INTRODUCTION ABOUT TELECOM

TELECOMMUNICATION: Telecommunication is the

assisted transmission of signals over a large distance.

INFORMATION: Information can be of various types:

Audio - Telephone Text - Telegraph, email, SMS Pictures - Picture Attachments Video - Video clippings Data - ATM to bank

BENEFITS OF TELECOM:
Expansion of spatial and temporal horizons Growth of new industries like BPOs New facilities like : e-governance, e-commerce Leads to economic growth

FIXED LINE NETWORKS:

The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the network of the world's public circuit-switchedtelephone networks. It consists of telephone lines, fiberoptic cables, microwave transmission links, cellular networks, communications satellites, and undersea telephone cables all inter-connected by switching centers which allows any telephone in the world to communicate with any other.

MOBILE COMMUNICATION :

A mobile phone, cell phone or hand phone is an electronic device used to make mobile telephone calls across a wide geographic area, served by many public cells, allowing the user to be mobile.

TODAYs SCENARIO IN TELECOM:

FUTURE SCENARIO IN TELECOM:

TRANSMISSION
TRANSMISSION: The transfer of information from the
transmitter to the receiver is known as transmission and the medium over which transmission takes place is known as channel.

TYPES OF TRANSMISSION:

TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA:

Twisted Pair Cables: Twisted paircabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors (the forward and return conductors of a single circuit) are twisted together for the purposes of canceling out electromagnetic interference (EMI) from external sources.

Coaxial cables: Coaxial cable, or coax, is an electrical cable with an inner conductor surrounded by a flexible, tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield.

 Fiber Optic Cables: An optical fiber cable is a cable containing one or more optical fibers. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable will be deployed.

DETAILS ABOUT OPTICAL FIBER:

Modes of propagation in OFC:

MULTIPLEXING:
In telecommunications and computer networks, multiplexing (also known as muxing) is a method by which multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal over a shared medium. The aim is to share an expensive resource.

Types of Multiplexing:

FDM:
Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) is a form of signal multiplexing which involves assigning nonoverlapping frequency ranges to different signals or to each "user" of a medium.

WDM:
In fiber-optic communications, wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology which multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (colours) of laserlight.

TDM:
Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a type of digital (or rarely analog) multiplexing in which two or more bit streams or signals are transferred apparently simultaneously as sub-channels in one communication channel, but are physically taking turns on the channel.

TELEPHONE NETWORK AND SWITCHING

TELEPHONE NETWORK: The telephone network is
an interconnection of telephones and their toll offices where the usage of telephone records are maintained.

CIRCUIT SWITCHING:
Circuit Switching creates a direct physical connection between two devices such as a phone or a computer.

Digital Switching in Telephone Exchanges:

CDMA
In Code Division MultipleAccess (CDMA), every communicator will be allocated the entire spectrum all of the time. CDMA uses Codes to identify connections. Codeis the channel. Multiple Access Techniques:

FDMA:
For Radio systems, there are two resources: Frequency and Time. Division by Frequency, so that each pair of communicators is allocated part of the Spectrum for all of the time, results in Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA).

TDMA:
Division by Time, so that each pair of communicators is allocated all (or at least a large part) of the spectrum for part of the Time results in Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). Time Slotis the channel.

CODING IN CDMA:
CDMA uses unique spreading codes to spread the Baseband data before transmission. The signal is transmitted in a channel, which is below noise level. The receiver then uses a correlator to de-spread the wanted signal, which is passed through a narrow band pass filter. Unwanted signals will not be de-spread and will not pass through the filter. Codes take the form of a carefully designed one/zero sequence produced at a much higher rate than that of the Base-band data. The rate of a spreading code is referred to as chip rate rather than bit rate.

SPREAD SPECTRUM PRINCIPLE:

Spread-spectrum techniques are methods by which a signal (e.g. an electrical, electromagnetic, or acoustic signal) generated in a particular bandwidth is deliberately spread in the frequency domain, resulting in a signal with a wider bandwidth.

Salient Features -CDMA System Frequency of operation DuplexingMethod Access Channels/Carrier RF Spacing Coverage approx. 824-849 MHz and 869-894 MHz FDD Max 61 Channels 1.25 MHz 5 km with Hand Held 20 kmwith fixed units

DIFFERENT CODES:
Walsh Long Short

DIFFERENT HANDOVERS:
Hard handover Soft handover Seamless handover

CONCLUSION:
Features: Common Frequency Multipath Rake Receiver Power Control Variable bit rate Vo-coding Soft Hand-Off Benefits: No Frequency Planning Larger Capacity Flexibility High Performance Quality

GSM
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Groupe Spcial Mobile), is a standard set developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe technologies for second generation (or "2G") digital cellular networks. Developed as a replacement for first generation analog cellular networks, the GSM standard originally described a digital, circuit switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony.

EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY:

CELL FORMATION BY A BASE STATION:

A cell site is a term used to describe a site where antennas and electronic communications equipment are placed on a radio mast or tower to create a cell in a cellular network. A cell site is composed of a tower or other elevated structure for mounting antennas, and one or more sets of transmitter/receivers transceivers, digital signal processors, control electronics, a GPS receiver for timing (for CDMA2000/IS-95 or GSM systems), regular and backup electrical power sources, and sheltering.

SECTORISATION TECHNIQUE:

GSM ARCHITECTURE:
The network is structured into a number of discrete sections: The Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their controllers). The Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the network most similar to a fixed network). This is sometimes also just called the core network. The GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet based Internet connections). The Operations support system (OSS) for maintenance of the network.

RELATION BETWEEN AREAS IN A GSM:

BROADBAND
A connection is defined as a broadband if it has the following characteristics: Speed greater than 256kbps Modem ADSL Splitter filter DSLAM(Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer) at exchange

TYPES OF DSL (Digital Subscriber Line):

ADSL (Asymmetrical DSL) HDSL (High-bit rate DSL) VDSL (very-high-data rate DSL) RADSL (Rate Adaptive DSL) ISDN DSL (IDSL)

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ADSL:

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a type of Digital Subscriber Line technology, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over coppertelephone lines than a conventional voicebandmodem can provide. It does this by utilizing frequencies that are not used by a voice telephone call. A splitter, or DSL filter, allows a single telephone connection to be used for both ADSL service and voice calls at the same time. ADSL can generally only be distributed over short distances from the central office, typically less than 4 kilometres (2 mi),but has been known to exceed 8 kilometres (5 mi) if the originally laid wire gauge allows for further distribution.

INTERNET ACCESS USING BROADBAND

DSL is a family of technologies that provides digital data transmission over the wires of a local telephone network. DSL originally stood for digital subscriber loop. In telecommunications marketing, the term Digital Subscriber Line is widely understood to mean Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), the most commonly installed technical variety of DSL. DSL service is delivered simultaneously with regular telephone on the same telephone line. This is possible because DSL uses a higher frequency. These frequency bands are subsequently separated by filtering.

The data throughput of consumer DSL services typically ranges from 256 Kb/s to 20 Mbit/s in the direction to the customer (downstream), depending on DSL technology, line conditions, and service-level implementation. In ADSL, the data throughput in the upstream direction, (i.e. in the direction to the service provider) is lower, hence the designation of asymmetric service. In Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) service, the downstream and upstream data rates are equal.

CONCLUSION
The topic of Switches, transmission and signalling includes the vast areas of technology used in communication. My training in Tata Indicom focussed on landline communication, mobile communication and the Broadband services provided and the various technologies related to the functioning of these services. My report covers the topics included in my training and also required information, facts and data from various other sources. The report reflects the importance of communication to the human kind and how it affects the modern lifestyle of each and every individual in this fast paced modern era of technological boom.

REFERENCE
The information, data, facts, figures and diagrams in the report have been drawn from the following sources and all the information contained in the report is true to my knowledge: Classroom interaction during training CD-ROM titled Fundamentals of Telecom provided by Tata Indicom on completion of training Wikipedia

REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FUNDAMENTALS OF TELECOM

BSNL, RGMTTC, MEENAMBAKKAM, CHENNAI

NAME : AJAY KUMAR MEHTA DEPT. : B. TECH, ECE 3A REG NO. : 1040920003

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ABOUT TELECOM TRANSMISSION TELEPHONE NETWORKS AND SWITCHING CDMA GSM BROADBAND CONCLUSION REFERENCE