TITLE :- NON DISTRUCTIVE TESTING ( NDT ) INTRODUCTION :Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a wide group of analysis techniques used in science

and industry to investigate the material integrity of the object, component or system without causing damage. Nondestructive tests are very important to identify defect inside the material and cracks and other defect on the surface of the materials. Common NDT methods include ultrasonic, magnetic-particle, liquid penetrant, radiographic, remote visual inspection (RVI), eddy-current testing, and low coherence interferometry. NDT is a commonly-used tool in forensic engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, civil engineering, systems engineering, aeronautical engineering, medicine, and art. Here we had done practical on penetrant method and it is relatively cheap and simple mean of detecting surface flaws and cracks laps etc. Liquid penetrant seep into crevices making them visible. High frequency sound waves are sent into a material by use of a transducer. The sound waves travel through the material and are received by the same transducer or a second transducer.

MATERIALS & APPARATUS

Testing objects Ultrasonic tester with normal probe and angular probe. Cleaning chemical for Liquid Penetrant testing Die (red color) Developer

PROCEDURE
Liquid Penetrant test Testing area was cleaned by using cleaning chemical. Impurities of the surface and in cracks should be cleaned. Die was sprayed to the cleaned area and kept it 20 mints and removed excess. Developer was sprayed to above area and it also kept 20 mints.

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Ultrasonic test Testing with normal probe Calibration the screen was done for suitable value using normal prob. A layer of gel was plated on the metal surface of the testing object. Depth to the given hole was measured by ultrasonic tester. Testing with angular probe Calibration the screen was done for suitable value using angular probe A location of the side drilled holes in the testing object was found.

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REASULT
Depth to the hole from the upper surface of the material. Using normal probe Using angular probe( with an inclination of 450 ) = 14mm = 18mm

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DISCUSSION
Penetrant method Uses of liquid penetrant This used to find located cracks, porosity and other defects that break the surface of a material and have enough volume to trap and hold the penetrant material. This is an easy and cheapest method for detect defect on the metal surface. Also there is no need a high technical knowledge to do this type of testing. Liquid penetrant testing is used to inspect large areas very efficiently and will work on most nonporous material. There are some limitations in this testing method for detecting defect of the surface. The main disadvantage is defect inside the material cannot be measured by using liquid penetrant method. This type of testing used for only identifying the defect of the metal surface. Under this method can have some idea about size of the defect but size of the defect cannot be measured by using this method. Also depth of the crack or defect cannot be measured by using this technique. Also time consuming of method is high which compare with other NDT methods. These are the main limitation and disadvantages of this method. Limitation ( summary ) Defect must be surface breaking Need access to test surface Depth of flow not indicated Decontamination & pre-cleaning of test surface may be needed Vapor hazard Very tight and shallow defects difficult to find Chemical handling precautions are necessary (toxicity, fire,)

This type of nondestructive testing some factors are affected to reduce the efficacy of testing. Such as, too small defects cannot be detected by using this method. Some problems can be occurred when try to do this type testing several times. Applications: Used for detect cracks of a welded surface. Can be used on nonporous materials Can be applied to welds, tubing, brazing, casting, billets, forgings, aluminum parts, turbine blades and disks, gears. This method can use for non magnetic material.

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Ultrasonic testing method The application of the ultrasonic testing Surface and slightly subsurface flaws can be detected Metals, non-metals and composites Can be applied to welds, tubing, joints, castings, billets, forgings, shafts, structural

components Use to find characterize properties of material based on sound velocity and attenuation measurements Used to determine thickness and mechanical properties and Monitoring service wear and deterioration.
Flaw, thickness or ID diameter detection on or off line, for tube, bar, or plate.

Advantages : Quick and faster method Each types materials can be tested. Such as metal, non-metallic materials, composite and plastic. It is not limited only surface even defect inside the materials can be detected. .We can detect place of the defect situation. Disadvantages : Usually contacting, either direct or with intervening medium required (e.g. immersion testing). Special probes are required for applications Sensitivity limited by frequency used and some materials cause significant scattering Scattering by test material structure can cause false indications Not easily applied to very thin materials Capital cost is high. Therefore this is an expensive method.

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CONCLUSIONS
Advanced Nondestructive Testing Technologies are emerging faster than our local industries are realizing and appreciating. Industries need to participate more in their development and implementation to realize more of NDT's benefits. Competition is ever increasing and this obligates reducing production and operation costs. This is where NDT can figure in on a large scale. NDT can save and/or avoid production and operation costs in millions of dollars for our local industries. Such as liquid Penetrant test can be used for identify defect. If we need to identify situation of defect or size of the defect we have to use another type of NDT method. Such as ultrasonic test.

REFERENCES

http://www.mac-ndt.com/?gclid=CLrb2qP7hKsCFYkXzQodWxpU0g 05 / 09 /2011 http://www.asnt.org/publications/tnt/tnt5-1/tnt5-1fyi.htm 05 / 09 /2011 www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/.../multi0page.txt - Cached 05 / 09 /2011 http://www.ndt.net/article/mendt03/52/52.htm 05/09/2011

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