POROUS PLATE ANALYSIS

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

VARUN BASIL JOHN VIGNESH KARTHIK VAISAKH SOMANATH P NIMAL NASER

Department of Mechanical Engineering College of Engineering, Trivandrum-16. April, 2009

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, TRIVANDRUM-16.

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this report entitled Porous Plate Analysis submitted by Varun Basil John, Vignesh Karthik, Nimal Naser And Vaisakh Somanath P to the University of Kerala in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of technology in Mechanical Engineering is a bonafide record of work carried out by them under our guidance and supervision. The contents of this work in full or in parts, have not been submitted in any other institute or University for the award of any degree or diploma

Dr.K.Krishna.Kumar Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering

Dr.B.Anil Professor&Head Department of Mechanical Engineering

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like take this opportunity to extend our sincere gratitude to Dr. K. Krisshna Kumar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Trivandrum for his invaluable inputs, kind assistance and cooperation without which the completion of this project would have been a mere dream We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. B. Anil, Head of Mechanical Department, College of Engineering, Trivandrum for the help rendered for the successful completion of the project. We gratefully acknowledge the valuable help rendered to us by Anjan, M.Tech student, College of Engineering, Trivandrum. The constructive criticisms offered and the help rendered by our classmates and friends is also gratefully acknowledged. Finally the most importantly we are grateful to almighty God for His grace on us and guiding us all through this endeavor

VARUN BASIL JOHN VIGNESH KARTHIK VAISAKH SOMANATH P NIMAL NASER

ABSTRACT

A porous medium or a porous material is a solid (often called frame or matrix) permeated by an interconnected network of pores (voids) filled with a fluid (liquid or gas). Fluid flow through porous media is a subject of most common interest and has emerged a separate field of study. Theoretical and applied research in flow, heat, and mass transfer in porous media has received increased attention during the past three decades. This is due to the importance of this research area in many engineering applications. This project aims at a theoretical evaluation of frictional and thermal characteristics of a porous media using Fluent software and determining the maximum slope and time at maximum slope from temperature response diagram for different porosities and different velocities. These data were further used to determine NTU from non-dimensionalized maximum slope versus non-dimensionalized time at maximum slope diagram.

CONTENTS

Introduction Literature Review Project Theory Analysis Procedure Results and Discussions Result Summary Conclusion Reference

LIST OF FIGURES 1. 2. 3. 4. Contours for static pressure Temperature Response Diagram Trend line for p v/s velocity Trend line for f v/s Re

Literature review

Reynolds no. It is a dimensionless number which determines the state of flow, i.e whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. It is the ratio of inertia force to viscous force. It is denoted as Re. Reynolds number,Re= Porosity, It defines the mass of fluid coming out through a porous media. Porous media can be packed bed type like concrete beds or wire mesh type, where we stagger wire meshes together to form a porous media Porosity= and m = mass of matrix. =density of matrix. r = radius of matrix. l = length of matrix. Fanning friction factor, f It is the frictional resistance per unit wetted area. Now fanning friction factor, f= Theoretically fanning friction factor ,f= p= Static pressure difference between inlet and outlet of pipe. = Density of the fluid. = velocity of flow. NTU (Number of Transfer unit) It is a dimensionless parameter and is a measure of effectiveness of the heat exchanger. NTU= U= overall heat transfer coefficients Cmin = minimum specific heat capacity.

PROJECT THEORY

In this project we undertake the analysis of a porous media using Fluent. Here we use one of the most widely accepted and used Computational Fluid Dynamics software to do the analysis. Modeling for the analysis was created in GAMBIT. Proper meshing was given and boundary conditions were specified. The model created in GAMBIT was exported to Fluent for further analysis. Analysis was done for both steady state and unsteady state and then maximum slope was determined and maximum slope and time was non- dimensionalized and NTU was determined from these data.

INTRODUCTION

POROUS MEDIA CONCEPT

The employment of different types of porous materials in forced convection heat transfer has been extensively studied due to the wide range of potential engineering applications such as electronic cooling, drying processes, solid matrix heat exchangers, heat pipe, grain storage, enhanced recovery of petroleum reservoirs, etc. The porous media model can be used for a wide variety of problems, including flows through packed beds, filter papers, perforated plates, flow distributors, and tube banks. When you use this model, you define a cell zone in which the porous media model is applied and the pressure loss in the flow is determined via your inputs. Heat transfer through the medium can also be represented, subject to the assumption of thermal equilibrium between the medium and the fluid flow. The flow through porous media capability enables engineers to simulate fluid flow through media such as ground rock, filters and catalyst beds. For example, simulating underground flow through porous rock can enable engineers to predict the movement of contaminated fluid from a solid waste landfill into a drinking water supply. In industrial applications, harmful particles can be filtered from a fluid stream by passing it through a porous solid whose pores are too small to permit passage of the particles. Additionally, porous media may provide sites for chemical catalysis or absorption of components of the fluid. The flow through porous media capability supports both isotropic and orthotropic materials and can calculate the velocity and pressure fields in a 2-D planar, 2-D axisymmetric or 3-D

configuration. Multiple parts are supported, where each part may have a different permeability. Regions of the flow where no porous media exists can also be included. Both pressure and velocity loads can be applied. In addition to the standard Darcy's law material model (which relates volumetric flow and pressure drop with properties of the fluid and media), the fractional power Darcy's law is also supported. This latter material model incorporates inertial effects for high Reynolds number applications.

Limitations of the Porous Media Model

The porous media model incorporates an empirically determined flow resistance in a region of your model defined as ``porous''. In essence, the porous media model is nothing more than an added momentum sink in the governing momentum equations. As such, the following modeling limitations should be readily recognized: The fluid does not accelerate as it moves through the medium, since the volume blockage which is present physically is not represented in the model. This may have a significant impact in transient flows since it implies that the transit time for flow through the medium is not correctly represented by FLUENT. The effect of the porous medium on the turbulence field is only approximated.

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS

 Aquifer studies Catalyst bed testing Chemical leaching studies Chemical transport simulation Contaminant transport studies Filter design Foam flow studies Gas coolant system design Geologic flow simulation Groundwater remediation studies Heat exchanger design In-situ biorestoration studies Landfill design Natural gas exploration studies Nuclear waste transport studies Ocean hydrodynamics simulation Oil exploration studies Petroleum reservoir simulation Seabed simulation

Sedimentary basin studies

Underground flow simulation Well treatment studies

Analysis Procedure
Modelling procedure in Gambit
POROSITY, = 0.6.

Specifying solver for analysis

Creating Geometry Creating nodes

Creating edges

Creating Face from wireframe

Meshing Procedure
Inputting spacing for mesh

Creating the Mesh

Specifying Boundary Conditions

Specifying Continuum Type

Exporting Mesh
The 2-D mesh can now be exported to fluent by using the command FILEEXPORTMESH Enable the 2-D export mesh and it saves the file in 2d mesh format to be read in FLUENT

Analysis In FLUENT
The desired mesh can now be read into FLUENT which will then run the geometry through numerical analysis. Open the FLUENT and select the 2D double precision operation for two dimensional operations. The GAMBIT mesh is read into FLUENT by selecting File Read Case and selecting the correct mesh file.

Smooth/Swap Function

Steady state analysis to find dependence of Friction

Specifying solver for analysis

Inputting the material Properties

Specifying the operating and boundary conditions

Solution Initialization for Steady State

Setting up the convergence criteria

THERMAL ANALYSIS

Inputting Unsteady state conditions

Specifying the Temperature for unsteady state

Solution initialization for unsteady state condition

Defining surface monitor

Specifying the time step for iteration

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Contours for static pressure

Temperature response diagram

Trend line for p v/s velocity

6 y = 0.0003x3 - 0.0192x2 + 0.4403x R2 = 0.9833

4 Series1

Poly. (Seri

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Trendline for Reynolds no: vs Friction factor

600

3 2 y = 63413x - 219252x + 252918x - 96883 R2 = 0.9818

500

400 Series1

300

Poly. (Series

200

100

0 0
600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Series1 Poly. (Series1)

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

y = 82945x3 - 73317x2 + 20362x - 1350. R = 0.998

RESULT SUMMARY NON-DIMENSIONALISATION Results for velocity 1.2 m/s

Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Temperature 300.13046 300.62253 301.20264 301.77194 302.31000 302.81412 303.28543 303.72577 304.13739 304.51417 304.88147 305.21729 305.53107 305.82425 306.09821 306.35416 306.81593 306.81671 307.02554 307.22067 307.40302 307.57339 307.73260 307.88135 308.02036 308.15036 308.27158 308.38498 308.49133 308.58000

Slope 0.49207 0.58011 0.56930 0.53806 0.50412 0.47131 0.44034 0.41162 0.37678 0.36730 0.33582 0.31378 0.29318 0.27396 0.25595 0.46177 0.00078 0.20883 0.19513 0.18235 0.17037 0.15921 0.14875 0.13901 0.13000 0.12122 0.11340 0.10635 0.08867 #######

Non d Time 0.061 0.122 0.183 0.244 0.305 0.366 0.427 0.488 0.549 0.61 0.671 0.732 0.793 0.854 0.915 0.976 1.037 1.098 1.159 1.22 1.281 1.342 1.403 1.464 1.525 1.586 1.647 1.708 1.769 1.83 0.49207 0.58011 0.56930 0.53806 0.50412 0.47131 0.44034 0.41162 0.37678 0.36730 0.33582 0.31378 0.29318 0.27396 0.25595 0.46177 0.00078 0.20883 0.19513 0.18235 0.17037 0.15921 0.14875 0.13901 0.13000 0.12122 0.11340 0.10635 0.08867 ########

Non d slope 0.049207 0.058011 0.05693 0.053806 0.050412 0.047131 0.044034 0.041162 0.037678 0.03673 0.033582 0.031378 0.029318 0.027396 0.025595 0.0461772 7.78E-05 0.020883 0.019513 0.018235 0.017037 0.015921 0.014875 0.013901 0.013 0.012122 0.01134 0.010635 0.008867 -30.858

Results for velocity 2.4 m/s

Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Temperature 300.30234 301.33652 302.44760 303.45108 304.32782 305.08844 305.74731 Temperature

Slope 1.03418 1.11108 1.00348 0.87674 0.76062 0.65887 0.57053 Slope 0.49399 1.60392 0.42773 1.55832 0.37033 1.28503 1.02927 0.81964 0.65201 0.51852 0.41235

Non d Time 0.122 0.244 0.366 0.488 0.610 0.732 0.854 Non d Time 0.976 0.183 1.098 0.366 1.220 0.549 0.732 0.915 1.098 1.281 1.464 1.03418 1.11108 1.00348 0.87674 0.76062 0.65887 0.57053 0.49399 1.60392 0.42773 1.55832 0.37033 1.28503 1.02927 0.81964 0.65201 0.51852 0.41235

Non d slope 0.103418 0.111108 0.100348 0.087674 0.076062 0.065887 0.057053 Non d Slope 0.049399 0.160392 0.042773 0.155832 0.037033 0.128503 0.102927 0.081964 0.065201 0.051852 0.041235

Results for velocity 3.6 m/s

306.31784 300.51971 306.81183 302.12363 307.23956 303.68195 304.96698 305.99625 306.81589 307.46790 307.98642

POROSITY, = 0.8. Values of constants A) Viscous coefficients, = 1062812.205. B)Inertial coefficients, = 78.3505. The pipe inside which wire mesh is placed has a diameter of 38.1mm. Wire mesh diameter=38.1mm Length of wire mesh=50mm Grit width=2mm Grit height=1.5mm Porosity= and

m= Mass of the aluminium matrix. a= Density of aluminium. Reynolds number,Re= Density of air ,=1.225kg/m3 d = characteristic length considering small grit= Area of grit, A=3mm2 Perimeter of grit, P=7mm. Now fanning friction factor, f= Theoretically fanning friction factor ,f= =1.71mm

Sl.no Velocity Reynolds Pressure (m/sec) no drop p (pascal) 1 1.2 141.16 4.7912 2 2.4 282.32 16.470 3 3.6 423.48 35.027 4 4.8 564.64 60.463 5 6.0 705.80 92.778 Graph showing variation of f vs re.

Fanning friction Factor,f 1.0348 0.8893 0.8406 0.8162 0.8015

Theoretical fanning friction factor,f 0.1133 0.0567 0.0378 0.0283 0.0226

Plot of theoretical f Vs Re

Finding NTU from maximum slope and time corresponding to it. Velocity=1.2m/sec Time Temperature Slope N-D N-D Slope Time Temperature 0 300 .00079 0 1 .001295 1 300.00079 .05991 .061 .999921 .098213 2 300.0607 .24149 .122 .99393 .395885 3 300.30219 .41156 .183 .969781 .674689 4 300.71375 .51388 .244 .928625 .842426 5 301.22763 .56052 .305 .877237 .918885

6
7 8 9 10

301.78815
302.35489 302.9169 303.45135 303.95578

. 57034
.55841 .53445 .50433 .47183

.366
.427 .488 .549 .610

.821185
.764151 .70831 .654865 .604422

.934984
.915426 .876148 .826934 773492

Temperature response graph at outlet has a s shape

Velocity=2.4m/sec Time Temperature Slope 0 1 2 3 300 300.00351 300.22318 300.97295

N-D Time .00351 0 .21967 .122 .74887 .244 1.08743 .366

N-D Temperature 1 .999649 .977682 .903795

Slope .002877 .180057 .613828 .891366

4
5 6 7 8 9

302.05948 1.1676 6
303.22714 304.32861 305.30286 306.13672 307.41179 1.0147 .97425 .83386 .69836 .57682

.488
.610 .732 .854 .976 1.098

.794052
.677286 .567139 .469714 .386328 .25881

.957098
.902844 .798566 .683492 .572426 .472803

10

307.88821

.47631

1.22

.211179

.390418

Similarily for velocity=3.6m/sec, we have Maximum slope= .99839 Time at maximum slope=.549s Re 141.16 282.32 423.48 NTU 3.5 4.1 4.4

RESULT NTU for various values where found out from the graph showing Variation of maximum slope with time of maximum slope for various ntu and . There is a slight increase in NTU with Reynolds number

Conclusion The increase in NTU with Re is due to the increase in mass flow rate with velocity which predominates over the decrease in time of

occurrence of maximum variation in temperature response plot of outlet.