Outline of the Topic I. Perception a. Definition b. Principles of Perception c. Depth of Perception d. ESP Consciousness a. Definition b. Levels of Consciousness c.

Sleeping: conscious while asleep d. Dreams

II.

Perception interpretation of sensory experience Principles of Perception the thought that human follows certain basic principles in order to have a single, meaningful and whole image from the various stimuli they encounter(Carlson et al 2000) a. Figure ground when we perceive a visual stimulus as a part of what we see is the center of our attention, the figure, and the rest is distinct background the ground. b. Proximity states that are proximal (close by others) are usually perceived. c. Similarity tendency to perceive objects with similarity in color size, shape or size as a unit or group. d. Closure states that people are inclined to perceive an incomplete figure as complete and whole e. Continuity dictates that figure are seen as a part of a pattern or design since they seem to be flowing in the same direction Depth of Perception How one perceives distance between objects and how much space they occupy lies on visual and auditory cues. Cues that depends on the use of one eye is referred to as monocular cues. Cues that need both eyes in perceiving is known as binocular cues. Both these cues help in perceiving objects as three- dimensional figures. a. Superimposition occurs when one object is perceived as distant because another object partly blocks it. b. Aerial Perspective the tendency to perceived images as distant and farther because they appear hazy and blurred c. Linear Perspective when two parallel lines are perceive as getting farther away as the two lines meet at a certain point in the horizon d. Texture Gradient objects seem to have more detailed texture as they appear nearer to the eye e. Shadowing the cue helps objects to appear solid and three dimensional. Likewise, objects with shadow appear to be farther away than those without shadows. f. Elevation objects seem to be farther away when they are elevated on a higher plane as objects on the lower plane are seen as nearer. g. Convergence a distance cue that appears when the muscle of the eye turn inward toward each other as person looks at an object very near him h. Retinal Disparity the distance between the two eyes produces a slight difference in the two images the eye receives. Extra Sensory Experience is defined as the acquisition by the mind of some information, which could not have been perceived by the normal senses. Hence, it refers to perceptions that require no sense organ stimulation. a. Telepathy a process of thought transference from one person to another. People gifted with telepathy can read another persons mind. b. Clairvoyance the ability to perceive events or objects that are hidden form sight. c. Precognition the ability to predict the future, to know events yet to take place. d. Psychokinesis the ability to influence physical events by sheer mental concentration. Consciousness it is a state of awareness of sensation, thoughts, and feelings. a. Controlled Process the most alert state of consciousness. The individual has the ability to control his efforts towards the attainment of his goals. b. Automatic Process It requires minimal attention. c. Altered State of Consciousness this type of consciousness is common by people who are high on drugs and who experience excess fatigue and trauma or a person under hypnosis. Variation in Consciousness a. Daydreaming it lies between being awake and being sleep. When an individual daydream, it involves the fulfilling of wishes or fantasies or when they are bored in routinary situations. b. Sleeping it is a combination of different states, some involving conscious awareness. They are two theories about sleep: repair theory and ecological theory. Stages of Sleep 1. Stage 1 sleep it is characterized by relatively rapid, low voltage brain waves. It is the transition between wakefulness and sleep. True dreaming does not occur during this stage. 2. Stage 2 sleep sleep becomes deeper and it is characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern. It is where sleep spindles (interruption of sharply pointed waves) occurs. 3. Stage 3 sleep the brain waves become slower with an appearance of higher peaks and lower valleys in the wave pattern. 4. Stage 4 sleep the pattern of the brainwaves is even more slower and more regular, and people are least responsive to outside stimulation. It takes about half an hour to go from stage 1 to stage 4. In the first half of sleep is dominated by stages 3 and 4. The last half of the night is characterized by lighter stages of sleep. 5. Rapid eye movement it is characterized by back and forth movement of the eyes, as of the person were watching and action filled movie. Its quite short at the end of the first sleep cycles of the night, but becomes longer towards the morning. REM sleep is usually accompanied by everyone during some part of the night.

Dreams are succession of images that occur during the REM-sleep. Theories about Dream a. Unconscious With Fulfillment of Theory (Freud -1900) unconscious wishes that a dreamer wants to fulfill. Latent Content actual wishes that is commonly disguised and Manifest content the story of the dream. b. Reverse Learning Theory (1983) dream have no meaning. They represent a kind of reverse learning, in which we flush away unnecessary information that we have accumulated during the day. It is a mental house cleaning of the brain c. Dreams for Survival Theory (1990) it permits information critical for our daily survival to be considered and reprocessed during sleep. Dreams have meaning, it represent concerns about our daily lives, illustrating uncertainties, indecisions, ideas, and desires of our lives. d. Activation Synthesis Theory (1988) dreams is a by product of fundamental biological activity. This electrical stimulates memories Sleep Disorders a. Insomnia inability to get sleep or stay asleep. b. Sleep Apnea difficulty breathing and sleeping simultaneously. c. Narcolepsy uncontrollable need to sleep for short periods during the day. d. Sleepwalking or Somnambulism e. Sleeptalking somniloquacity f. Nightmares g. Night terrors