' (ss\-ep HuXz: 4:269)
3. Camw kzm_q\n Xs X^vkodp Bbm-n AlvIman
]d-bpp:
Lh ~H gG dG iCGQ GPGh dG NH IY fG EG HGh dGh G gP
eCG Y N gh jDhd GhaGh jDhd GeU U dd OdG H Y dG
(MCG jBG J) L d jDhQ dP c e CG e BGQ a
""l\-^n-I, amen-n-I, l-en-I Ch-scmw ]d-bpXv CJvXnem^p aXveCv (N-{s DZb hyXym-kw)
bmsXmcp ]cn-K-W-\bpw Cs-m-Wv. Atm Hcp \mp-Im
amkw IWvSm Fm \mp-Impw t\mv \n_--am-bn.
ImcWw amkw IWvSm t\m-\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw t\mv Ahkm-\n-n-p-Ibpw sNp-hn F \_n(-kz)-bpsS \ntiw
apkvenw kap-Zm-bt- m-Sm-Ia
- m-\a
- m-Wv. Atm Ahcn-em-sc-nepw
amkw IWvSp Ign-m AXp GXp e-m-hs B ImgvN
apkvenw kap-Zm-b-n-\m-I-am\w _m[-I-amWv'' (X-^vko-dp Bbmn AlvIman)
Camw kzm_q\n ameno aZvl-_p-Im-c-\p-am-Wv.
4. C_v\p lP-dn AkvJem-\n(-d) Fgp-Xpp:
(QdG a) dG ~Y QG gh c OdG gG d I~H iCGQ GPEG
Hcp {]tZ-iv amk-n-dhn IWvSm k-{]-tZ-is
Bfp-Ipw AXp \n_-a
- mbn F A`n-{]m-ba
- mWv ameno
aZvl_n Ghpw {]kn--am-bn-p-Xv (^-Xp-lp _mcn: 5601)

87

15. im^nCu aZvl_pw

N{s DZ-b-hy-Xym-khpw
tNmZyw
t\mpw s]cp-mfpw A\p-jvTn-m N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymks ]cn-K-Wn--W-sav Camw im^n-Cu(-d) A`n-{]m-b-sSp-p-tWvSm? Cu hnj-b-n FmWv im^nCu aZvl_v?
tIc-f-nse im^n-bm- Htc DZ-b-nh-cp cmPy-sf
]cn-K-Wn-p-sIm-WvSmtWm t\mpw s]cp-mfpw {]Jym-]n-mdp--Xv.
Dcw:
`qan-bn Fhn-sS-sb-nepw amkw IWvSm B hnhcw
e`n-p `qan-bn-se- k a\p-jy-mcpw N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw
]cn-K-Wn-msX t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn--W-sa-mWv
Camw im^n-Cu(-d) {]kvXm-hn-n-p--sXv C_v\p apZn(-d),
Camw \h-hn(-d), Camw _Kvhn, Camw JXzm_n apX-em-b-h-scmw
{]kvXm-hn-Xv \mw D-cn-pI-bp-WvSm-bn. N{-\nepw sNm-bnepw
t]mbn a\p-jy Xma-kn-p-hm-\p km[yX Camw im^n-Cu(d) Zin-n-cp-p-sh-n Cu {Kl--fn-ep a\p-jypw _m[I-am-sWv {]Jym-]n-pI Xs sNp-am-bn-cp-p.
(G T) G j ~MGh adGh dG Yh ... QG HG f
C_v\p apZn(-d) D-cn-p-p. ssekv(-d), Camw im^nCu(-d), Camw AlvaZv(-d) apX-em-b-h ]d-bp-Xv Hcp \mp-Im
amkw IWvSp. ap--h IWvSn-. Fn k a\p-jypw
AXp _m[-I-am-sW-mWv (ilp apl-_v: 6274) A
anAvbm: 1146, ilp-p: 6245, aB-en-ap-p: 284, _nZmb:
88

1149, dlvaXp D: 118 apX-emb {]kn {K--fn-semw

Xs Camw im^n-Cu-bpsS A`n-{]mbw `qan-bn Fhn-sS-sbnepw amkw IWvSm {]kvXpX ImgvN N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw
]cn-K-Wn-msX k a\p-jypw \n_--ambpw _m[-I-amsW--Xm-sWv {]kvXm-hn-p-p. Fnpw Ch im^nCu
aZvl-_ns\ ]cn-K-Wn-p-hm thWvSn N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw
]cn-K-Wn-p-sIm-WvSm-bn-cn-Ww t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cnt-WvS-sXpw CXmWv Ckvemw ico-Av Fpw P]n-pp. Ch Fgp-Xp-p. ""cWvSv: DZ-bm-kvX-ab hyXymkw ]cn-KWn--Ww. AXn-\m amkw IWvSm DZ-bm-kvX-ab hyXymkw
Cm \mSp- I v am{Xw AXv _m[- I - a m- W v . CXmWv
im^nCu aZv_-l-_n ]d-bp--Xv. tIc-f-n `qcn-]w
im^nCu aZvl_p-Im-cm-Wv. Ahsc ]cn-K-Wn-msX Ccw
hnj-b-n sFIyw km[y-a-'' Cs\ hcp-tm Nne-tm
Gjy apgp-h\pw Htc Znhkw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-m
km[n-t-pw. Atm tKmf-im-kv{X-sbpw ico-A
- v \nKa\-sfbpw Hn-n-m \apv km[n-p-p. CXmWv {]tXyIX (\yq aqWpw amk-n-d-hnbpw, laoZv aZn-\n, t]Pv: 813)
Atm tKmf-im-kv{X-sbpw im^nCu aZvl-_n-s\bpw
Hn-n-p-hm km[n-pw Fv t]mepw ]d-bp-hm Chv
Ah-Im-ia
- n-. Fn-mWv Ch ico-Av \nK-a\
-
- s
- fbpw Fv
Fgp-Xn-hn-Sp--Xv. Aen-a-Wn-Iv^m\pw lnPvd In-nbpw tIc-fnse sFIy-a t\mn-sbpw s]cpmfnsbpw hnj-b
- n
]d-bp--Xv. {]XypX temI-apkvenwI-fpsS sFIy-am-Wv. ]cn-ip
Jp-B\pw \_n-N-cybpw aZvl_ns Cam-ap-Ifpw ]d-bp--Xpt]m-se. CXp-t]mepw {Kln-m-sX-bmWv Ch sFIy-n-\p
t^mape Xm-dm-p--Xv. tIc-f-n `qcn-]w im^nCu
aZvl-_p-Im-cm-Wv. Ahsc ]cn-K-Wn-msX Ccw hnj-bn sFIyw km[y-a Fv Ch Fgp-Xn-bXv Hcp-]p
XhW hmbn-p-I. temIp `qcn-]w im^nCu aZvl-_pIm-cm-Wv. Ahsc ]cn-K-Wn-msX Ccw hnj-b-n sFIyw
km[y-a Fpw Hcp ]t, Ch Aen-a-Wn-Im-^m-t\m-Sp
A-amb hntcm[w ImcWw ASp- Ch-cpsS {K-n FgpXp-sav \apv {]Xo-n-mw.
89

bYm-n temIv `qcn-]--ap aZvl-_p-Isf ]cnK-Wnv sFIy-n-\p t^mape Xm-dm-n-bm Aen-a-WnIv^m ]d-bp ASn-m\ XXzs Ch AwKo-I-cn-t-WvSnh-cpw. CXp-sIm-WvSmWv apkvenw temI-s tIc-f-ambn Zinv
im^nCu aZv l - _ ns\ ]cn- K - W nv Ch sFIy- n- \ p
\ntiw Xm-dm-n-b-Xv.
im^nCu aZvl-_nse ]nIm-es Nne ]n-X-mcmWv DZ-b-hy-Xymkw ]cn-K-Wn--W-sav ]d-bp--Xv. temIv
BZy-ambn DWvSm-Ip \h-N-{s\ ASn-m\amn Fm-h-cpw
N{s DZb hyXym-kw, hnZqc cmPyw apX-em-bh ]cn-K-W\
CmsX t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn- \n_--an-s-mWv
Ch t]mepw {]kvXm-hn-p--Xv. temI apkvenw sFIy-n-\pthWvSn DZ-b-hy-Xymkw ]cn-K-Wn-msX `qan-bn BZy-ambn
DWvSm-Ip amk-n-dhn ASn-m-\-amn Camw im^n-Cu(-d)
]d--Xp-t]mse t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn- \ntj[w
(l-dmw) BsWv Hcmfpw A`n-{]m-bs
- -Sp-n-. \n_-a
- mtWm
Atbm F-Xn-emWv Xw. Camw im^n-Cu(-d) \n_-am-sWv ]d-bp-tm Nne \n_--an-sv ]d-bp-p. Cu
A`n-{]m-b-amWv aZvl-_n ]nIm-ev Xnc-s-Sp--s--Xv.
GsX-nepw Hcp aZvl-_ns InXm-_n h ]n-X\pw \njnam-sWv ]d-Xv R-fpsS {i-bn s]n-n-. IS-emkn ajn-sImWvSv Fgp-Xnb Hscm InXm-_nepw \njn--amsW A`n-{]mbw R IWvSn-n-. h ]n-X-sbpw {ibn s]n-p-sWvS-n R-fpsS Adn-hn h-\-hn-\p-thWvSn
AXv {i-bn s]Sp-p-hm At]-.
C_v\p lP(-d) ]d-bpp
dG Mh LdG FWh dG HG QNGh cCG ~Y j La ~YJ Gh
(QdG a) adG Y
amk-n-dhn DWvSmb {]tZiw hnZq-c-amb e-m-bm
AXn cWvSv A`n-{]mbw im^nCu aZvl-_n DWvSv. `qcn-]w
AXns\ ]cn-K-Wn- \n_--an-sv ]d-bp-p. Fm
A_q-Xz-n-_v(-d) F ]n-X\pw Hcp kwLhpw \n_--amsWv {]kvXm-hn-p-p. Camw _K-hn(-d) Cu A`n-{]m-bs
90

Camw im^n-Cu(-d)-hn \nv D-cn-pp (^Xvlp _mcn:

6601). ldm-am-sW A`n-{]m-b-ap-Xv C_v\p-l-P(-d) hnh-cnp-n-. \n_--amtWm Atbm F-XmWv im^nCu aZvl_nse ]nIm-es A`n-{]m-b-`n--X. Camw im^n-Cu(-d)
\n_--am-sWv ]d-bp Camw \h-hn(-d) aZvl_v hnh-cn-psImWvSv Fgp-Xp-p.
(ddG e) UCG ~dG hO jdG ~dG M d ~H DhQ GPGh
Hcp \mn amkw IWvSm ASp cmPy-mv AXv
A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. hnZqc cmPy-mv A\n-hm-cy-a-. Akz-lmb
A`n-{]m-b-{]-Imcw (anlm-Pv). im^nCu aZvl-_n FXn-c-`n{]mbw in-bp--Xm-sW-n-emWv Akz-lmb A`n-{]m-b-n
Fv ]d-bp-I. Camw \h-hn(-d) Xs Cu InXm-_ns Bcw-`n CXp hy-am-p-Xp ImWpI:
(ddG e) UCG b G b a
FXn-c-`n-{]mbw i-am-b-Xm-sW-n Rm Akz-ln
Fv ]dbpw (anlm-Pv). CXp-Xs \n_--ns {]iv\n-em-Wv. A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-sW--Xn A Xs. A\p-h-Z-\ob-a-s A`n-{]mbw Hcp aZvl-_nepw Hcp ]n-X\pw {]I-Snn-n-n-. im^nCu aZvl-_nse kmt-XnI {]tbmKw t]mepw
{Kln-m-sX-bmWv Nne {K-c-N\ \S-n-bn-p--Xv. FXn-c-`n{]mbw Zp_-ea
- m-sW-n ^naivlqdn FmWv ]d-bp-I. Camw
\h-hn(-d) Xs Fgp-Xp-p.
(e T) VQCG gG L Ve jDhdG J :HUCG H bh
\psS Nne A\p-bm-bn-I ]d-bp-p. Hcp ev N{n-dhn DWvSm-bm `qan-bnse k Bfp-Ipw Ah _m[yX-bmWv (idlp apkvenw: 40-212) Camw \h-hn(-d) Xs {]kn
{K-amb idlp apl--_n Fgp-Xp-p.
iNCG ~dG gG Y dG j (UCG) jdG GQe La G~YJ EGh
gZh dG Y HGh eQG~dGh dG HG VdG Uh dG b Hh j dGh
(G T)
cmPyw hnZq-c-am-bm {]kn--amb cWvSp A`n-{]m-b-ap-WvSv.
(c-WvSn Akz-lm-b-Xv) ap--hv t\mv \n_--an FXm-Wv. cWvSm-as A`n-{]mbw \n_--am-sW-m-Wv. Cu A`n91

{]m-b-amWv kzbvaco, Jmfo A_q-Xz-n-_v, Camw Zmcn-an, A_q

Aen(-d) ap--hcpw ]d-bp-Xv (idlp apl-_v: 6293).
apn-bn Fgp-Xpp:
(G T G) jG ~dG j dGh
im^nCu aZvl_
- n cWvSm-as A`n-{]mbw Hcp ev
amk-n-dhn IWvSm hnZqc e-p--hpw AXp \n_-am-sW-m-Wv. (apn: 1569). \njn--am-sW A`n-{]mbw
DXv D-cn-p-n-. al-n-bn Fgp-Xp-p.
(G T G) jG ~dG j dGh
cWvSm-as A`n-{]mbw hnZqc e-p--hv Hcp
ev amk-n-dhn DWvSm-bm AXp k a\p-jypw
\n_--am-sW-mWv (a-ln: 2250)
C{]-Imcw \nlmb F {K-nepw Fgp-Xpp (\nlmb: 3156)
im^nCu aZvl-_nse sshcpyw
im^nCu aZvl-_ns ASn-m-\-n sFIy-ap-WvSm-phm {ian-p--h-cpsS KXn-tISv \mw C{Xbpw hnh-cn--Xn
\nv Xs a\-n-em-bn. C\nbpw hnh-cn-mw. Hcp \mn amkn-dhn nc-s-m hnZq-cv nXn-sN-p \mp-Imv AXp
\n_-m-In-sv ]d-bp im^nCu aZvl-_nse ]n-Xmn-S-bn Xs Cu hnZq-cX Fns ASn-m-\-n
]cn-K-Wn--W-sa--Xn [mcmfw `nX ImWmw. Hcp ]nX Xs sshcpyw \nd A`n-{]mbw {]I-Sn-n--Xp-ImWmw. Camw \h-hn(-d) Xs idlp-apkvenan Fgp-Xpp:
(e T) IdG a J
\a-kvImcw Jkzvdmn (Np-cp-n) \a-kvI-cn-p-hm ]mSnm Zqc-amWv ASp--ambn ]cn-K-Wn--s-Sp-I. (idlp-apkvenw:
4212) Fm Camw \h-hn(-d) Xs Xs anlm-Pv, duf
t]mse-bp {K-n Cu A`n-{]m-bs Jn-p-p.
N{s DZ-b-n-ep hyXym-k-amWv ]cn-K-Wn--s-Sp-I-sbv
{]kvXm-hn-p-p. \a-kvImcw Jkzvdmp {]iv\hpw Cu hnjbhpw Xn _-an-sv {]Jym-]n-p-p. Camw \h-hn(-d)
92

Xs ]d-bp-p.
(ddG e) YG dGh UG Gg :b dG NH bh dG ae ~dGh
hnZq-c-cmPyw FXv \a-kvImcw Npcpn \a-kvI-cn-p
Zqcsbm-Wv. N{s DZ-b-hy-Xym-k-am-sWv ]d-b-s-Sp-p.
Rm ]d-bpp DZ-b-hy-Xym-ks ]cn-K-Wn-Ww F-XmWv
Ghpw Akz-lm-bXv (kzo-Im-cy-am-b-Xv). Am-lp-hmWv Ghpw
Adn-hp--h (anlm-Pv). Atm Camw im^n-Cu(-d)-hns\
Ah-K-Wn-p-sImWvSv ]nIm-ev im^nCu aZvl-_nse `qcn]w ]n-X-m {]I-Sn-n A`n-{]mbw Hp-IqSn D-cn-pp.
(ddG e) ~dG hO jdG ~dG M d ~H GhDhQ GPGh
Hcp {]tZ-iv amkw IWvSm AXns hn[n ASp
{]tZ-i-p-Im-v \n_--am-Wv. hnZq-c-bp--h (anlmPv, al-n, apn, Xplv^). Atm N{-am-k-ns amw Xocpam-\n-tWvS hnZq-c-cmPyw ASp-p cmPyw F ]cn-K-W-\bpsS ASn-m-\-n-em-bn-cn--W-sa-mWv im^nCu aZvl_nse `qcn-]w A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp--Xv. CXp Ch AwKo-I-cnp-p-an-. Ch Xs Fgp-Xp-p. \mw tKmf-im-kv{Xs A\pk-cnp amkw 29-\v Fhn-sS-sbms ]nd-hn-bpWvSv Fv BZyw
a\-n-em--Ww. Av ]nd-hn-bp Fm {]tZ-i-pw AXv
_m[-I-am-p-I. Cs\ hcp-tm Nne-tm Gjy-ap-gp-h\pw
Htc Znhkw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-m km[n-t-pw.
(\yq aqWpw amk-n-d-hn-bpw, laoZv aZo-\n, t]Pv: 113). tImgntmSpw sImnbpw, tImgn-tmSpw ImktKmUpw Xn hyXymk-s-Sp-Ibpw sNpw. Atm im^nCu aZvl_v ]d-bp--Xpt]mse ASp-p {]tZ-i-p-Imv _m[-I-am-p-hm km[ya-. hnZqc cmPy-v _m[-I-am-p-hm\pw km[y-a-. hnZq-ccm-Py-v _m[-I-am-p-hm ]mSn-sv ]dXns\ AhK-Wnv _m[-I-am-p-Ibpw sNt-WvSn-h-cpw. Npcp--n
im^nCu aZvl-_n Camw im^n-Cu(-d)hpw \yq\-]-hpw ]dbp A`n-{]mbw Jp-B\pw kppw kzlm-_nhcy-m-cpsS
A`n- { ]m- b hpw Xn tbmPn- - X m- W v . CXns\ Dt]- nv
im^nCu aZvl-_n Ch t]mepw AwKo-I-cn-m hnI-ehpw
93

hnIr-Xhpw AtXm-sSmw Jp-B-\n\pw kp-n\pw `qcn-]w

apkvenw ]n-X-m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-n\pw \mev aZvl-_p-I-fpsS
Cam-ap-I-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-n\pw FXn-cmb A`n-{]m-b-amWv Ch
N{-am-k -\n-b -n\v thWvS n Xnc-s - S p- n- c n- p- - X v .
CXn\p thWvSn-bmtWm \thm-m\ {]m\w cq]o-I-cn-Xv?
tIc-f-nse im^n-bm- im^nCu aZvl-_nse A`n{]m-b--fn GsX-nepw Hc-`n-{]m-bs Ah-ew-_-am-n-b
{]XypX tZtl-sb ]np-SmWv t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BNcn-p-Xv.
1. N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw ]cn-K-Wn--Ww. Htc DZ-b-n
hcp GsX- nepw Hcp ev amk- n- d hn IWv S m
AXSnm-\-amn Htc DZ-b-n hcp--hsmw t\mpw
s]cp-mfpw BN-cnpXv \n_--am-Wv. F Ch-cpsS A`n{]mbw Hcn-epw Ch \S-m-m-dn-. a-bnepw aZo-\-bnepw
K^v \mSp-I-fnepw Im-S-I-nepw amk-n-dhn Zin--Xns
ASn-m-\-n Ah-scmw s]cp-m BtLm-jn-p-tm
tIcfw Htc DZ-b-n-em-Ip k`-nepw amk-n-dhn FhnsSbpw IWvS-Xmb hnhcw e`n-n Fv ]d-bp--h apkvenwIsf-sImWvSv s]cp-m Znhkw t\m-\p-jvTn-n-pw. lnem
Innbpw Chsc ]nXp-Sc
- pw. Fhn-sSbpw F-Xp-sImWvSv Ch
Dt-in-m-dp-Xv sImp-tI-c-f-am-Wv.
2. \a-kvImcw Npcpn \a-kvI-cn-p Zqc-amWv ]cn-K-Wnt-WvS-Xv. Cu A`n-{]m-bhpw Ch AwKo-I-cn-m-dn-. s]mm\n-bn amk-n-dhn Zin-m \a-kvImcw Jkvdm-p-hm Ch
]d-bp Zqc-ns ]cn-[nbpw hnp. Ch t\mpw s]cp-mfpw
BN-cn-p-hm \ntiw \Ipw. bYm-n \a-kvImcw
Npcpn \a-kvI-cn-p-hm Am-lphpw Ahs ZqXcpw Zqc-]cn[n \nW-bn-n-n-. aZvl-_p-I-fn Zqc-]-cn-[nsb kw_-nv
A`n-{]m-b-`n--X-bn-ep-am-Wv.
3. `qan-bn Fhn-sS-sb-nepw amk--dhn kw`-hn--Xmb
hnhcw e`n-m N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw ]cn-K-Wn-msX `qanbn-ep--h-scmw AXv AwKo-I-cnv N{-am-k-am--ambn AwKo-Icn-p-Ibpw AXns ASn-m-\
- n t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BNcn-p-Ibpw thWw. Cu A`n-{]m-bhpw Chv kzoIm-cy-a-.
94

16. l-eo-a-Zvl_pw
N{s DZ-b-hy-Xym-khpw
tNmZyw: 17
leo aZvl-_n N{-amkw \n-bn-p--Xn am\Zw FmWv?
Dcw:
`qan-bn Fhn-sS-sb-nepw amkw IWvS-Xmbn hnhcw e`nm N{s DZb hyXymkw ]cn-K-Wn-msX Fm-hcpw
AXns\ ASn-m-\-amn t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn--Wsa-mWv Alvep lZo-kns Cam-amb Camw AlvaZv_v\p
lepw At-l-ns aZvl-_nse BZy-Ime ]n-X-mcpw
B[p-\n-I-cmb ]n-X-mcpw A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp--Xv. CXv \mw
hnh-cn-p-I-bp-WvSmbn (ilp apl--_v: 6274, anAvbm: 1416,
aB-en-ap-p: 284, aZm-ln-_p A_A: 1550) leo aZvl_nse {]kn {K-amb C_v\p JpZm-a(-d)-bpsS apn-bn ]dbp-p.
(eG~b HE G) dG OdG L d ~H gG dG iCGQ GPGh
Hcp \mp-Im amkw IWvSm Fm \mp-Impw t\mv
\n_--ambn (apn: 35) tijw Atlw hnh-cn-p sXfnhp-I {]tXyIw {in-p-I.
eQ T e dG Gg G K ~bh eQ T U Lh Y G LC Gh
G) G~dG HQJ d c dG a G L Y eU La dG IOH
(eG~b HE
95

da-fm amkw t\m-\p-jvTn- \n_--am-sW--Xn

apkvenwI GtIm-]n-p-p. hniz-kvX-m kmn-\n--XpsImWvSv Cu Znhkw da-fm BsWv nc-s-p. AXn-\m
k apkvenwIfpw t\m-\p-jvTn- A\n-hm-cy-am-bn. AXn\m \mSp-I ASp--Xvt]mse Xs ap--hpw t\mv
\n_--ambn (apn: 35) leo aZvl-_nse {]kn {Kamb CJv\m-C ]d-bp-p.
e M j e Mh dG c SdG d G~H hG jb dG jDhQ K GPEGh
T dG HG SEG d M H ~MCG eEG a bEG) f dG NG dh BGQ
(hG Se j~dG
Hcp ev amk-n-dhn nc-s-m AXns ASpp-h
- pw hnZq-sc-bp-h
- pw k P\-pw t\mv
\n_--am-bn. amkw IWvS-hp aX-hn[n Xs-bmWv
amkw ImWm P\-pw. N{s DZbw hyXym-ks
- -mepw
CXv Jn-Xhpw kphy--hp-amb A`n-{]m-b-amWv (C-Jv\m-Av:
1303). lnPvd 968--emWv Cu InXm-_ns {K-Im-hmb
ssiJp Ckvemw id-^p-o ac-W-s-Sp--Xv.
lnPvd 541- P\nv lnPvd 620 ac-W-s id-^p-o
F leo aZv l - _ nse {]kn ]n- X Fgp- X nb
AapkvXJv\-Av F {K-n Fgp-Xp-p.
(G) dG c SdG d ~H gG BGQ GPEGh
Hcp {]tZ-is Bfp-I amkw IWvSm k P\pw t\mv A\n-hm-cy-ambn (A apkvXJv\-Av, t]Pv: 78)

96

17. inbm-fpw
N{s DZ-b-hy-Xym-khpw
tNmZyw 18
`qan-bn Fhn-sS-sb-nepw amkw IWvSm AXns\ ASnm-\-amn temIs apkvenwI-sfmw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw
BN-cnv sFIy-ap-WvSm-p--Xn\v inbm--fpsS aX-hn-izmkw
FXn-cm-Iptam?
Dcw
FXn-cm-Ip-n-. {]XypX A\p-Iq-e-am-Wv. Camw jum\n(-d) Fgp-Xp-p.
hG e ~G QNGh j~jdG e YLh dG dEG gP e g OYG j jdGh
(QWhCG f) c OdG gG d ~H gG BGQ GPG fG NT Y WdG M
Ah-ew-_n-p-hm Ah-Im-is
- A`n-{]mbw amenIo aZvl_vImcpw sskZo hn`m-K-nse Hcp kwLhpw Camw alvZn
Xnc-s-Sp-Xpw As-n Camw JpXp_n At-l-ns
ssiJ-m-cn \npw \nth-Z\w sNbvX-Xp-amb A`n-{]m-b-amWv. AXm-bXv Hcp {]tZ-i-p-Im amk-n-dhn Zin--Xmbn
nc-s-m k-{]-tZ-ipImpw B Zi\w \n_-am-bn. (ss\-ep HuXzm: 4269)

97

18. ke^o ]n-X-mcpw

N{s DZ-b-hy-Xym-khpw
tNmZyw 19
N{s DZbhyXymkw ]cn-K-Wn-msX t\mnepw s]cpm-fnepw apkvenw sFIyw DWvSm-Ip--Xn\v ke^o ]n-Xm-cpsS A`n-{]mbw XS--amtWm?
Dcw:
Hcn-epw XS--a-. `qan-bn Fhn-sS-sb-nepw amkw
IWvSm AXns\ ASn-m-\-amn Fm-hcpw t\mpw s]cpmfpw BN-cn--W-sapw N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw ]cn-K-Wnt-WvS-Xn-spw ke^o ]n-X-m-scmw A`n-{]m-b-s-Spp. tIc-f-n im^nCu aZvl-_p-Im IqSp-X-em-b-Xn-\m
Ahsc ]cn-K-Wn-p-sImWvSv DZ-b-hy-Xymkw ]cn-K-Wn--Wsapw AXmWv Ckvemw ico-Av Fpw Fgp-Xn-hn-Sm Ahcmcpw Xs [ocX {]I-Sn-n-n-n-.
1. ssiJp Ckvemw C_v\p Xoan-(-d) Fgp-Xp-p.
H a jDhd GhaGh jDhd GeU U dd dG Y eCG Gg QG~e G Hda
(J HG d iha ) UCG ae ~j~ Z e M K DhQ fG
""amk- n- d - h nsbpdnv hnhcw e`npI F- X mWv
ChnsS ASn-m-\-X-Xzw. amkw IWvSm t\mv apdn-p-hn
F {]hm-N-Is {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS ASn-m-\-n amkw
IWvSn-p-sWvS-n B hnhcw e`n-p--hsmw Zqc-]-cn-[nbn-msX _m[-I-amWv'' (a-Pvaq-Av ^Xm-hm, hmfyw: 25, t]Pv: 107)
2. Camw iuIm-\n(-d) Fgp-Xp-p.
98

(QWhCG f) c OdG gG d ~H gG BGQ GPEG fG .... OYG j jdGh

""Ah-ew-_n-p-hm ]p A`n-{]m-bw... Xo-bmbpw Hcp
{]tZ-i-p-Im amkw IWvSm {]kvXpX ImgvN k {]tZ-ip-Impw A\n-hm-cy-ambn'' (ss\-ep HuXz: 4269)
3. Ipssh-nse ClvbmD Xpdm-kp Ckvemw {]kno-I-cn-Xpw tIc-f-nse ke^n ]n-X-mn-S-bn kuP\y-ambn hnX-cWw sN-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX Camw iuIm-\n(-d)hns Xs A-dm-dn apfoA F {K-n ]d-bp-p.
(G QGQ~dG) jDhQ dP c e CG e BGQ a eCG N gh
amkw IWvSm \n t\m-\p-jvTn-p-ho... F {]hmN-Is hN\w k kap-Zm-b-p-ap--Xm-Wv. AXn-\m
Ah-cns] Hcm GXv ev shv amkw IWvSmepw AXv
Ah-cpsS Fm-hp-ap ImgvN-bmWv (A--dmdn A apfoA:
1143)
4. {]kn ]n-X-\mb C_v\p JpZm-a(-d) Fgp-Xp-p.
(eG~b HE G) dG OdG L d ~H gG dG iCGQ GPEGh
""Hcp \mp-Im amkw IWvSm Fm \mp-Impw AXv
\n_--ambn'' (apn: 35)
5. lnPvd 763- ac-W-s iwkp-o apJ-kn(-d) Fgp-Xpp.
dh BGQ c j e Mh dG OdG L d ~H hG jb jDhQ K Gh
(hdG c) dG NG
""amkw IWvS-Xp-n-c-s-m AXp ASp-p \mntem
As-n hnZq-sc-bp \mntem kw`-hn-mepw k \mnse
P\-pw t\m-\p-jvTn- A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. IWvS-hs
hn[n ImWm--h\pw _m[-I-am-Wv. N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw
DWvSm-bn-cp-mepw.'' (In-Xm-_p ^pdq-Av). P\m_v Aen-a-Wn-Iv
^m ]d-bp Bi-b--fpsS ASn-m\ Bibw CXp-X-sbm-Wv. "\yq aqWns' {]iv\w ]-Xo-I-cn-p-sImWvSv bYm
Bi-b-n \npw apkvenwI-fpsS {i sXnv If-bp-hm
Ch IpX-{- {]tbm-Kn-p-I-bm-Wv. Ch Fgp-Xp-Xpw
Jp-B-sbpw \_n-N-cy-bp-sSbpw apkvenw ]n-X-m-cn `qcn]-
- n-sbpw A`n-{]m-b
- n-sbpw ]n_-ea
- n-s-nepw im^n99

bm-sf Xr]vXn-s-Sp-p-hm DZ-b-hy-Xym-ks ]cn-K-Wn-W-sa-m-Wv. ]pdsa CXmWv Ckvemw ico-A-spw Fgp-Xnhn-Sp-p. (\yq-aqWpw amk-n-d-hn-bpw. laoZv aZn-\n. {]kn-o-I-cWw, bphX)
6. ^nJvlp-p--bn Fgp-Xpp
Y dG Lh ~H gG dG iCGQ a dG NH IY fCG EG G gP
CG e iCGQ a eCG Y N gh ...jDhd GeU SdG d OdG L
(dG a) L d jDhQ dP c e
""N{s DZb hyXym-k-n\v bmsXmcp ]cn-K-W-\bpw
Cs-mWv `qcn-]w ]n-X-mcpw A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp--Xv. AXn\m GsX-nepw \mnshv amkw-I-WvSm Fm-\m-nse
\nhm-kn-Ipw AXv \n_--am-bn. \n amkw IWvSm
t\m-\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw t\mv apdn-pIbpw sNp-ho F
\_n-hN
- \
-
- ns ASn-m-\
- n CXp kap-Zm-bt- mSv s]mXphm-b-\n-e-p \nt-i-am-Wv. AXn-\m GXp ev shv
amkw IWvSmepw AXv Fm-hp-ap ImgvN-bm-Wv. C{]-Imcw
apkvenw ]n-X-m-cn `qcn-]w ]d-bpp'' (^n-Jvlp-p:
2436). Fnpw Ch temI-apkvenw sFIys XIp-hm\pw
sImn-bn-ep--h s]cp-m BtLm-jn-p-tm Xriq-cnepw
tImgn-tmSpw D-h-tcmSv t\mv t\m]n-m\pw thWvSn
N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw ]cn-K-Wn--W-sav ]d-bp-p. ImcWw
Ch Xm-dm-p Ie-WvS-dp-I-fn Xs sImn-bn amk-ndhn D-Xmbn ImWn-p-tm tImgn-tmSv amk-n-dhn DXmbn ImWn-m-dn-.
7. kDuZn cmPmhv {]tXyIw Xm]cyw {]I-Sn-n-p-sImWvSv
]p\x-{]-kn-o-I-cWw sNbvX InXm-_p Ckzm^v F
{]kn {K-n Fgp-Xp-p.
(fEG c) dG c SdG d ~H gG dG iCGQ GPGh
""GsX-nepw Hcp \mnshv amkw IWvSm k P\pw t\mv \n_--ambn'' (Ckzm^v: 3273). t\mpw
s]cp-mfpw cWvSv Znh-k--fn-embn BN-cn-p hnIr-X-amb
kz`mhw kpDuZn Atd-_y-bn C. AhnsS Hcp `mKv N{
AkvXa
- n-p-tm adp-`m-Kv an hj-f
- nepw N{ AkvX100

an-m-dn-. Atm N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw ]cn-K-Wn--W-sa

Ch-cpsS hmZ-{]-Imcw Ahn-sSbpw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw cWvSv
Znh-k--fntem aqv Znh-k--fntem Bbnp BN-cn-t-WvSn-hcpw. kpDu-Zn-bn `qcn-]w l-eo-a-Zvl-_p-Im-cm-b-Xn-\m
AhnsS N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cnp-hm ]cn-K-Wn-t-WvS-Xn-. AhnsS CXmWv Ckvemw icoAv Fv Ch hmZn-ptam? Aen-a-Wn-Iv^m F hyntbm-Sp hntcm-[w C{]-Imcw ]d-bp-hm\pw Chsc t{]cn-n-tmw.
8. \n_--an-sv ]d-bp ]n-X-m t]mepw A\ph-Z-\o-b-am-sW--Xns\ \ntj-[n-p-n-. ]pdsa Camav Xocp-am\n-m `qan-bnse k P\-fpw AXv AwKo-I-cn- \n_-am-sWpw Ch-cn Nne ]d-bp-p.
j CG EG IOdG a K dG ~dG gC G IOdH ej :LG HG bh
G af M GPEG ~MGdG ~dc M OdG C c SdG a YCG eEG ~Y
(QdG a)
C_v\p amPn-kq(-d) ]d-bp-p. ""amkw IWvSm B
\mnse Bfp-Im-Wv ilm-Zv \n_--am-p-I. Fm
Cam-ap-A-Avfw Xocp-am-\n-m k P\-Xpw AXp \n_m-bn. ImcWw temIw apgp-h Abm-fpsS Ah-Im-i-n
Hcpt]mse-bm-Wv. Abm-fpsS hn[n Ahn-sS-sbmw Xs \Sm--sSpw.'' (^Xvlp _pJmcn: 5601, _nZmb: 1288). \njn-amb Hcp Imcyw Camav I]n-m AXv A\pjvTn A\ph-Z-\o-b-am-Ip-n-. Fn-t \n_--am-Ip-Xv? Jnem-^Xv
{]m\w \jvSs
- -X
- mWv Jmfn-amcpw lnem In-n-Ifpw amkn- d hn \n- b n- p Xc- n Cv \mw ImWp
A\nkvemanI {]h-WX XpS-cp-hm Imc-Ww. amk-n-dhn \nb-n bmsXmcp ASn-m\ XXzhpw Chn-. As\
Ch hne-kp-I-bm-Wv.
9. _lp-am-\-s Camw ssi_m-\n-bpsS ss\ep aB-cn^n Fgp-Xp-p.
NG dh BGQ e M j e Mh SdG L Y dg jDhH eQ U jh
(QG f) dG
101

""amkw IWvSm da-fm t\mv k a\p-jypw \n_-am-bn. AhnsS amkw IWvS-hp hn[n AXv ImWm-hpw _m[-I-am-Wv. aXve-Av (D-Z-bw) hyXym-k-s-mepw icn''
(ss\-ep aB-cn^v: 166)
10. ssiJp Ckvemw akq-dp_v\p bq\p-kv(-d) ]d-bpp.
GeU dG Y dd dG c SdG d ~H jDhQ K e G (~H gG BGQ GPEGh)
(VhQ) ac eCd N gh ...jDhd
""Hcp \mnse P\- amkw IWvSm a\p-jyv apgph\pw t\mv \n_--am-bn. ImcWw amkw ImWp-tm
\n t\mv t\mp-sIm-p-ho... Fv \_n(-kz) \nt-inXv kap-Zm-b-tm-Sm-I-am-\-amWv'' (du-f-Xp aXn-Av: 146)
11. Ama Amkv Idm-d(-d) ]d-bp-p.
(dGh j~dG) QbCG FS Y dG Lh QbCG e H dG jDhQ K eh
""GsX-nepw Hcp `qJ--n amkw IWvS-Xmbn ncs-m Fm `qJ--nepw D-hpw t\mv \n_-ambn'' (A-o, t]Pv: 56)
12. B[p-\nI ke^o ]n-X-\mb Xpssh-Pncn Hcp `qJ-n amk-n-dhn Zin-m \n_w B `qJ--n
\nh-kn-p--hm-sWv Fgp-Xn-b-tijw {]I-Sn-n-p A`n{]mbw ImWp-I.
Y ~j e gh M Ga I~MGh jDhH VQCG QbG L G U Gh
(eSEG dG ) dG AT G dP j G EGh LEGh ANEGh I~MdG
""GsX-nepw Hcp `qJ--n amk-n-dhn DWvSm-bm
`qan-bn-ep Fm `qJ---fn-sebpw apkvenwIv AXns\
ASn-m-\-amn t\mv ]nSn-p--XmWv D-aw. CXmWv
apkvenwIn-S-bn sFIyhpw ]c-kv]c kvt\lhpw kwLSnX kz`m-hhpw {]I-Sn-n-p--Xns ta sXfnhv \Ip
{]I-S-\-cw-Kw. Ch bmYmy-am-p-hm-\pw Amlp Dt-in-p-]w'' (ap-JvX-kz-dp ^nJvln Ckvemw, t]Pv: 626). tIcf-nse ke-^n-I C{]-Imcw ]d-bp-hm t]mepw hnim-eX
ImWn-n-n-. ]pdsa sImn-bn D-hpw tImgn-tmSv Dhpw ImktKmUv D-hpw Htc Znhkw t\mpw s]cp102

mfpw BN-cn-p-hm-\p sFIy-s-t]mepw Ch XIp

If-p. ImcWw N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw ]cn-K-Wn-p ]w
sImnbpw ImktKmUpw tImgn-tmSpw Xn DZ-b-hy-Xymkw
DWvSm-Ip-sav Ch Xs k-Xn-p-p. Ch-cpsS Cu A`n{]m-b-n Ddv \np-Ibpw sNp-sapw {]Jym-]n-p-p.
(\yq-aqWpw amk-n-d-hn-bpw, laoZv aZn-\n, t]Pv: 113) Atm
amk-n-d-hn-bpsS hnj-b-n Fv sFIy-amWv Ch Dt-inp-Xv? sImn-bn s]cp-m BtLm-jnp-tm tImgntmSv Xma-kn-p apkvenwI t\m-\p-jvTn-t-WvSn-h-cp
sFIytam? Nne-tcm-Sp A-amb i{Xp-X-Im-cWw Ch
FmWv ]d-bp--sXv Chp-Xs a\-n-em-bn-ptWvSm
Fv kwi-bn-t-WvSn-bn-cn-p-p.
13. kpDuZnbnse {]kn ]n-X-\mb ssiJv Dsskan
Xs id-ln Fgp-Xp-p.
dG c SdG d e jDhQ K GPEa (dG c SdG d ~H gG BGQ GPEGh)
G jDhd GhaGh jDhd GeU U dG b dP Y ~jh HQeh VQCG Qe e
je ADg j H H dG ~Yh c ~MJh G OG EG bG dP
ibGh aG dP c G~MGh ga jh eU j ch GLG GPEa FU ADgh
jeCG G bh jDhQ X GPEG dP Yh dG dEG j eG Ggh gOG d
(G dG) dG de ~YJ ZQ dG jOLG Y dG Lh
""`qan-bn GsX-nepw Hcp {]tZ-iv amkw IWvSm
Ingpw ]Sn-m-dp-ap k a\p-jypw CXp \n_--ambn. CXn-\p sXfn-hp-I Xmsg ]d-bp--h-bm-Wv.
1. \n amkw IWvSm t\m-\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw apdn-pIbpw sNp-ho F \_n hN\w.
2. CXmWv apkvenw sFIy-n\v Ghpw tbmPn--Xv. Ahcn `nX Hgn-hm-p-hm\pw Hcp hn`mKw t\m-\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw
asmcp hn`mKw t\mv Dt]-n-p-Ibpw sNp kz`mhw CmXm-p-hm\pw k-apkvenwI-fp-sSbpw t\m-\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw
t\mv apdn-p-Ibpw sNp Znhkw Htc Znh-k-am-bn-cn-pI
F-XmWv t{ijvT-X-bpsS sFIy-n\v Ghpw kpZr-V-am-bXpw. CXn-te-mWv ico-Av hnh-n-p--Xv. AXn-\m Atacn--bn amk-n-dhn DWvSm-bm ssN\-bnse Bfp-Ipw
103

t\mv \n_--am-bn. N{s DZbw hnZq-c-am-bn-cp-mepw icn''

(i-dl
- p apwXn-Av). Ata-cn-b
- n Xs 5 aWn-q-dp-I hyXymk-s-Sp e--fp-WvSv. Hcp ev DZbw DWvSm-bm
ap e--fn DZbw DWvSm-hp-I-bn-. ssN\-bn 4 aWnq hyXym-k-s-Sp e--fp-WvSv. N{s DZbw hyXym-ks-Sp \nev Ata-cn-bpw ssN\bpw 14 aWn-q-dns hyXymk-ap-WvSv. tIc-f
- nse \thm-m\ {]m\w ]d-bp-Xv sImnbn t\m-\p-jvTn-p-I-bm-sW-n tImgn-tmSv Xma-kn-p
apkvenwI t\m-\p-jvTn-p-hm ]mSn Fm-Wv. DZ-b-hyXymkw ]cn-K-Wn--W-sa ^Xvhbn-eqsS.

104

`mKw 3
(I-Wpw ImgvN-bpw)

19. Dn-bmb kaq-lhpw

Am kaq-lhpw
tNmZyw: 20
Dn-bmb (A--c-m-\-an-m-) apkvenw hn`m-K-tmSm-Wtm \_n(-kz) N{-amkw \n-bn-p-hm Zi-\s
Ah-ew-_n-p-hm ]d-bp-Xv. Dn: FXv apkvenw kaq-lns Ay-Zn\w hsc-bp t]cm-sWv Nne hmZn-p-p.
CXv icn-bmtWm?
Dcw:
Amlp ]d-bpp:
Gh dG jh cjh JjBG Y j e SQ eCG H dG g
(G) G jdG gh H Gj e jNBGh .e V d b e Gfc Gh
""Ah (A-m-lp) Hcp-h-\m-Wv. A-c-m-\-an-m-h-cn (D-n-bm-f
- n) \nv (X-s) Hcp {]hm-NI
- s\ Ah
\ntbm-Kn-p. Atlw Ah-cpsS ta Ahs ZrjvSm--
]mcm-bWw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-p-p. Ahsc kwkvI-cn-p-Ibpw
thZ-{K-hpw XXz-m-\hpw Atlw ]Tn-n-p-Ibpw sNpp. Xo-bmbpw Ah apv kv]jvS-amb hgn-]n-g-hn Xsbm-bn-cpp (A-{X-bp-a-) Ah-cn \np thsd BfpIpw (B {]hm-N-Is\ Ah \ntbm-Kn-p). Ah Ch-cpambn CXp-hsc hp tNn-n-. Ah {]Xm-]-im-enbpw
XXz-m-\n-bp-amWv'' (kqd: PpapA: )
105

3) apl-Zv \_n(-kz)sb Dn-bmb Ad-_n-I-fn-tev

am{Xambn \ntbm-Kn {]hm-N-I-\m-sWpw Rv Abmsf
Bh-iy-an-spw PqX-m-cn Hcp hn`mKw \_n-bpsS Imepw
Cpw hmZn-p--h-cm-bn-p-WvSv. Ch apl-Zv \_nsb I
{]hm-N-I-\mbn Zin-p-n-. Cu hn`mKw sXfnhv ]nSn-p-Xv
{][m-\-ambpw cWvSm-as kq-am-Wv. Chv aqm-as
kq-n-eqsS Amlp adp-]Sn ]d-bp-I-bm-Wv. AXm-bXv aplZv A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn P\X A-cm-\-an-m--h-cm-bn-cp-psh-nepw Ah-cn-tev am{Xw \ntbm-Kn-s
- {]hm-NI
- \
- m-sWv
sXn--cn-t-WvS-Xn-. Dn-b-m Ay-Zn\w hsc-bp P\X-bn-tepIqSn \ntbm-Kn--s--h-\m-Wv. Cu Dn-b-m
apkvenw hn`mKw Bcm-sW hnj-b-n kzlm-_n-amn-Sbn `n-X-bp-WvSm-bn. Nne Chcpw Ad-_n-I-fm-sWv hmZnp. ap Nne Ch Ad-_n-I-f-m P\-X-bm-sWpw hmZn-p.
\_n(-kz)-bpsS ASp-p-hv Dn-b
- m apkvenw hn`mKw BcmsWv tNmZn-p. \_n(-kz) kam-\p ^mcn-kn-bpsS ta
ssI shp-sImWvSv hnm-\-n hf-sc-b-[nIw ]ptcm-KXn
{]m]n Ad-_n-I-f-m P\-X-bm-sWv hy-am-n. ap
{Kl-fn t]mbn hnm\w Ic--am-p kap-Zmbw Fv
\_n(-kz) {]h-Nn-p-I-bp-WvSmbn (_p-Jm-cn, apkvenw). Atm
Amlp Xs apkve nw kaq-l s Dn- bmb hn`m- Khpw
Am hn`m-K-hp-ambn cWvSmbn hn`-Pn-p-p.
"Dn' F ]Z-ns ASn-m-\-]-c-amb Aw FgpXp-hm\pw hmbn-m\pw IWv Iqp-hm\pw Adn-bm kaqlw
FpX-sbm-Wv. ap Bi-b-pw Cu ]Zw {]tbm-Kn-p-Xm-Wv. CXns\ ChnsS Bcpw FXnp-n-. Atm Cu
]Z-ns Dt-iy- hnh-cn-p-hm thWvSn ZoL-ambn N
sNbvXp ]pkvX-I-nse t]Pp-I Bcpw hn-n-t-WvS-Xn. ]mnXyw sXfn-bn-p-hm Cu hnjbw Nm-hn-j-b-amt-WvS-Xp-an-. Aam\n aue-hn-bpsS ]cn-`m-j-bn Fgp-Xpp:

qqeCG(-D-n-o) F hmn\p Fgppw hmb-\bpw Adnbm--h FmWv Aw. CXns GI-h-N\w Dnv Fs{X. Ad-_n-I-fn Aev]w Nne hyn-I Fgppw hmb106

\bpw Adn-bp--h DWvSm-bn-cp-p-sh-nepw s]mXp-hn Ah

Dn-p-I-fm-bn-cpp. (hn-ip Jp-B hnh-cWw: 43322).
Camw jum-\n(-d) Fgp-Xpp:-
(j~dG a) dc dG dZ ch G CGj h j dG UCG eCG
Dnv F-Xns ASn-m-\-]-c-amb Aw Fgp-Xphmt\m Fgp-XnbXv hmbn-p-hmt\m Adn-bm--h Fm-Wv.
Ad-_n-I-fn an-hmdpw A{]-Im-c-am-bn-cpp (^-Xplp
JZo: 5279). \_n(-kz) N{-amkw \n-bn-p-hm Zi-\s
Ah-ew-_-am-p-hm \nt-in-Xv Xo-bmbpw \mw Dn-bmb
kap-Zm-b-am-b-Xp-sIm-WvSmWv Fv \_n(-kz) ]d--Xns
Dtiyw Cu ASn-m-\-]-c-amb As Dt-in--Xp-sImWvSm-Wv. AXp \_n(-kz) Xs \apv Fgp-Xp-hm\pw IWv
Iqp-hm\pw Adn-hn Fv tijw {]kvXm-hn-p-sImWvSv Aw
hnh-cn-p-p-WvSv. Bcp-sSbpw hnh-c-W-n\pw hni-Zo-I-c-Wn\pw Bh-iy-an-m-sX.

107

20. Dn-bmb kaq-lhpw

kabw Adn-bp-hm-\p am[y-a-fpw
tNmZyw: 21
apl-Zv \_n(-kz) Poh-\p--h-cmb \nev A`n-ap-Jo-Icn `qcn-`m-Khpw Fgppw hmb-\bpw Adn-bm Dn-bmb
Ad_o kaq-lhpw Ds-Sp-X
- mWv apkvenw kap-Zm-bs
- av JpB hnh-cn-X
- n \nv hy-am-bn. Bcm-[\
- m-I-f
- p-sSbpw
N{-am-k-am--n-sbpw kabw Adn-bp-hm thWvSn apl-Zv
\_n(-kz) NqWvSn-m-Wn-p-X coXn-Ifpw am[y-a-fpw am-anmsX aX-ns imiz-Xhpw Aew-L-\o-b-hp-amb \nba-ambn
]cn-K-Wn-t-WvS-XptWvSm? Cu am[y-a- Xs kzoI-cn-
Bcm-[-\-bmtWm?
Dcw:
A Fv Chcpw k-Xn-p--Xm-Wv. \a-kvImc ka-b Adn-bp-hm thWvSn \_n(-kz)bpw kzlm-_n-h-cy-mcpw
Ah-ew-_n am- \mw Ah-ew-_n-m-dn-. imkv{Xo-b-amb
IWv \_n(-kz)bpw kzlm-_n-amcpw \a-kvIm-c-k-abw Adnbp-hm D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp-n-. IWv Adn-bp--h Ah-cn
DWvSm-bnpw Fp-sImWvSv \a-kvIm-c-k-abw Adn-bp-hm Cv
\mw D]-tbm-Kn-p IW-p-I D]-tbm-Kn-n-sv \n
Ch-tcmSv tNmZnv t\mp-I. \a-kvIm-c-k-a-b-: XnXn: 12,
kp_vlv: 57, DZbw: 621, fplv: 12-11, Akv: 331, aKvcn_v:
601, Cim: 715 Fn-s\ Imte-qn Xm-dm-nb ]n-Isb
ASn-m-\a
- mn \mw \a-kvImcw \nln-p-p. \_n(-kz)pw
108

kzlm-_n-h-cy-mpw Cu coXnsb kw_-nv ]cn-N-b-an-.

Ah XpSp t]m amXr-Iv CXp IS-I-hn-cp--am-Wv. tIcf-n \a-kvIm-c-k-abw Adn-bp-hm IWpw hmp-Ifpw D]tbm-Kn-p-hm XpS-n-bnv Hcp \qm-WvSns ]gw t]mepw
Bbn-n-. ""\n\v DZvt_m-[\w Cd-n--n-cn-p-Xv P\mbn Ah-X-cn-n--s-Xv \o Ahv hnh-cnp sImSpm thWvSn-bm-Wv. Ah Nnn-m thWvSn-bpw.'' (\lv:
44) (\yq-aq-Wpw, t]Pv: 27) ""Am-lp-hns ZqXs\ B A\p-kcn-p-pthm Ah Am-lp-hns\ A\p-k-cn-p. B ]nncnp t]mIp-pthm Ah-cpsS ta Imhm-c-\mbn \ns
\ntbm-Kn-n-n'' (4:80) (\yq-aqWpw, t]Pv: 31) Xo-bmbpw
\nv Am-lp-hns ZqX-\n D-a-amb amXr-I-bp-WvSv...
(Alvkm_v: 21) (AtX ]pkvXIw, t]Pv: 31) \_n(-kz) ]dp:
Cu Zo Imcy-n AXns-Sm-Xv ]pXp-Xm-bp-WvSm-n-bm
AXv X-s-tS-WvSX
- mWv (_p-Jm-cn, apkvenw). (AtX ]pkvXIw,
t]Pv: 38) Amlp ]d-bpp: aplmPndpI-fn \npw AkzmdpI-fn \npw BZy-ambn aptm-p-h-cp--hcpw kpIrXw sNbvXpsImWvSp Ahsc ]nXp-S-cp--hcpw Btcm Ah-sc-n Amlp
Xr]vX-\m-bn-cn-p-p... (9:100) (AtX ]pkvXIw, t]Pv: 34)
\a-kvIm-c-k-abw IWv sImWvSv Xocp-am-\n-p-I, Hcp
amkw apgp-h\pw t\mv IW-ns ASn-m-\-n Xpd-p-I,
kqcy AkvX-an-p--Xns Av an\npapv N{ AkvX-anpw. AXn-\m C Znhkw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw Bhp-I-bn. C Znh-ka
- m-bn-cnpw Fv {]Jym-]nv t\mpw s]cp-mfpw
apIqn IW-ns ASn-m-\-n Xocp-am-\n-p-I. amkw 29s Av hniz-kvX-m amk-n-dhn Zin-p-shv kmn
\nmepw IW-ns ASn-m-\-n AXns\ AwKo-I-cn-mXn-cn-p-I. Nne amk--fn am{Xw 29-s Znhkw N{-n-dhn
Zin-p-hm BIm-i-tv t\mt-WvS-Xn-sv IW-ns
ASn-m-\-n ]d-bp-I. an amk-fpw IW-ns ASnm-\-n Xocp-am-\n-p-I. t\mpw s]cp-mfpw hcp amk am{Xw Zi-\-ns ASn-m-\-n Xocp-am-\n-p-I.
N{s DZ-b-hy-Xymkw Adn-bp-hm IW-ns\ Ah-ew-_-amp-I apX-emb \_npw kzlm-_n-ampw ]cn-N-b-an-m
109

{]hn-I Ch sNp-tm Fp-sImWvSv apI-fn Dcn Bb-p-Ifpw lZo-kp-Ifpw Ch ImWp-n-.?!

t\mpw s]cp-mfpw Xocp-am-\n-p-hm IW-ns\ ASnm-\-am-p-hm ]mSn. apI-fn \mw hnh-cnt]mse Ch
IW-ns\ Ah-ew-_-am-p cwK--fn IW-ns\ ASn-m\-am-p-Ibpw sNmw Fv ]d-bp ]cn-ip Jp-B-\nse
Bb-p-Ifpw \_n-bpsS lZo-kp-Ifpw kzlm-_n-h-cy-m-cpsS
Da amXr-I-Ifpw Chv ]n_-e-ap-sWvS-mWv km[m-c-Wm-cpsS [mcW. Ch Cv IW-ns\ AwKo-I-cn-p GsXnepw cwK--fn Chv Bb-n-stbm Zp-eamb lZokn-stbm ]n_-e-an-. Hscm kzlm-_n-bpsSbpw amXr-I-bpan-. Bcm-[-\-bpsS hiw Chn-sS-sbmw Ch ad-p-p. \_n(kz)-bp-sSbpw kzlm-_n-hc
- y-m-cp-sSbpw Da amXrI Ch AhK-Wn-p-p. Ahsb hn-p-p. tijw Ah-cpsS amXr-Ibn-m-Xpw sXm-b-Xp-amb IW-ns\ B{i-bn-p-p.
e hG dG a Je dG ~Y jL eG U dG SQ b (Q) SY HG Y
OhGOHGh edG) X e T c dG c M dG U K GdG e dG c M
(FdGh
C_v \ p Am- k v ( - d ) \nth- Z \w. \_n(- k z) Acpfn:
IAv_:bpsS-A-Spv shv Pn_vco cWvSp {]mhiyw F\nv
Cam-ambn \nkvI-cn-p. AXn Hmw {]mhiyw \ng sNcnns hn-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp--tm fplv \a-kvI-cn-p. ]ns
Hmtcm hkvXp-hn-sbpw \ng AXn-t\mfw Fn-bt- m Ak
\a-kvI-cnp (Xpap-Zn, A_q-Zm-hq-Zv, \m-Cu). tijw CXmWv
\a-kvImc ka-bs
- av lZo-kns Ah-km\ `mKv ]d-bp-Ibpw
sNp-p. Hmtcm hkvXp-hn-sbpw \ng AXn-t\mfw Fn-bnptWvSm Fv Adn-bp-hm IW-ns\ D]-tbm-Kn-m-sav \_n(kz) ]d-n-n-. \_n(-kz)bpw kzlm-_n-h-cy-mcpw Ie-WvS-dpI-fn-tev t\mn IW-ns ASn-m-\
- n Hscm \a-kvImchpw \nh-ln-n-p-an-.
Ak \a-kvIm-c-ns BZy-k-abw Hcp hkvXp-hns
\ng AXp-t]m-se-bm-Ip-tm BsWv Camw im^n-Cu(-d)
]d-bp-tm cWvSv Cc-n-bm-Ip ka-b-m-sWv Camw A_q110

l-\o^ ]d-bp-p. Fm-hcpw \ng-ens Imcy-n tbmPn-pp. Atm aqm-as A`n-{]m-b-amb IW-ns\ Ah-ew_n- Ch-cpsS ZrjvSn-bn kXy-\n-tj-[hpw CPvamCs\
FXn-ep-am-bn-cnpw!. Ch Fgp-Xpp: CX-msX Hcp hnjb-n cWvS-`n-{]mbw \ne-\np-tm cWvSn GsX-nepw
cWvS-`n-{]m-b-tmSpw tbmPn-msX \ne-hn-ep A`n-{]m-bv FXn-cmbn aqm-a-sXm-c-`n-{]m-b-hp-ambn cwK-p-h-cm
]mSn-sv Ckvemanse \nZm\ imkv{X-]-n-X-m hy-amn-bn-p-WvSv. (\yq aqWpw amk-n-d-hn-bpw, t]Pv: 63)
(eh QdG) FdG aG ~a g e bG ~b dG jCGQ GPG dG SQ b (Q)dG ~Y Y
A_vZp-(-d) \nth-Z\w: Am-lp-hns ZqX Acpfn:
\n cmhv ChnsS \npw apn- p- h - c p- Xp IWv S m
Xobmbpw t\mp-Im-c\v t\mv apdnmw (_p-Jmcn: 1954,
apkvenw: 1101). Camw _pJm-cn... (F-tm-gmWv t\mp-Im-c\v apdn A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-hp-I) F A[ym-b-n-emWv Cu lZokv
D-cn-p--Xv. \_n(-kz) ChnsS cmhns\ IWvSm Fp-Xs-bmWv ]d-bp--Xv. amkw IWvSm Fv ]d--Xp-t]mse.
\_n(- k z)bpw kzlm- _ n- h - c y- mcpw Pohn- X - n Hscm
{]mhiyw t]mepw Ie-WvS-dn t\mnbpw IW-ns\ ASnm-\a
- m-nbpw t\mv apdn-n-n-. Ch ]d-bp tKmf-imkv{Xw
Adn-bp--h AhnsS DWvSm-bnpw. Zi-\-ns ASn-m-\n am{X-am-bnp Ah t\mv apdn--Xn-\m ]e k`n kqcy AkvX-an-n-p-sWvSv sXn--cnv ]I-en Xs
t\mv apdnv kw`-h-fpw DWvSm-bn-p-WvSv.
(QdG) dG W K Z j U dG ~Y Y faG :db (Q) ASG Y
AkvamAv(d) \nth-Z\w: \_n(-kz)-bpsS Imev BImiw
taLm-hr-X-amb Hcp Znhkw R t\mv Xpd-p. tijw
kqcy taL-ns Dn \nv DZn-p-hp (_p-Jmcn: l:
\: 1959). \_n(-kz)-bp-sSbpw kzlm-_n-h-cy-m-cp-sSbpw
Imev t\mv apdn-p-hm\pw Zi-\-s-bm-bn-cpp Ah-ew_n-n-cp--Xv. IW-ns\ Ah-ew-_n-n-cp-n-sv Cu lZokpw
hy-am-p-p. Jeo^m Da(-d)-hns Imepw C{]-Imcw kw`hn-p-Ibpw {]kvXpX t\mv t\mv ho \n_--aptWvSm
F hnj-b-n Xw D`-hn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. (C_v\p
111

A_o-ssi_: Camw amen-Iv)

PDj M GHTGh Gc U dG SQ a H PDj c H G db (Q) FY Y
(eh QdG) e G HG
Bbn-i(-d) \nth-Z\w: Xo-bmbpw _nem cm{Xn-bmWv
_mv hnfn-p-I. B _mv tIm \n Xnp-Ibpw IpSnp- I bpw sNp- h n. C_v \ p Dn aIv X zqav _mv hnfnpXphsc (_p-Jmcn: 1918, apkvenw: 1092)- A-mg kabw
Adn-bp-hm _mv hnfn-p-hm-\mWv \_n(-kz) \nt-in-p-Xv. \_n(-kz)-bp-sSbpw kzlm-_n-h-cy-m-cp-sSbpw amXrI CXpX-s-bm-bn-cp-p. Aem-dhpw apw D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp-n-.
Camw djo-Zp-dn-fm(-d) Xs temI {]kn Jp-B ]cn`m-j-bmb X^vko-dp a\m-dn Fgp-Xpp:
Wf ~b G GdG bhG KEc g GT T hGh eQ T hG KG G
e QdG VZh .dP M H e ~J Gh h~dG Y H dG j c QdG
dG e OSCG G e HCG G H h dG jDhH ~dG bhCG H dG dP
GhdG X jDhH ~dG h G L e G dG AV jDhH NBG e c fG G
bd dG Zh dG hZ jDhH h dG bh e dG X IQhUh dG bh
jDhH dG KG f e U cP eh ae IOdG bGe e QdG Va FdG
LGNG dG SQ H ~Ue eh eG fc eCG H Y ~b WH I~dG cG hG dG
(QG J) eCG M Z M Gh HdG d G e NDjh IdG IQS e dH
1. Xo-bmbpw da-fm amk-ns Bcw-`hpw im
amk-ns Bcw-`hpw nc-s-Sp- Av t\cs \akvIm-c-ns ka-b- nc-s-Sp-p-Xv t]mse-X-s-bmWv. Amlp Ahsb _n-n-Xv Fm ]-W-hm-kn-Ipw
AXn-s\-p-dnv Adn-bp-hm Ffp--am-Ip-Xv sImWvSmWv. CXn\p XXzw apv hnh-cn-n-p-WvSv. Am-lp-hns Dtiyw Ch
sImsWvSmw Cu ka-b--sf-p-dnv Adnhv e`n-pI F-XmWv. N{s\ Zin-p--Xp-sImWvSv Bcm-[\ A\p-jvTn--e-.
AXp-t]mse t\mv Bcw-`n-p-hm shfp \qev Idpv \qen
\nv {]`m-X-n shfn-s-S-ep-a. AXm-bXv Hv asm-n
\nv \on {]`m-X-nse {]Imiw Ingv `mKv Zin-
sImWvSv ths-Sp--ep-a-. D-bpsS \ng fplvdnsd kabw
Adn-bp--Xn IvsImWvSv Zin-p--Xn Bcm-[-\-bn-.
112

Akvdns kabw Adn-bp-hm Hcp hkvXp-hns \ng AXns

Cc-n-bmbn ]cn-h\w sNbvXXv Zin-p--Xnepw Bcm-[\
Iw A\p-jvTn--en-. kqcys AkvX-a\w aKvcn_ns
kabw Adn- b p- h m Zin- p- - X nepw Cim- b psS kabw
Adnbphm AkvX-a-\-tim` ad-bp--Xmbn Zin-p--Xnepw
Bcm-[-\-bn-. Amlp Bcm-[\ I- A\p-jvTn-p-hm
C{]-Imcw am[y-a- \nt-in-Xv ka-b-s-p-dnv Adnhv
e`n-pI F Dt-iy-am-Wv. \_n(-kz) N{-amkw Dd-n-p-hm
thWvSn \h-N-{s\ Zin--W-sapw As-n 30 ]qnbm-W
- s
- apw ]d-X
- ns ImcWw {]hm-NI
- Xs {]kvXmhnXv \_n(-kz)-bpsS Imev apkvenw kap-Zmbw Dn-bm-bXv
sImWvSm-bn-cp-p-sh-m-Wv. apl-Zv \_n(-kz)sb Amlp
\ntbm-Kn--Xns ey--fns--XmWv apkvenw kaq-ls
Dn--Xn \npw tamNn-npI FXv. Amlp ]d-bpp
(A-h Hcp-h-\mWv Dn-m--fn \nv Hcp ZqXs\ Ah
\ntbm-Kn-p. Atlw Ah-cpsS ta Ahs ZrjvSm--
]mcm-bWw sNp-p. Ahsc kwkvI-cn-p-Ibpw Ahs thZ{K-hpw XXz-m-\hpw ]Tn-n-p-Ibpw sNp-p. apv Ah
hy-amb Zpam-n-em-bn-cp-p. Xo-bm-bpw). Cu Bibw
Xs-bmWv C{_mlow \_n(-kz)-bpsS {]m-\-bnepw DXv. CXn \npw thZ-{Kw {Kln-p-Ibpw XXz-m\w {Klnp-Ibpw sNbvX-hp hn[n-b Dn-bm-p--sXv
]nSn-s-Sp--sSpw (X^vkodp a\m: hmfyw:2, t]Pv:186)
Atlw XpSv sImWvSv Jp-Bs\ hymJym-\nv {]kvXm-hnp--Xns {]k `mK- ImWp-I.
X KK I~dG cH dG KG j dG jDhQ e fG ~Yh dG dM Z h
eG e dH j a dG Y ~e dG G Y G jdG ~YGb eh .dG hO hG
dEG ODj dG H jh dEG LdG ~j G d Rj dG jDhQ eG a dG
(QG J) OLEG
2. BImiw sXfn Ah--bnepw N{s Zi-\-n\v
{]Xn-_-- Cm k`-nepw Fw apXv ]qnbmn sImWvSv amks Dd-n- Dulm-]-c-am-Wv. As-n
AXn\v Xmsg-bm-Wv. CkvemanI ico-Av \nb-a-n GtIm113

]n-s
- s]mXp \nb-aa
- mWv Xo-bmbpw Adn-hn\v Dul-ns
ta apnn--s-Sp-sa--Xv. Adn-hn\v km[y-X-bp--tm
Dulw sImWvSv {]hn--s-Sp-I-bn-. IAv_:sb Zin-phm km[n-p--h\v IAv_:bpsS t\sc A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-p-hm
thWvSn Kth-jWw sN A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-. As\ KthjWw Fn-t-cp Dulw sImWvSv {]hn-p-hm ]mSn
(X^vkodp a\m: 2187). IWv sImWvSv Dd-mb Adn-hmWv
e`n-p-I. Zi\w sImWvSv `mh-\m-]-c-amb Adn-hp-amWv e`n-pI. Dd-mb Adnhv e`n-p am- DWvSm-Ip-tm Dulw
{][m\w sNp--Xn\v {]k-n-bn-sv DWp-I-bm-Wv. Camw
djoZv dnfm(-d) hoWvSpw Fgp-Xpp:
c X h Y ~j Jh X fCH Y ~b H dG Gj jdG G (b)
dG ~j Gg fY hG Gh fBG M HG ad QdG T Y f
dH M GhQ~j G g~Y dP K jdG FGeGh G FC h ~J c dG
I~Y cEH dG cH dG KH G e UCG Ggh .QG Y M a H
S h J a d U AdGh KdG d dG jDhQ Y e ej KK T
IOT C d GdG jDhH G Gch) dG jOMCG Ud dGg Ea jDhdG
(QG J) gdGh CG e a Vj e Id ~Y c Gh X ~MGdG
3. (\mw ]d-bp-p) IWv sImWvSv N{-amkw Dd-nv
{]hn-p-hm ]mSn-sv ]d-bp--h Xo-bmbpw AXns
Imc-W-ambn ]d-bp-Xv IWv Dulhpw aXnv ]d-b-ep-am-sWm-Wv. IWv Adn-hn-s\bpw Dul-s-t]mepw {]tbm-P\w
sNp-Ib
- n-. _pJm-cn-bpsS hymJym-Xmhv lm^nfv C_v\p lP(d) ]d-Xp-t]mse. \mw A]w apv Ct-l-ns Cu
{]kvXm-h\ D-cn-p-I-bp-WvSm-bn. \psS Cu Imev Adn-bs-Sp tKmf-imkv{X IWv Dd-mb Adn-hn-s\-bmWv \IpI
Fv k-Xn-p apkvenw t\Xm--mpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cnIpw Cu IWv sImWvSv {]hn-p-hm cwK-p-h-cm
km[n-p--Xm-Wv. Atm `qcn-]--n\v AXv FXn-cm-Ipw.
CXmWv amkw Dd-n-p-hm Ghpw icn-bm-bn-p-X
- v. iAv_m
apXv Znhkw ]qn-bmn amkw Dd-n-p--Xn-s\-m apXns cm{Xn-bn N{s\ Zin-m-Xn-cn-p-tm BImiw
sXfn--XmWv taLhpw [qfn-Ifpw Zi-\-n\v XS--am-bn-n114

. Xo-bmbpw CXv kzmlo-lmb lZo-kp-Is-Xn-cmWv (C{]-Imcw Xs-bmWv N{s\ Hcm Zin--Xp-sImWvSv hn[n
]d-b-epw. ImcWw H-s--hs kmnXzw Xo-bmbpw Dulam-Wv. Ah \oXn-am-\m-sW-nepw ]nghpw sXmb [mc-Wbpw
[mcm-f-ambn kw`-hn-p-hm km[y-X-bp--Xn-\mWv (X-^vko-dp
a\m: 2187). IWv Jn-X-am-sWpw Zi\w Dul-amsWpw Ch Xs Fgp-Xn-hn-Sp-Ibpw sNp-pWvSv (hn-i-Zo-IcWw AXns A[ym-b-n) Camw djoZp-dn-fm(-d) hoWvSpw
XpSp Fgp-Xpp:
gGH GNG GOdG bGe L jhdH f G eG :jeG H fG dG Lh
Ge OdG dG Qf ij M PDe c Y j Mh j~J fMh UdG
bG fC H G H f G eGh dG hdGh GhdG ij Mh aG Ge
(QG J) a NEG ~Yh bGH dG dG gh QdG ~e EG
Npcp--n Xo-bmbpw \mw cWvSv Imcy-n-S-bnem-Wv. Hp-In lZo-kn-sbpw Jp-B-sbpw _mly-amb
\ntiw ASn-m-\-amn ImgvNsb Fm Bcm-[-\-I-fp-sSbpw
kabw Adn-bp-hmthWvSn Ah-ew-_-am-p-I. Imgv-Nsb ]cn-KWn- Bcm-[\
- b
- mbn IW-m-pw. kqcy BImi a[y-n
\nv sXn-bXp ImWp--Xp-h-tcpw AkvX-anv ImWp--Xp-htcpw _mv hnfn-p-hm ]mSn-. As-n Dd-mb IWns\ Ah-ew-_-amn {]hn-p-I. Xo-bmbpw AXmWv
Am-lp-hns Dt-iy-e-y--fp-ambn Ghpw ASp-p--Xpw.
ka-bs kw_-nv Dd-mb Adnhv e`n-pI F-XmWv
IW-ns\ Ah-ew-_n-. AXn P\- `nn-m-Xn-cnepw (X-^vko-dp a\m: 2188). Cu N-bpsS Ah-km\
`mKv Atlw ]d-bp hN-\- Hmtcm apkvenwIfpw a\x]m-T-am-p-hm hn\o-X-\mbn At]-n-p-p. B `mKw {inpI
a dG dCe G~Y e H Y bGG L UdG Jh NEG Gg eGh
(H hJh dG H eDaCG) b e g H ~ eG H j h Y dO h Lh
(QG J) MGh YG dGh
\a-kvIm-c-pw t\mv apdn-p-hm\pw apw IWv D]tbm-Kn-mw. t\mpw s]cp-mfpw Xocp-am-\n-p-hm am{Xw
115

IWv ]mSn-s Cu Xhpw Fm Bcm-[\

- I
- pw kabw
Adn-bp-hm Am-lphpw Ahs ZqX\pw ]d am-sf
Dt]- nv IW- v s ImWv S v {]hn- m- s a- p- a p- - X n\v
bmsXmcp \ymbo-I-c-W-hp-an-. bmsXmcp sXfn-hns ]n_-ehp-an-. Kth-jWw sNp (ap-PvX-ln-Zm-b) Hcp Camapw C{]Imcw ]d-n-p-an-. C{]-Imcw {]hn- Amlp ]d-Xns ]cn-[n-bn {]th-in-p--Xp-amWv (A-tm \n thZ{K--n Nne-Xn hniz-kn-p-Ibpw Nne-Xns\ \ntj-[n-pIbpw sNp-I-bm-tWm) Am-lp-hmWv Ghpw Adn-hp--h\pw
\mbn hn[n-p--h\pw. (X^vkodp a\m: hmfyw:2, t]Pv:
188). Chv A\p-Iq-e-amb Nne hnj-b--fn Camw djoZp
dnfm-bpsS X^vko Aa-\m-dnse {]kvXm-h-\-I Ch D-cnn-p-WvSv. (\yq aqWpw)
AXn-\m Camw djoZp dnfm(-d)bpw X^vko a\mdpw
Chv kzo-Im-cyasv ]dp Xm km[y-hp-a-. t]Pv:78 X^vko-dp a\m-dnse Hcp D-cWn FSpp ImWn--tijw
Ch Fgp-Xp-p. apkvenw temIv Adn-b-s {]kn--cmb
Jp-B hymJym-Xm- Aln--Xns\ hni-Zo-I-cn--XmWv AhcpsS {K--fn \np D-cWn-I-fn-eqsS \mw IWvS-Xv
(\yqaqWpw amk-n-d-hnbpw: laoZv aZo\n: t]Pv: 75) t]Pv 119-
hoWvSpw dioZv cnZm ]d-bpp Fv ]dp X^vko-dp a\mdnse Hcp D-cWn FSpv ImWnv djo-Zp-cnZm B[n-Im-cnI
]n-X-m-cn s]-h-\m-sWv {]Jym-]n-pp (\yq-aqWpw.
laoZv aZo\n: t]Pv: 119 hcn 29) Camw djo-Zp-cn-f(-d) `qan-bn
Fmw Xs Htc Znhkw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-
\n_-am-sWv ]d-n-p-sWvSv \mw ChnsS hmZn-p-nsv {]tXyIw DWp-p. t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-phm\pw N{-am-k-ns amw Xocp-am-\n-p-hm\pw ImgvNsb Dt]nv IWv ASn-m-\-am-mw. CXn\v am{Xw IW-ns\ ASnm-\-am-p-hm ]mSn-. Fm \akvImc ka-b- Adnbp-hm IW-ns\ D]-tbm-Knmw Fv ]d-b thZ-{K-
- n
Nne-Xns\ kzoI-cn-epw Nne-Xns\ Dt]n-ep-am-sWv JpB Bt-]n PqX-m-cn Ds-Sp-sapw. Camw djo-Zp-cnfm(-d) {]Jym-]n-n-p-sWvSv DWp-hm am{X-amWv At-l116

ns ZoL-amb {]kvXm-h\ \mw D-cn--Xv. thZ-{K--n

Nne-Xns\ kzoI-cn-p-Ibpw Nne-Xns\ hn-p-Ibpw sNp-hsc kw_-nv XpSv Amlp ]d-bp `mKw {]tXyIw
{in-p-I.
f~dG IG N EG e dP j e AGL a H hJh dG H eDaCG
(IdG) J Y aH dG eh GdG ~TCG EG hOj edG jh
thZ-{K--n Nne-Xn \n hniz-kn-p-I-bmtWm?
Nne-Xn \n Ahn-iz-kn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. \n-fn \nv
A{]-Imcw {]hn-p--hv sFlnI Pohn-X-n Xs
A]-am-\-a-msX as-mWv {]Xn-^ew? Ay-Zn-\-n Ah
ITn-\-amb in-bn-tev aS--s-Sp--Xm-Wv. Amlp \n
{]hn-p--Xn-s\-p-dnv A{i--\-. (kqd:A-_-Jd: 85).
\a-kvI-cn-p-hm IWv Ah-ew-_n-mw. Fm t\mpw
s]cp-mfpw Xocp-am-\n-p-hm IWv Ah-ew-_n-p-hm ]mSn
Fv ]d-bp Jmfn-amcpw lnem In-n-Ifpw Ahv Xe-Ip\n-p--hcpw Cu Bb-Xns ]cn-[n-bn hcp-sav ]d-bp-Xv
kmm Camw dio-Zp-dn-fm(-d)-bm-Wv. Aen-a-Wn-Iv^m t]mepw
Cu hnjbw C{X in-bmbn Ah-X-cn-n-n-n-.

117

21. `qanbpw \h-N-{s\

Zin-epw
tNmZ-yw: 22
kqc-y BIm-i-a-[-y-n \nv sXn-bm fpl \akvI-cn-p-hm\pw kqc-y AkvX-an-m aKvcn_v \a-kvI-cn-phm\pw cm{Xn Ccp-n-bm Cim \a-kvI-cn-p-hm\pw {]`mXw
apX cm{Xn hsc t\mp ]qo-I-cn-m\pw Jp-B Xs
\nt-in-p-p. N{s DZ-bs ASn-m-\-amn N{-amkw
Xocp-am-\n-m\pw ]d-bp-p. Ccw ka-b-fpw N{s Zi\hpw km[n-m {]tZ-i- Cu `qan-bn Xs-bp-WvSv.
Ckvemw AZr-i-y-m-\-ap ssZh-ns aX-a F-Xn\v
\nco-i-z-c-hm-Zn-I CXv FSpp ImWn-p-p. FmWv adp-]Sn?
D-cw:
Ckvemw \a-kvImcw, t\mv, lv, cWvSv s]cp-m
BtLm-j- apX-em-bh a\p-j-ys ta aX-]-c-amb _m[yX-I-fm-n-bn-cn-p-p. a\p-j-y `uXnI temIs ]cn-]qambn Dt]-nv Bcm-[-\-bn am{Xw apgpIn Hcp Xcw kw\ymkPohnXw t]mse Pohn-m-Xn-cn-p-hm thWvSn-bmWv Bcm-[-\Iv kabw \n-bn-n-cn-p--Xv. kabw \n-bn--Xn-ep
Dt-iyw CXm-Wv. ka-b-t-m Ckvemw {]m[m-\yhpw apKW-\bpw \Ip-Xv Cu Bcm-[-\m-I- \n-ln-pI
F-Xm-Wv. ImcWw, `qan-bn amk-tfmfw cmhn-sbpw ]Ien-sbpw hy-X-ym-k- {]I-S-ambn ImWm km[n-m
e--fp-WvSv. Ahn-sS a\p-j-y-hm-khpw B a\p-jyn-S-bn
apkvenw-Ifpw DsWvS-Xpw bmYmy-hp-am-Wv.
cmhnsbpw ]I-en-sbpw ssZL-yhpw Hcp-t]m-se-b-
`qan-bn A\p-`-h-s-Sp-Xpw. \h-N-{s ]ndhn Zin-m
km[n-m- apkvenw-Ifpw ap a\p-j-ycpw Xma-kn-p `q{]-tZ118

i-fpw \apv ImWmw. a\p-j-y ap {Kl--fn t]mbn Xmakn-p-hm\pw km[-y-X-bp-sWvSv ]cn-ip Jp-B\pw \_n Ncybpw kqN-\-I-fn-eqsS {]kvXm-hn-p-p. ka-b-h-y-X-ym-k-fpw
cm]-I-ep-Ifpw icnpw {Kln-p-hm km[n-m {]tZ-i-fn Pohn-p a\p-j-ycpw Ckvemw \nt-in-p Bcm-[-\mI-fpw BtLm-j-fpw A\p-jvTn-m \n_-nX-cm-Wv.
ka-b- A\p-`-h-s-Sp e--fn B ka-b-v Xs
Ah \n-ln--Ww. CXns {]m[m-\yw {]tX-yIw Hcp A
[-ymbw \In-sm-WvSvXs \mw hnh-cn-p-I-bp-WvSm-bn. kabs Ah-K-Wn-p-hm ]mSn-. t\mv, {]`mXw apX kqcy AkvX-an-p--Xp-hsc \mw \n-ln--Ww. Fm Cu
ka-b
- Adn-bp-hm \_n(-k)bpw kz-lm-_n-hc-y
- mcpw \ntin-p-Ibpw Ah amXr-Ib
- m-p-Ibpw sNbvX am[-ya
-
- \apv
\n-ln-p-hm km[n-mepw Ahsb \apv Ah-K-Wn-mw.
bmsXmcp {]m[m-\-yhpw Ch-n-. Hcp hSn-Ipn \mp-Ibpw
AXns \ng ]cn-tim-[n-p-hm\pw \app km[n-mepw BImi-a-[-y-n \nv sXn-bn-ptWvSm Fv Adn-bp-hm\pw {]`m-Xns shfp \q ImWp-hm\pw am\-tv t\mt-WvS-Xn. CXn Bcm-[-\bpw ]pW-y-I-hp-an-.
Fm kabw A\p-`-h-s-Sm e--fnepw Bcm[\ I- A\p-jvTn--Ww. \hN{s\ Zin-m km[nm--hcpw t\mpw s]cp-m-fp-Ifpw BN-cn--Ww. `qan-bn
BZ-y-ambn DWvSm-Ip \h-N-{s DZ-bs ASn-m-\-amn
Ch N{-am-k-ns am-fpw AwKo-I-cn--Ww. asb ASnm-\- Znibmn \a-kvIm-c
- \n-ln-W
- w. `qan-bn BZyambn DWvSm-Ip \h-N-{s\ ASn-m-\-amn t\mpw s]cpmfpw Fm-hcpw BN-cn--W-sa-mWv Ckvemw ]d-bp--Xv.
AXn-\m {[ph-{]-tZ-is Bfp-I Fp-sN-pw? N{-\n
a\p-j-y Xma-kn-p-I-bm-sW-n Fp-sN-pw? F tNmZ-yn\v Xs Ah-Im-i-an-. kqva-m-\n-bmb ssZh-n\v
CsXmw Adn-bp--Xp-sImWvSmWv C{]-Imcw \nb-a-]-c-am-n-bXv.
tIcfw Nne amk--fn "an\n-{[ph'{]tZ-i--fm-bn-cn-psav Fm-hpw Adn-bp--Xm-Wv. Hcp-a-Wn-q kabw N{n-dhn DWvSm-bmepw BImiw taLm-hr-X-am-b-Xn-\m ImWm
km[-y-a-.
119

22. kmn-X-zhpw IWpw

tNmZ-yw: 23
Htm ctWvSm As-n Atm, ]tm Bfp-I amkn-dhn Zin-p-shv kmn \np ]w AXp-sImWvSv
Dd-mb Adnhv ( Cap bJo) e`n-p-tam? IWv sImWvSv
Fp-Xcw Adn-hm-Wv e`n-p--Xv? IWv aptJ\ kqc-y
AkvX-an-p--Xns Hcp an\np apv AkvXanv t]mIp
N{s\ hni-z-kvX-cmb Ccp-]Xv t] Zin-p-shv ]d-m
Am-lp-hns t]cn kmn-\n-m.. lnem In-nbpw
Ahp- ]npW sImSp-p--hcpw AXns\ AwKo-I-cn-p-tam?
Cs-n Fp-sIm-WvSv?
D-cw: Htm ctWvSm As-n Atm ]tm BfpI amk-n-dhn Zin-p-shv ]d-m Cu hmv lZokv
]WvUn-X
- m ]d-bpI "J_-dp hmlnZv' Fm-Wv. AXp-t]mse
I-im-kv{X-]W
- vUn-X
- m-cpw. a\x-]q-amtbm bmZr-n-Ia
- mtbm
If-hn tbmPn- Akw-`-h-y-amb \nev Hcp kwLw BfpI ]d-bp hmv "apX-hm-Xn' Fpw ]d-bp-p. Adnhns\ aqp C\-ambpw Ah thXn-cn-p-p.1. fzv (Du-lw):
Hcp a\p-j-y kzbw Dulnv DWvSm-p [mc-W. CXn\v Adnhv
Fp ]d-bp-I-bn-. CXp ]cn-ip Jp-B hntcm-[n--Xm-Wv.
{]hm-N-I hn-p-hm in-bmbn I]n--Xm-Wv. 2. Kmen_p-zn (-an-I Dulw As-n km[-y-Xm-m-\w): hniz-kvX-cmb Htm ctWvSm As-n Atm ]tm Bfp-I
]d-bp-I. CXp Adn-hns Hcp C\-am-Wv. Ckvemw AwKo-I-cn-Xp-am-Wv. 3. Cap bJo(-D-d-mb Adnhv As-n JWvUn120

X-amb Adn-hv): J_-dp hmlnZv sImWvSv Hm-as C\amb, Ckvemw hntcm-[n--Xm-b Dulw (f-v) am{Xta e`n-p-Ibp-q FmWv Nne-cpsS A`n-{]mbw. AXn-\m J_-dp hmlnZn-eqsS h Hcp hm {]h-\-Im-c-y-n\pw hni-zm-k-Im-cy-n\pw ]p-I-bn-sv Cu hn`mKw ]d-bp-p. Cu A`n-{]mbw
X-s--Xm-Wv. ]cn-ip Jp-B-\n\pw \_n-N-c-ypw kz-lm_n-h-c-y-m-cpsS Nc-ypw FXn-cm-Wv. J_-dp hmln-Zn-sImWvSv
Kmen-_p-zn (-an-I Dulw As-n km[-yXm Adn-hv)
am{Xta e`n-p-I-bp-q. apX-hm-Xn-dmb lZokv sImWvSpw JpB sImWvSpw am{X-amWv Dd-mb (J-WvUn-X-amb) Adnhv e`np-Ibpq. C{]-Imcw apkvenw ]WvUn-X-m GtIm-]nv A`n{]m-b-s-Sp-p. Camw Al-a-Zv, C_v\plkw(d) t]mse-bp
]WvUn-X-m Jn-X-amb Adnhv e`n-p-sa-v ]d-bp-n-.
{]X-ypX Hm-as hn`mKw ]d-bp--Xp-t]m-se Jp-B hntcm[n Dul-a e`n-p-I F-Xm-Wv. Kmen-_p-v Fpw Nne
fv Fpw Cu Adn-hn {]tbm-Kn-p-tm CXp sXnm-cWp km[-y-X-bp--Xn-\m Adnhv Fv Xs Ch {]bm-Knp-p Fp-am-{Xw. tIhew ]Z-{]-tbm-K-n-ep Xw am{Xam-Wv. XX-z-n Fm-hcpw tbmPn-p-p. BZ-ys hn`mKw
Hgn-sI. Hcp DZm-l-c-W-n-eqsS CXp hni-Zo-I-cnmw. 1. ]ndhn
N{ DWvSm-bn-p-sWvSv \mw kzbw Duln-p-I. AXns ASnm-\-n {]hn-p-I. CXv Ckvemw hntcm-[n Dulw
(fz-v) BWv. 2. ]ndhn N{ Zin-p-shv hni-z-kvX-m-cmb
Htm As-n Atm ]tm hy-n-I \tmSv ]d-bpI. CXp-aqew \apv Adnhv e`n-p-p. Ch-cpsS hm AwKoI-cnv \apv {]hn-mw. Fnepw Dd-mb (J-WvUn-X-am-b)
Adnhv Fv CXn\v ]d-bp-I-bn-. CXn-\p ImcWw lZokv
]WvUn-X-mcpw I-im-kv{X-]-WvUn-X-mcpw ]d-bp-Xv Ifhv
]d-bp-hm km[-y-X-bpWvSv Fm-Wv. Cu Adnhns\ Nne Kmen_p-v Fpw ap Nne fzv Fv am{X-ambpw ]d-bpw. 3.
\mw N{-n-dhn ImWp-I. Asn Hcp kwLw Bfp-I(ap-Xhm-Xn) ]d-bp-I. CXp-aqew \apv JWvUn-Xhpw kpZr-V-hp-amb
Adnhv e`n-p-p. Fm Hcm N{-n-dhn Zin-Xv \ntfmSv ]d-bp-p. Cu k`-n A-bmsf hni-z-kvX-\mbn
121

\n ]cn-K-Wn-p ]w \np JWvUn-Xhpw kpZrV-hp-amb Adnhp e`n-p-n-. Fnepw Adnhp As-n Kmen_p-v \nv e`n-p-p.
1. C_v\p-l-P-dn AkvJ-em\n (d) ]d-bp-p:
(dG f) WhH dG d ~G g JGG
apX-hm-Xn sImWvSmWv Dd-mb Adnhp e`n-p-I. CXnv
Xs \n_--\-I-fp-WvSv. (\p-Jv_-Xp ^nIv, t]. 17)
2. Camw juIm-\n(-d) Fgp-Xp-p.
H ~j N gh OMBGh ...hH EG QhdG d ~e j JGG G G
(dG OTQEG) dG
Xo-bmbpw apX-hm-Xn-dmb h-am\w Dd-mb Adnhv
D]-Imcw sNp-I Nne \n_--\-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. J_-dp
BlmZv kzbw Adn-hns\ D]-Imcw sNp-I-bn-. (Cim-Zp
^plq, t]. 14)
3. Ch-cpsS ]pkvX-I-n (\-yq-aqWpw amk-n-d-hnbpw, t].
83) sXfn-hmbn D-cn apl-Zv A_p kplvd ]d-bp-p:
(dG UG) dG dG ~j h LGdG dG dG ~j OMBG j~Mh
H- s lZo- k p- I {]_- e - a mb Duls D]- I mcw
sNp Adnhv am{Xta \Ip-I-bp-q. JWvUn-X-amb Adnhns\ D]-Imcw sNp-I-bn-. (D-kq-ep ^nJvlv, t]. 109)
4. lnPvd 716 ac-W-s C_v\p kAvZv AX-zq^n (d)
Fgp-Xp-p:
(VhdG T) jcCG b gh XCG b H dG M
J_-dp hmlnZv sImWvSv Adnhp e`n-ptam ? CXn
cWvSv A`n-{]m-ba
- p-WvSv. Ghpw hy-a
- m-bXv e`n-p-Ib
- n FmWv. `qcn-]--ns A`n-{]mbw CXm-Wv. (idlpapJvX-k-z-dn
duf, 2103)
5. Pwap Phman-Av F {]kn {K-n Fgp-Xp-p:
e G Y G ~dh LdG QNG c jH EG dG ~j ~MGdG N
(eGG L) e ~j cCG b dGh dG QMGh AdG jb
J_-dp hmlnZv (Htm csWvSm As-n Atm,
]tm Bfp-I ]d-bp h-am-\w) sImWvSv Adnhp e`np-I-bn-. kml-N-c-y-s-fn-hp-I DWvSm-bm AmsX. ac-W122

tmSp kao- ] n Xs aI ac- W - s - p- s hv Hcm

]dbpwt]mse Ic-bp-I. I^ ]pS lmP-cm-s-Sp-I. an-Xns\
hln-p In sImWvSp-h-c-s-Sp-I apX-emb kml-N-c-y-sfn-hn-t\m-sSmw. `qcn-]w ]WvUn-X-m kml-N-cy-s-fn-hpI DWvS-bmepw Adn-hns\ D]-Imcw sNp-I-bn-sv ]d-bpp. (Pw-ap Phm-an-Av, 2130)
6. lmin-b-p _m-\n-bn Fgp-Xp-p:
cCG bh gZh LG HGh ~eBG Y e g jH EG dG ~j ~MGdG N
(dG TM) jb ~Lh dh G e ~j
J_-dp hmlnZv kml-N-c-y-s-fn-hns ASn-m-\-nemsX Adn-hns\ D]-Imcw sNp-I-bn-. Camw Bap-Zn(-d)bpw
Camw C_v\p lmPn-_pw(-d) ap--hcpw C{]-Imcw ]d-bp-p.
`qcn-]w apkvenw ]WvUn-X-m ]d-bp-Xv kml-N-c-y-s-fnhp-I DWvSm-bn-cp-mepw J_-dp hmlnZv Adn-hns\ D]-Imcw
sNp-I-bn Fm-Wv. (lm-in-b-Xp _m-\n, 2-130)
7. Ap hni-z-kvX-m ]d-m Adnhp e`n-p-sapw
e`n-p-I-bn-spw Rm hy--ambn ]d-bp-n- Fv Jmfn
]d--Xns\ JWvUn-p-sIm-WvSv Camw Kmen (d) Fgp-Xp-p:
j h S hG N e f QNG e a dP HdH f fC V Ggh
(G) a f bf jG a H dG d
CXv Zp_-e-am-Wv. Xo-bmbpw A\p-`-h-m-\-n-eqsS
\mw Adn--Xm-Wv. Ap hy-n-I-fn\nv Asn Bdv
hy-n-I-fn\nv F{Xtbm hm-I \mw tIm-dp-WvSv.
Ah aptJ\ \apv Adnhv e`n-m-dn-. Atm Av hy-nI ]d-bp-Xpw Adnhp \Im \yq-\-X-bp kmn-Xz-amWv. \apv AXn kwi-b-an-. (ap-kvX-kv^m, 1135) Camw
Kmen (d) hoWvSpw Fgp-Xp-p:
Y M eh ...f e H ~f fa IQhdH e gh dG ~j ~MGdG N
Y dG j GPG dG ~j fG GhOGQG a dG Lj dP G e K~G
(G) dG g Gh WHh gX d d dGh gdG dG Qj H b Gdh
J_-dp hmlnZv hnm-\s D]-Imcw \Ip-I-bn-.
Cu kwKXn A\n-hm-c-y-amb \ne-vXs Adn-b-s--Xm-Wv.
Xo-bmbpw \mw tIp-Xp Fmw \mw kXy-s-Sp-m-dn123

. Fm Nne lZokv ]WvUn-X-m-cn \nv Adnhv \n_-am-p-sav D-cn--s-n-p-WvSv. CXp-sImWvSv Ah Dt-inXv {]hrn sN \n_--am-Ip Adn-hn-s\-bm-bn-cn-mw.
ImcWw Dul-n\v (fzn-\v) Adnhv Fv ]d-bm-dp-WvSv. CXpsIm-WvSmWv Ah-cn Nne- _ml-y-amb Adn-hns\ {]Zm\w
sNp-sav ]d--Xv. Adn-hn _ml-y-am-bXpw B-cn-I-ambXpan. Xo-bmbpw AXv Dulw am{X-am-Wv. (ap-kvX-kv^m,
1142)
Atm amk-n-dhn Zin--Xmbn ]p-h-y-n-I hsc
]d-m AXp-sImWvSv JWvUn-Xhpw Dd-m-b-Xp-amb Adnhv
e`n-p-I-bn-. Fm Cs imkv{Xob IW-p-sImWvSv
\app e`n-p-Xv N{-am-k-ns ams kw_-nv
JWvUn-Xhpw Dd-m-b-Xp-amb Adn-hm-Wv. Cu bmYmyw Ch
Xs k-Xn-p-p. Ch Fgp-Xp-p: C\n kqcy AkvX-anp--Xn\v apv 29\v N{ AkvX-an-m B N{s\ ImWm
kabw ]mgm-t-WvS-Xn-. (^-tdm-n N{ AkvX-an-memtWm?) Av kqc-ym-kvX-a-b-n\v tijw \h-N-{s\ IWvSp
Fv ]d-bp-Xv A-cm{Xn kqc-ys\ IWvSp Fp ]d-bp-Xn\p Xpe-y-am-Wv. (A-m-lphpw Ahs ZqXcpw kz-lm-_n-amcpw
C{]-Imcw {]J-ym-]n-p-thm?) X-s-S-Ww. Ccw kmn-Xzw
kzo-I-cn-m ]mSn-sv ]qoI ]WvUn-X-m hy--ambn
]d-n-p-WvSv. (Jp-B\pw \_n-N-c-ybpw kz-lm-_n-am-cpsS Ncybpw aZvl-_ns Cam-ap-Ifpw `qcn-]w ]cn-WvUn-X-mcpw ]dp-thm?) im^nCu aZvl-_nse Xplv^ F {K-n
C_v\p lP sslXan ]d-bp-p.
G gG JG G G G e j dGh jCGdH ~gdG c Y G O dh
(3823) ) IOdG OQ JGdG O~Y dH e hG ch b Je~e
tKmfimkv { X IWv Imgv N If- h m- s W- - d n- b n- m
AXn\nv hy--am-hp-Xv IW-n\v kzo-I-cn t^mape
JWvUn-Xa
- m-sWv tKmf-im-kv{X-]W
- vUn-X
- mv GIm-`n-{]mbw
DWvSm-hp-Ibpw IWv {]kvXm-hn-h [mcm-f-ap-WvSm-hp-Ibpw
sNbvXm ]ndhn IWvSp F kmn-Xzw X-s-tS-WvS-XmWv
Fm-Wv. (Xp-lv^. 3382 C_v\p-l-P-dp sslX-an). im^nCu
124

aZvl-_nse asmcp {K-amb al-n-bpsS id-ln ]d-bp-p:

jCGd h~dG b J jCGQ ~Y Y dG G O d fG OdG edG b
Y Hb) IHeh I~fe dP dh dG Rj h L gX gh JOT OJh
(492 G
Ama D_mZn ]d-p: _me-N-{s\ ImWp-I-bn-sv
JWvUn-Xa
- mb IW-d
- n-bn-m hni-zk
- vXc
- mb kmnI amkw
IWvSp Fv ]d-mepw Ah-cpsS kmyw kzo-I-cn-m ]mSn. Ah-cpsS kmn-Xzw Xn--tb-WvS-Xm-Wv. CXp hfsc hyhpw {]I-Sh
- p-am-Wv. Ccw k`-f
- n t\mv t\mm
]mSn-. Cu kX-y-n\v FXncv {]hn- [nm-chpw Almc-hp-am-Wv. (Jbp-_n, 2:49) (\-yq-aqWpw amk-n-d-hn-bpw, laoZv
aZo-\n, t]Pv 61)
J dG b jDhQ eG ~Y G bGh KG hG ~MGh dG jDhH ~T d
g OQ H WGh dG VQj dGh X IOdGh dG G IOdG g
(G T G) IOdG
amk-n-dhn Zin--Xmbn Htm ctWvSm t] kmn
]d-p. Fm IWv AXv ImWm-\p km[-y-Xsb Xs
\ntj-[n-p-Ibpw sNp-p. Atm Fp sN-Ww? Camw
kp_vIn ]d-bp-p. Cu k`--fn lnem IWvSp Fp
]d-bp-h
- c
- psS kmn-Xzw kzo-Ic
- n-m ]mSn. \nbw IWv
JWvUn-X-am-Wv. kmn-Xzw Dulw am{X-am-Wv. Dulw JWvUnX-am-b-Xns\ Gp-ap-p-I-bn-. tijw Camw kp_vIn Cu kmnX-zs Xt-WvS-Xm-sW hnjbw ZoL-ambn {]kvXm-hn-np-WvSv.
(ddG fYEG) dG VQj dGh X IOdGh b G C
Xo-bmbpw IWv JWvUn-Xa
- mWv. kmn-Xzw ImgvNbpw
Dul-hp-am-Wv. Dulw JWvUn-X-am-b-Xns\ Xn-c-kvI-cn-p-I-bn. (C-B-\v 2215)
apl-Zv \_n(-k)-bp-sSbpw kz-lm-_n-h-c-y-m-cp-sSbpw \
\qm-WvSp-I Fv \_n(-k) hnti-jn-n aqp \qm-WvSp-Ifnepw amkw 29\v Hcm amk-n-dhn Zin-p-shv ]d-m
N{-am-k-ns ams kw_-nv Cu kmn-Xzw aptJ\
e`n-p Adnhv t]mepw IWv sImWvSv e`n-p-am-bn-cp-n-.
125

CXp-sIm-WvSmWv {]hm-N-I ImgvNsb Ah-ew-_n-p-hm ]d-Xv. CXp-sIm-WvSmWv amkw 29\v Hcm amkw IWvSp-shv
]d-m IW-p-ambn Xpe\w \Sn Hscm {]mh-iy- s
- a-nepw
AXns\ Xnb kw`hw D-cn--s-Sm--Xv. C amkw 29\v
kqcy AkvX-an-p--Xns C{X an\pp apv N{ AkvX-anp- t ]m- I pw. AXn- \ m \n BIm- i - n- m N{s\
ImWm kabw ]mgm-t-WvSX
- n-. C-Zn-hk
- a
- m-bn-cnpw t\mv
As-n s]cp-m Fv \_ntbm kz-lm-_n-h-c-y-mtcm BZy-\q-m-WvSp-I-fntem apIqn {]J-ym-]n Hscm kw`hw Cm-Xncn-p-hm\pw ImcWw ImgvN-sb-m IWv JWvUn-Xhpw Ddp--Xp-ambn Av ]cn-h\w sNm-Xv sImWvSpXsbm-Wv. Cu ImcWw Xs-bm-bn-cpp Hcp amk-m-ew t\mp
apdn-p-hm ImgvNsb Dt]-nv IW-ns\ Ah-ew-_n-mXncn-p-hm\pw Imc-Ww. CXp-X-s-bm-bn-cpp apIqn kqc-y-{Kl-Whpw N{-{K-l-Whpw \_n-bpsS Imepw kz-lm-_n-am-cpsS
Imepw BZ-y\
- qm-WvSp-If
- nepw C-Zn-hkw DWvSm-Ip-sav {]Jym-]n-m-Xn-cn-p-hm\pw Imc-Ww.
JWvUn-X-amb IW-ns ASn-m-\-n amk-n-dhn
DsWvSv \apv hy--ambn. Fm Htm ctWvSm Bfp-I
hv amk-n-dhn Zin-p-shv ]d-n-. Dul-amb Cu kmn
]d-b DWvSm-bn-m-sbXns ASn-m-\-n t\mv ]nSnp- I tbm t\mv apdn- p- I tbm sNm- X n- c n- p ]w
Duln\v thWvSn JWvUn-X-am-b-Xns\ \mw Dt]-n-pIXsbmWv sNp--Xv. Dulw JWvUn-X-am-b-Xns\ Gp-ap-pI-bmWv Chn-sSbpw sNp--Xv. Dd-mb da-fm amks Dulw
DWvSm-bn F Imc-W-m iAv-_m amk-ambpw Dd-mb
Zpln amks ZpJ-AvZ amk-ambpw An-a-dn-p-I-bmWv.
CXp Ip^vdm-sWv ]cn-ip Jp-B {]Jym-]n-p-p.

126

23. Zi-\hpw ka-b-]-cn-[nbpw

tNmZ-yw: 24
kqc-ys AkvX-a-\-n\v tijw 2 an\pv am{Xw N{I-hm-fn Ah-ti-jn-p N{s\ Zin--Xmbn kmn-\nXns\
lnem Inn AwKo-I-cn kw`hw Cu tIc-f-n DWvSmbn-p-WvSv. 2 an\p-p N{s\ Zin-p-hm km[n-p-tam?
Dcw:
kqc-y AkvXa
- n tijw N{I-hm-f
- n N{ Hcp an\pv
As-n cWvSv an\pv DWvSm-bm t\mn-sbpw s]cp-m-fnsbpw amk-am-bm Aa-\m Ie-WvS-dn Nne hj--fn
amk-am--ambn ]cn-K-Wn-m-dn-. Fm {]kvXpX hjs
Ie-WvS-dnXs ap Nne amk--fn- Hcp an\pv As-n
cWvSv an\pv amk-n-dhn D-tm amk-am--ambn ]cn-K-Wn-pIbpw sNpw-. Nne hj--fn t\mn-sbpw s]cp-m-fnsbpw amk--fn Xs Cu kabw am{X-amWv N{-n-dhn
D-sX-nepw amk-am-a
- mbn ]cn-KW
- n-p-Ibpw sNpw. Hcp an\pv
am{X-ap N{s\ Zin--Xmbn Nne kmn-\n--Xn-\m
lnem In-nbpw Ahsc AwKo-Ic
- n-p-h
- cpw AXns\ AwKoI-cn kw`-h-fpw DWvSm-bn-p-WvSv. AXn-\m Cu tNmZyw
Ahtcm-Sp-XsbmWv tNmZn-t-WvS-Xv. kqc-y AkvX-an-p-Xns Ac an\pv apmbn AkvX-an N{s\ Zin--Xmbn
Nne ]d-m AXp Akw-`-h-yhpw Ak-zo-Imcy-hp-am-sW-n
]p-an-\p-p-am-{X-ap N{s\ Zin-p-shv ]d-m AXpw
Akw-`h
- y- hpw A-kz- o-Im-cy- h
- p-am-Wv. Ch Fgp-Xp-p. ""kqc-ym-kvX127

ab-tijw tKmf-im-kv{X-a\
- p-kc
- nv _me-N{- BIm-i
- p-sWvSn amkw t\mm \apv P\-sf t{]cn-n-mw.'' (\-yqaqWpw amk-n-d-hnbpw t]. 60,61). tKmf-im-kv{X-a-\p-k-cnv F{Xan-\p-p N{s\ Zin--Xmbn kmn \nm-emWv AXp kXy-am-hp-I? CXpw hnh-cn-p-hm Chv _m[-y-X-bp-WvSv. Ch
Fgp-Xp-p. ""Atm amk-n-dhn ImWpI FXv Kth-j-Wm- I - a mb hnj- b - a - . ihpw hy- - h p- a mb {]am- W -
sImWvSv nc-s-Xpw kz-lm-_-ns Imev CPvam-Av
DWvSmb hnj-b-hp-am-b-Xp-sIm-WvSmWv. B hnj-b--fn C\n
]pXnb Kth-jWw ]mSn-m--Xm-Wv.'' (\-yq-aq-Wpw, amk-n-d-hnbpw, lao-Zv aZo-\n, t]Pv. 83) F{X-an-\pp DWvSm-bm-emWv N{s\
Zin--s-Sp-I? ihpw hy--hp-amb {]amWw sImWvSpw kzlm-_-ns Imes CPvamA-v sImWvSpw nc-s kabw
F{X-bm-Wv? Xm IWv D]-tbm-Kn-m-sav ihpw hy-hp-amb GsXmw {]am-W- sImWvSmWv nc-s--Xv?
Xplv^bpw Jbq-_nbpw {]am-W--fm-tWm? kz-lm-_n-am-cpsS
CPvam-C IWv D]-tbm-Kn-m-sav nc-s-n-p-tWvSm? FhnsS-sb-m-amWv amk-n-dhn Zin-t-WvS-Xv? ihpw hy--hpamb {]am-W-sImWvSv nc-sXpw kz-lm-_n-am-cpsS
CPvamA-vsImWvSp nc-s-Xpw GXv A`n-{]m-b-am-Wv? tIc-fn im^n-Cu aZvl-_p-Im Bb-Xn-\m Ahsc ]cn-K-Wnv
DZ-b-h-y-X-ym-ks ]cn-K-Wn-Ww Fm-tWm? Ch Fgp-Xpp. \mw tKmf-im-kv{X--W--\p-k-cnv amkw 29\v Fhn-sSsbms ]nd-hn-bpWvSv Fv BZyw a\-n-em--Ww. Av ]ndhn
D GsX-nepw Hcp \mn amkw IWvSm Av ]nd-hnbp Fm {]tZ-i-pw AXv _m[-I-am-p-I.(-\yq aqWpw
amk-n-d-hnbpw, t]Pv. 113) Hcp an\pv am{Xw ]nd-hn-bp {]tZiv amk-n-dhn Zin--Xmbn ]d-m tKmf-im-kv{X--W-\p-k-cnv AXv kzo-I-cn-m-tam? ]mSn F-Xm-sW-n F{X
an\pv D ]ndhn N{s\ Zin--Xmbn ]d-m-emWv \mw kzoI-cn-t-WvS-Xv? kzo-I-cn-m-sa-m-sW-n Fp-sImWvSv IeWvS-dn 1 an\pv DWvSm-Ip-tm amk-am--ambn ]cn-K-Wn-p-n? Hcp an\pv am{X-ap N{s\ Zin--Xmbn kmn\nm
tKmf-im-kv{X--W-ns\ Fn-s\-bmWv \mw ASn-m-\-am-pI?
128

24. IWpw ImgvNbpw

]cn-ip Jp-B-\n
tNmZ-yw: 25
Cs JWvUn-Xhpw imkv{Xo-b-hp-amb IW-ns\
ASn-m-\-amn N{s amk-amw Xocp-am-\n-p--Xn\pw
t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-p--Xn\pw ]cn-ip Jp-B-\nse
h kqhpw FXntc-J-bm-tWm? X-m IW-ns\ D]tbm-Kn-mw. Fm sImm IW-ns\ D]-tbm-Kn-
\njn--am-sWv Jp-B-\n {]kvXm-hn-p-p-tWvSm?
Dcw:
N{-amkw Dd-n-m imkv{Xo-b-amb IW-ns\ Ahew-_n-p--Xn\v ]cn-ip Jp-B-\nse bmsXmcp kqhpw
FXn-c. {]X-ypX [mcmfw kq- A\p-Iq-e-am-Wv. Xm
IWv D]-tbm-Kn-mw, sImm IW-ns\ D]-tbm-Kn-m
]mSn-s--Xn\v Jp-Bs GsX-nepw kq-ns kqN\
t]mepw \apv Zin-m km[-y-a-. {]K Jp-B hym-Jym-Xm-hmb djo-Zp-cn-fm(-d)-bpsS {]kn--amb X^vko A a\mdn CXp thZ-{K--n Nne-cn hni-z-kn-p-Ibpw Nne-Xns\
\ntj-[n--ep-am-sWv {]J-ym-]n-p-Ibpw sNp-p. (X-^vkodp a\m 2188)
1. Amlp ]d-bp-p:
Gh dG O~Y Gd Re Q~bh GQf dGh AV dG L dG g
(fj) j d jBG j H G dP dG N e
129

""kqc-ys\ Pz-en-pXmbpw N{s\ {]Im-i-ambpw DWvSmn-b-h Ah-\m-Wv. hj--fpsS Fhpw IWpw \n

Adn-bp--Xn-\mbn AXn\v Nne km-c-]-Y- Ah IWm-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ahsb Ah krjvSn-Xv bYm-ambn-p-am-{XamWv. Nnn-p P\-Xp ZrjvSm-- Ah hnhcn-p-p.'' (kqdx bq\p-kv, 5). Ie-I-fpsS {]mbw AYhm Xn-XnI-fpsS Fw Adn-bp-hm thWvSn Fv ]dv Amlp aXnbm-p-n-. {]X-ypX IWpw \n ]Tn-Ww FmWv
I]n-p--Xv. AXm-bXv IW-n-eq-sS-bm-bn-cn-Ww hjfpw amk-fpw Xocp-am-\n-t-WvSsXv Amlp DWpI-bm-Wv. IW-ns\ Dulw F {]XypX Cav (hn-m\w)
FmWv Amlp hnti-jn-n-p--Xv. ctWvSm aqtm Atm
]tm Bfp-I amk-n-dhn IWvSp Fv ]d-m AXpsImWvSv JWvUn-Xa
- mb Adnhp e`n-p-Ib
- n-spw tIhew anI
Dulw am{Xta e`n-p-I-bp-q-shpw lZokv ]WvUn-X-mcpw
Iimkv{X-]-WvUn-X-mcpw hy--am-n-bXv \mw hnh-cn-p.
Chcpw Cu bmYmyw AwKo-I-cn-Xv Ch-cpsS {K--fn
\nv Xs FSp-p-Im-Wn-p. CXp-sIm-WvSmWv Xm IWv
D]-tbm-Kn-m-sav Ch ]d-bp--Xpw. Adnhv A\p-k-cnv
{]hn-m Dul-hp-ambn tbmPn--W-sa hmZw X\n
Jp-B \ntj-[-am-Wv. apl-Zv \_n-bp-tSbpw kz-lm-_-nsbpw Imev Zi\w nc-s-n F Imc-W-m
JWvUn-X-amb Adn-hns\ Hcn-epw N{-am-k-\n-b-ns
hnj-b-n Dt]-n-t-WvS-Xmb KXn-tISv DWvSm-bn-n-. Av
N{s\ Zin-p-shtm Zin-n Ftm Hcmtfm Hn IqSpX Bfp-Itfm ]d-m DWvSm-Ip Adn-hn-t\-m \h-N{s DZ-bs a\-n-em-p-hm asmcp Adn-hns amw
Ahn-sS-bp-WvSm-bn-cp-n-. CXp-sIm-WvSmWv Xm IW-ns\
Ah D]-tbm-Kn-m-Xn-cp--Xv. \a-kvIm-c-k-abw Adn-bp-hm\pw
t\mv apdn-p-hm\pw N{s DZb hy-X-ymkw Adn-bp-hm\pw
IW-ns\ D]-tbm-Kn-m-Xn-cp-Xpw AXp-sIm-WvSp-X-s-bm-Wv.
ap h Imc-Whpw DsWvS-n Ch AXv hy--am--Ww. Cu
Bb-ns\ hym-J-ym-\n-p-sImWvSv Camw djo-Zp-dn-fm(-d) Fgp-Xn:
130

(QG J) dG aGGh dG Y ZJ jBG g h

Cu kq--fn hm\-imkv{Xw (\--{X-im-kv{Xw) ]Tnp--Xn-s\-bpw tKmf-imkv{Xw ]Tn-p--Xn-s\bpw t{]cn-n-ep-WvSv. (X-^vko-dp a\m, 11303) Cu kqw Jp-B-\n
D-Xp-sIm-WvSp-X-s-bmWv apkvenw-I IWv ]Tn-p-hm
]mSn-spw IW-ns ASn-m-\-n N{-amkw Xocp-am\n- \njn--am-sWpw {]hm-N-I {]J-ym-]n-mXncp--Xpw.
\app Adn-bp-I-bn Fv am{X-amWv Ahn-Spv ]d--Xv.
kaqlw Dn-m-b-Xp-sImWvSmWv CsXpw Ahn-Spv hy-am-n.
2. ]cn-ip Jp-B ]d-bp-p.
HQ e a Gd Ie QdG jBG Lh dG jBG fa jBG QdGh dG Lh
(AGSEG) J a T ch Gh dG O~Y Gdh
""cmhn- s \bpw ]I- e n- s \bpw \mw cWv S v Zrjv S m- - fmnbncn-p-p. cmhm-Ip ZrjvSm-s \mw an-b-Xm-pIbpw ]I-em-Ip ZrjvSm-s \mw shfnw \Ip--Xm-pIbpw sNbvXp. \n-fpsS cn-Xm-hn\n-p A\p-{Klw
\n tXSp- - X n- \ p- t h- W v S nbpw sIm- - f psS Fhpw
IWpw \n a\-n-em-hm thWvSnbpw. Hmtcm Imc-yhpw
\mw \-hw hy--am-n-bn-cn-p-p.'' (A-C-kvdmA-v 12). ]Ien-sebpw cm{Xn-bn-sebpw ka-b- (A-k-z, fpl, sshIptcw {]`m-Xw) a\-n-em-phm \_n(-k) t\mpw s]cpmfpw Xocp-am-\n-m IW-ns\ Ah-ew-_-am-m-Xn-cp--Xpt]mse Chbvpw IW-ns\ Ah-ew-_-am-n-bn-cp-n-. ImgvNsbbpw ap Nne am--sf-bp-am-bn-cpp Ah-ew-_n-n-cp--Xv.
IWv Ah-ew-_n- \njn--am-bn-cp--XvsIm-WvS-. {]X-ypX
Adnhv IW-n-eqsS a\-n-em-p-hm kaqlw Dn-bm-b-XpsImWvSv km[n-m--Xm-bn-cpp Imc-Ww. hnam-\-n-eq-sSbpw
_v, Imdv apX-em-b-h-bn-eqsSbpw km-cnv lv Ihpw
Dwdbpw \n-ln-m-Xv t]msebpw hm Adn-bp-hm\pw
Adn-bn-m\pw t^m, tdUn-tbm, sSen-hn-j apX-em-bh D]tbm-Kn-m--Xp-t]m-sebpw Xs. Fnepw {]hm-N-I Amlp-hns Znh-y-k-t-i-n-eqsS Ch \njn--am-sWv {]h-Nn131

n-n-. \n IWv {Kln-p-sIm-WvSm-bn-cn-Ww ka-b-fpw

Xn-Xn-Ifpw amk-fpw hj-fpw \n-bn-t-WvS-sXv
Amlp Chn-sSbpw DWp-I-bm-Wv. kap-Zmbw Fgppw hb\bpw Adn-bm--h-cm-sW-n XXvImew ImgvNsb \a-kvImc
kabw Adn-bp-hm\pw Hcp amk-mew t\mp apdn-p-hm\pw
t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-p-hm\pw D]-tbm-Kn-m-sav \_n(k) DWn. ImgvN sImWvSv e`n-p Ddp t]mepw IW-psImWvSv e`n-p-I-bn-s-n N{-Zi\w DWvSmIpXp-hsc
\n t\m-\p-jvTn-p-Itbm t\mp apdn-p-Itbm sNtWvS-Xn-sv \_n(-k) {]kvXm-hn-p. tPm-y-m-cp-sSbpw cminsh-bvp--h-cp-sSbpw IW-ns\ AZr-i-y-Im-cyw Adn-bp-hm
thWvSn Ah-ew-_n-p--Xns\ am{X-amWv \_n(-k) hn-tcm-[n-Xv. CXp Chcpw k-Xn-p-p. ImcWw Xm Ch IWns\ AwKo-I-cn-p-p. \a-kvI-cn-p-hm\pw t\mp apdn-phm\pw N{s DZb hy-Xy- mkw {Kln-p-hm\pw Ch IW-ns\
Ah-ew-_n-p-p.
3. ]cn-ip Jp-B ]d-bp-p:
(fCG) dG jdG j~J dP M dGh dGh S dG Lh UEG da
""Ccp-fn\nv Dj-ns\ ]nfp--h (A-h-\m-Wv)
cm{Xnsb Ah (s]m-Xp-hmb \ne-bvv) {]im-am-n-bn-cn-pp. kqc-y-s\bpw N{-s\bpw (\n-bn--s) IW-n Nenp--h-bp-am-nbn-cn-p-p. AXv k-\pw Adn-hp--h-\pamb Am-lp-hns hy-h--s-Sp--em-Wv.'' (kq-d: 6:96) \yq-\X-I D a\p-j-ys In Imgvv ]ng-hp-I kw`-hn-pw.
Fm k i\pw Adn-hp--h-\p-amb Am-lp-hns IWn\v ]nghv kw`-hn-p-I-bn-. {]hm-N-Is Imev Cu IWv
{Kln- p- h m a\p- j - y v km[- n - n- c p- n- . AXn- \ m
ImgvNbmsX thsdmcp amKhpw Ahp-WvSm-bn-cp-n-. CXpsIm-WvSmWv 29s Znhkw amkw ]nd--Xmbn hnhcw e`n-m
\_n(-k) IW-p-ambn AXns\ Xpe\w sNmsX AwKo-Icnv t\mpw s]cp-mfpw Xocp-am-\n--Xv. Cm hkvXp-hns\
t]mepw Ip-sImWvSv D-Xmbn Zin-p-sav B[p-\nI
imkv{Xw hy--am-p-p. Pme-hn-Z-ybpw hnfnp ]d-bp-p:
132

4. ]cn-ip Jp-B ]d-bp-p.

(MdG) H dGh dG
""kqc-y\pw N{\pw (\n-bn--s) IW-n k-cnp--sIm-WvSn-cn-p-p.'' (kq-d: 55:5). Cu IWv \mw {Klnv
N{s amk-amw {Kln-p-hm ]mSn-sv Am-lpthm Ahs ZqXt\m \tmSp \nt-in-p-n-. IW-n-s\-p-dnv Adnbm kaq-lhpw \a-kvI-cn-p-hm\pw t\mv Xpd-p-hm\pw
N{s DZ-b-h-y-X-ymkw {Kln-p-hm\pw ]ndhn N{s\ a\-nem-p-hm\pw As\ t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-p-hm\pw
IW-ns\ Xs \n_--amb \nev ASn-m-\-am-p-hm
I-]n-p-n-sv am{Xw. Av Ahp-WvSm-bn-cp amKw
Ip-sImWvSv \nco--W-am-bn-cp-p.
5. Amlp ]d-bp-p:
(HdG) VQCGh GhdG N j dG c GT Y KG dG ~Y QdG I~Y EG
""Xo-bmbpw BIm-i-fpw `qanbpw krjvSn Znhkw
Amlp tcJ-s-Sp-n-b-X-\p-k-cnv Am-lp-hns ASp-
amk--fpsS Fw ]{-WvSm-Ip-p.'' (kq-d: 9:36). a\p-j-ys
ImgvN-bn-eq-sSbpw Jmfn-am-cp-sSbpw lnem In-n-I-fp-sSbpw
Ahsc BZ- c n- p- - h - c p- s Sbpw Xocp- a m- \ - ns ASnm\nep-amWv amk- Xocp-am-\n-t-WvS-sX Nnm-KXnsb Amlp ChnsS JWvUn-p-p. ImcWw a\p-j-ysc
krjvSn-p--Xns apv Xs Ahs ASpv hj-n\v
]{WvSv amk-am-Wv. Cu amk-sf Ah amn adn-p-Xv
\nn-X-amb IWns ASn-m-\-n-em-Wv. a\p-j-ys
lnem Zi-\-ns ASn-m-\-n-e-. ]{WvSv amkhpw
IWvSm Adn-bn--W-sav Ch ]c-kyw sNm-dp-tWvSm? Zi\-ns ASn-m-\-n ]{WvSv amk-ns amhpw Ch
Xocp-am-\n-m-dp-tWvSm? {]hm-N-I Nne amk- Xocp-am-\np-hm Zi-\-sbpw ap Nne amk--fpsS amw Xocp-am-\nm IW-n-s\bpw Ie-WvS-dn-t\bpw B{i-bn-n-cp-p-thm? Cu
\bw \_nbpw kz-lm-_n-amcpw k-zo-I-cn--X-. thZ-{K--n
NneXv kzo-I-cn-p-I, Nne-Xns\ hn-pI F kz-`mhw {]ISn-n-pXv PqX-msc ]np-S-cp--h-cpsS \b-am-sWv Camw
dio-Zp-dn-fm(-d) X^vko-dp a\mdn {]J-ym-]n-Xv \mw D-cn-p133

I-bp-WvSm-bn.
6. Amlp ]d-bp-p.
(dG IQS) JdGh dGh
""Cc-bpw Hbpw F-Xp-sImWvSv kXyw'' (kq-d: 89:3).
Cu kqs hym-J-ym-\n-p-sImWvSv Camw dmkn(-d) Fgp-Xpp:
d g e d ~H dG H bG fCc O~dG f JdGh dH OGG
Y bh (j e fEG Y dH Y) b GPG OdG Y H dG e dG dGh dG
dGh dG) J b QdGh jCGh GOdG bGe j H dch (dG
(RGdG) H EG dP dG N e Gh dG O~Y Gd) bh (H
Cc-bpw Hbpw F-Xp-sImWvSv Amlp ChnsS Dt-inp-Xv IW-ns\ Xs-bm-Wv. AXm-bXv Amlp IW-ns\
]nSn-p-sImWvSv ChnsS kXyw sNp-I-bm-Wv. ImcWw IWv
krjvSn-Iv A\n-hm-c-y-amb-Xm-Wv. IWv Amlp krjvSnIv Ah Cd-nb thZ-{K--n-sbpw hnh-c-W-n-sbpw
m\-p-X-s-bmWv \ne-sIm-p--Xv. \nbw Ah ]dp. (A-h a\p-j-ys\ t]\-sImWvSv Fgp-Xm ]Tn-n-p. a\pj-y\v Adn-hn-m--Xns\ Ah ]Tn-n-p.) Ah ]d-p. (a\p-j-ys\ hnh-cWw ]Tn-n-p.) Ch cWvSpw ssZhw Ahs
Zmk-mv \Inb Ahs HuZm-cy-am-Wv. CXp-t]m-se-X-sbmWv IW-pw. Bcm-[-\-I-fpsS ka-bhpw Znh-k-fpw amkfpw IWv sImWvSv {Kln--s-Sp-p. Amlp ]d-p. (kqc-y\pw N{\pw IW--\p-k-cnv Nen-p-p.) Ah ]d-p:
(\n-- hj--fpsS Fw Adn-bp-hm\pw. IWv Adn-bphm\pw Hcp bmYm-y-n\p thWvSn-b-msX Ah AXns\
krjvSn-n-n-. (dmkn. hmfyw 16, t]Pv: 164)

134

25. Jp-B hym-J-ym-\hpw ]qo-Icpw

aWn-Iv^m\pw
tNmZ-yw: 26
]cn-ip Jp-B hym-J-ym-\n-phm-\p Ah-Imiw
GsX-nepw \qm-WvSp-sImWvSp Ah-km-\n-p-sapw B \qmWvSn\v tijw Pohn-p--hv ]pXp-Xmbn hym-J-ym\w JpB kq-v \Im ]mSn-spw ]qoI ]WvUn-Xm ]d-Xv D-cn-p-hm am{Xta Ah-Im-i-ap-p-shpw
Amlpthm Ahs ZqXt\m kz-lm-_n-h-c-y-m-cn Bsc-neptam \mev aZvl-_ns Cam-ap-Itfm ]d-n-ptWvSm? Aen
aWn-Iv^m Jp-Bs kq--fn GsX-nepw Hcp kqn\v \Inb hym-J-ym\w app--h-cn Hcmfpw ]d-n-ns Imc-W-m sXm-Ip-tam? AXns t]cn Atlw
Im^n-dm-Ip-tam?
D-cw:
Jp-Bs\ hym-Jy- m-\n-p-tm Xmsg ]d-bp \nb-a
-
]men-t-WvS-Xp-WvSv. Cu \nbaw kz-lm-_n-h-c-y-m Ds-sSbp--hsmw _m[-I-am-Wv.
1. Hcp kq-n\v hym-J-ym\w ]d-bp-tm ap kqv FXn-cm-hm ]mSn-.
2. lZokv nc-s-Sp-hm AXns ]c--c-Ipw (k-\Zv) AXn ]d-bp Bi-b-pw (aXv\v) lZokv ]WvUnXm [mcmfw \n_--\-I shbvp-p-WvSv. Cu \n_--\I Fmw tbmPn-p-sImWvSv nc-s lZo-kn ]d Jp135

B hym-J-ym-\-n\v FXn-cm-Ip-hm ]mSn-.

3. Ad-_n-`mjm \nb-a-v FXn-cm-I-cp-Xv.
4. apkvenw-I-fpsS CPvam-Av nc-s-n-p-sWvS-n AXn\v
FXn-cm-Ip-hm ]mSn-. hymP CPvamDw kpIrXn-bmb CPvamDw
ChnsS Dt-in--s-Sp-I-bn-.
5. Ckvem-ans ASn-m\ XX-z--pw auenI \nb-apw FXn-cm-hm ]mSn-.
Cu \nb-a- ]men-p-sImWvSv A-y-Zn\w hsc-bp
apkvenw ]WvUn-X-m-pw Nn-I-m-pw Jp-Bs\ hym-Jym-\n-p-hm Ah-Im-i-ap-WvSv. Jp-B hym-J-ym-\n-p-hm\p
Ah-Imiw GsX-nepw \qm-WvSp-sImWvSv Ah-km-\n-p-sapw
B \qm-WvSn-\p-tijw hcp-h
- v ]qo-I
- m ]d-Xv InXm_p-I-fn\nv hym-J-ym-\-ambn D-cn-p-hm am{Xta Ah-Im-iapq Fpw Am-lphpw Ahs ZqX-cpw {]kvXm-hn-n-n-.
kz-lm-_n-am-cn Hcmfpw ]d-n-n-. aZvl-_ns Cam-ap-I-fn
Hcmfpw Cu Akw-_w {]J-ym-]n-n-n-. bmsXmcp Jp-B
hym-J-ym-Xmhpw C{]-Imcw P]n-n-n-. AX Ah-km-\n-n-psWvSv Ah ]d-bp-I-bm-sW-n GXp \qm-WvSn\p tijamWv Ah-km-\n-s
- Xpw Ah-km-\s Jp-B hym-Jy- m-Xmhv
Bcm-sWpw Ah-km-\s Jp-B ]cn-`mj GXm-sWpw
Ch BZ-y-ambn hy--am--Ww.
\mw apI-fn D-cn hy-h--I ]men-p-sImWvSv JpB GsX-nepw kq-n\v Aen aWn-Iv^m hym-J-ym\w
\In-bn-p-sWvS
- n app-h
- ]d-n-n F Imc-W
- m
AXp sXm-Ip-n-. At-ls hnain-p-hm app--h
]d-n-ptWvSm F tNmZ-y-n\v Ah-Im-i-hp-an-. Camw dmkn
(d) ]d-n-p-sWvSv ]d-bp ]w At-l-n\v apv Bcp
]dp Fp tNmZn-mw. Camw im^nCu (d) ]dp Fv
]d-bp ]hpw Cu tNmZyw D-bn-mw. Jeo^m Da (d)
]dp Fp {]kvXm-hn-mepw Cu tNmZyw D-bn-mw. aplZv \_n(-k) ]dp Fv {]kvXm-hn-m am{X-amWv Cu
tNmZ-y-n\v Ah-Im-i-an-m--Xv.
Jp- B \pw imkv { Xhpw F hn- j bw \mw Ah- X cnnptm kq-v ]qo-I-m ]d-n-n-m hymJ-ym-\-amWv Fm-hcpw \Im-dp-Xv. A{X-bp-a-. Nne-tm
136

]qoI-m ]d hym-J-ym-\-n\v FXn-cp-am-bn-cn-pw. JpB\pw imkv{Xhpw F t]cn kpn-I {]kn-o-I-cn

]pkvXIw CXn\v Hcp sXfn-hm-Wv. Amlp ]d-bpp.
(``j) dG jdG j~J dP d dGh
""kqc-y k-cn-p-sIm-WvSn-cn-p-p. AXns Hcp Xmhf-ntev AXv {]Xm-]-im-enbpw k--\p-am-b-hs hy-h-s-Sp--em-Wv.'' (kq-d: bmko 38). Cu kq-ns hymJ-ym-\-n ]qo-I-cmb Jp-B hym-J-ym-Xm-sfmw Xs
kqc-y `qanv Nppw Nen-p-I-bm-sWp ]d-bp-p. ]qo-Icmb Hscm ]WvUn-X\pw `qan kqc-y\v Nppw Nen-p-I-bm-sWv
{]J-ym-]n-p-n-. Camw dmkn (d) Ds-sS-bph Cu Bbns hym-J-ym-\-n kqc-ys Ne\w sImWvSmWv cmhpw
]Iepw DWvSm-Ip--sXv {]J-ym-]n-p-p. Hscm ]WvUn-X
t]mepw `qan-bpsS Ne\w sImWvSmWv cmhpw ]Iepw DWvSm-Ip-sXv Fgp-Xn-bn-n-. cmhpw ]Iepw DWvSm-Ip-Xv kqc-ys
Ne\w sImWv S m- W v . `qan- b psS Ne\w sImWv S - . Cu
t]mbnn Ch-scmw tbmPn-p-p. Atm `qan-bpsS Ne\w
sImWvSmWv cmhpw ]Iepw DWvSm-Ip--sXpw kqc-y `qanp
Nppw k-cn-p-n-spw Jp-Bs\ hym-J-ym-\n-p-sImWvSv
]d-bp-Xv Ch-cpsS ZrjvSn-bn Zph-ym-J-ym-\hpw Ip^vdp-am-Wv.
cWvSmw \qm-WvSn Po-hn ]WvUn-X-m Ahv apv
Pohn ]WvUn-X-m ]d-bm ]eXpw ]d-n-p-WvSv. aqmw
\qm-WvSn Pohn ]WvUn-X-m Ahv apv ]d-bm ]e
A`n-{]m-b-fpw ]d-n-p-WvSv. \memw \qm-WvSn Pohn-n-cp
]WvUn-X-m Ahp app--h ]d-bm-Xv ]d-n-p-WvSv.
C{]-Imcw Hmtcm \qm-WvSnepw Pohn-n-cp ]WvUn-X-m
Ahp apv Hcmfpw ]d-n-n-m-Xv Ah-cpsS Kth-j-Wns ASn- m- \ - n ]d- n- p- W v S v . ]Wv U n- X - mv
CsXmw Adn-bp bmYm-y-am-Wv. Amlp ]d-bpp.
(jdG) LhR SdG GPGh
Bm- CW--s-Sp-tm (kq-d: XIvho: 7). Cu
kq-n\v Ggv hym-J-ym-\- \In-b-tijw Camw dmkn
(d) Ah-km-\-ambn ]d-bp-p.
(RGdG) T e Y ~jJ G eCG gfcP dG GbCG eCJ GPG fG YGh
137

\o a\-n-em-p-I. Xo-bmbpw \mw ]d A`n-{]m-bsf kw_-np \o Nnn-m Ch ]d-bmsX GsX-nepw

]pXnb Bibw \n\v \m-bn-tXm-p-p-sh-n \o Dt-inXv \n\v hn-nv ]d-bp-hm km[n-p--Xm-Wv. (dm-kn.
1670). Jp-Bs\ hym-J-ym-\n-p-tm ]qo-I-m ]d-Xv
D-cn-p-hm am{Xta \apv Ah-Im-i-ap-q Fv Ckvemln
{]m-\s ]nfp-hm Nne Nne-cpsS ta D-bn
Nnm- K - X n- b m- W v . amk- n- d - h n- b psS {]iv \ - n- t epw Cu
{]iv\s sImWvSp-h-tc-WvS-Xp-tWvSm?

138

26. IWpw ImgvNbpw

\_n-N-c-y-bn
tNmZ-yw: 27
N{-amkw \n-bn-p--Xn Cs JWvUn-Xhpw
kpZr-V-hp-amb Adnhp \Ip imkv{Xo-b-amb IW-ns\
D]-tbm-Kn-m ]mSn-. anI Duls am{Xw \Ip
Imgvsb Xs D]-tbm-Kn--Ww. IWp aptJ\ N{ C{X
an\pv BIm-iv DsWvSv Dd-m-bmepw Dd-ns\ {]Zm\w
sNm ImgvN DWvSm-bn-cn--Ww. Cm ]w Dd-mb dafm amks iA-_m amk-ambpw Dd-mb im amks
da-fm amk-ambpw Dd-mb Zplv amks ZpJ-AZ amkambpw ]c-K-Wn--Ww Fsmw Ckvemw aX-ambn AwKo-I-cnp-hm thWvSn lZo-kp-I-fn\nv Ch D-cn-p sXfn-hpI hnh-cn-m-tam? Ch-bpsS bYm Ah Fm-Wv? lZokp-I-fpsS _ml-y-amb As ChXs AwKo-I-cn-pp-tWvSm?
D-cw:
Xmsg ]d-bp lZo-kp-I-fm-Wv Ch-cpsS hnI-e-hpw hnIrX-hp-amb hmZw m]n-p-hm Ah-ew-_n-m-dp--Xv.
GhaCa jCGQ GPGh Gea jCGQ GPEG j dG SQ S b Y HG G S Y
(eh QdG) d GhQ~ba Y Z Ea
C_v\p Da(-d) \nth-Z-\w: \_n(-k) ]d-bp--Xmbn Rm
tIn-p-WvSv. \n amkw IWvSm t\m-\p-jvTn-p-hn,
\n amkw IWvSm t\mv apdn-p-hn. \n-fpsS ta
139

taLm-hr-X-am--s-m \n AXns\ IWp Iqp-hn (_pJmcn 1900, apkvenw 1080).

GhJ h dG GhJ M GeJ a eQ cP U dG SQ CG (Q)Y HG Y
(1906 QdG) KK I~dG GcCa Y Z Ea hJ M
C_v\p Da (d) hn\np \nth-Z-\w: Xo-bmbpw Amlp-hns ZqX da-fm amks kw_-nv kvacn-p. Ans\
Ahn-Spp ]d-p: \n N{s\ Zin-p-Xphsc t\m\p-jvTn--cp-Xv. \n AXns\ Zin-p--Xp-hsc t\mv apdnp-Ibpw sN-cp-Xv. \n-fpsS ta taLm-hr-X-am-bm \n
30 Bbn AXns\ IWp Iqp-hn (_p-Jm-cn: 1906)
Z Ea hJ M GeJ a d hYh J dG b dG SQ CG (Q) Y HG Y
(1907 QdG) KK I~dG GcCa Y
C_v\p Da (d) \nth-Z-\w: Xo-bmbpw Am-lp-hns
ZqX Acp-fn: amkw 29 cmhp-I DWvSm-bn-cn-pw. AXn-\m
\n AXns\ Zin-p--Xp-hsc t\m-\p-jvTn--cp-Xv. \nfpsS ta taLm-hr-X-am-bm \n Fw apXv ]qn-bmp-hn. (_p-Jmcn. 1907) Cu lZo-kp-Ifpw Cu lZo-kp-I-fpsS
Bibw Ipdn-p lZo-kp-I-fp-amWv Ch-cpsS Ah-ew-_w!
IWv \njn--am-sWpw AXn-\m IWv aptJ\ C{X
an\np N{-\p-sWvSv \nv Dd-m-bmepw ImgvNsb Xs
Ah-ew-_n--W-sav \_n(-k) ]d--Xmbn {]kvXm-hn-p
Hcp hymP lZokv t]mepw Chv sXfn-hmbn D-cn-m-\n-.
adp]Sn: 1. Cu lZo-kp-I-fpsS _ml-y-amb Aw Ch
]nSn-p-I-bm-sW-n 29s Znhkw amk-n-dhn Zin--Xmbn
h-h\pw kmn \np- ]w IW-n\v FXn-cm-bmepw
B hnhcw kzo-I-cn--Ww. \n amk-n-dhn IWvSm Fv
am{X-amWv lZo-kp-If
- n {]kvXm-hn-p-X
- v. IW-p-ambn Zi\w
tbmPn-m \n t\m-\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw \n t\mp apdnp-Ibpw sNp-I Fv Cu lZo-kn ]d-bp-n-. hymP-\nnXamb Hcp lZo-knt]mepw ]d-bp-pan-. BIm-iv N{
DtWvSm Ctbm Fv IWp sImWvSv Ddp hcp-nb tijam-bn-cn-Ww N{s\ \n IWvSm t\m\pjvTn-p-Ibpw
t\mp Ah-km-\n-n-pIbpw sNpI F \ntiw ]ment-WvS-sXpw lZo-kp-I-fn ]d-bp-n-. Ch Xs Fgp-Xpp. \_n (k)bpsS PohnX Imev kz-lm-_n-am amkw 29\v
140

]ndhn t\mpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-p. Ah-cn Htm ctWvSm aqtm

t] IWvS-Xns ASn-m-\-n t\m-\p-jvTn-m \_n(k) I]n-n-p-WvSv. (\-yq-aqWpw amk-n-d-hnbpw t].31) Htm
ctWvSm As-n Hcp kwLtam \_n(-k) bpsS ASp-
hv amk-n-dhn Zin-n-Xmbn kmn \nn-pw IWv aptJ\
N{ DZn-p-I-bn-sv t_m-[-y-am-b-Xn-\m AXns\ Dt]-n-Xn\v hymPamb Hcp lZo-kns ]n_ew t]mepw FSpp
ImWn-p-hm Ch-v km[-y-a-. \_n(-k)bpsS Acpa inj-ymcn Hcm t]mepw C{]-Imcw {]hn--Xn\v sXfn-hn-.
\mev Jeo-^-am-cpsS `c-W-Im-ev Hscm {]mh-iyw t]mepw
29s Znhkw kqc-y AkvX-an-p--Xns C{X an\pp apv
N{ AkvX-an-pw. AXn-\m Cu Znhkw t\mtm s]cpmtfm Bhp-I-bn-. AXns ASp Znh-k-am-bn-cn-p-sav
Ch {]J-y-m-]n-m-dp--Xp-t]mse Hscm {]mh-i-yw-t]mepw {]Jym-]n-n-n-. Atm lZo-kns _ml-y-amb \nt-is
ChXs AwKo-I-cn-p-n-.
adp-]Sn : 2
apI-fn \mw D-cn lZo-kp-I-fn 29s Znhkw kwibm-kv]-Z-am-bm am{X-amWv amkw apXp ]qn-bm-p-hm
]d-bp--Xv. 29 s Znhkw BImiw taLm-hr-X-a-. BImiw
hf-sc-b-[nIw sXfn--Xm-Wv. Fnpw amk-n-dhn Zin-m
]w amkw apXv ]qn-bm-p-hm ]d-bp-n-. CXp-sImWvSmWv Ccw Znh-k--fnepw amk-n-dhn Zin-m-Xn-cpm
amks apXv ]qn-bmn {]hn- kz-lo-lmb lZokp-Iv FXn-cm-sWv Camw djo-Zp-cn-fm(-d) {]J-ym-]n-Xv. (X^vko-dp a\m : 2187, JWvUnI : 2)
adp-]-Sn: 3
dG j (kwi-bm-kv]Z Znh-kw) D Ime-n {]hnp-hm \_n(-k) \nt-in--XmWv t\mpw s]cp-mfpw ap N{-am-k-fpw \n-bn-p-hm N{s Zi\s Ahew-_n-pI F-Xv. N{s ]ndhn DWvSm-bn-ptWvSm Ctbm
Fv kwi-bn-p Znh-k-n-\mWv sins Znhkw Fp
]d-bp--Xv. N{s\ Zin-ptam Ctbm Fv kwi-bn-p
Znh-k-a-. ImcWw Cu kwibw 30s Apw DWvSm-Ipw. AXp141

t]mse N{-amkw kw`-hnv ASp amkw ctWvSm aqtm

Bbn-cp-mepw N{s\ Zin-ptam Ctbm F kwibw
Ah-ti-jn-pw. {]tX-y-Inv Bdp amk-m-e-tmfw ag-mew
A\p-`-h-s-Sp cmP-y--fn amkw 28s Znhkw \_n(-k)sb
kw_-npw kz-lm-_n-h-c-y-msc kw_-npw ins Znhk-am-bn-cp-n-. ImcWw Cu Znhkw kqc-ys app-Xs N{
AkvX-an-p-t]m-Ip-sav Ahdn-bmw. Fm 29s Znhkw
cWvSn\pw km[-y-X-bp-WvSv. IW-n-eqsS N{ DtWvSm Ctbm
Fv {Kln-p-hm B Imev km[n-n-cp-n-. AXn-\m
ins Znhkw Fv 29\v ]d-bp--Xm-Wv. Cv ins Znhk-an-sv Fm-hcpw k-Xn-p-p. CXp-sIm-WvSmWv C{X-an\pp N{-\p-WvSv. IWvSm Adn-bn-pI Fv Ch ]d-bp--Xv.
C{X an\pv DWvSv Fv {]J-ym-]n-p--tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn-Xs kwibm-kv]Z Znhkw Csv Ch {]J-ym-]n-p-p.
amkw IWvSm \n t\m-\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw t\mv
Ah-km-\n-n-p-Ibpw sNpI Fpw amkw apXv ]qn-bmpI Fpw \_n(-k) D]-tZ-in-Xv kwi-bm-kv]Z Znhkw (buap--v) Dh-tcm-Sm-sWv lZokv ]WvUn-X-m hy--am-nbn-p-WvSv. lZo-kp-I D-cn A-ymbw t]mepw hmbnv a\n-em-m-sX-bm-Wv Ch hnnw Fgp-Xn-hn-n-cn-p--Xv. Camw
_pJmcn (d) apI-fn D-cn lZo-kp-I Xmsg ]d-bp Aym-b--fn-emWv D-cn-p--Xv. {]kvXpX A[-ymbw {inv hmbnp-I.
U e QY Y U bh Ghaa jCGQ GPEGh Gea dG jCGQ GPEG dG b H
(QdG) SdG HG Y ~a dG j
\_n(-k) ]d A-ymbw. \n amkw IWvSm
t\m-\p-jvTn-p-hn. \n AXns\ Zin-m t\mp apdnp-hn. kzn-ev Am-dn \nv D-cnp-p. Atlw ]dp. amk-n-dhn DWvSm-bn-ptWvSm Fv kwi-bn-p Znhkw
h-h\pw t\m-\p-jvTn-m Xo-bmbpw Ah A_q-Jm-knan\v (\-_n-v) FXn {]hn-p. (_p-Jm-cn). C{]-Imcw A[ymbw \Inb tij-amWv Camw _pJmcn apI-fnse lZo-kp-I
D-cn-p--Xv. Atm _pJmcn D-cn lZo-kp-I-fn \nv
Camw _pJm-cn(-d) a\-n-em-n-b-Xv amk-n-dhn DWvSm-bn-ptWvSm
Ctbm F Adn-hn-m kaq-l-tm-SmWv amk-n-d-hnsb
142

Zi-\-ns ASn-m-\-amn t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cnp-hm\pw 12 amks N{-n-dhn Dd-n-p-hm\pw \_n(-k)

\nt-in-p--Xv. C{X an\pp da-fm amk-ap-sWvSpw C{X
an\pp Zplv amk-ap-sWvSpw JWvUn-X-ambn Adn-hp
ins Znhkw Xosc Cm apkvenw kaq-l-tmSv Dulw
am{Xw {]Zm\w sNp kmn-Xzw Cm--Xn-\m da-fm
amks iAv-_m amk-am-p-hm\pw Zpln amks
ZpJ-AZ amk-am-p-hm\pw Ans\ ]cn-ip Jp-B Ip^vdmsWv {]J-ym-]n \ko-Cs ]Wn-sb-Sp-m-\p-a-. kz-lolv
apkven-anse "amkw IWvSm t\m-\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw Ah-km\n-n-p-Ibpw sNpI' F lZo-kp-I apgp-h D-cn tijw
Camw \h-hn(-d) hym-J-ym\w \Ip-Xv Jmfn-amcpw lnemIn-nbpw Ahv sNWvS sImp--hcpw {inv hmbn-p-I.
tijw aXn Aen-a-Wn-Iv^ms\ Im^n-dm-.
dG j U Rj fCG QGh adGh de g dO jOMCG g h
(e T)
Cu lZo-kp-I-fn (am-k-n-dhn Zin-m t\m-\p-jvTnp-Ibpw t\mp apdn-p-Ibpw sNp-I. N{s\ ImWp-Xphsc
\n t\m-\p-jvTn--cp-Xv. BImiw taLm-hr-X-am-bm 30
]qn-bm-pI Fsmw ]d-bp--h) Camw amen-In-sbpw
im^n-C-bp-sSbpw `qcn-]--n-sbpw aZvl-_n\v sXfn-hm-Ip-p.
AXm-bXv Xo-bmbpw amk-n-dhn DWvSm-bn-ptWvSm Fv kwibn-p Znh-k-n t\m-\p-jvTn- A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-s-Xn\v (ilp-apkvenw, hmf-yw: 4, t]. 207)
dL EG a a j dG dG SdG N fG G H ~jR H MdG ~Y Y
jDhd GhaGh jDhd GeU b dG SQ G K~M fGh dASh dG SQ UCG
dCG Uh FdG) GhaGh Gea G~gT ~T Ea KK Gca Y Z Ea
(~MGh
A_vZp-d-lvam (d) \nth-Z-\w: Atlw amkw ]nd-nptWvSm Fv kw-i-bn-p Znhkw P\--tfmSv C{]-Imcw
{]kw-Kn-p. Xo-bmbpw Rm \_n(-k)-bpsS kz-lm-_n-am-cpsS
IqsS Ccn-p-I-bpw Ah-tcmSv kwi-b- tNmZnv a\-n-emp-Ibpw sNbvXn-p-WvSv. Ah-scmw FtmSp ]d-Xv C{]143

Im-c-am-Wv. \_n(-k) \nbw ]d-bp-I-bp-WvSm-bn. \n amkw

IWvSm t\m--\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw AXns\ IWvSm t\mp apdnp-Ibpw sNp-hn. \n-fpsS ta taLm-hr-X-am-bm (AXp
{]bm-k-I-c-am-bm) \n apXv ]qn-bm-p-hn. cWvSp
kmn-I kmn \np ]w \n t\mp A\pjvTn-p-Ibpw sNp-hn. (\-km-Cu. lZokv \. 2116). Cu
lZo-kns\ A_m-\nbpw kz-lo-lm-p-p-WvSv. Camw AlvaZpw
Cu lZokv kz-lo-lmb ]c--c-bn-eqsS \nth-Z\w sNp-p.
amk-n-dhn DWvSm-bn-psWvSm Ctbm Fv kwi-bn-p
k`-n-emWv amkw 30 ]qn-bmn {]hn-p-hm
\_n(-k) I]n--sXpw kz-lm-_n-amcpw ChnsS hy--am-pp. C{X-an-\pp N{ BIm-iv DsWvSv JWvUn-X-amb
Adn-hp kaq-l-tm-S.
dG H a dG jAGJ b f H df a Id LN b dG HG Y
?jCGQ d G a d HG g dG H bh K HG g dG H bh K HG g
(e) jCGQ d a jhd ~e dG G b dG SQ G bh Gch Gc d a b
A_p _JvX-cn(-d) hn \nv \nth-Z-\w: R-sfm-cn Dwd sNm ]pd-s-p. As\ R _X-z\p \Jve
F ev Xmh-f-a-Sn-p Xma-kn-p-tm Rm lnem
IWvSp. Atcw Nn-e ]d-p. CXv cWvSmw Znh-kn-t-XmWv. CXv aqmw Znh-k-n-s-Xm-Wv, ap Nne ]d-p. A\cw R C_v\p Amkv (d)s\ ImWp-Ibpw R
lnem IWvSp F-dn-bn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXv DZn-np aqp
Znh-k-am-bn-p-sWvSv Nnecpw cWvSmw Znh-k-am-sWp ap
Nnecpw ]d-bp-p. Atm Atlw tNmZn-p. GXv cm{Xn-bmWv
\n AXns\ Zin--Xv? R ]d-p: C cm{Xn-bmWv
AXns\ IWvS-Xv. Atm C_v\p Amkv (d) ]dp. \_n(k) C{]-Imcw ]d-p. \nbw Amlp AXns\ ImWp-Xn\p kuI-c-y-s-Sp-n--n-cn-p-p. AXp-sImWvSv \n
ImWp Ie B Znh-k-n-s-Xm-Wv (apkvenw 1088). aXw
a\p-jy- s\ _pn-ap-n-m-\p-X
-
- . B P\- \a-kvImcw \nln-p-Xpw t\mv Xpd---Xpw IW-ns\ ASn-m-\-am-nbm-bn-cp-n-. ImgvNsb Xp-hm\pw Ch IW-ns\ D]-tbmKn-n-cp-n-. D]-tbm-Kn-p-hm Ckvemw Ah-tcmSv \nt-inp-p-an-.
144

Ea jDhd GhaGh jDhd GeU eQ b GeJ dG SQ b SY HG Y

(dCG Uh Ff) KK GcCa HZ fhO dM
C_v\p Amkv (d)-hn \nv \nth-Z-\w: da-fm amk-amIp--Xns apv \n t\m-\p-jvTn--cp-Xv. AXns ImgvNb-\p-k-cnv \n t\m-\p-jvTn-p-hn. ImgvN-b-\p-k-cnv
\n t\mp apdn-p-hn. AXns CS-bn kwi-bm-h-bp-WvSm-bm apXp \n ]qn-bm-p-hn (\-km-C. 2130)
Atm da-fm amk-am-bn-p-sWvSv Adnhp e`n-m hn`m-Ktm-SmWv ImgvNsb Ah-ew-_n-p-hm ]d-bp-Xv. taLm-hrX-am-bm F \_n(-k)-bpsS hN-\hpw CXp hy--am-p-p.
AXm-bXv BImiw taLm-hr-X-am-bm N{ DZn-n-ptWvSm
Ctbm Fv Adn-bm apkvenw kaq-l-tmSv. da-fm amkam-bn-p-sWvSv \nv Dd-m-bmepw \n Zi\w DWvSmb
tijta t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-m ]mSpq Fv \_n(k) ]d--Xmbn hymP\nn-X-amb Hcp lZo-kn t]mepw
{]kvXm-hn-p-n-. Camw im^n(-d) ]d-bp-p.
e fCG Y dG j j h dN~H j M eQ U j adG bh
(~dG c) eQ
Camw im^nCu (d) ]d-bp-p. dafm amkw {]th-in-n-psWvSv Ddv e`n-m ]w da-fm-\nse t\mv \n_-amIpn-. ins Znhkw da-fm-s\ \nev t\m-\p-jvTn-cp-Xv. (In-Xm-_p-Xw-loZv 6135). lnPvd 368 C_v\p-A-_vZn
_dns {K-am-WnXv. da-fm Bbn-ptWvSm Ctbm Fv
kwi-bn-p Znh-k-n-\mWv kwi-bm-kv]-Z-Zn-hkw (bu-ap-v) Fv ]d-bp-I. CXmWv Camw im^nCu ChnsS ]d-bp--Xv.
Camw im^nCu Xs ]d-bp-p.
~Y dh dG Y U EGh Va fCG Y j fC Fj eQ e fG d H Ea
(ad CG) CGLCG eQ e fG d H K dG j eQ e ~Y G~Z CG Y LQ
kwi-bm-kv]-Z-amb Znhkw kwi-b-tm-Sp-IqSn Xs
Hcm t\m-\p-jvTn-p. tijw da-fm Xs-bm-sWv Ah\v
t_m[-y-am-bn. Fn AXp-a-Xn-bm-hp-I-bn-. ImcWw Ah damfm BsW \n_--tmSv (D-d-mbn) t\m-\p-jvTn-n-n. da-fm BtWm F kwi-bt- m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv Ah t\m\p-jvTn--Xv. Hcm \msf Xs ASp da-fm BsW \nev
ins Znhkw t\mns\ _n-n-p. tijw B Znhkw da145

fm Xs-bm-bn-cp-pshv Ah\v shfn-hm-bn. Fn AXp

Ah\v aXn-bm-hp--Xm-Wv. (ADv, 8152)
da-fm amkw Bbn-ptWvSm Ctbm Fv kwi-bn-p
Znh-k-n-\mWv kwi-bm-kv]Z Znhkw (i-ns Znhkw) Fp
]d-bp-I. Cu kXyw Camw im^nCu(d) Chn-sSbpw hy--amp-p.
VJ) T NBG dG hG eQ e hCG dG j g j dG dG G
(GG H MCG
kwi-bm-kv]Z- (-bu-ap-v) F-Xns Dt-iyw Cu Znhkw
da-fm amks Znh-k-amtWm AX iA-_m amks
Ah-km\ Znh-k-amtWm Fv Adn-bm Znhk-am-Wv. (Xu-folp AlvIm-an, t]. 444) Ccw Znh-k-ap kaq-l-tm-SmWv
\_n(-k) amkw IWvSm t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-m
aXn-sbpw kwi-bm-h--bn 30 ]qn-bm-p-hm\pw ]d-bpXv. C{X-an-\pp N{ DsWvSv Dd-p kaq-l-tmSv ]d-X-.
adp-]Sn 4:
apl-Zv \_n(k), ""amkw IWvSm \n t\m-\pjvTn-p-I. amkw IWvSm \n t\mv Ah-km-\n-n-pI.
BImiw kwi-bm-h--bn \n amkw apXv ]qn-bmp-I'' Fv ]d--Xp-sImWvSv Dt-in-Xv amkw Ah-ti-jnp-ptWvSm Ctbm Fv Adn-bm kap-Zm-b-tm-Sm-sWv
hy--am-n--cp-p-WvSv. ]nX-m-cpsS hym-J-ym-\-v
ChnsS {]k-n-bn-.
I~Y GcCa Y Z Ea jDhd GhaGh jDhd GeU U dG b (Q) jg HG Y
(QdG) KK T
A_q-lp-ssd-d(-d)hn\nv \nth-Z-\w: \_n(k) Acp-fn.
amkw IWvSm \n t\m-\p-jvTn-p-hn. amkw IWvSm
\n t\mv apdn-p-ho-. \nfpsSta hnUvVnw t_m[n-s-m \n iA-_m apXv ]qn-bm-p-hn.(_p-Jmcn. l.-\. 1909) lZo-kn Z F ]Z-am-Wv \_n (k) {]tbm-Knp--Xv. CXn\v \nL-WvSp-hn \Ip Aw ImWp-I. 1.
Adn-bm-Xn-cn-p-I. 2. a\-n-em-hm-Xn-cn-p-I.(Im-c-yw) 3. hnUvVnbm-hp-I. (Aal, t]. 488) C_v\p lP(d) Cu ]Zs
146

hym-J-ym-\n-p-Xv ImWp-I.
HdG HG fh dG A IQSG gh dG ~Y gh IhdG e PNCa Z eGh
(QdG a) dG e G dH Y fG
_pn- s ImWv S v {Kln- p- h m km[n- msX hcnI
FXmWv CXns hnh-. \h-N-{s\ kw_-nv Adn-bmsX
hcnI F-Xn\v Ae-m-c-ambn {]tbm-Kn--Xm-Wv. \n Am-cm-bm Fv C_v\p Ad_n D-cn-p-p. (^-Xvlp _mcn,
5 606) Atm \h-N-{s DZ-bs kw_-nv IW-neqsS a\-n-em-p-hm km[n-msX kaqlw Cu hnj-b-n
hnn-I-fm-bn-cn-p k`-n-emWv \_n(-k) Ip-sImWvSv
ImWm km[n-msX hm amkw apXv ]qn-bm-m
]d--Xv. Dd-mb da-fm amks iA-_m amk-amn
Ip^vdns ]Wn-sb-Sp-p-hm thWvSn-b \_n (k) ChnsS
\nt-inp--Xv. Cv temIv BZ-y-ambn \h-N-{ kqc-y
AkvX-an tijw Fhn-sS-bmWv DWvSm-hp-I. F{X-an-\pp DWvSmIpw. F{X skp-WvSm-Ipw. CsXmw hy--ambn a\-n-emp-hm apkvenw kaq-l-n\p km[n-p--Xm-Wv. (]n-d-hn-sbp-dnv \n hnnI-fm-bm) F {]iv\w Xs D-hnp-n-. AXp-t]mse BImiw taLmhrX-am-Ip-Xpw BImiw
taLm-hr-X-am-Im-Xn-cn-p--Xpw Cv ka-am-Wv. N{s DZ-bs
kw_-nv {Kln-p hnj-b-n taL-ns apI-fn-tev
t]mIp-hm\pw Cv km[n-p--Xm-Wv. a\p-j-ys ]nSn-hm-inbpw
t\Xr-X-z-tam-lhpw hy-n-ssh-cm-K-yhpw kwL-S\m XmXv]-c-yfpw Ahs\ Ah-km\w Fn-pI \c-Im-n-bn-te-m-Wv.

147

27. \apv Fgp-Xp-hm\pw

IWp Iqp-hm\pw Adn-bn-
tNmZ-yw: 28
\apv Fgp-Xp-hm\pw IWp Iqp-hm\pw Adn-bp-I-bn
Fv \_n {]kvXm-hn-n-n-. \_n(-k) bpsS lZo-kns\ ZphymJ-ym\w sNbvXp-sImWvSv Aen-a-Wn-Iv^m lZo-kn\v \Inb
A-am-WnXv Fv laoZv aZo\n Fgp-Xnb \yq aqWpw amk-nd-hnbpw F ]pkvXI
-
- n Fgp-Xp-p. FmWv bmYmyw?
apkvenw-Iv Fgppw IWpw \njn--amWv FmtWm
lZo- k ns hnh- ? ChXs tijw kz- l m- _ n- a m- c n
Fgppw IWpw Adn-bp--h DWvSm-bn-cp-p-shv m]np-Ibpw sNp-p. ChnsS sshcp-yant?
Dcw: BZ-y-ambn lZo-kns Hcp cq]w hnh-cn-p-p.

f h f qeG qeG sfG :b qfGC q qdG Y (Q)Y HG Y

(QdG)KK q q eh jY J q e j Ggh Gg dG
C_v\p Da (d)-hn\nv \nth-Z-\w. \_n(-k) Xo-bmbpw Acp-fn. Xo-bm-bpw \mw A-c-m-\-an-m Hcp
P\-X-bm-Wv. \app Fgp-Xp-hm\pw IWv Iqp-hm\pw Adn-bn. amkw Cns\bpw An-s\bpw DWvSm-Ip--Xm-Wv. AXmbXv Nne-tm Ccp-]-sm-Xpw ap Nne-tm apXpw DWvSmIpw. (_p-Jm-cn. l.-\. 1913) a\-n h{I-X-bn-m GXp a\pj-y\pw a^vlp-ap apJm-e^ sXfnhv ]nSn-msX Xs Xmsg
]d-bp kph-y-hpw JWvUn-X-hp-amb Bi-b- lZo-kn
148

\nv {Kln-p-hm km[n-p--Xm-Wv.

1. Dnv F ]Zw ]e Bi-b-v D]-tbm-Kn-m-dpsWvSnepw lZo-kn \_n(-k) \mw Dn-mb kaq-l-amWv
Fv ]d DS-s\-Xs Ahn-Spv Dt-in-Xv Fm-sWv
\app hnh-cn-p-X-cp-p. \mw Fgp-Xp-Itbm IWp Iqp-Itbm
sNp-I-bn-. AXn-\p m\w \ap-n F-XmWv {]hm-NIs hnh-c-Ww. AXn-\m Dnv F ]Z-ns Aw
ChnsS N sNbvXv Bcpw Xs ]mWvU-Xyw {]I-Sn-n-phm {ian-t-WvS-Xmb bsXmcp Bh-i-yhpw lZo-kn Zin-s-Sp-n-.
2. N{-amkw 29Xpw 30Dw DWvSm-Ipw. IW-n-eqsS \app
apIqn AX-dn-bp-hm km[n-p-Ibpw sNpw.
3. kap-Zmbw Dn-mbn nXn sNp Ime-am-sW-n
IWv Adn-bm--Xn-\m apIqn Adn-bp-I-bn-. C{]-Imcw
A-dn-bm--Xn-\m \n ImgvNsb Ah-ew-_n-p-I. 29s
Znhkw ]ndhn a\-n-em-m km[n-n-s-n amkw 30 ]qnbm-p-I. Cu amkw apXv Bbn-cnmw F Dul-ns ASnm-\-n.
4. IW-ns\ ASn-m-\-amn N{-amkw Xocp-am-\npXns\ \_n(-k), kap-Zmbw Fgp-Xp-hm\pw IWp Iqphm\pw Adnhv Ic--am-n-bmepw hntcm-[n-p-n-.
5. Amlp apkvenw kaq-ls Dn-mbpw Ch-cp-ambn
IWvSp-ap-n-bn-n-m hnm-\n-I-fmbpw kqd-p-Pp-ap-A-bn
cWvSv hn`m-K-ambn `mKn-Xv \mw hnh-cn-p-I-bp-WvSm-bn. cWvSv
hn`m-K-n\pw IW-n-eqsS amkw F{X-bm-sWv apIqn Xocpam-\n-p-hm km[-y-a. Fm Zi-\-s-Xs Ah-ew-_n-W-sav lZo-k ]d-bp-n-.
6. \mw Dn-mb kaq-la
- m-Wv. AXn-\m Xp-hm IWv
D]-tbm-Kn-mw. sImm ]mSn-. \a-kvImc ka-bhpw t\mv
apdn-p ka-bhpw N{s DZ-b-h-y-X-ymkw Adn-bp-hm\pw
IWp \apv D]-tbm-Kn-mw. t\mpw s]cp-mfpw Xocp-am-\np-hm IWns\ ASnm\-am- \njn--am-Wv Fpw
lZo-kn ]d-bp-n-.
7. \mw Dn-mb kaq-l-am-Wv. \mw Fgp-Xp-I-bn-. \mw
149

IWp Iqp-Ib
- n-. AXn-\m t\mnsbpw s]cp-m-fn-sbpw
amkw Xocp-am-\n-p-hm IWp D]-tbm-Kn-phm ]mSn-. ap
amk- IW-ns ASn-m-\-n Xocp-am-\n-p-Ibpw
sNmw. C{]-Im-chpw lZo-kn ]d-bp-n-.
hnc-
aWn- I v ^ m\pw At- l - ns IqsS- b p- - h pw imkv{Xhpw IWpw Cwojpw am{Xta Adn-bp-I-bp-q. Ad_n
`mjbpw {]tbm-Khpw \lvhpw (`m-jm-Zn-\n-b-ahpw) Adn-bp-I-bn Fv Al-m-c-m Fgp-Xp-Xp ImWp-I.
""asmcp Zph-ym-J-ym\w ImWp-I. h J eCG eCG fCG
R \nc--c-cm-Wv. Fgp-Xm\pw IWp Iqp-hm\pw Adn-bn. Cu Aw lZo-kn\v \In asmcp An-a-dn-IqSn Ch \Sn-bn-cn-p-p. D-Xp Dn-bX
- p FXv Ad-_n-Iv samn-ep Hcp hnti-j-W-am-sWpw Fm-hcpw \nc--c-cm-bXp- s Im- W v S - s pw {]am- W - - f psS ASn- m- \ - n \mw
kan-n-p-WvSv. AXp-t]mse em \p_p hem \lvkp_p
F {]tbm-K-n Fgp-Xm Adn-bn-. IW-p-Iq-m Adnbn F Aw Fhn-sS-\np Inn? Cs\ Hcw Hcnepw B hmp-In-. Fgp-Xp-I-bn-. IW-p Iqp-I-bp-an
FmWv B {]tbm-K--fpsS Aw. Fgp-Xm-\-dn-bn. IWp-Iq-m-\-dn-bn Fw hc-W-sa-n HdG f ,G f
Fv ]d-tb-WvSn-bn-cp-p. As\ ]d-n-n-. Nne DZm-l-cW- IqSn ImWp-I.cCf f f (em \AvIp-ep, em \ivd_p, em \fn-cn-_p) Fsmw ]d-m R Xnp-I-bn-.
IpSn-p-I-bn-. ASn-p-I-bn Fm-Ww. Xnm Adn-bpI-bn-, IpSn-m Adn-bp-I-bn-, ASn-m Adn-bp-I-bn-
Fw k]n-m Ad_n `mj-bpsS {]mY-anI XX-z ]Tn--h-cm-sc-nepw ss[c-y-s-Sp-tam? Hcn--ep-an'' (\-yqaqWpw amk-n-d-hn-bpw, laoZv aZo\n, t]Pv. 46) C\n \apv aWnIv^m Zph-ym-J-ym\w sNp lZokv ]cn-tim-[n-mw Fv
{]J-ym-]n-p-sIm-WvSmWv Ch C{]m-Imcw Fgp-Xp--Xv. (t]. 45)
adp-]-Sn: 1
lZo-kns Aw, ""Fgp-Xp-Ibpw IWp Iqp-Ibpw
150

sN apkvenw-I Dnn F kz-`mhw D-Xn-\m Adn-bpI-bn, Fm-sWv "Ad_n `mj-bpsS {]mY-anI XX-z-
t]mepw ]Tn-n-n-m' aWn-Iv^m\pw Iqcpw \In-b-X-. tIcf-nse ]WvUn-X-m-scmw C{]-Imcw Xs-bmWv Aw
\In-bn-p--Xv. Nne DZm-l-c-W- ImWp-I.
1. C_v\p Da(-d)-hn\nv \nth-Z-\w. \_n(-k) Acp-fn.
Ac-m-\-an-m P\-X-bmWv \mw. \apv Fgp-Xmt\m
IWp Iqp-hmt\m Adn-bn-. (k-z-lo-lp _p-Jm-cn. ]cn-`mjbpw hym-J-ym-\-hpw. hmfyw 2, t]. 422) A_vZp-emw kpanbpw
apl-Zv \_n(-k)bpsS lZo-kp-Isf Zph-ym-J-ym\w sNp--h\pw Ad_n `mj-bpsS {]mY-anI XX-z- {Kln-m-h\pam-sWv Aen-a-WnIv^ms ta Cu Btcm-]Ww hy--amb
ssien-bn Btcm-]nv kqN\mssien-bneqsS kp-an-bpsS
t\scbpw Cu hnai\w sXmSp-p-hn-Sp-I-bmWv Ch sNp-Xv. N{-am-k-\nbw, IWpw ImgvNbpw F At-l-ns
]pkvX-I-nepw C{]-Imcw Xs-bmWv lZo-kn\v Aw
\In-b-Xv.
2. A_vZp lJv kpan Ba-bq, ]n.-]n. apl-Zv aZ\n
tamw, Fw.-Sn. A_vZp-k-aZv kp-an, apl--Zv kz-emln apX-emb-h ae-bmf `mjm-cw sNbvXXpw kn. Ipn-ap-l-Zv aZ\n
]d-q, sNdnb apWvSw A_vZp laoZv aZ-\n, F.-hn. kdnb ke^n apX-em-b-h ]cn-tim-[\ \S-n-bXpw sI. A_q_- ke^n apJy ]cn-tim-[\ \S-n-b-Xp-amb kz-lolv
apkven-ans kq ae-bmf ]cn-`m-j-bn lZo-kn\v Aw
\Ip-Xv ImWp-I. ""\_n(-k) ]d-p. \n-b-ambpw \mw
A-c-m-\-an-m kaq-l-am-Wv. \apv Fgp-Xm\pw hmbnm\pw IWp Iqm\pw Adn-bn-. amkw Nnetm 29 Znh-kam-bn-cn-pw. ap Nne-tm 30 Znh-k-am-bn-cn-pw. (ssI-hn-c-epIsImWvSv BwKyw ImWn-mWv \_n (-k) CXp ]d--Xv.''
(kz-lolv apkvenw kq ae-bmf ]cn-`m-j, 2951).
3. sI.-F.-Fw. ]WvUn-X-m Xm-dm-n-bXpw A_vZp
laoZv aZ\n sNdn-b-apWvSw Ik v Bbn-p-Xpw bphX
{]kn-o-I-cn--Xp-amb Ckvemw, hmf-yw 2, t]. 683 ta lZokns Aw ""\mw A-c-m-\-an-m Hcp kap-Zm-b-am151

Wv. Fgp-Xmt\m IWp Iqmt\m \app Adn-bn-. amkw Cns\bpw C-s\-bp-am-Wv. AXm-bXv Nne-tm 29Dw Nne-tm
30Dw.'' (Ckvemw hmfyw 2 t]. 683)
4. kn.-F. Al-aZv aue-hn-bpsS kz-lo-lp _pJmcnbpsS
]cn-`m-j-bn Fgp-Xpp. ""C_v\p Da (d) ]d-bp-p. Xncp-ta\n
(k) Acp-fn. A-c-m-\-an-m P\-X-bmWv \mw. \apv
Fgp-Xmt\m IWp Iqmt\m Adn-bn-. amkw Cs\bpw
A-s\bpw hcpw. Nne-tm 29Xpw Nne-tm 30Dw Znh-k DWvSm-bn-cn-pw.'' (t].15, l.-\. 899) tijw Atlw
\Ip hym-J-ym\w ImWp-I. Ad-_n-Iv Av Fgppw
hmb-\bpw thWvS{X ]cn-N-b-an-m--Xp-sImWvSv IWv ASnm-\-amn t\mv t\mm Ah-tcmSv I]n-m hnj-aam- h pw. AXp- s Im- W v S mWv amk- n- d hn IWv S m t\mv
t\mm Xncp-ta\n (k) Av I]n--sXv C_v\p lP
^Xvlp _mcn-bn DWn-bn-p-WvSv. IWv icnv ]cn-Nb-ap Xe-ap-d-I DS-se-Sp-p-tm AXv ASn-m-\-amn
t\mv t\m-W-sapw C_v\p lP ChnsS DWp-p.
Ckvemw Hcp ka{K ]T\w t\mp-I. (k-z-lo-lp _pJmcn
]cn-`m-j, t]. 150) kn.-F.-A-lvaZv aue-hnbpw Ad_n `mjbpsS
{]mY-anI XX-z- Aen-am-WnI^m t]mse Adn-bm--hcmtWm? sI.-kn. A_q-_- aue-hn, kn.-]n. A_q-_- auehn, sI.-sI. apl-Zv kp-an, sI.-]n. apl-Zv aue-hn, F. Aehn
auehn apX-em-b-hscmw Xs C{]-Imcw XsbmWv lZokn\v Aw \In-bn-cn-p--Xv. Fnpw CXns t]cn
Aen-am-Wn-Iv^ms\ am{Xw Zph-ym-J-ym\w sNp--h-\mbpw
Ad_n `mj-bpsS {]mY-anI XX-z-hsc Adn-bm--h-\mbpw
sXdn ]d-bp-I-bm-Wv P.-A-_vZp laoZv aZo\n sNbvXn-cn-p-Xv.
adp-]Sn 2.
Fgppw IWpw apkv e nw kaq- l - n\v ]mSn
FXmWv lZokv sImWvSv hnh--sb-n \mw A-c-m\-an-m Hcp kap-Zm-ba
- m-sWv ]d-bp-am-bn-cp-n-. AXp-t]mse
\ntcm-[-amWv (\-lvbv) lZo-kns Dt-i-y-sa-n em \p_p
152

hem \lvkp_p F Ah-km-\s A-c-v fz-v (d^vA-v) \Ip-I-bn-. {]X-ypX kpIq (P-kvav) \Ip-I-bmWv
sNp-I. Fm CAvdm_v (Nnw) ImWn lZokv {K-fn Fmw Xs fz-mWv \Ip--Xv. \_n(-k-) lndm-Kp-lbn Bbn-cp--tm aev hp \_n(-k)-tbmSv \ohmbn-pI
F v I]n-p.\_n(-k)AXn\v \Inb adp-]Sn QH fCG e Fmbn-cp-p. Rm hmbn-p-h
- \
- FmWv CXns t\v t\scbp Aw. Fnepw apkvenw-I-sfmw CXn\v \Ip
Aw F\np hmbn-p-hm Adn-bp-Ib
- n Fm-Wv. Fm
tNI-q auehn Rm hmbn-p-I-bn Fv _ml-y-amb
Aw-Xs \In. \_n(-k) Am-lp-hns \nt-i-n\v
FXn-cmbn [nm-c-amWv ]d--sXv _pJmcn \nth-Z\w sNpI-bm-Wv. AXn-\m ]cn-ip Jp-Bs BZ-ys Bb-n\v
Xs FXn-cmWv _pJm-cn-bnse Bcw` lZo-kvXs Fv
kan-n-cp-p. Ch-cpsS Ad_n `mj-bpsS {]mY-anI XX-z{]-Imcw tNI-q aue-hn-bpsS hym-J-ym-\hpw A-hpam-bn-cnpw icn-bm-hp-I. Ch apl-Zv \_n(-k)v Ad_n
`mjm \nbaw ]Tn- n- p- I - b mWv. Fgppw IWpw
apkvenwIv \njn--am-sW-mWv lZo-kn ]d-bp--sX-n
FhnsS \nmWv Xm Chv IWv e`n-p-I? AXpt]mse DZ-b-h-y-X-ymkw a\-n-em-p-hm-\pw? Aap-kvenw-I ]Tn IW-v \apv IS-sa-Sp-mw Fv Ch P]n-m-tam? ]cnip Jp-B IWv \n ]Tn--W-sav I]n-p-tm
apl-Zv \_n(-k) IWv ]Tn-p-hm ]mSn-sv {]J-ym-]np
FmWv aWn-Iv^mt\mSp A-amb i{Xp-Xbpw Akq-bbpw
ImcWw P: sI.-A-_vZp laoZv aZo\n Fgp-Xn-hn-Sp--Xv.
adp-]Sn 3.
\mw Fgp-Xp-Ib
- n-. \mw IW-p-Iq-p-Ib
- n- Fv \_n(k)
]d-bpXv Xo-bmbpw \mw Dn-mb kaq-l-amWv Fv {]Jym-]n-Xn-\p-ti-j-am-Wv. Ch Dnv F ]Z-ns Dt-iyw
ZoL-ambn N sNp-p-WvSv. ChXs Fgp-Xp-p. ""AXn\m Dnv Fv ]d-m Fgp-Xm\pw hmbn-m\pw Adn-bm-h Fv am{Xw Aw k]n-p-Xv sXm-Wv''. (\yq153

aqWpw amk-n-d-hnbpw. t]. 41) Atm Fgp-Xm\pw hmbn-m\pw

Adn-bm--hv Dnv F ]Zw {]tbm-Kn-m-sav Ch
k-Xn-p-p. Fm Fgppw hmb-\bpw ]Tn \njn-ambn ImWp--hv Cu ]Zw {]tbm-Kn-p-sav Ch kanp-n-. CXmWv Ch kan-t-WvSXv. apkvenw kaqlw
Fgppw hmb-\bpw IWpw ]Tn- \njn--am-sWv hnNmcn-p kap-Zm-ba
- m-sWv Ckvem-ans ITn\ i{Xp- t]mepw
]d-bp-hm [ocX ImWn-p-I-bn-.
adp-]Sn 4.
ChXs kz-lm-_n-In-S-bn IWp Adn-bp--h
DWvSm-bn-cp-p-shv ]d-bp-p. Pmln-enm Imev CXp ]Tn-Xm-sWpw tijw hy-`n-Nmcw ldm-am-n-bt- m Ah AXn
\npw hnc-an--Xp-t]mse hncanp-I-bmWv sNbvX-sXpw Ch
hmZn-p-tam? Cs imkv{Xo-b-amb JWvUn-X-amb Adnhp
\Ip IWp ]Tn--h kz-lm-_n-amn-S-bn DWvSm-bn-cpp-shpw Ahv IW-n-eqsS `qan-bn BZ-y-ambn DWvSmIp \h-N-{s\ kw_-nv Adn-bp-Ibpw sNp-am-bn-cp-p
FmWv Ch P]n-p--sX-n Fp-sImWvSv Ah Cu
IWv D]-tbm-Knv Xm IW-ns\ D]-tbm-Kn-n-? IWns ASnm\-n GsX-nepw 29s Znhkw amk-n-dhn
t\mt-WvS-Xn-sv Ah Fp-sImWvSv apIqn {]J-ym-]nn-? Fp-sImWvSv Cu IWv D]-tbm-Knv Ah N{s DZb-hy- X
- y- mkw {Kln-n-? Fp-sImWvSv apIqn kqc-y{- K-lW
- hpw
N{-{K-l-Whpw {]J-ym-]n-n-? Fp-sImWvSv t\mp apdn-phm\pw \a-kvI-cn-p-hm\pw IWv D]-tbm-Kn-n-? Cu tNmZ-yv adp-]Sn ]d-bp-hm apkvenw-I Chsc \n_-nWw.
adp]-Sn. 5
1. Camw djo-Zp-dn-fm(-d) Fgp-Xp-p.
eCG j Y ~b cH I~dG cEG hG dG jDhH dG KG f e U cP eh
(....qdG g) J b gDhHEG eCG e LGNG H ~Ue eh .eCG fc ~Y
HdG d G e NDjh IdG IQS e dH () gGHG IYO e cP e e h
154

(QG J) eCG M Z M Gh
{]hm-NI
- amks nc-s-Sp-m N{s\ t\mWw
As-n Fw AXns \n_--\-tbmsS (kw-ibmhbp-WvSm-Ip-I) ]qn-bm-Ww Fv DWn-bXv {]hm-N-Is
Ime-v kap-Zmbw A-c-m-\-an-m--XvsIm-WvSm-sWv
\_n(-k) Xs ImcWw ]d-n-p-WvSv. apl-Zv \_n(-k)sb
\ntbm-Kn e-y--fn Hv kap-Zm-bs A-c-m-\-anm-bva-bn\nv (D-n--Xn\nv) tamNn-n-pI F-Xm-Wv.
Ahsc AXnXs Ah-ti-jn--n--e-. Amlp ]d-bp-p.
(A-h Hcp-h-\mWv. "Dnp'Ifn Ah-cn\nv Xs-bp
Hcp {]hm-N-Is\ Ah \ntbm-Kn-p. Atlw Ah-cpsS ta
Ahs ZrjvSm--sf ]mcm-bWw sNp-p. Ahsc kwkvIcn-pIbpw sNp-p. thZ-{K-hpw XX-z-m-\hpw Atlw
Ahsc ]Tn-n-p-p. apv Ah hy--amb Zpam-nXs-bm-bn-cp-p.) kqdx A_-J-d-bn C{_mlow \_n(-A)bpsS {]m-\-bnepw Cu Bibw hnh-cn-p-p. CXn\npw
thZ-{K-hpw XX-z
m-\hpw {Kln-h
- v Dn-
- n\v Cm
hn[n-bp-sWvSv ]nSn-s-Sp--s-Spw. (X-^vko-dp a\m: 2186)
fh dG Y Y ~f M dG Mh HdG f G :dG HG b
(IbG) dH dG
""C_v\p amenIv (d) ]d-bp-p. AXm-bXv \apv Fgppw
\-{X--fpsS IWpw Adn-bp-I-bn-. \-{X-sf kw_nv hnm-\-n-t \mw Ah-ew-_n-p-hm. As\
AXp-aqew amks a\-n-em-p-hm'' (anJm-v). Ctlw
ImgvNsb Ah-ew-_n--W-sav A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp ]WvUn-X-mcn s]-h Xs-bm-Wv. Fnepw lZo-kns Aw \apv
Fgppw IWpw Adn-bp-I-bn Fm-sWv {]J-ym-]n-pp. _mn-`mKw shn-am-n-sb-Xv hnj-b-n\nv km[m-cW-msc sXnv If-bp-hm-\p AShv am{X-amWv. Al-a-Zns
{]kn hym-J-ym-\-{K--ambv ^Xvlp dm\nbn Fgp-Xp-p.
(QdG dG) Gh HdG f
"\mw Fgppw IWp Iqepw {Kln-n-n' (^-Xvlp
155

dm\n 9283) R Xnp-I-bn-. IpSn-p-I-bn- Fsmw

]d-m Hcp-Im-epw Xnp-Itbm IpSn-p-Itbm C Fv
Fhn-sS-\n-mWv Chv Aw e`n-p-I.
hnc-.2: \n N{s\ Zin-m t\m-\p-jvTn-pIbpw AXns\ Zin-m t\mv apdn-p-Ibpw sNp-I. BImiw
taLm-hr-Xa
- m-bm \n-Fw 30 ]qn-bm-p-I Fv \_n(k) ]d lZokpw Xo-bmbpw \mw Dn-mb kaq-l-am-Wv.
\mw Fgp-Xp-Ibpw IWp Iqp-Ibpw sNp-Ib
- n Fv \_n(k)
]dXpw cWvSv lZo-kp-I-fm-Wv. Ch cWvSn-s\bpw \n
Hm-p-hm {ian-p-I-bm-Wv. AXp A\p-h-Zn-p-I-bn-. (F.hn. k-cn-bbpw ap Nne-cpw)
adp-]-Sn: Aen amWn-Iv^m-s\bpw Iq-scbpw `b-s-Sp-phm D-bn-p ASn-m\ cln-X-amb Hcp hmZ-am-Wn-Xv. ImcW Xmsg hnh-cn-mw.
1. Htc hnj-b-n ]d-bp Fm kwK-Xn-Ifpw Hscm
]c--c-bn-eq-sS-Xs \nth-Z\w sNm-dn-. hnhn[ lZo-kp-I-fnem-bn-mWv \nth-Z\w sNp-I. Ch-sbmw ]c-kv]cw tbmPnnv sImWvSmWv Bi-bs \mw icn-bmb \nev {Kln-pI. Am ]w \apv kX-y-n\nv hy-Xn-bm\w kw`hn-pw. \a-kvIm-c-n dpIq-Cs cq]w-t]mepw Hscm lZokn \nv e`n-p-I-bn-. ]n-e-[nIw lZo-kp-I-fn-em-bmWv
Ip\n-bp {Iaw hnh-cn-p-Xv. ap Nne-Xn Xebpw apXpIpw
Ip\n-bp coXn ]d-bpw. ap Nne-Xn ssI shp coXnam{Xw
]d-bpw. {]m-\sb kw_-nv hnh-cn-p-I-bn-. hnhn[ ]c-c-bn-eqsS hnhn[ kz-lm-_n-h-c-y-m-cn\npw hnhn[ lZokp-I-fn-embn h-X n-s \-s bmw ]c-k v]cw tbmPn- n- v sImWvSmWv \mw dpIq-Cs t]mepw cq]w a\-n-em-p-I. Hscm
lZo-kn\nv Xs \a-kvIm-c-cq]w ]q-ambn {Kln--Wsav ]d-bp--hv kX-y-n\nv hy-Xn-bm-\-amWv kw`-hnp-I. ]cn-ip Jp-B-\nXs Hcp hnjbw Hcp kqd-n
]q-ambn ]d-bmdn.
2. Hcp ]c--c-bn-eqsS h lZokv Xs AXnse Bib- ap ]e ]c--c-bn-eqsS h-Xp-am-bn-cn-pw. ap Nnetm Bi-b-fn \_n(-k) ]d-bm-Xpw DWvSm-bn-cn-pw.
156

lZo-kp-I-fn CXn\v [mcmfw DZm-l-c-W- ImWm km[npw.

3. cWvSv ]c--c-bn-eqsS h-Xm-sW-nepw Cu cWvSv
lZokpI ]c-kv]cw _-s--Xm-sWv lZo-kp-I cWvSpw
]cn-tim-[n-m hfsc thKw hy--am-IpIbpw sNp--Xm-Wv.
Ggh Gg dG a j~H a eQ cP U dG SQ G (Q)Y HG Y
(e) KK d GhQ~ba Y ZG Ea jDhd Gea ddG eHG ~Y K Ggh
C_v\p Da (d)-hn\nv \nth-Z-\w. Xo-bmbpw Amlp-hns ZqX da-fm amk-s-p-dnv ]cm-ain-p. Atm
\_n(-k) Xs Ccp ssII sImWvSp BwKyw ImWnp
sImWvSv ]d-p. amkw C{]-Im-chpw C{]-Im-chpw DWvSm-Ipw.
aqm-as {]mh-iyw \_n(-k) X-hn-c aSn. Atm
amkw IWvSm \n t\m-\p-jvTn-p-hn. amkw IWvSm
\n t\mv apdn-p-hn. \n-fpsS ta taLm-hr-X-am-bm
AXns\ \n apXv IW-m-p-hn. (apkvenw. 10804)
Ggh Ggh Gg dG f h f eG eG fG U dG Y Y HG Y
(e) .... ddG HEG ~Yh
C_v\p Da (d)-hn\np \nth-Z-\w. \_n(-k) Acp-fn.
Xo-bmbpw \mw A-c-m-\-an-m kap-Zm-b-am-Wv. \apv
Fgp-Xphm\pw IWp Iqp-hm\pw km[-y-a-. amkw C{]-Im-chpw
C{]-Im-chpw DWvSm-Ipw. aqm-as {]mh-iyw \_n(-k) Xhn-c aS-n. (ap-kvenw, 108015). Cu cWvSp lZo-kp-Isf Fs\-bmWv Ch ths-Sp-p-I? R Xnp-I-bn-. IpSn-pI-bn-. ASn-p-I-bn- Fv ]d-m Hcp Imepw XnpItbm IpSn-p-Itbm ASn-p-Itbm sNp-I-bn-s Aw
Hcn-epw e`n-p-Ib
- n-. IWp Iqp-Ib
- n-. F-gp-Xp-Ib
- n Fv
lZokn\v Aw \In-bmepw Dn-mbn apkvenw kaqlw
Ah-ti-jn-p Imev sNp-I-bn FmWv Aw e`np-I. "A_-Z' Fsm "e' Ftm D]-tbm-Kn-memWv Hcnepw Cs Aw e`n-p-I.
hnc- 3.
kz-lm-_n-amn-Sb
- n Fgppw hmb-\bpw IWpw Adnbp--h DWvSm-bn-cp-p-shv m]n-p-hm Ch ZoL-ambn
157

N sNp-p. CXp-hn-c- p-hm thWvSn-bp- {ia-am-Wv. Cs

imkv{Xo-b-am-bXpw Dd-mb Adnhp e`n-p--Xp-amb IWv
Adn-bp--h AhnsS DWvSm-bn-cp-p-sh-n Fp-sImWvSv
Xm Ah IWv D]-tbm-Kn-n-? N{s DZb hy-X-ymkw
Xocp-am-\n-p-hm IW-ns\ ASn-m-\-am-n-bn-? \a-kvI-cnp-hm\pw Hcp amkw t\mp apdn-p-hm\pw Fp-sImWvSv IWns\ D]-tbm-Kn-n-? kwi-bm-kv]-Z-amb Znhkw Fp-sImWvSv
DWvSm-bn? Cu Znhkw DWvSm-bm am{X-amWv amkw apXp
]qn-bm-p-hm \_n(-k) ]d-bp--Xv. BImiw taLm-hr-Xam-bm kwi-b-Zn-hkam-Ip-Xv taL-ns Iogn BImiw
DtWvSm Ctbm F-Xn-e- kwibw DWvSm-Ip--Xv. am\-kn-Itcm-KnI am{Xta C{]-Imcw kwi-bn-p-I-bp-q. {]X-ypX
kwibw DWvSm-Ip-Xv N{ DZn-n-ptWvSm C-tbm FXns\ kw_-n-mWv. CXp \mw hnh-cn-p-I-bp-WvSm-bn. Cv
BImiw taLm-hr-X-am-bmepw N{ DZn-n-ptWvSm Ctbm
F-Xns\ kw_-nv bmsXmcp kwi-b-hp-an-. IWv Cu
kwi- b s Cm- X m- p- p. taL- ns apI- f n t]mbnsmWvSpw N{s\ \nco-n-p-hm Cv km[n-p--Xm-Wv.
(ap-I-fn hni-Zo-I-cn lZo-kp-I-fpsS cXv\-p-cpw ""FgpXm\pw IW-p-Iq-m\pw Adn-bn'' Fp ]d-Xv tKmf-imkv{X
IW-m-sWv a\-n-em-mw. I-h-S-ns IWpw IhnXbpw Ah-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-p--F-Un-)

158

28. kz-lm-_n-h-c-y-mcpw
N{-am-k-\n-bhpw
tNmZyw 29
Dd-mb Adnhv \Ip IW-n-eqsS N{-am-k-ns
amw a\-n-em-n-bnpw AXns\ Dt]-nv ImgvNsb Xs
ASn- m- \ - a m- nb h kz- l m- _ nbpw DWv S m- b n- c p- p- t hm?
Xm IWv D]-tbm-Knmw. sImm ]mSn F XXzw
h kz-lm-_nbpw kzo-I-cn-n-cp-p-thm? N{s DZb hy-Xymkw
{Kln-p-hm Ah IW-ns\ D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp-p-thm?
adp-]-Sn.
amkw IWvSm t\ms-Sp-p-hn Fp ]d-bp lZokv
D-cn tijw Ch Fgp-Xp-p. \_n(-k)-bpsS Cu hni-Zo-IcWw bmsXmcp kwi-b-n\pw CS-an-m hn[w hy-X-ykvX
cq]- n 107 ]c- - c - I - f n- e qsS nc- s - S p- n- h - n- p- W v S v .
C{Xbpw {]_-e-amb lZo-kp-I h hnj-b- A]q-amWv. Atm amk-n-dhn hnj-b-n A\n-tj-[-y-amb C{Xbpw
{]_-e-amb lZo-kp-I DWvSm-bn-cns ]ns F-s\-bmWv
Cu hnj-b-n Hcp apkvenw kwi-bn-p-I? (\yq aqWpw amkn-d-hn-bpw. t]Pv. 28)
adp-]-Sn: \n amkw IWvSm t\m-\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw
amkw IWvSm t\mv apdn-p-Ibpw sNpI Fv \_n(k)bn\nv \nth-Z\w sNp--Xv. C_v\p Da (d), C_v\p
Amkv (d), A_q lpssdd (d) t]mse-bp GXm\pw kzlm-_n-h-c-y-m-cn \nmWv. Camw _pJm-cnbpw apkvenapw {][m\-ambpw D-cn-p-Xv C_v\p Da(-d), A_q lpssd-d(-d) Fo
159

kz-lm-_n-h-c-y-m-cn \nm-Wv. amkw 29s Znhkw BIm-i-w

taLm-hr-X-am-bm da-fm BIp-hm-\p km[-y-X-sb-hsc ]cnK-Wnv Cu kz-lm_n hc-y-mcpw {]hm-N-Is apgp-h `mc-yamcpw {]K--cmb ap kz-lm-_n-h-c-y-mcpw t\m-\p-jvTn-n-cpp. Dd-mb IWp sImWvSv da-fm Bbn-p-sWvSv Ddv e`nnpw Hscm kz-lm-_nbpw anI Duls {]Zm\w sNp
ImgvNbpWvSm-bn-n- F Imc-W-m t\m-\p-jvTn-p-Xns\ Dt]-n-Xv Zp_-e-amb Hcp lZo-kn t]mepw \nthZ\w sNp-n-.
h hJ M GeJ a hYh J dG U dG SQ b Y HG Y af Y
f jYh J T c GPG Y HG a :b d GhQ~ba Y Z Ea hJ M GhJ
hO M a Ge UG Ib h S e hO j hj Gh da DhQ Ea d
G GH NCj h SdG e j Y HG a :b FU UCG Ib hG S e
(OhGOHG)
\m^n-Av(d) C_v\p Da-dn \nv \nth-Z\w sNp-p.
Am-lp-hns ZqX Acp-fn. amkw Ccp-]n HXv BWv.
AXn-\m \n amkw ImWp--Xp-hsc t\m-\p-jvTn-pItbm t\mp apdn-p-Itbm sN-cp-Xv. \n-fpsS ta taLmhr-X-am-bm \n AXns\ IW-m-p-hn. (^-JvZp-dp-e-lp)
\m^n-Av(d) ]d-bp-p. C_v\p Da(d) iAv-_m 29 ]q-nbmbm B Znh-kw At-l-n\v thWvSn amk-n-dhn t\mpw.
hnhcw Inn-bm t\mv ]nSn-pw. BImiw sXfn-npw amkn-dhn ImWm ]w t\mv ]nSn-p-I-bn-. Fm 29s
Znhkw BIm-iv taLtam s]mSn-]-S-etam DWvSm-bm C_v\p
Da (d) t\mv ]nSn-pw. \m^n-Av (d) ]d-p. C_v\p Da
(d) t\mv Ah-km-\n-n-pI P\--tfm-Sp-Iq-sS-bm-Wv. Cu ]cnK-W\ (s]-cp-m-fn-\v) Atlw kzo-I-cn-m-dn-. (A-_p-Zm-hqZv
2320) ....... da-fm Bbncn-p-hm km[-y-X-bpWvSv F-Xns
ASn-m-\
- n-emWv amkw IWvSm \n t\m-\p-jvTn-pI
Fv \_n(-k)bn\nv lZokv D-cn-p C_v\p Da (d)
ChnsS {]hn-p-Xv. Cu lZokns ]c-c hf-sc-b-[nIw
nc-s-Xm-Wv. Fm Cv da-fm amkw C{X-an-\pp
DsWvSv JWvUnX-ambn Dd-m-bnpw C_v\p Da (d)-D--cn
160

lZokv ]nSn-mWv Ch t\m-\p-jvTn-msX `Ww Ignv

Ccn-p--Xv. km[m-c-W-m-tcmSv CXn\p thWvSn \nt-in-pIbpw sNp-p. da-fm 29 Bbm im amkw DZn-n-ptWvSm
Fv Dd-n-m-X
- vsIm-WvSmWv Atlw km[-yX
- sb ]cn-KW
- nv
t\mv Dt]-n-n-cn-p--Xv. da-fm-\nse Hcp t\mv \jvS-s-Sp-Xn-ep Pm{KX Imc-W-amWv Atlw iAv-_m 29s
Znhkw BImiw taLm-hr-X-am-hp-Itbm kwi-bm-h--bp-WvSmhp-Itbm sNbvXm t\m-\p-jvTn-p--Xv. t\mv A\p-jvTnm-Xn-cp-m da-fm-\nse Hcp t\mv \jvS-s-Sptam Fv
Atlw `b-s-Sp-I-bm-Wv. im Bbn-p-sWvSv Dd-m-bnpw
s]cp-m Znhkw Atlw ChnsS t\m-\p-jvTn-p-n-. imen\v dafms ]hn-{XX Atlw ChnsS \In kX-y-\n-tj[w
{]I-Sn-n-p-p-an-. At-l-ns Pohn-X-n Hscm {]mhi-yw-t]mepw 29s Znhkw amk-n-dhn Zin--Xmbn hnhcw e`nn-pw IW-n-eqsS N{ DZn-pI-bn-sv Dd-m-b-Xn-\m
ImgvNsb Dt]-nv IW-ns\ Ah-ew-_n kw`hw DWvSmbn-n-. hymP\nn-X-amb Hscm \nth-Z-\-nepw C{]-Imcw
]d-bp-n-. amkw IWvSm hnZq-c-\m-n-em-b-Xn-\m AXns\
AwKo-I-cn-m-Xn-cp Hscm kw`-hhpw Cu kz-lm-_n-bpsS Pohn-X-n DWvSm-bn-n-.
Z Ea . GhaCa jCGQ GPGh Gea dG jCGQ GPEG dG SQ b Y HG Y S Y
(Le HG) H dG b j Y HG ch d GhQ~ba Y
kmenw (d) C_v\p Da (d) hn\nv \nth-Z-\w. Amlp-hns ZqX Acp-fn. amkw IWvSm \n t\m-\p-jvTnp-hn. \n amkw IWvSm t\mp apdn-p-hn. BImiw
taLm-hr-X-am-bm \n AXn-s\ IWv Iqp-hn. C_v\p
Da (d)-N-{s\ Zin-p--Xns Hcp Znhkw app-Xs t\m\p-jvTn-p-am-bn-cp-p. (C_v\p amP 1653) da-fm-\m-bn-p-sWvSv
Dd-v t]mepw e`n-m-sX-bmWv C_v\p Da (d) ChnsS t\m\p-jvTn-p--Xv. Cu lZokpw kz-lo-lm-b-Xm-Wv.
....da iCGQ Ca j K j hYh J T e e GPG Y HG c af Y
(~MCG) FU UCG Ib hG S e hO M EGh
\m^nA-v (d)-hn\nv \nth-Z-\w. iAv-_m 29 Bbm
161

amk-n-dhn t\mp-hm thWvSn C_v\pDa(d) hy-n-Isf

\ntbm-Kn-pw. IWvSm t\mv ]nSnpw. Xs ImgvN-bpsS
apn taLtam s]mSn-]-S-e--tfm ad-bn-m t\m-\p-jvTn-p-h\
- mbn {]`m-X
- n {]th-in-pw. (A-lvaZv 950) Cu lZokpw
kzeo-lm-sWv ]n-X-\mb C_v\p Pukn(-d) {]Jym-]np-p.
eQ e a j dG dG Y dG hR FY dCS b Se HG H dG ~Y Y
HG dCa La b eQ e ej aG CG e Y MG T e ej UG C :da
(~MG) e dH YG dG GhRG b e ~MGh a Ijg HGh Y
C_v\p A_o aqkm(-d)hn\nv \nth-Z-\w. {]hm-NI
]Xv\n-bmb Bbn-i(-d)-hnt\mSv da-fm-\mtWm Fv `nn-p
(iAv_m 29) Znh-ks
- -p-dnv Rm tNmZn-p. Atm Ah
]d-p. iAv-_m-\nse Hcp Znhkw t\m-\p-jvTn-pXn-s\bmWv da-fm-\nse Hcp Znhkw t\mp apdn-p--Xn-t\-m
Rm Ghpw CjvS-s-Sp--Xv. Atm Rm ]pd-sv Bbni(-d) ]d--Xns\ kw_-nv C_v\p Da(-d) A_q-lp-ssdd
(d) apX-em-b-h-tcmSv Rm tNmZn-p. Atm Ah ]d-p.
\_n-bpsS `mc-y-am-cmWv R-tf-m CXns\ kw_-nv IqSpX Adn-hp-h (A-lvaZv 9256). Cu lZo-kns ]c-c kzlo-lm-b-Xm-Wv(-^-Xvlpd-m-\n, 9256), da-fm-\m-sWv Dd-nm Znhkw km[-y-Xsb ]cn-K-Wn-mWv amk-n-d-hn-bpsS
Zi\w t]mepw CmsX Bbn-i(-d), C_v\p Da(-d), A_q
lpssd-d(-d) apX-em-b-h ChnsS t\m-\p-jvTn-p--Xv. dafm-\m-sWv JWvUn-X-amb Adnhv e`n-npw Zi\w DWvSmbn-n-sv ]d--v da-fm- amk-n `Ww Ignv kpJnp--hv Fv \ym-b-amWv ]d-bp-hm-\p--Xv?
Ge UG S j Gh FU UG S c GPG c fG Y HG Y jG Y
(GRdG ~Y)
Aq_v (d) C_v\p Da-dn\nv \nth-Z\w. Atlw BImi-n taL-ap-WvSm-bm t\m-\p-jvTn-p--h-\mbn {]`m-Xn {]th-in-pw. taL-an-s-n t\mv A\p-jvTn-p-I-bn. (A-_vZp-d-kmJv. l.-\. 7353) CXns ]c-c hf-sc-b-[nIw
nc-s--Xm-Wv.
162

UG :da .SdG a j dG dG Y (Q) FY CS fG Se HG HG Y

(~MGh dG) eQ e ej aG G e G MG T e ej
C_v\p A_o aqkm (d)-hn\nv \nth-Z\w. P\- dafm Bbn-ptWvSm Ctbm Fv kwibn-p Znhkw t\m\p-jvTn-p--Xns\ kw_-nv Rm Bbn-i(-d)-hn-t\mSv tNmZnp. Atm Bbn-i(-d) ]d-p. Xo-bmbpw iAv_m-\nse
Hcp Znhkw t\mv ]nSn-p--Xn-s\-bmWv da-fm-\nse Hcp
t\mns\ Dt]-n-p--Xn-t\-m Rm CjvS-s-Sp--Xv.
(ss_-l-Jn, l.-\. 7971 Al-a-Zv)
eQ e ej aG G e G MG T e a j dG UCG b Ijg HG Y
(~MGh dG)
A_q-lp-ssd-d(-d) hn\nv \nth-Z-\w. ]ndhn N{s\
Ipdnv kwi-bn-p Znhkw iAv-_m-\n Bbn-smWvSv
t\mv ]nSn-p--Xns\ da-fm-\n Hcp Znh-ks t\mv apdnp--Xn-t\-m Rm Ghpw CjvS-s-Sp-Xv (ss_-l-Jn,
l.-\. 7972). iAv-_m 29mw Znhkw BImiw sXfn-bp-Ibpw
Fnpw amk-n-d-hn Zin-m-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw sNp Znhkw
kz-lm-_-ns\ kw_-nv \h-N-{ IWvSn-. AXp-sImWvSv
amk-am-bn F [mc-W-bm-bn-cp-p. Ccw Znh-k-fn
kwibw DWvSm-Ip-tm t\mv ]nSn-p--Xn-s\-bmWv \_n(k) hntcm-[n--sXv A_q-lp-ssd-d(-d) hy--am-p-I-bm-Wv.
Fm BImiw taLm-hr-X-am-bm IqSp-X km[yX \h-N{ DZn-n-p-WvSm-Ip-sav hnNm-cn-epw Ans\ t\mv ]nSn-ep-am-sWv hnh-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. \s kw_-npw Chsc
kw_-npw Cv Dd-mb Adn-hmWv amk-n-d-hnsb kw_np--Xv. Fnpw Zin-n F Imc-W-m AXp-Xs
kuDZn Atd-_-y-bnepw Im-S-I-bnepw apw t\mp Dd-n-pIbpw sNbvXmepw tIc-f-n Fhn-sSbpw IWvSn F GIIm-c-W-m da-fm-\n `Ww Ign-p-Ibpw s]cp-m
Znhkw t\m-\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw sNp--hv {]hm-N-I-stbm
kz-lm-_-n-stbm Nc-y-bpsS bmsXmcp ]n_-e-hp-an-. Nne
^nJvlv {K-ns A`n-{]m-b-a-msX. km[-y-Xsb ]cn-K-Wnv
{]hn-p-hm-\-. {]XypX Dd-mb Adn-hns\ ASn-m-\163

amn {]hn-p-hm am{X-amWv Aen-a-Wn-Iv^m\pw Iqcpw

]d-bp--Xv. Ahsc Im^n-dm-p-h kz-lm-_n-h-c-y-m-cpsS
{]h-\s Ipdnv FmWv ]d-bp-I?
(OG OGRh ~MCG) eQ e ej aG G e G MG T e ej UG b jhe Y
apB-hn-b(-d)-hn\nv \nth-Z\
- w. iAv_
- m-\n Hcp Znhkw
t\mv ]nSn-p--Xn-s\-bmWv da-fm-\nse Hcp Znh-ks t\mv
\jvS-s-Sp-p--Xn-t\-m Rm CjvS-s-Sp--Xv.(-A-lvaZv,
kmZp aB-Zv, 44)
(dG) eQ e a j dG dG J fc fG (Q)ASG Y
Akvam-Av(d) Xo-bmbpw da-fm Bbn-ptWvSm Fv
kwi-bn-p Znh-k-n t\m-\p-jvTn-m-dp-WvSv. (ss_-lJn, l. \ 7912)
H ~S) ~H eCJh d e~e ASG fc EG eQ g Z e (Q) ASG Y
(OG OGRh U OSH Qe
Akvam(- d )- h n\nv \nth- Z - \ w. Ah lnem
ImWmtmsgmw Hcp Znhkw apn-nv t\m-\p-jvTn-pw.
C{]-Imcw sNm Ah I]npIbpw sNp-am-bn-cp-p. (kCuZv_v\p akq, kmZp aB-Zv)
(~MCG) eQ e a j dG dG J fc fG ASG Y
Akvam-Av(d) hn\nv \nth-Z-\w. Xo-bmbpw Ah
da-fm Bbn-ptWvSm Fv kwi-bn-p Znhkw t\m-\pjvTn-m-dp-WvSv. (A-lva-Zv), `mhv, \_n(-k)-bn\npw ]nXmhv, Da(-d)-hn\npw aXw {Kln al-Xn-bmWv Akvam-Av(d).
Chcpw da-fm BtWm Fv Bfp-I kwi-bn-p Znh-k-fn t]mepw ImgvN nc-s-n-n-s-nepw t\m-\p-jvTn-ncp-p. \_n(-k) AXns\ hntcm-[n-p-I-bp-WvSm-bn-. Bbn-i(d)sb hntcm-[n-m--Xp-t]mseXs. Cu hnj-b-n B[nIm-cn-I-ambn kwkm-cn-phm Ah-Imiw {]hm-N-Is `mc-yamm-sWv C_v\p Da(-d), A_q-lp-ssd-d(-d) apX-em-b-h
{]J-ym-]n-Xp \mw D-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
G e G MG T e ej UG C b dW HCG H Y G M H Wa Y
(OG OGRh adG GhQ) eQ e ej aG
^mXzna(-d)-hn \nv \nth-Z\w. Xo-bmbpw Aen(d)
164

]d-p. iAv_m\n Hcp Znhkw t\mv ]nSn--emWv da-fm\nse Hcp Znhkw t\mv Dt]-n-p--Xn-t\-m Rm CjvSs-Sp-Xv. (Camw im^nCu, kmZp aB-Zv)
(dG) eQ e ej aG G e G MG T e ej UG :b (Q) Y Y
Aen(-d) ]d-p. iAv-_m-\n Hcp Znhkw t\m-\p-jvTnp--Xns\bmWv da-fm-\nse Hcp Znh-ks t\mv Dt]-np--Xn-t\-m Rm CjvS-s-Sp--Xv. (ss_-l-Jn. l.-\. 7981)
Gg d jh e dG J fc GPG j c G H Y G e Y
(OG OGR) dG dh ~dH
aIvlp (d) ]d-bp-p. Xo-bmbpw Da(-d) BImiw
taL-hr-X-am-bm t\mv ]nSn-m-dpWvSv. tijw Atlw ]dbpw
CXvd-a-fm-\ns\ apn-n--e-. Fm kqvaX ]pe-emWv. (km-Zp aBZv, 243)
CXp-t]mse BImiw taLm-hr-Xa
- m-bm \h-N{- s\ Zinn-n-s-nepw Adn-hns\ ]cn-K-Wnv sImWvSv {]K kz-lm_n-h-c-y-m-cmb A\kv_v\p amen-Iv(-d), Awdp_v\p Bkzn(d),
lIav_v\p Aq_v(d) apX-em-b-hcpw t\m-\p-jvTn-n-cp--Xmbn
nc-s-n-p-WvSv. apkvenw-Isf \n DWv Nnn-p-I. apIfn hnh-cn kz-lm-_n-h-c-y-m kwi-b-n-s-bpw km[-y-Xbp-sSbpw ASn-m-\
- n t]mepw t\mv ]nSn-p-tm \mw
da-fm amkw `qan-bn Bbn-p-sWvSv t_m[-y-am-bnpw
KWnXtKmf im-kv{X-ns Dd-mb Adnhv \apv DWvSm-bnpw \hN{s\ Zin-n F Imc-W-m da-fm amkn `Ww Ign-p-Ibpw s]cp-m Znhkw t\m-\pjvTn-p-I-bp-amWv sNp--Xv. Htc DZ-b-n hcp {]tZ-i-fn amk-n-dhn Zin--Xmbn hnhcw e`n-n-pw.
lZo-kn sshcp-[yw DtWvSm?
da-fm-\nse Hcp Znh-ks t\mv sImtWvSm cWvSp Znhks t\mv sImtWvSm \n apn-n--cp-sXv \_n(k) \nt-in-p Nne lZo-kp-I D-cn--s-Sp-p. (_p-Jmcn, apkvenw) apI-fn D-cn {]K-c
- mb kz-lm-_n-am-cpsS ZrjvSnbn Cu lZokv icnpw s]n-cp-p. Ah-cns] Nne XsbmWv Cu lZo-kp-Ifpw D-cn-p-X
- pw. da-fm BtWm Atbm
165

Fv kwi-bn--s-Sp Znh-k--fn da-fm Xs-bm-sWv

Dd-n-p-sImWvSv t\mv ]nSn-p--Xn-s\-bmWv \_n(-k) hntcm[n-p--Xv. CXv da-fm-\n Cm Znh-ks da-fm-\n {]thin-n--em-Wv. Fm kqva-X-p-th-WvSntbm kp-mb
t\mv Fv ASn-m-\-ntem t\mv ]nSn-p ]w lZokn\v hntcm-[-am-Ip-n-. C{]-Im-c-amWv {]K--cmb Ch lZokns\ hym-J-ym-\n-p--Xv. {]kn lZokv ]WvUn-X-\mb Camw
C_v\p Jnw (d) Fgp-Xp-Xv ImWp-I:
Y a J a h Va a eQ e c G fG Y WMG dG j U eG
dCG GbCG ~YG Ggh ....FYh Y HG j c dG g RGL J HdG
(OG OGR) QKBGh jOMCG Hh
BImiw taLm-hr-X-am-bm kpva-X-bpsS ASnm\ AXm-bXv da-fm Bbn-p-sWvS
- n da-fm-\nse t\mmWv.
Am ]w kpv t\mmWv F \n-tm-Sp-IqSn
t\mv ]nSn- A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-sWv kz-lm-_n-h-c-y-m-cn
\nv D-cn-p--Xv. C{]-Im-c-amWv Da(-d), Bbn-i(-d) Fnh {]hn-n-cp--Xv. Cu A`n-{]m-b-amWv Cu hnj-b-n
Ghpw EPp-hm-bn-p--Xv. C{]-Imcw lZo-kns\bpw kz-lm-_nh-c-y-m-cpsS Nc-y-sbbpw \apv tbmPn-n-m-hp--Xm-Wv. (kmZp aB-Zv, 1330) ssiJp Ckvemw C_v\p Xoan (d) Fgp-Xpp.
dG dG .GbG I~Y a Aa Ib hG Z dG jDhQ hO M GPG dG j U eGh
jGhdG TG fG j Ggh ~MG UG e gZh NdGh VdG QNc LGh eU
YJG dG j U j c fG XdGh Uf Y ~MG Y HdG d ~MG Y
.WMG j c H SdG Y Lj Y HG j h HdG e Zh Y HG dG ~d
fG ddG dGh gZh ASGh FYh Y HGh Ijg HGh jheh Yh Y Y dP fh
HdGh HdG e c ge gh Zh M HG ge Ggh a Rjh eU Rj
(iha )
amk-n-dhn Zin-m km[n-m--hn[w taLm-hr-X-ambm t\mv ]nSn-p hnj-b-n ]WvUn-X-mv [mcmfw
A`n-{]m-b- DWvSv. (c-WvSm-as A`n-{]m-bw) t\mv ]nSn \n_--amWv FmWv. Cu A`n-{]m-b-amWv AlvaZv_v\p
l-en(-d)-hns inj-y-m-cmb Jmfnbpw IJnbpw D-cn-p-166

Xv. CXmWv Camw AlvaZv(d)s {]kn--amb A`n-{]m-b-sav

]d-b-s-Sp-p. Fm Camw Alva-Zns {]kvXm-h-\-I
icnpw a\-n-em-n-b-h Cu Znh-k-n t\mv ]nSn-
kp-m-sWv C_v\p Da-dn-s\-bpw ap kz-lm-_n-h-c-y-mscbpw A\p-Ka
- n-p-sImWvSv Da(d), Aen(-d), apB-hnb(d), A_plp-ssd-d(-d), C_v\p Da(-d), Bbni(d), AkvamAv(d) t]msebp--h-cn \npw Cu A`n-{]mbw D-cn-p-p. aqm-as
A`n-{]mbw t\mv ]nSn- A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amWv F-Xm-Wv.
t\mv Dt]-n-epw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-Wv. Cu A`n-{]mbamWv
Camw A_q l\o-^-bp-tS-Xv. Cu A`n-{]mbw kz-lm-_n-amcn\npw Xm_n-f-I-fn\npw [mcmfw t] {]I-Sn-n-p-p.
(a--Pvap-Av ^Xm-hm. 25100). \h N{s ]ndhn DWvSm-bn-ptWvSm
Fv kwi-bn-p Znh-k-nepw kml-N-c-y-nepw kz-lm-_nh-c-y-m t\mv ]nSn-n-cp-p-shv hcp-tm amk-n-dhn DWvSmbn-p-sWvSpw amkw da-fm Bbn-p-sWvSpw Dd-m-bnpw Dulw
am{Xw {]Zm\w sNp ImgvN DWvSm-bn-n F-Xns ASnm-\-n t\mv Dt]-n-p-hm\pw s]cp-m Znhkw
t\mv ]nSn-p-hm\pw Fv sXfn-hmWv \ap-p--Xv? Htc DZ-bn hcp tZiv amk-n-dhn Zin-s-n-pw.
aG GPEG b b T QS e UG b dG SQ G (Q) M G Y Y
(eh QdG) ej a
Cwdm (d) ]d-bp-p. \o iA-_m Ah-km\w t\mv
t\mpthm Fv \_n(-k) Hcm-tfmSv tNmZn-p. ssZh-Zq-X-sc,
C Fv B a\p-j-y adp-]Sn ]d-p. t\mv \o apdn-s-n
AXns m\v cWvSp Znhkw \o t\m-\p-jvTn-p-Isbv
\_n(-k) B a\p-j-y-t\mSv ]d-p. (_p-Jm-cn, apkvenw). iAv_ms Ah-km\w kpv t\mv ]nSn-m ]mSn-m-sb
hni-zm-ks \_n(-k) Xncp-p-I-bmWv sNp--Xv.
29s Znhkw km[-y-Xsb ]cn-K-Wnv sImWvSv t\m-\pjvTn-m-sav {]J-ym-]n--p--sImWvSv l\^o aZvl-_nse {]kn-{K--amb InXm-_p- a_vkq-X-zn Fgp-Xp-p.
e ej f C j fch dG j ej fc fG (Q) FYh Y j~M dh
(NdG j~dG d G c) eQ e ej f G e dEG MG T
167

Aen(-d), Bbn-i(-d) Fn-h-cpsS lZo-kmWv \apv ASnm-\w. Xo-bmbpw Ah cWvSp-t]cpw N{-n-dhn DWvSm-bnptWvSm Fv kwi-bn-p Znhkw t\mv A\p-jvTn-m-dpWvSv. iAv-_m\n Hcp Znhkw t\m-\p-jvTn--emWv da-fm-\nse
Hcp t\mv Dt]-n-p--Xn-t\-m R IqSp-X CjvSs-Sp--sXv Ah ]d-bm-dp-WvSv. (In-Xm-_p a_vk-zq-Xv, 360).
lnPvd 541 P\nv 620 ac-Ws
- leo aZvl_
- nse {]kn
]WvUnX-\mb id-^p-o A_q \Pm(-d) Fgp-Xpp.
(G OGR) eU j gG ga b hG Z fhO M Gh
N{-n-dhn Zin-p-hm km[-y-a-m \nev taLtam
[qfntbm ad-bn-m t\m-\p-jvTn- \n_--am-sW--XmWv \psS aZvl-_ns {]I-S-amb A`n-{]mbw (km-Zp apkvXJv\-Av, t]. 78).
jheh Ijg HGh fGh H HG H ASGh FYh dG ~Y HGh Y b g Gg G
(MCG VJ) ~gh ShDhWh Ge H e HdG eh UdG H hYh
Xo-bmbpw kwi-bm-kv]Z Znhkw km[-y-Xsb ]cn-KWn-p-sImWvSv t\m-\p-jvTnmw F-XmWv Da, At-l
- ns
aI A_vZp (C_v\p Da), Bbn-i, Akvam-Av (A-_q-_-dns cWvSv ]p{Xn-am), A\-kv, A_q-lp-ssd-d, apB-hn-b,
Awdv_v\p Bk-zn(-d) apXemb kz-lm-_n-am-cpsS A`n-{]mbw.
ssaaq Xzm-Du-kv, Camw apPm-lnZv (d) apX-em-b-hcpw C{]-Imcw
A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p. (Xu-fo-lp AlvImw. 3446)
(ta Aym-b-n \npw Xmsg ]d-bp hkvXp-X-I
hy-ambn a\-n-em-hp-p.
1) ag-m aqSn-bm 30 ]qn-bm-pI F-X kp-v.
ag-m aqSp Znh-k--fnepw JmZn-amcpw lnem In-nbpw
t\mm\pw IWvSm Adn-bn-m\pw {]kvXm-h\
- b
- n-d
- p-Ib
- m-Wtm?
2) lnem ImWp-X
- n-e amk-n-dhn DWvSmtbm F-Xn-ep
kwi-b-amWv "buap-i-v)
3) "^C Kp' Fm N{s\ ImWm-Xm-bm FmWw. amk-nse Ah-km-\-Zn-hkw N{s\ Bcpw ImWp-I-bn. 29\v ImWm-Xm-hp-tm amkw Ah-km-\np Fp IW-mn
{]apJ kzlm-_v Fm-hcpw t\ms-Sp-p. CXv \apv amXr-Ibm-Wv) FUn-
168

29. IWpw ]nXm`n-{]m-bfpw

tNmZ-yw. 30
N{-am-k-\nbw IW-ns\ ASn-m-\-am-n-smWvSv
Xocp-am-\n-m-sav ]qo-I-cmb ]WvUn-m {]kvXm-hn-n-ptWvSm?
adp-]-Sn: IW--\p-k-cnv N{-amk \nbw \S-p-Xv
]cn-ip Jp-B-\nt\m \_n Nc-ytm nc-s CPvam-Ct\m
hy--amb Jnbm-knt\m FXn-cm-Ip-n-s-n Hscm ]WvUnX\pw {]kvXm-hn-n-n-s-nepw IW-p-sImWvSv N{-amkns
amw \n-bn- sXm-hp-I-bn-. \a-kvImc ka-bhpw t\mv
apdn-p-hm-\p ka-bhpw IWv sImWvSv Xocp-am-\n-m-sav
]qo-Ic
- m-b]
- W
- vUn-X
- m {]kvXm-hn-Xv \mw At\-zj
- n-p-hm
XpS-n-bm IsWvS-m {]bm-k-I-c-am-bn-cn-pw. Ckvem-ans
{]am-W-v Hcp Imcyw FXn-cm-Ip-ptWvSm Ctbm FXmWv \mw At\-z-jn-t-WvS-Xv. Cu At\-z-j-W-ns ASnm-\-n-emWv aX-hn[n {]iv\-v \tI-WvS-Xv.
BImiw taLm-hr-X-am-bm \n IWv Iqp-hn
(^-JvZp-dp-elp) F lZo-kn\v kz-lm-_n-am \Inb hym-Jym\w N{ DWvSm-bn-cn-m-sav k]np t\m-\p-jvTn-phn F-Xm-sWv \mw hnh-cn-p-I-bp-WvSm-bn. lZokv D-cnp C_v\p Da (d), A_p lpssd-d(-d) t]mse-bp-h
Xs Cu A-amWv lZo-kn\v \Ip--Xv. cWvSm-as hymJ-ym\w tKmf-imkv{X IWv A\p-k-cnv {]hn-p-hn
F-Xm-Wv. AXm-bXv apXv ]qn-bm-p-hn Fv h-\hmbn h lZo-kp-I apkvenw kaqlw Dnv (\n-c--c)
169

Bbn-cn-p k`-n Ah-tcmSv \_n(-k) ]d--Xm-Wv.

Fm apXv ]qn-bm-pI F h-\hv CmsX \n
IWp Iqp-hn Fv ]d-bp lZo-kp-I apkvenw kaqlw
Dn-n\npw ]ptcm-KXn {]m]nv Fgppw IWpw A`--ykn-p k`-n {]tbm-Kn-phm ]d--Xp-am-Wv. C{]Im-c-amWv im^nCu aZvl-_nse Xs ]WvUn-X-\mb C_v\p
kpssdPpw Xm_n-DI-fn {]nkn--\mb apX-z-dn^v_v\p A_vZpbpw lZokv ]WvUn-X-\mb C_v\p JpssX-_bpw ]d-bp--Xv.
Camw \h-hn(-d) Fgp-Xp-p.
FWh M H ~MG a d GhQ~ba Y Z Ea U db e AdG NGh
~Y H e bh dG d U ADg LhGh dG hQ~bh d GV e b
(G T) RG H hQ~b e hNBGh b HGh jS H SdG HGh dG
\n-fpsS ta taLmhr-X -am-b m \n AXns\
IWp IqpI F {]hm-N-Is hN-\-ns Bi-b-n
]WvUn-X-m `nn-p-p. Camw AlvaZv_v\p lepw Hcp
sNdnb kwLhpw ]d-bp-Xv lZo-kns Dt-iyw taL-n\v
Xmsg N{-\p-sWvSv \n k]n-pI F-Xm-Wv. Cu
hn`mKw 29s Znhkw taLm-hr-X-am-bm t\m-\p-jvTn-
\n_--am-Ip-p. apX-z-dn^v _v\p A_vZp-bpw A_p
Amkv C_v\p kpssdPv, C_v\p Jpss-_(-d)bpw ap-hcpw ]d--bp-Xv N{s a\m-kn-ep-Isf ASn-m-\-amn
IWp IqpI F-Xm-Wv. (i-d-lp apl--_v, 7448)
(VhQ) dG VdGh dGh jS HG QNG RGG G cPh
IW--\p-k-cnv N{-amkw Dd-n- C_p\p kpssd-Pv,
J^vlm, Jmfn-X-z_vdn(d) apX-em-b-h Xnc-s-Sp A`n{]m-b-amWv (du-f, 2348).
lnPv d 368 P\n {]kn ]Wv U n- X \mb C_v \ p
A_vZn _ndv(d) Fgp-Xp-p.
QYG EG dG Gg gj jS H ~ Y M a HdG M H c ~bh
(~dG c) G jWh dG Reh dH
IW--\p-k-cnv N{-amkw Dd-n-m-sav Xm_n-D-I-fn
{]K--cm-b-h-cn\np C_v\p kocn(-d)-\n-th-Z\w sNp-p.
(In-Xm-_p-Xw-loZv 6138)
170

(MCG VJ) ed N dGh dG Gg dG N N hCG :jT b

ipssdPv (d) ]d-bp-p. \n IWp IqpI F Nne
lZo-kp-I IWv Adn-bp--h-cpambn _-s--Xm-Wv. apXv
]qn-bm-p-hn Fv \_n(-k) ]d-Xv s]mXp-P-\--tfmSm-Wv.(Xu-fo-lv, 3450)
Rj Zh ~MG bh Hh dG hQ~bh V e FW dbh (hQ~ba)
e b HG b Gch RG H hQ~b e jS HG bh eQ Y dG d U
(CWG T bQdG) HdG e dG ~Y H eh K~G
(\n- AXns\ IWv Iqp-hn) CXns\ Hcp kwLw
h-ym-J-ym-\n-p-Xv taL-ns Xmsg N{s\ k]n-pI
Fm-Wv. Cu A`n-{]m-b-amWv Camw AlvaZv (d)hpw ap--hcpw
{]I-Sn-n-p--Xv.-B-Imiw taLm-hr-X-am-bm da-fm\ns\ IcpXn-smWvSv t\m-\p-jvTn- Ch A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-p-p.
C_v\p ipssdPv (d) ]d-bp-Xv IW-ns\ ASn-m-\-am-pI
Fm-Wv. lZokv ]WvUn-X\
- mb C_v\p JpssX-_(-d)hpw Xm_nD-I-fns] apX-z-dn^pw C{]-Imcw A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p. (kJm\n, 2207)
hnai-\w.
apX-z-cn-^v(-d) C{]-Imcw ]d--Xmbn nc- s- n- n- .
C_v\p JpssX-_(-d)v Cu hnj-b-n A`n-{]mbw ]d-bphm Atlw ]WvUn-X-\-. C{]-Im-c-amWv C_v\p A_vZn
_ndns hnai-\w. Nne Cu hnai\w Gs-Spv {]N-cn-nm-dp-ap-WvSv. Dkvam(-d), Aen(-d), A_q-Zdv(-d), Am-dp_v\p
bmko(-d), A_vZp-m-ln_v\p lpssk(-d), Bbn-i(-d), apBhn-b(-d) t]mse-bp {]K--cmb Hcp-h-enb hn`mKw kz-lm-_nhc-y-msc IWvSp-apn Ckvem-ans\ Ipdnpw N{-am-k-ns ams-p-dnpw Ah-cn\nv ]Tn- hy-n-bmWv apX-z-cn^v_v\p
A_vZp-(-d). \_n-bpsS Imev Xs Ctlw P\n-p-I-bpWvSm-bn. Fm \_nsb Zin-m km[n-n. lnPvd 86
BWv Ctlw ac-W-s-Sp--Xv. Cu kz-`mh hnti-j-W-
Fmw D hy-n-bm-b-Xn-\m ]WvUn-X-\-m-sb hnai\w
D-bn-p-hm km[n-msX h-tm Atlw C{]-Imcw
]d--Xmbn nc-s-n-n-m-sb-mWv Nne-cpsS P]-\w.
171

amenIo aZvl-_nse ]WvUn-X-\mWv C_v\p A_vZn _ndv,

Ct-l-amWv Cu Btcm-]-W-n\v ]nn-ep--Xv. AXm-bXv
amenIo aZvl-_n apX-z-cn^v (d) Fsmcp ]WvUn-X-\p-WvSv.
At-ls Dt-in-mWv C_v\p A_vZn _ndv(d) C{]-Imcw
{]kvXm-hn--sXv amenIo aZvl-_nse Xs {]kn Iim-kv{X-{K-a
- mb InXm-_p lnX-zm-_n {]kvXm-hn-p-pWvSv.
(hm-fyw 2, t]. 388) Fm \mw ChnsS N sNp-Xv Cu
apX-z-cn-^ns\ Ipdn--. \_n-bpsS kz-lm-_n-h-c-y-msc Zin
\mw apI-fn hnh-cn apX-z-cn-^ns\ kw_-n-m-Wv. Ctlw
C{]-Imcw ]d--Xmbn icnpw nc-s-n-p-sWvSv Xmsg
]d-bp Fm {K---fnepw {]kvXm-hn-p-p-WvSv. (i-d-lp
apl--_v, 627, anJm-v, 2502, X^vko JpXq_n 10-669,
kJm\n 215-4, InXm-_p lnX-zm_v 2338, sF\n. id-lp
_pJm-cn. 10271) Cu bmYm-ys \ntj-[n-p-hm km[nmsX h-tm ap Nne ]d-bp-Xv CXv ]WvUn-X-mv
kw`- h n- p A_- - a m- s W- mWv . ap Nne ]d- b p- Xv ,
Ctlw C{]-Imcw ]d-bm-Xn-cp-p-sh-n F{Xtbm \-Xm-bncp-p-sh-m-Wv. Camw _pJm-cnbpw apkvenapw Ctlw hcp
]c--c-bn-eqsS [mcmfw lZo-kp-I hnhn[ hnj-b--fn Dcn-n-p-WvSv.
BImiw taLm-hr-Xa
- m-bm \n IW-ns ASn-m\-n {]hn-pI Fv A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-Xv cWvSm-a-Xmbn
C_v\p Jpss_(-d)hmWv. Ctlw `mjm-]-WvUn-X am{X-a, {]K- l-Zokv ]WvUnX\pamWv. ]c-kv]c hncp--amb lZokp-Isf tbmPn-n-p hnj-b
- n Ct-l
- ns Ignhv hfsc
A]m-c-am-Wv. XAv-ho-ep apJvX-e-^n lZokv F At-lns {]kn {Kw Xs lZo-kns hnj-b-n At-lns Bg-n-ep hnm-\s icnpw {]I-Sn-n-p-pWvSv. Camw Zl-_n(-d) At-ls Ipdnv Fgp-Xp-Xv ImWp-I.
C_v\p JpssX_ (d) [mcmfw {K--fpsS DS-a-\pw hf-scb- [ nIw hni- z - k v X - \ p- a mWv . JXzo- _ v ( - d ) ]d- b p- p. C_v \ p
JpssX_ (d) hni-z-kvX\pw aX-t_m-[-ap Bfp-am-Wv. (ao-km
2593) ssiJp Ckvemw C_v\p Xoan-(-d) Alvep-kp-
- ns
Bfmbn Ct-ls hnti-jn-n-p-p. C_v\p Ad-_n(-d),
172

J^m (d), A_q Xn-_v (acWw. ln. 768)apX-e-bm-hcpw

JWvUn-X-amb IW-ns\ ASn-m-\-amn amk-n-dhn Dd-nm-sav A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p. apkvenw kaq-l-nse hnhn[ hyn-I-sfbpw hnhn[ Ime-L---fn Po-hn-p apkvenw kaql-sbpw ]cn-K-Wn-p-sImWvSv Hcp hnj-b-nXs hnhn-[-fmb aX-hn-[n-I Ckvemw \nt-in--Xn\v F{X DZm-l-c-W thW-sa-nepw lZokv {K--fn \apv IsWvS-phm km[n-p--Xm-Wv. lZokns _mlyw ]nSn-p-I-bm-sWn 29s Znhkw amk-n-dhn IsWvSv h-h\pw ]dm
AXv AwKo-I-cn- \n_--am-sWv hcp-p. IW-p-ambn
tbmPn-m Fv \_n(-k) ]d-bp-n-. AXp-t]mse ap
hnj-b--fnepw IWv Dt]-n-v lZo-kn ]d--Xp-t]mse
{]hn-t-WvSn-h-cpw. da-fm-\n t\mv apdn-p-hm\pw Zi\s Ah-ew-_n-p-hm\mWv \_n(-k)-I]n-p--Xv. \_n(k)bpw kz-lm-_n-hc-y-mcpw t\mv apdn-n-cp-Xpw BIm-itv t\mn-sm-WvSm-bn-cp-p. Ie-WvS-dns\ Ah-ew-_n-psIm-WvSm-bn-cp-n-. Nne lZo-kp-I ImWp-I:
aG ~a g e bG ~b dG jCGQ GPG U dG SQ b (Q) ahG HG H dG ~Y Y
(QdG) FdG
(QdG) G b UH QTCGh jGhQ h
A_v Z p- (- d )- h n\nv \nth- Z - \ w. \_n(- k ) Acp- f n.
cm{Xnsb Ahn-sS-\nv hcp-Xv \n IWvSm t\m-\pjvTn- p--h t\mv apdnp (_p-J mcn l.- \ .1955) tijw
\_n(k) Xs hncsImWvSv Ingv `mK-tv NqWvSn-mWn-p (-_p-Jmcn l.-\. 1956)
dG W K Z j (U) dG ~Y Y faG :db (Q)H HG H ASG Y
(QdG)
AkvamA-v(d)-hn\nv \nth-Z\
- w. R BImiw taLmhr-X-amb Hcp Znhkw \_n-bpsS Imev t\mv Xpd--tijw
kqc-y taL-ns Dn\nv DZn-p-h-p. (_p-Jm-cn, l.-\.
1959) Jeo^m Da(-d) hns Ime-pw C{]-Imcw kw`-hn-p-Ibp-WvSm-bn. (C_v\p A_o-ssi-_, Camw amen-Iv)
Xm IWv D]- t bm- K n- mw. sImm ]mSn
FXn\v ]cn-ip Jp-B-t-tbm \_n Nc-y-bp-sStbm kqN-\173

t]mepw ]n_-e-ambn IWm km[-y-a-. kz-lm-_n-h-c-y-m-cn

Hcmfpw C{]-Imcw A`n-{]m-b-s-n-n-. aZvl-_ns Cam-ap-Iv
Cu A`n-{]m-bs kw_-n [mcW t]mep-an-. ]qo-Icmb Hcp ]WvUn-Xt]mepw C{]-Imcw A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p-an-.
im^nCu aZvl_
- nse ]nIm-es GXm\pw ]WvUn-X
- m-cmWv
C{]-Imcw A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp--Xv. tIc-f-nse im^n-bm--fmb
apkven-bm--m Cu A`n-{]m-bs AwKo-I-cn-ppan-.
Fnpw Ah Cu hmZs AwKo-I-cn-p-p. Fm N{amkw Dd-n-p--Xn N{s DZ-b-h-y-X-ymkw ]cn-K-Wn-phm
]mSn-sv \mev aZvl_
- ns Cam-ap-Ifpw _lp-`q-cn-]w ]WvUnX-mcpw {]J-ym-]n-npw tIc-f
- n im^n-bm-f
- m-sWpw AXn\m DZb hy-Xymkw ]cn-K-Wn--W-sapw Ch {]J-ym-]n-pIbpw sNp-p. kn.-]n. Da kpan {]J-ym-]n-Xn\v FXncmbnsmWvSv (\yq-aqWpw amk-n-d-hn-bpw, t]. 113, JWvUnI 2,
hcn 16,17) kpn A^vIm hmcn-I-bn Fgp-Xp-p. ""amk-n-dhn
\n-b-n IWv Imc-y-am-mw Fv ]d ]WvUn-Xcpw
DWvSv. C_v\p kpssdPpw kp_vIn-bp-sams Cs\ ]d--hcm-Wv. kp_vIn Cam-ans amkw IWvSp-sh--Xn\v sXfnhp
klnXw kmn\n tijw ImWm km[-y-X-bn Fv
IWv ]d-m IW--\p-k-cnv {]hn--W-sa hmns\-Ip-dnv dwen Cam-an-t\mSv tNmZn--s--tm At-l-ns
adp-]Sn amkw IWvSp-shv kmn-X-z-amWv ]cn-K-W-\o-bw.
ImcWw B kmn-X-zs imcnAv ZrVX (b-Jo)bpsS
m\v Cd-n-bn-cn-pp. kp_vIn Camw ]d hmv Xs-tS-WvSX
- m-Wv. AXn\v bmsXmcp ]n_-eh
- p-an-.(^-Xmhm dwen,
2/5759) CtX Bibw apn 1/421 ^Xvlp_mcn 4/129 epw
ImWmw. im^nCu aZvl-_nse {K- sImSppw IWns\ \ym-bo-I-cn-p-p-WvSv. Xplv^-bn IW-w-Ko-I-cn-p
hnj-ba
- p-WvStm Fm-Wh
- c
- psS \ym-bw. Fm ImW km[y-am-Im ka-bv (D-Zm: {KlW kabw) IWvSp Fv kmn
\nm AXv X-sSpw FmWv Xplv^-bpsS `mj-yw.''
(Aa-Zm-cnv, 152) (kpnA^vIm hmcn-I, 2008 Unkw-_
31, t]. 20)

174

30. IWv \ntj-[hpw

`qcn-]w ]WvUn-X-mcpw
tNmZ-yw: 31
IW- ns\ ASn- m- \ - a mn N{- a mkw \n- b npXns\ `qcn-]w ]WvUn-X-mcpw \njn--am-n-bn-n-t?
adp-]-Sn: `qcn-]w C{]-Imcw A`n-{]m-b-s-n-p-sWvSp
\mw k]n-p-I. Fm Xs AXv Ckvem-an sXfn-h. cmhpw ]Iepw amdn-h-cp-Xv kqc-y `qanp Nppw k-cnp--Xp-sIm-WvSm-sW-mWv ]qo-I-cmb k ]WvUn-Xmcpw A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp--Xv. Camw dmkn(-d) DssS (dm-kn,
1372). Cu [mc-WbpsS ASn-m-\-n kpsse-am \_nv
Akz \a-kvI-cn-p-hm kqcys\ Amlp ]nSnv \nnsbv hsc lZo-kp-I \nn-p-WvSm-n-bXv ImWmw. kqcys\
]nSn-p-\nn-bmepw cmhpw ]Iepw amdn-h-cp-sav a\-n-emp-hm Chv km[n-n-. `qansb ]nSnp \nn-bm-emWv
kabw hy-X-ymkw kw`-hn-m-Xn-cn-p-I. `qan-bpsS Ne\w
sImWvSmWv cmhpw ]Iepw kw`-hn-p--sXv {]kvXm-hn
Hscm ]qo-I-\mb ]WvUn-X-s\bpw ImWm km[-y-a-.
Fm {]hm-NI
- s Imev P\n ]WvUn-X Xs JWvUnX-amb IW-\pkcnv N{-amkw Xocp-am-\n-p--Xn\v hntcm[-an-sv A`n-{]m-b-s-Xv \mw D-cn-p-I-bp-WvSm-bn. ]pdsa
apl-Zv \_n(-k)bpw ]cn-ip Jp-B-\pw.
IW-p-sImWvSv N{-amkw Dd-n-p-hm ]mSn-sv
]d ]WvUn-X-m-cn 90 iX-am-\hpw CXn\v ImcWw ]dXv ImgvN-sImWvSv e`np Ddv IWp sImWvSv e`n-p175

I-bn F-Xm-Wv. IWv Dulhpw Adn-hns\ {]Zm\w sNm-Xp-am-sWpw ]d-bp-p. ap Nne tPym--m-cp-sSbpw ]Wn-m-cp-sSbpw AZr-iyw ]d-bp IW-ns\ Dt-in-mWv ldmans ^Xvh ]pd-s-Sp-hn-p--Xv. ssiJp Ckvemw C_v\p
Xoan-(-d) hsc Ch-cn DsSp-p. tPy--ys ASp-p-t]mIp-Xv \_n(-k) hntcm-[n lZo-kmWv C_v\p Xoan (d)
hsc D-cn-p--Xv. CXp-sIm-WvSmWv Xm IWv D]-tbmKn-m-sav Ch {]kvXm-hn-mXpw. Nne sXfn-hp-I Xmsg
D-cn-p-p. lnPvd 368 P\n C_v\p A_vZn _ndv(-d)
F {]kn ]WvUn-X IWpsImWvSv N{-amkw Xocp-am\n-m ]mSn-sp {]J-ym-]n tijw AXns ImcWw hnhcn-p-Xv ImWp-I.
dGh T hN e H EG eQ j G dG gG QL gG Gg Yh
...dP e EG eQ hH j dGch ej KK T cH hG dG jDhQ dP
(~dG c) dH dG j Gh
ImgvNsb ASnm\-am-pI F-Xn-t-emWv `qcn-]w
]WvUn-X-mcpw. AXm-bXv da-fm t\mv A\p-jvTn-p-hm
iA-_m amkw Ah-km-\nv da-fm t\mv Bbn-p-sWvSv
Dd- v e - ` nm am{Xta ]mSp- q. N{s\ ImWpI FXv
sImWvSmWv Ddv e`n-p-I. As-n iA-_m 30 ]qnbm-p-I F-Xp-sImWvSv. CXp-t]mse da-fm Ah-km-\n-n-psWvSpw Dd-p-sImWvSv am{Xta hn[n-p-hm ]mSpq. Ddv
Hcn-epw kwibwsImWvSv (I-Wv sImWvSv) Dt]-n--sSp-hm ]mSn-. (In-Xm-_p Xwlo-Zv, 6134) C_v\p lP (d)
amk-n-d-hn-bpsS hnj-b-n ImgvNsb Ah-ew-_-am--W-sav {]kvXm-hn tijw AXns ImcWw hnh-cn-p-Xv hmb\-m {]tX-yIw {in-p-Ibpw {Kln-p-Ibpw sNp-I.
(QdG a) dZ X h b a d Jh S~M fC
\nbw IWv samw (G-I-tZ-iw) IWpw khp-am-Wv. CXp aptJ\ JWvUn-X-amb Adnthm anI Dultam
e`n-p-I-bn-. (^-Xvlp _mcn, 5608, l.-\. 1913 s hym-Jym-\n) imkv{Xo-b-amb IWv ]ptcm-KXn {]m]n-m Hcp
Ime-L-
- n `qan Imf-bpsS sIm-m-Wv, `qan Ipepw A\p`-h-s-Sp-Xv Imf sImv amp-Xv sImWvSmWv. taLw kzKnse Hcp ac-n \nmWv DWvSm-Ip--Xv. ae-p-I iz-kn176

p-Xpw izmkw hnSp-Xpw then-tb-hpw then-bn-d-hpw,

`qan Aw-t]mse ]c--Xm-Wv, `qanv Nppw kqc-y Id-p-Ibm-Wv, CXp-sIm-WvSmWv cmhpw ]Iepw DWvSm-hp--Xv. kqc-ys\
]nSnv \nn-bm ]I aptmv \op-I-bn-. `qan Nen-pn-. `qanv Nppw Jm^v F t]cn Adn-b-s-Sp Hcp aebp-WvSv Fsmw hni-z-knv InXm-_p-I-fn tcJ-s-Sp-nb
Ime-L--n Pohn ]WvUn-X-m C{]-Imcw ]d--Xn
\apv Ap-X-an-. Ahsc \mw hnain-t-WvS-Xn-. Ah
ip-a-\-p--h-cm-bn-cp-p. Ah C{]-Imcw ]d--Xn \apv
A-p-X-an-. XmXv]-c-y-p-thWvSn Ah C{]-Imcw ]d-Xp-a. kX-y-t-m kwL-S\m XmXv]-cyw Ahp-WvSm-bncp-n-. Fm Cpw C{]-Im-c-samw hmZn-phtcm-Sm-Wv
\apv Bt]w. t\mp apdn-p-hm\pw \a-kvI-cn-p-hm\pw
DZ-b-h-y-X-ymkw Xocp-am-\n-p-hm\pw ImgvNsb Xp-hm\pw Ch
IW-ns\ Ah-ew-_n-p-Ibpw sNp-p. Atm Chv
IWv Dd-m-bXpw ImgvN Zp_-e-am-b-Xp-am-Wv. Camw djo-Zp-dnfm(-d) Fgp-Xp-p.
X h Y ~j Jh X fCH Y ~b H dG Gj jdG G (b)
(QG J) ~J c dG dG ~j Gg fY hG Gh
(\mw ]d-bp-p) Xo-bmbpw IWv sImWvSv {]hnp--Xns\ A\p-h-Zn-m--h AXn\v ImcWw ]d-bp-Xv
Xo-bmbpw IW-vsImWvSv Adnthm anI Dultam e`n-pI-bn-spw AXv tIhew Zp_-e-amb Dulhpw GI-tZi
Adnhpw am{Xta e`n-p-I-bpq F-Xp-amWv. Fm Cv
Adn-b-s-Sp \psS Ime-L--nse IWv sImWvSv JnX-amb Adnhv Xs e`n-p-X
- mWv. \mw apv hnh-cn-X
- p-t]mse
(X-^vko-dp a\m, 2178)
IW-vsImWvSv N{-am-k-amw Xocp-am-\n-p-hm ]mSnsv ]d-bp--h CXn\v ]d-bp asmcp ImcWw {in-p-I.
C_v\p lP(-d) Xs ]d-bp-p.
(QdG a) dG EG aj PG d H eCG JQG d fG e
IWv sImWvSv Dulw t]mepw e`n-p-I-bn F-Xn\v
]pdsa Xo-bmbpw IW-n-t N{-amk \nWbw _nn-m AXv {]bm-k-I-c-am-Ipw. ImcWw IWv A]w hynI am{Xta Adn-bp-I-bp-q. (^Xvlp _mcn, 5608) Camw
177

\h-hn(-d) Fgp-Xp-p.
SdG e OGaG EG G j fC Y V dH Gc d SdG Ch :Gdb
(G T) QG db e Gda dG G~dG
Ah (`q-cn-]-w) ]d-p. IW-ns\ Ah-ew-_nv N{am-k-amw Xocp-am-\n--W-sav \n_-n-s-m AhXv
{]bm-k-I-c-am-Ipw. ImcWw Xo-bmbpw IWv P\--fn
GXm\pw hyn-I-fmWv {Kln-p-I. AXp-Xs henb ]-W-fn-ep--h-cmb, `qcn-]w ]d--XmWv icn-bm-bn-p--Xv.
(ilp-ap-l-_v, hymgw, 7. t]Pv: 449) Camw \h-hn(-d) Xs
apkvenans id-ln Fgp-Xp-p.
j fC Y V H Gc d SdG C G M OGG j G Rj h Gdb
(e T) ggL aj SdG j G dGh OGaG EG
Ah (`q-cn-]-w) ]d-bp-p. BImiw taLm-hr-X-am-bm
\n AXns\ IWv IqpI Fv ]d--Xns Dtiyw
tKmf-im-kv{X-
- m-cpsS IW-mWv Dt-iy-sav ]d-b A\ph-Z-\o-b-a-. ImcWw AXp aptJ\ P\-sf \n_-n--sm AhXv {]bm-k-I-c-am-Ipw. IWv \nbw H-s
hyn-ImWv Adn-bp-I. aXw `qcn-]--n\v Adn-bp--XpsIm-WvSmWv \nt-in-pI (ilp apkvenw, 4207) Cu {]kvXmh-\-I \qdv iX-am\w icn-bm-Wv. CXp-sIm-WvSmWv apl-Zv
\_n(-kz) \a-kvImc kabw Adn-bp-hm \n IW-ns\
Ah-ew-_n-p-ho Fv ]d-bm-Xn-cp--Xv. t\mv apdn-p-hm
\n Hcp amkw IW-ns\ kzoI-cn-p-ho Fp ]d-bm-Xncp--Xv. 29-s Znhkw hniz-kvX-m amk-n-dhn Zin-p-shv
]d-m IW-p-ambn tbmPn-p-ptWvSm Fv At\z-jn-phm I]nm-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv. Fm Cv ImgvNsb
Ah-ew-_n-pI F-XmWv kaq-l
- n\v _pn-appw {]iv\
- fpw
DWvSm-p-Xv. Cu kwKXn Jmfn-amcpw lnem I-n-Ifpw
AwKoI-cn-p-p. CXp-sIm-WvSmWv _mv hnfn-m\pw t\mv
apdn-m\pw Ie-WvS-dp-I-fn-tev Ah t\mp--Xv. \a-kvIm-cn-sbpw apw kabw Adn-bp-hm kzbw IWv Adn-bp-h Cpw Ipdv t]cm-Wv. Fm Ie-WvS-dns klm-b-m
Fm-hpw Cu kabw Adn-bp-p. Cu Ie-WvS-dn Xs
N{- a mk ams Adn- b n- p IWpw \In- b - X mbn
ImWmw. Atm Ie-WvS-dnse {]Nm-c-an-m Imev Cu
]n-X-m ]d-Xv icn-bm-Wv. Cv Cu hmZw icn-bm-sWv
178

]d-bp-hm _pn-bp Hcp a\p-jy\pw [ocX {]I-Sn-n-p-I-bn. ]pdsa IWv ImgvNsb DsIm-p-Ibpw sN-p-p-WvSv.
imkv{X-
- m `qan-bn-tev t\mn-b Cu IW-p-I Xmdm-n-bn-p--Xv. hj--tfmfw BIm-iv t\mnbpw \ncoWw \S-nbpw DWvSm-n-b-Xm-Wv. tKmf--fpsS Ne-\-
\nb-{n-p-Xv Am-lp-hm-Wv. AXn-\m Cu ImgvNv amw
kw`-hn-p-I-bn-. Camw \h-hn(-d)hpw apw ]d-bp--Xv H Gc d
Fm-Wv. km[n-m-Xpw Adn-bm--Xp-amb Hcp Imcyw sNphm \mw Hcm-tfmSv I]n-p--Xn-\mWv Ad_n `mj-bn Cu
]Zw ASn-m-\-]-c-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-p-I. N{-n-dhn Xosc Zinp-hm km[n-m e- `qan-bn-ep-sWvSv \mw hnh-cnp. ChnsS Pohn-p apkvenwIsf R IWvSn-p-ap-WvSv.
Ch ImgvNsb Ah-ew-_n--W-sav ]d-bp ]w {]bm-kn\v ]pdsa Akm-[yhpw Akw-`-hy-hp-amb (ap-lm-em-b)Xv
sImWvSv Ah-tcmSv I]n-epw DWvSm-hp--Xv. N{I-hm-f--fn
aWn-q-dp-I-tfmfw N{-n-dhn DWvSm-bm t]mepw ]e-tmgpw
Zin-m km[n-m {]tZ-i-amWv \psS tIc-f--c-bpw.
amkw apXv ]qn-bm-p-I-bm-sW-n 12 amkhpw ]qnbm-t-WvSn-h-cpw. Atm N{-am-k-n\v Amlp \n-bn
Znh-k--fpsS Fw \mw kzbw hn-n-epw kw`-hn-p-p.
CXp kXy-\n-tj-[-am-Wv.
dG eG e dH j a dG Y ~e dG G Y G jdG ~YGb eh
(QG J)
Ckvemw ico-A-n sFIy-ap Hcp ASn-m\ \nb-aamWv Xo-bmbpw Adnhv Dul-ns ta apn-n--s-S-Wsa--Xv. Adnhv DWvSm-Ip-tm Dulw sImWvSv {]hn-
A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-. (X-^vko-dp a\m, 2187). apl-Zv \_n(-kz)
tPymXn-j-sbpw apw hntcm-[n-p lZo-kp-I-fmWv IWns\ hntcm-[n-p C_v\p Xoan-(-d) t]mse-bp ap Nne
Imc-W-ambn D-cn-p--Xv. CXn-ep AX \mw hnh-cn-pI-bp-WvSm-bn. ]v tXp-hm D]-tbm-Kn-p Icnbpw `qan DgpXp-hm D]-tbm-Kn-p Icnbpw Hp-X-s-bmtWm? ]p-tXp Icnv ]d-bp \nb-a- `qan Dgp-Xp-hm D]-tbm-Knp Icnv _m[-I-amtWm?

179

31. \yqaqWpw ]ndhn N{\pw

tNmZyw 32:
t\mpw s]cp-mfpw \mw BN-cn-t-WvSXv \yqaq-Wns\
ASn-m-\-am-n-bmtWm AX lnem (]n-dhn N{)s\
ASnm-\-am-n-bmtWm?
adp-]Sn
kqcy AkvX-an tijw `qan-bn BZy-ambn Fhn-sSbmtWm BIm-iv N{ Ahtijn-p-Xv B ]ndhn
N{s\ (ln-em-en-s\) ASn-m-\-am-n-bmWv Cu temI-p
k a\p-jy-mcpw t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-p-Ibpw 12
amks N{-am-ks \nW-bn-p-Ibpw sNt-WvS-Xv. amkns Ah-km\w Adn-bp-hm thWvSn Dn--m kaq-ln-\p-thWvSn Amlp \n-bn {]Ir-Xn-bnse Hcp {]Xn-`mkw
As-n Hcp Ah--mWv \yqaq Fv ]d-bp-I. kqcy\v
Nppw Id-p Nne {Kl-v D]-{K-l- C. Fm
`qanv Amlp krjvSn D]-{K-la
- mWv N{. kqcy\pw N{\pw
`qanbpw Htc t\tc-J-bn hcp Ah--mWv \yqaq
Fp-]-d-bp-I. CXv GXm\pw skp-I am{X-amWv DWvSm-hpI. \yqaq ]I 12 aWn-mWv DWvSm-hp--Xv. Cu ka-bv
kqcym-kvX-a-b-tmSp ASp {]tZ-i- Cu `qan-bn Xs
DWvSm-bn-cn-pw. \yqaq skp-Ip-n Ah-km-\n-pI-gn-m DS-s\-Xs Ccw {]tZ-i--fn ]ndhn N{
(ln-em) kqcym-kvX-a-\-n-\p-tijw N{I-hmfn DWvSmhp--Xm-Wv. Nne-tm Hcp an\ptm cWvSp-an-\p-tm- am-{X-am-bn180

cnpw DWvSm-hpI Fv am{Xw. Atm \yqaqWpw ]ndhn

N{\pw Cu `qan-bn DWvSm-hp-Xv Htc ka-b-m-sWv ]dm AXv sXm-hp-Ib
- n-. ]ndhn N{s\ IWvSp-]n-Sn-p-hm\pw
amkm-h-km\w DWvSm-bn-p-sWvS-n AXv Adn-bp-hm\pw {]IrXn-bn Amlp \n-bn \yqaq IW-p-sImWvSv Ign-bpp.
Idp hmhv Fv \yqaq-Wn\v ]cn-`mj \Ip-Xpw icn-b-.
\yqaqWns {]iv\w bYm hnj-b-n \nv P\--fpsS
{i sXn-p-hm Nne IWvSp]n-Sn Hcp IpX{w am{X-amWv. \apv Ch-tcmSv ]d-bp-hm-\p-Xv \n \yqaq-Wn\v tijw
BZy-ambn kqcym-kvX-a-\-n\v tijw N{I-hm-f-n ]ndhn
N{ Ah-ti-jn-p--Xns\ ASn-m-\-am-n-bm aXn. tIcf-n Xs ]ndhn N{ DWvSm-h-Wsav hmin-]n-Sn--cp-Xv.
amk-n-dhn Fhn-sSbpw Zin--Xmbn hnhcw e`n-n Fv
\n {]Jym- ] n- p- h m Fhn- s Sbpw F- X ns Dtiyw
tIcfw am{X-ambn ]cn-an-X-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sN-cp-Xv. `qan tIc-fambn Npcp-c
- p-Xv. \nv tcmK-am-Ip-tm Fhn-sSbpw Fs
tcmK-n\v NnIn--bn-sv ]dp `qansb tIc-f-ambn Npcpm-dptWvSm?
Imgv N - s ImWv S v \mw Dt- i n- pXv Adnhv e`n- pI
FXmWv. (Clvbm, 1326) amkw Ccp-]n H-Xns Znhkw
Bcpw amk-n-dhn Zin-n-. Ans\ apXv ]qn-bmn
t\m-\p-jvTn-m Ccw amk--fnse N{\v lnem Fv
]d-bp-I-bn-sv Ch P]n-ptam? C\n Ch-cpsS hmZ-{]-Imcw
ImgvN-bmWv ASn-m-\-sav \mw k]npI. Fm
Hmtcm {]tZ-ipw ImgvN nc-s-S-Wtam? Htc DZ-b-n
hcp e--fn Fhn-sS-sb-nepw nc-s-m aXntbm?
A, `qan-bn Fhn-sS-sb-nepw nc-s-m aXntbm?
(kq-cy\pw N{\pw Xn-ep DZ-b-hy-Xymkw Ipd-p-h-cnIbpw Hcp Znhkw Hcp ev kqcy\pw N{\pw Htc-k-a-bv DZnp-Ibpw sNp-p. CXv amkm-h-km\ Znh-k-am-Wv. {]kvXpX Znhkw
kqcy BZyw AkvX-an-p-Ibpw 24 an\p-np tijw N{ AkvXan-p-Ibpw sNp--Xm-Wv. {]kvXpX ev lnem {]Xy--amhp-sa-nepw ImWp-I-bn-. amk-n-dhn kw`-hnXn\m ASp--Zn-hkw
Hmw-Xn-b-Xn-bm-bn-cn-pw. \yqaq Znhkw Xs lnem Znh-k-hpw-F-Un-)
181

32: ASn-m\w amk-n-dhn Xs;

ImgvNbpw Xocp-am-\-hp-a
t\mpw s]cp-mfpw BN-cn-p--Xn-ep ASn-m\w
amkhpw ka-bhpw BIpI F-Xm-Wv. CXv Adn-bp-hm-\p
Hcp Zpeamb amw am{X-amWv ImgvN F-Xv. {]hm-N-I
ImgvNsb Ah-ew-_n-p-hm ]d-Xv ImgvN sImWvSv am{Xw
Adnhv e`n-p Ah--bnem-b-Xn-\m-em-Wv. ImgvNsb Ahew-_n--W-sav ]d--h Xs Cu bmYmyw hy-amn-bXv \mw hnh-cn-p. iAv_m 30 ]qn-bm-bm da-Zm-\nse
\h-N-{s\ Zin-m--]-hpw t\mv ]nSn--W-sav Fmhcpw AwKo-I-cn-p-p. ImcWw Cu k`-n ImgvN ncs-Sm--]-hpw ka-b-am-bn-p-sWvSv Dd-m-Wv. CXn \nw
amk-n-dhn Xs-bmWv ASn-m\w AmsX AXns\ Zin-e Fv {Kln-m {]bm-k-an-. AXp-t]mse Xs
iAv_m 28-\v ImgvNv kmn \np. As-n 27-s
Znhkw 50 t] ImgvNv kmn-\n-p. Fmepw AXns\
AwKo-I-cn-p-h m ]mSn-s pw Fm-h cpw k- Xn- pp.
ImcWw Cu k`-n N{ Hcn-epw kyv AkvXan-pI-bn-m-sb-Xv Jn-X-am-Wv. Bdv amkw ]Iepw Bdv
amkw cmhpw A\p-`-h-s-Sp e- `qan-bn DWvSv.
Atm Ghpw ASn-m\w Bcm-[-\m-I- \mw \nln-pI F-Xm-Wv. kqvam\nbmb Am-lp-hn\v Cu
bmYmyw Adn-bmw. Ah Xs-bmWv Cu {]Xn-`m-khpw
182

`qan-bn krjvSn--Xv. CXp-sIm-WvSmWv `qan-bn BZy-ambn \hN-{ DWvSm-bm AXns\ ASn-m-\-amn Fm-hcpw N{am-ks IW-m--W-sav Ah \nt-in-p--Xv. DZ-b-hyXym-khpw DZ-b-an-m-bvabpw apw ]cn-K-Wn-msX CXn-\p-thWvSn
hmin-]n-Sn-msX Camw Km-en(d) ImgvNsb Ah-ew-_n--Wsav {]kvXm-hn--tijw ]d-bpp
(dG Y AMG) dG jDhdH fh
almmsc _lp-am-\n-m--hv Adnhp Inp-I-bpan.
ImgvN-sImWvSv \mw Dt-in-p-Xv Adnhv e`n-pI FXmWv (Clvm: 1326) amkw Ccp-]n H-Xns Znhkw Bcpw
amkw ImWn-. AXns\ apXv ]qn-bmn t\m-\p-jvTnm Ccw amk--fnse N{\v lnem Fp-]-d-bp-I-bnsv Ch P]n-ptam? C\n Ch-cpsS hmZ-{]-Imcw ImgvNbmWv ASn-m-\-sav \mw k]n-p-I. Fm Hmtcm
{]tZ-ipw ImgvN nc-s-S-Wtam? Htc DZ-b-n hcp
e--fn Fhn-sS-sb-nepw nc-s-m aXntbm? AX
`qan-bn Fhn-sS-sb-nepw nc-s-m aXntbm? CXn
\nsmw a\-n-em-bXv Ch ]d-bp lnem Zi\w amkn-d-ns B[m-c-a-s-m-Wv. tIc-f-ns Ign 30 hj-fpsS Ncn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-m Ch lnem ImWm-sX-bmWv
amkw XpS-n-b-sXv sXfnbnm-hp--Xm-Wv. Ch Ign 30
hj--fn sNbvXXp sXm-sWp Ch k-Xn-ptam?.

183

33. ImgvNbpw kmn-Ifpw

tNmZyw 34:
ImgvN nc-s-Sm F{X kmn-I DWvSm-bn-cn-Ww?
adp-]Sn
Cu hnj-b-nepw kzlo-lmb lZo-kp-In-S-bnepw
]n-X-m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-n-S-bnepw `nX ImWmw.
(FdG) GhaGh Gea G~gT ~T a U dG SQ b :MdG ~Y Y
A_vZp-dlvam(-d)hn \nv \nth-Z\
- w. \_n(-kz) ]d-p.
cWvSp kmn-I kmn \np ]w \n t\m-\pjvTn-p-Ibpw t\mv apdn-p-Ibpw sNp-ho (A--m-Cu.-l.\. 2116) Cu lZo-kns\ A_m-\nbpw kzlo-lm-p-p.
G) j~gH EG j G Rj h ~MGh LQ IOT j G Rj :adG b
(ad
Camw im^nCu ]d-bp-p. Hcm-fpsS kmnXzw sImWvSv
t\m-\p-jvTn- A\p-hZ- \
- o-ba
-
- . cWvSm-fp-I kmn-\nm-]w t\m-\p-jvTn- A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-. (A-D-v, 8154)
G a j fG QaEG dG gG j h .LQ IOH EG j :SG b
(edG) LQ IOT
Ckv l mJv ( - d ) ]d- b p- p. cWv S p ]pcp- j - m kmn\nmsX t\m-\p-jvTn-p-hm ]mSn-. s]cp-m-fn\v cWvSv
]pcp-j
- m kmn \np-]
- w am{X-amWv kmnXzw kzoIcn--s-SpI F-Xn Adn-hp--hn-S-bn `n-X-bn (XnapZn). Camw Km-en(-d) Fgp-Xp-p.
184

(j~dG Y AMEG) d~Y H EG GT g j h

im amk-ns ]ndhn \oXn-am-m-cmb cWvSp kmnIsImWvSv AmsX nc-s-Sp-I-bn-. (Clvbm, 1326)
CXp-t]mse Camw \h-hn(-d) dufm F {K-nepw
]d-bpp (2-348). kmn-I Ifhv ]d-bmkm-[y-X-bp-sWvSv
Ch ChnsS AwKo-Ic
- n-p-Ib
- m-Wv. apkvenwI kwL-S\
- I
- f
- mbn
]ncn--Xn-\m Ifhv ]d-bp-hm Fm amk-pw Cv
km[y-X-bp-WvSv. Camw \h-hn(-d) ]d-bpp.
~Y b h ~H jDhQ Kh dG jDhQ hG KK T cEH eQ U j
(e)
da-fm-\nse t\mv iAv_m 30 ]qn-bm-h sImWvSv
\n_--am-p--Xm-Wv. As-n lnem-ens ImgvN-sImWvSv.
lnem-ens ImgvN Hcp \oXn-am-\mb kmn-sImWvSv nc-sSp-p. cWvSv \oXnammcmb kmn-I DWvSm-bn-cn--W-sapw
Hc-`n-{]m-b-apWvSv (anlm-Pv). Bcp-sS-XmWv Cu A`n-{]m-b-sav
apn hnh-cn-p-Xp ImWp-I.
(G) G~gT EG eQ g Y Rj (Q)adG ge g Ggh :SG b
Ckv\hn(-d) ]d-bp-p. da-fm t\mns amkw ncs cWvSp kmn-I thW-sa--XmWv Camw im^n-Cu(-d)hns A`n-{]mbw (ap-n, 568)
j jc YL jDhQ e q~H a jDhdG VGe e dN AdG fc GPG :Gdb G
(HQCG gGG) dG gH
l\-^n-bm- ]d-bp-p. \h-N-{s\ ImWp--Xn\v BImiv taLw t]mse-bp {]Xn-_-- Cs-n Adnhv
e`n-p-hm Hcp kwLw Bfp-I Xs kmn \n-Ww.
[mcmfw t]cp kwLw (a-Zm-ln-_p A_-A, 1549)
dGh .~Y Gj CG hCG :bG KK Y g jDhdH eQ g j :Gdb dG
EG ~MGdH jDhdG J dh ~MGh Gj G ddGh dG gN ~j Ic YL Gj CG
j a eCH AYG d e eG dG eCH j NCG e c GPG NCG e M hG f M
(HQCG gGCG) ~MGdGh jDhdH dG M
amen-n-bm- ]d-bpp: da-fm-\n ]ndhn lnem-ens
ImgvN-sImWvSv nc-s-Sp-p. CXv aqv C\--fn-em-Wv. 1.
185

\oXnammcmb cWvSv t] N{-e ImWp-I. 2. Hcp henb

kwLw ImWp-I. Ah-cpsS h-am\w sImWvSv Adnhv e`n-p-Xm-Wv. 3. Hcm amk-n-dhn Zin-p-I. Fnepw Hcm-fpsS
ImgvN-sImWvSv Abmv am{Xta t\m-\p-jvTn- \n_-am-hp-I-bp-q. As-n ImgvN kw_-nv Abm-tfmSv ]d-hs Ah-Im-i-n, ]d hyn amk-n-d-hn-bpsS Imcyn {i-bn-m--h-\m-bn-cn--Ww. Fm N{-n-d-hn-bpsS
{]iv\-n {i-bp--h-\m-sW-n Hcm-fpsS kmnXzw
sImWvSv N{-n-dhn nc-s-Sp-I-bn (a-Zm-ln-_p A_-A:
1550)
j de a j~gT hG ~MGh IOH eQ g j g adGh de NGh
(WdG J) ~MGdG IOT a
da-fm amkw Hcm-fpsS kmnXzw sImWvSv nc-s-Sptam
AX cWvSm-fpsS kmnXzw sImWvSmtWm nc-s-SpI F
hnj-b-n amenpw im^n-Cubpw `nn-p-p. Camw amenIv(-d) ]dp: Hcm-fpsS kmnXzw CXn kzoI-cn--s-Sp-Ibn (X-^vko JpXp_n: 2289)
(M HG) d~Y LQ EG c bG de bh
t\mns amk-n-d-hnbpw s]cp-m-fns amk-n-d-hnbpw
cWvSm-fpsS kmnXzw sImWvSp am{Xta Rm kzoI-cn-p-Ibp-q-shv Camw amenIv ]d-bpp (C-_v\p-lkw: 6235) ap
amk- nc-s -S m cWvS v t]cpsS Imgv N thW- sav
im^nCu aZvl_
- n ]d-bp-p. (a-ln apn) kv{XoI-fpsS ImgvNsImWvSv nc-s-Sptam? nc-s-S-W-sa-n F{X kv{XoI
Zin-Ww? Cu hnj-b-nepw Ch `nn-pp.
(29\p ag-m aqSn-bm 30 Znhkw ]qn-bm--W-sav ]dbp-h
- agbpw ag-mdpw D Znh-k
- f
- n lnem t\mm ]dbp-p. ]d-bp-Xpw {]hr-n-p-Xpw cWvSm-hmtam?F-Un-)

186

34. \_n-N-cybpw Dt-iyhpw

tNmZyw 35:
lZo-kns _mly-amb Bibw Fm cwK--fnepw AwKoI-cn-t-WvS-XptWvSm?
adp-]Sn:
Nne lZo-kp-I-fpsS _mly-amb \ntiw \mw AwKo-Icn-p ]w {]hm-N-Is\ ]n]-n-b-h Bhp-I-bn-. {]XypX
{]hm-N-Is\ [n-cn--h-cm-hp-I-bmWv sNp-I. Ccw k`-fn lZo-kns Dt-i-n-tev \mw aSn AXns\ ]nXpS-cpI F-XmWv {]hm-N-Is\ A\p-k-cn-. Nne DZm-l-c-W-fn-eqsS CXp hnh-cn-mw.
YU hG T e YU hG e YU dG IcR (U) dG SQ Va (Q)Y HG Y
(eh QdG) HR e YU hG bG e
C_v\p D(-d) \nth-Z\w: \_n(-kz) ^nXz kIm-v
\n_--am-n-bn-p-WvSv. Hcp kzmAv Cu--gtam _mentbm
shtbm apn-cntbm BWv \tI-WvSXv (_p-Jmcn apkvenw).
\_n(-kz)bpw kzlm-_n-h-cy-mcpw \mw Cv \In-h-cp Acn
Hcn-epw ^nXz kIm-mbn \In-bn-n-. \Im ]d-bpp-an-. Fnepw \mw \tI-WvSXv Acn-bm-Wv.
h dG j a FdG c~MG JG GPG (U)dG SQ b QfCG jG HG Y
(eh QdG) GHZ hG GbT X dj
A_q Aq-_v(-d) \nth-Z\w: \_n(-kz) Acpfn: \nfn h-h\pw ae-aq-{X-hn-k\ ev sNm Jn_esb A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-p-Itbm ]pdw Xncntm Ccn--cp-Xv.
187

\n Ing-tmtm ]Sn-m-tdmtm Xncn-n-cn-p-hn (_pJm-cn, apkvenw). aZo-\-bpsS sXv `mK-mWv a nXn sNp-Xv. AXn-\m Ah-tcmSv \_n(-kz) {]kvXm-hn--XmWv Ingtmtm ]Sn-mtdmtm Xncn-bp-hm. Fm a\p-jy-tcmSpw imizXhpw Aew-L-\o-b-hp-amb Hcp \nb-a-sa \nev Ing-tmpw
]Snmtdmpw Xncn-n-cn-m In--X-. ChnsS lZokns _mly-a {]XypX k-bmWv \mw kzoI-cn-t-WvS-Xv.
(eh QdG) aO JQch N ~G dG (U) dG SQ b (Q)fG Y
A\-kv(-d) \nth-Z\w: \_n(-kz) Acpfn: ]n-bn XppXv Hcp Ip-am-Wv. Fm AXns {]mb-nw AXp ]nbn Xs Ipgnp aqSp--XmWv (_p-Jmcn apkvenw). imiz-Xhpw
AewL-\o-b-hp-amb \nb-a-sa \nev \_n(-kz) In Hcp
aX \nb-a-a CXv. {]hm-N-Is Imev ]n-bpsS AIw aWem-bn-cp-p. AXn-\m-emWv ]n-bn Xpn-bm AXns\ AhnsS-s Ipgn-n-Sp-hm In--Xv. \_n(-kz) Ad_n `mj-bnemWv PpapA: Znhkw {]kw-Kn-n-cp--Xv. Fm ChnsS \mw
Ad_n `mj-bn JpXp_: \n-ln-p-I-b thWvS-Xv. {]XypX
P\-v a\-n-em-IpI F XXzw kzoI-cnv {]mtZ-inI `mjbn \n-ln-pI F-XmWv \_nsb ]n]-.
Gh AH~dG Y cfG a ...(U)dG SQ Y dG~Y ~ah ~b (Q)SY HG Y
(eh QdG) Gh dGh
C_v\p Am-kv(d
- ) \nth-Z\w: A_vZp ssJkns \nthZI kwLw Hcn- \_n(-kz)-bpsS ASp- hp. \_n(-kz)
]dp: \mep Imcyw Rm \n-tfmSv hntcm-[n-p-p... Npcpm-tmSv sImWvSv DWvSm-n-b-]m{Xw, ] \nd-ap sXmn,
Cu-\-bpsS aqe-`mKw apdn-s-Spv DWvSm-nb ]m{Xw, Xm
]qinb ]m{Xw apX-em-bh (_p-Jm-cn 53, apkvenw 23). Cu lZokv
Camw _pJm-cnbpw apkvenapw Cuam-\ns (hnizm-k-n-s)
A[ym-b-n-emWv D-cn-p--Xv. Ad-_n-I-fpsS aZym-kn
temI-N-cn-{X-n hfsc Ip{]-kn--am-Wv. aZy-ap-WvSm-m ]eXcw ]m{X- Ah D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp-p. B ]m{X--sf-p-dnmWv lZo-kn {]kvXm-hn-p--Xv. aZyw \ntcm-[n--tm AXns\-p-dn-p ]gb Nn-t]mepw Cm-Xm-p-hm-\mbn Cu ]m{X-sfbpw \_n(-kz) \ntcm-[n-p. CXp aX-ns imiz-Xhpw
188

Aew-L-\o-b-hp-amb Hcp \nbaw F \ne-. {]XypX Hcp

Xmm-enI \ntcm-[\w am{X-am-Wv. Cv Cu \ntcm-[\w \ne\np-n-. Cu ]m{X- \apv D]-tbm-Kn-p-Ibpw sNmw.
Camw im^n-Cu(-d)bpw Camw \h-hn(-d)bpw Camw A_q-l-\o^(-d)bpw lZo-kns kml-Ncyw a\-n-emn C{]-Imcw ]d-bpp. CXp-t]mse IWv sImWvSv ImgvN aptJ\ e`n-p Adnhv
t]mepw e`n-m kml-N-cy-n \n N{-e Zriy-amIp-X
- p-hsc t\m-\p-jvTn-p-Itbm t\mv apdn-p-Itbm sNtWvS-Xn-sv \_n(-k) D]-tZ-in--Xm-Wv. ImgvN-sb-m IWv
aptJ\ Dd-mb Adnhv e`n-p Ah--bn-tev kap-Zmbw
]ptcm-KXn {]m]n-mepw \n sXp-]
- m km[y-Xb
- p ImgvN
Cs-n Dd-mb Adn-hns\ Dt]-nv Duls ]nXp-S-cW-sav \_n(-kz) \nt-in--X-.
(QdG) e a ~H Ig dG j U dG b (Q)SY HG Y
C_v\p Am-kv(-d) \nth-Z\w: \_n(-kz) am-hn-P-bns Znhkw ]dp: am hnP-b-n-\p-tijw lnPvd-bn
(_p-Jmcn: 3077) a-bn \nv lnPvd t]mIp-hm \_n(-kz)
kzlm-_n-am-tcmSv In-n-cp-p. a apkvenwIv A[o-\-amb-tXm-Sp-IqSn {]kvXpX lnPvd Zp-e-ambn FmWv \_n(kz) ]d-bp-X
- v. aX-ns imiz-Xhpw s]mXp-hm-bX
- p-amb \nbaw
F \nev \_n(-kz) {]kvXm-hn-X
-
- . ImcWw apl-Zv \_n(kz)sb Amlp \ntbm-Kn-Xv Jp-Bs XXz-v FXncmbn {]Jym-]n-p-hm-\-, ]cn-ip Jp-B-\nse [mcmfw kq-fn lnPvd-bpsS {]m[m-\yhpw AXns al-Xzhpw ]d-bp-Xp
ImWmw. Fm Nne ]n-X-m CsXmpw {in-m-sXbmWv Cu lZo-kns ASn-m-\-n Fm-Xcw lnPvdbpw
Fm-ehpw Zp-e-am--s-Sp-p-shv {]kvXm-hn-p--Xv. a
hnP-bn--S--s--tXm-Sp-IqSn a-bn \nv lnPvd t]mI-W-sa
I\ Zp-e-am-bXv t]mse apkvenw kap-Zmbw \nc--c-cmb
kaq-l-n \nv ]ptcm-KXn {]m]ntXm-Sp-IqSn \a-kvIm-c-kabw Adn-bp-hm kqcys\ t\mm--Xp-t]m-se, N{-e
t\mn t\m-\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw apdn-p-Ibpw sNpI F \ntihpw Zp-e-am-bn. Dd-mb Adn-hns apn Dulw Zp-es-Sp-sa-Xv ASn-m-\-X-Xz-am-Wv. Camw djo-Zp-dn-fm(-d) FgpXn:
189

S ae EG LG e ~TG e OGG a LC jOMCG S ae EG LG G

QeCG e a d e jOMCG h J j Sd eY jG~g Y BGdG C BGdG hf
a ba Sd WvSj G h eY jG~g h jO j G H ~j dG CGdGh UG
(QG J) XCG HSG ae Y
Xo-bmbpw lZo-kp-I-fpsS Bibw {Kln-p--Xn\v AhbpsS Imc-W- {Kln--emWv Jp-B-\ns Bibw {Klnp--Xn-\mbn kq--fpsS Ah-X-cW ImcWw a\-n-em-p-Xn-t\-m IqSp-X-embn Bh-iy-ambn hcp-Xv. \nbw JpB apgp-h Fm a\p-jypw s]mXp-hmb \ne-p amZi-\-am-Wv. AXp {]t_m-[\w sN A\n-hm-cy-hp-am-Wv.
Fm lZo-kp-I-fn C{]-Imcw Am--h-bp-WvSv. AYhm
{]tXy-I-amb Imcy-fpw aX-hp-am-bn-cn-p-hm Dt-in--s-nn-m--h-bpw. Ch s]mXp-hmb am Zi-\-a-. P\-v
{]t_m-[\w sN A\n-hm-cy-hp-a
- . AXn-\m Ch-bpsS ]mew Adn-bp-X
- ns\ B{i-bn-mWv Ch a\-n-em-hp-I. CXmWv
Ghpw {]I-S-am-bXv. (X^vkodp a\m: 5315).
(QdG) dH dGh eG H jhG~J e aG G (U) dG SQ b (Q) fCG Y
A\-kv(-d) \nth-Z\w: \_n(-kz) Acpfn: \n sNp
NnIn-I
- f
- n Ghpw t{ijvTa
- m-bXv sImv shepw JpkvXp
_lvcn D]-tbm-Kn--ep-amWv (_p-Jmcn: l: \: 5696). Xobmbpw sImv shbvp--Xn ia-\-apWvSv (_p-Jmcn: 5697)
Le HG) ea N H hhG~J T c EG(U) dG SQ b Ijg HG Y
(~MCGh
A_q-lp-ssd-d(-d) \nth-Z\w: \_n(-kz) Acpfn: \n
NnIn-n-p h-Xnepw tcmK-i-a\w DsWvS-n AXv sImv
shbvp--Xn-emWv (C-_v\p-am-P, Al--Zv).
eH eG e ~ j Gdb EG E H SG d Qe e (U) dG SQ b fG Y
(Le HG)
A\-kv(-d) \nth-Z\w: \_n(-kz) Acpfn: Fs Ckvdm-Av
bm{X-bn ae-p-I-fpsS kwL-ns ASp-p-IqSn Rm \Sp-t]m-Ip-tm Ah FtmSv ]dbpw: apl-tZ! \ns kapZm-b-tmSp sImv shbvm \o InpI (C_v\pamP).
\_n(-kz)-bpsS Ime-p-WvSm-bn-cp Hcp NnIn-m-coXnbmbn190

cpp sImv shbv. [mcmfw lZo-kp-I sImv shbvphm In-p ssien-bn Xs \nth-Z\w sN-s-Sp-p.
Fnpw amk-n-dhn Zin-m \n t\m-\p-jvTn-pI F
lZo-kns _mlyw ]nSnv Cpw ImgvNsb Xs Ah-ew-_n-W-sav ]d-bp--h sImv shbvm-dptWvSm? Hcn--ep-an-,
Cv Cu NnIn--bpsS Bh-iy-hp-an-. \_n(-kz) GXp tcmKn-\mtWm sImv shbvp-Ibpw \tmSv sImv shbvm
\nt-in-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp--sX-n CXn-t\-m ^e-{]Zhpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb NnIn-m-coXn Atem--Xn-bn DWvSv.
AXn-\m \mw CXmWv Cv kzoI-cn-p--Xv. \_n(-kz)-bpsS
Imev Ghpw ^e-{]-Z-amb H NnIn--bm-bn-cpp CXv. AXn\m \_n(-kz) sImv shbvp-hm \nt-in--Xm-Wv. N{amkw Dd-n-p hnj-bhpw CXp-t]mse Xs-bm-Wv. Ame-p-WvSm-bn-cp IW-n-s\-m ImgvN sImWvSv Adnhv e`np--Xn-\m ImgvNsb Ah-ew-_n-p-hm \_n(-kz) \ntin--Xm-Wv.
(QdG) d AT gDheh G e ICdG (U) dG SQ b (Q) ~S Y
kCuZv(d
- ) \nth-Z\w: \_n(-kz) Acpfn: Iq am-bns-Xm-Wv. AXns \ocv In\v Huj-[-amWv (_p-Jmcn: 4478).
In\v tcmK-am-bm Iq Xs D]-tbm-Kn--W-sav Ch
P]n-ptam?
(eh QdG) AGO c e AT AGOdG G g G (U) dG SQ b FY Y
(QdG) dG e G jGhQ h
Bbn-i(-d) \nth-Z\w: \_n(-kz) Acpfn: Xo-bmbpw Icno-cIw ac-W-sam-gn-p Fm tcmK-pw ia-\u-j-[-amWv
(_p-Jm-cn, apkvenw). \_n(-kz) C{]-Imcw {]Jym-]n-npw Ch
Icn-o-cIw D]-tbm-Kn-m-dptWvSm? D]-tbm-Kn-m-Xv sImWvSv
lZokv \ntj-[n-I-fm-Iptam?
fCG d GdH ~dG e H
(Ipfnptm ssI IqSp-X hrn-bm-hm thWvSn
an Dc-) Fsmcp A[ymbw Xs kzlolv _pJm-cnbn ImWmw. tijw D-cn-p lZokv ImWpI:
Z K FG H dO K ~H La a HG e ZG (U) dG G (Q)fe Y
191

(QdG)
ssaaq-\(-d) \nth-Z\w: \_n(-kz) P\m-_p Ipfn \nln--tm Ahn-Sps Kply-m\w Igp-IpIbpw ssI aXnen Dc-kp-Ibpw sNpw. (_p-Jmcn: 260). ChnsS ssII IqSpX hrn-bm-p-hm an ssI Dc-k-W-sav \_n(-kz)
Ncy D-cnv sImWvSv Camw _pJmcn \nt-in-p-p. amkw
IWvSm t\m-\p-jvTn-p-hn Fv \_n(-kz) ]d lZokns _mlyw ]nSn-p--h ssII IqSp-X hrn-bm-phm tkmv Dt]-nv an-s\-bmtWm Ah-ew-_n-m-dp-Xv?
bYm-n \_n(-kz)-bpsS Imev tkmv e`y-a-m-Xn-cp-Xn-\m hrn-bm-p-hm {]tbm-P-\-s-Xv am-bn-cp-p.
CXp-sIm-WvSmWv av D]-tbm-Kn--Xv. Av IW-n-s\-m
Dd-mb Adnhv ImgvN sImWvSv e`n--Xn-\m CXp-t]mse
ImgvNsb \_n(-kz) Ah-ew-_n--Xm-Wv.
Q~dGh AH FVhh G Z H
(a-n-Xns\ shw sImWvSpw Fe--a-c-ns Xmfn
sImWvSpw Ipfn-n-) Fsmcp A[ymbw kzlolv _pJm-cnbn ImWmw. tijw D-cn-p lZokv ImWpI:
A jCGQ G dP e cCG hG N hG KK ZG (U)dG SQ b (Q)Y G Y
(eh QdG) Q~Sh
Dp AXzn-b(-d) \nth-Z\w: \_n(-kz) Acpfn: \n
Ahsf H-bmn Ipfn-n-p-I. aqtm Atm AXn-e-[n-Itam
{]mhiyw Bhiyw tXmp--]w shw sImWvSpw Fe-a-c-ns Xmfn-sImWvSpw (_p-Jmcn: 1253, apkvenw). tkmv Dt]nv Xmfn Xs D]-tbm-Kn--W-sav Ch ]d-bptam?

192

35. amk-n-dhn Zi-\hpw

{]m-\bpw
tNmZyw 36:
amk-n-dhn Zin-m {]mn-p-hm \_n(-kz) \ntin-p lZo-kp-I IW-ns\ ASn-m-\-amn N{-amkw
\n-bn-p--Xn\v FXn-cm-Ip-ns?
adp-]Sn
FXn-cm-Ip-n-, 29s Znhkw BImiw taLm-hr-X-ambm 30 ]qn-bmbn N{-amk \nbw \S--W-sav ]dbp-Xv C{]-Imcw N{-amk \nbw \S-p--Xn\v FXn-cs-n IWv sImWvSv N{-am-k-ns amw Xocp-am-\n-p-Xn\pw FXn-c-. Hmtcm {]tZ-ipw amk-n-dhn Zin--Wsapw k a\p-jy-mcpw Zin--W-sapw Ch ]d-bp-n. Htc DZ-b-n hcp GsX-nepw ev Htm ctWvSm
Bfp-I Zin-m aXn-sbv ]d-bp-p. amk-n-dhn \nbw
\S-p--Xn\v CsXXn-cmIpn. IWv sImWvSv \mw amkn-dhn Xocp-am-\n-mepw Hmtcm amk-nepw BZy-ambn N{s\
Zin-p Znhkw \_n(-kz) \nt-in {]m\ Adn-bp-h sNmp-Xv kp-m-Wv. sNmm--hsc Amlp innp-I-bn-. Imm-Sv, t_q, amdmSv _ov, Iq apX-emb e-fn GXm\pw hyn-I amk-n-dhn Zin-m amk-ndhn Zin-m {]tZ-i--fn-tepw Ch Cu Zi-\s
_m[-I-am-p-p. Ch Ftm-gmWv {]mn-t-WvSXv? amkn-dhn Zin--s es Xs Bfp-I-fn amk-n-dhn
Zin-m--h-cm-bn-cnpw _lp-`q-cn-]--hpw. Ch Ftm-gmWv
193

{]mn-t-WvSXv? amk-ns BZys N{s\ Xs ImWptm {]m\ sNmm thWvSn ]ndhn N{s\ ImWp-hm
Ch-scmw aKvcn_v \a-kvI-cn-msX ap-n-dn N{s\ Zinp-hm {ian-m-dptWvSm? Xm IWv D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xn\v
{]m\ sNm FXn-cm-Ip-n-s-n sImm IWv
D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xn\pw FXn-cm-Ip-n-.

194

36. lnPvd Ie-WvSdpw

{]mtZ-inI Ie-WvSdp-Ifpw
tNmZyw 37:
{]mtZ-inI Ie-WvS-dp-I-fpsS \yq\X hnh-cn-mtam?
adp-]Sn:
lnPvd Ie-WvSd
- p-Ifpw {]mtZ-inI Ie-WvSd
- p-Ifpw Xn-ep
hyXymkw Xmsg hnh-cn-mw.
1. {]mtZ-inI Ie-WvS-dp-I-fn N{-amkw tcJ-s-Sp-nbXv {]hn-p-hm thWvSn-b-. Ie-WvS {]kn-o-I-cn-h t]mepw {]kvXpX Xnb-Xn-I ASn-m-\-amn {]hnm-dn-. Xosc AS-bm-f-s-Sp-m-Xn-cp-m Ie-WvS hn-gn-phm {]bm-k-s-Sptam F `bw ImcWw N{-am-k- tcJs-Sp-n-b-Xm-Wv. {InkvXp-hjw AS-bm-f-s-Sp-n-bXpw aebmf hjw AS-bm-f-s-Sp-n-b-Xp-amWv {]hn-p-hm
thWvSn AS-bm-f-s-Sp-n-b-Xv. lnPvd Ie-WvS Xm-dm-n-bnp-Xv apkvenw Iv ASn-m-\-amn {]hn-p-hm-\m-Wv.
As\ amk-n-dhn Zin-p {]bmkw Cm-Xm-p-hm
A-cm{Xn t\mpw s]cp-mfpw Jmfn-am Xocp-am-\n-p-Xp
ImcWw apkvenwIp-WvSm-hp {]bm-k
- Cm-Xm-p-hm
Xdm-holv \a-kvI-cn-p-sIm-WvSn-cn-p-h ssI XmgvXn-bnp
]ncnp t]mIm-Xn-cn-p-hm Ad-hp-Im Ip-Im-en-Isf Adp-tijw s]cp-m-fm-Iptam Fv `b-s-Sm-Xn-cn-p-hm.
2. `qan-bn BZy-ambn DWvSm-Ip N{-n-d-hnsb ASn195

m-\-am-n-bmWv lnPvd Ie-WvS Xm-dm-n-bn-p--Xv. {]mtZinI Ie-WvS-dp-I Xm-dm-n-bn-p-Xv bmsXmcp ASn-m-\hp-an-m-sX-bm-Wv. Htc DZ-b-n hcp GsX-nepw {]tZ-ip
N{-n-dhn DWvSm-bm aXn-sbv Ch ]d-bp-p. Fm IeWvSd
- p-I Xm-dm-n-bX
- n Cu ASn-m-\s
- bpw Ch AwKoI-cn-p-n-. da-fm amkw cWvSv an\nv DWvSm-bm Nne hjw
da-fm-\mbn AS-bm-f-s-Sp-pw. Nne hjw AS-bm-f-s-Sp-p-Ibp-an-. ImcWw tNmZn-m cWvSv an\n-p-sImWvSv N{s\ Zinp-hm km[y-a-sv ]d-bpw. Htc DZ-b-n hcp ap {]tZi--fn IqSp-X an\n-p-I DWvSm-bmepw AXns\ Ch ]cnK-Wn-m-dn-. F{X an\nv DWvSm-bm-emWv N{s\ Zin-p-hm
km[n-p-I-sbv Ch hy-am-m-dp-an-. AXns ASn-m\-n {]hn-m-dp-an-. da-fm amkw cWvSv an\nv DWvSmbm da-fm-\mbn AS-bm-fs
- -Sp-m-h
- dP_v amkw Hcp an\nv
N{ DWvSm-bmepw tcJ-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNpw.
3. sImn-bn cWvSv an\nv N{s\ tcJ-s-Sp-pw. tImgntmSv ]qPy-ambn tcJ-s-Sp-pw. Fm N{-amkw DZbw
D-hpw Cm--hv Hv Xs-bm-bn-mWv tcJ-s-Sp-pI.
4. IW-ns\ ASn-m-\-amn Xs-bmWv Chcpw {]mtZinI Ie-WvS-dp-I apIqn Xm-dm-p--Xv. AZr-iy-m\w
Chp--Xp-sIm-WvS-. tijw IWv \njn--am-sWpw ]dbpw. lnPvd Ie-WvS Xm-dm-p--hv C{]-Imcw cWvSv \ban-.
5. apl-Zv \_n(-kz) Ie-WvS Xm-dm-n-b-ti-jhpw
ImgvNsb Ah-ew-_n-p-hm \nt-in-n-n-. Ch-cmWv C{]Imcw sshcp[yw {]hn-p--Xv.

196

37. Ad-^m-bn kt-fn-epw

Ad^m t\mpw
tNmZyw 8:
Ad^m t\mv Ftm-gmWv \mw t\mt-WvSXv?
Dcw:
lmPn-am ZplnPv 8\v an\m-bn \np-Xpw 9s
Znhkw Ad-^m-bn \np-Xpw 10-s Znhkw _en-ar-Ks
Adp-p-Xpw kz^m ah-bn-eqsS kAvbv sNp-Xpw Fmw
C{_mlow \_n(-kz)-bpsS Pohn-X-nse Nne kw`-h-
Hmn-p-hm thWvSn-bm-Wv. Zplnv 8s Znh-k-amWv \mw
ln\v Clvdmw sIn an\m-bn-tev ]pd-s-SpI. Cu Znh-kn\v jhdG j Fp ]d-bp-p. kwi-bn As-n Nnn
Znhkw F-XmWv CXns Hcm-i-bw. C{_mlow \_n(-A)
Ipnsb Adp-p-hm-\p BZ-ys \ntiw Cu Znh-k-amWv
kz-]v\-n-eqsS Zin-p-Xv. CXv Am-lp-hns I-\-bmbn-cn-ptam AX ]nim-Nn-t-Xm-bn-cn-ptam F Nn Atls ]nSn-IqSn. CXp-sIm-WvSmWv Cu t]cn Cu Znhkw
Adn-b-s-Sp--Xv. Zplnv 9s cm{Xnbpw Atlw C{]-Imcw
kz]v\w IWvSp. ""C{_mlow \o \ns aIs\ _en-b-dp--Ww.
\o {]hm-N-I-\m-Wv. {]hm-N-Is kz]v\w hlvbm-sWv \n\v
Adn-bm-a-tm?'' AXn-\m kz]v\w ssZhn-I-am-sWv Atlw
icnpw {Kln-p. AXn-\m Imcyw {Kln Znhkw F An aY j Fv Cu Znhkw Adn-b-s-Sp-p. 10s Znhkw
aIs\ Adp-p-hm Atlw ]pd-s-p. AXn-\m Ad-hns
197

Znhkw F A-n dG j Fv Cu Znh-ks hntijn-n--s-Sp-p. (X-^vko JpXp-_n) Zplv 9s Znhk-amWv lmPn-am Ad-^m-bn \nt-WvS-Xv. `qan-bn BZ-yambn DWvSm-Ip ]ndhn N{s\ ASn-m-\-am-n-bm-bn-cn-Ww ln\v t\Xr-Xzw \Ip--h Cu Znhkw Xocp-am-\n-tWvSXv. N{s AkvX-ab-h-y-X-ymkw ]cn-K-Wnv sImWvSv Xocpam-\n-p-]
- w kDu-Zn-bn Xs cWvSv Znh-ka
- mbn Zplv
9 hcp--Xm-Wv. Atm Ahn-sS-bp--h hsc cWvSp Znh-kambn Ad^m t\mv A\p-jvTn-t-WvSn-h-cpw. `qanbn BZ-yambn amk-n-dhn A\p-`-h-s-SpI a-bn A. AhnsS amkn-dhn A\p-`-h-s-Sp--Xns apv temI-ns ]e `mKpw
amk-n-dhn A\p-`-h-s-Sp--Xm-Wv. kqc-y D-cm-tKm-fnepw Zn-Wm-tKm-f-nepw nXn sNp--Xns ASnm-\-nepw. Atm ln\v t\Xr-Xzw \Ip--h AhcpsS amk-n-dhnsb ASn-m-\-amnbm lmPn-am Ad-^bn \nevp--Xn-s-apv Xs BZyw amk-n-dhn DWvSmb
{]tZ-is P\- Ad^m Znh-ks t\mv A\p-jvTn-tWvSn-h-cpw. CXn-ep hnUvVnw hy--am-Wv. Fm A_tam ]ngthm kw`-hn--Xp-Im-cWw XnXn sXn Ah Ad^m-bn \np--]w lns\ AXp _m[n-p-I-bn-.
Ah lv Jfm hop-Ibpw sNt-WvS-Xn-. CXv lZokv {K-fn {]tX-yIw {]kvXm-hn-p-p-WvSv. Fm ]cn-ip JpB-sbpw \_n-Nc
- y- b
- p-sSbpw kz-lm-_n-hc
- y-
- m-cp-sS Nc-yb
- psSbpw
\mev aZvl-_ns Cam-ap-I-fpsS Nc-y-bp-sSbpw `qcn-]w ke^o
]WvUn-X
- m-cpsS Nc-yb
- p-sSbpw ]n_-ea
- n-m Hc-`n-{]m-ba
- mWv
N{-amkw Xocp-am-\n-p--Xn N{s DZ-b-h-y-X-ymkw ]cn-KWn-p-sa--Xv. kDuZn Khsa v Xs Cu \nbaw AwKo-Icn-p-n-. ImcWw AhnsS cWvSv Znhkw Ad^m t\mv P\ A\p-jvTn-m-dn. cWvSp Znh-k-ambn t\mpw s]cp-mfpw
BN-cn-p-p-an-. DZb hy-X-ymkw DWvSm-bnpw. Fnpw Nne
D]-Pm-]I kwL-n\v Iogvs]p Ad^m Znhkw sXmbn Xocpam-\n-m \mw Ahsc AXn ]nXp-S-tc-WvS-Xp-tWvSm? lmPnam-cpsS lv kz-lo-lm-Ip-sa-nepw Ah sNbvX ]m]-a-m-Xn-\m \mw Ahsc ]n]-n-bmtWm Ad^m Znh-ks
198

t\m-\p-jvTn-t-WvS-Xv. AX Zplv 9s Znh-k-amtWm

A\p-jvTn-t-WvS-Xv? tNmZ-y-n\v adp-]Sn IsWvS-p--Xns
apmbn Xmsg ]d-bp bmYm-y- \mw icnpw {Klnt-WvS-XpWvSv.
dG ~g H (IAv_ s]mfn-p-am-) Fsmcp A-ymbw
Xs kz-lolv _pJm-cn-bn ImWmw. tijw Ckvem-ans i{Xp Ah-km-\-Imew IAv_ s]mfn-p-am-p-sap \_n(k) {]hNn lZo-kp-I _pJmcn D-cn-p-p. (l.-\- 1595, 1586
C_v\p Am-kv(-d), A_q-lp-ssd-d(-d) apX-e-bm-b-h \nthZ\w). lv sNp-hm km[-y-X-bp-WvSm-bm \n thK-n
lv sN-W-sapw \nv lv sNm km[n-m-hn[w IAv_ s]mfn-p-am-p-sapw \_n(-k) DWnb [mcmfw
kz-lo-bmb lZo-kp-Ifpw \nth-Z\w sN-s-Sp-p. lv \nln-p-hm km[n-m hn[w D]-tcm[w DWvSm-Ip-sav ]cnip Jp-B Xs DWp-Ibpw sNp-p. Ccw k`w
hcp-tm apkvenwI \a-kvI-cn-t-WvS-Xp-tWvSm? Ad^m
t\mv A\p-jvTn-t-WvS-Xp-tWvSm? _en-s]-cp-m BtLm-jnt-WvS-Xp-tWvSm? _en Iw \n-ln-t-WvS-Xp-tWvSm? Cu
tNmZ-y-n\v adp-]-Sn-bmbn Rv ]d-bp-hm-\p-Xv \a-kvIcn-p-Ibpw Ad^m Znhkw t\m-\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw _en-s]-cpm BtLm-jn-p-Ibpw apw sNWw Fm-Wv. ImcWw
\mapw C{_mlow \_n(-A)-bpsS Nc-yb
- p-am-bn-mWv IqSpX _ap--Xv. AXn-\m lmPn-am Ad-^m-bn \np-n-s-nepw
\mw C{_mlow \_n(-A)- a-Is\ Adp-p-hm Xocp-am-\n--Xns
kvac-W-p-thWvSn B Znhkw t\m-\p-jvTn--Ww. lmPn-am
_enarKs Adp-p-n-s-nepw 10s Znhkw C{_mlow
\_n(-A) aIs\ Adp-p-hm cwKp-h kw`-hs kvacnp-hm _en-ar-Ks Adp-p-IX
- s sN-Ww. Ad^m Znhkw
\mw t\m-\p-jvTn-p--Xn lmPn-am-cp-ambn sFI-y-ZmVyw
{]J-ym-]n- DsWvS-nepw AXn-ep-]cn \mw apK-W-\bpw
{]m[m-\y- hpw \tI-WvSXv C{_mlow \_n(-A)-bpsS Xym-Ks
kvacn--em-Wv. Bcm-[-\m-I- a\x-]qw kabw sXnmsX \n- l n- pI F- X n- \ mWv \_n(- k ) C{]- I mcw
DWn-b-sXv \mw hnh-cn-p-I-bp-WvSm-bn. `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw
t\Xm--mcpw kabw sXnv Bcm-[-\m-I- \n-lnmepw \mw AXns icn-bmb ka-bv Xs \n-ln-phm\mWv Am-lp-hns ZqX \tmSv D]-tZ-in--Xv.
199

200

201