Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 210 (2004) 149 – 164

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Late Ordovician palaeoceanographic changes as reflected in the

Hirnantian–early Llandovery succession of Jämtland, Sweden
P. Dahlqvist *M. Calner
GeoBiosphere Science Centre, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
Received 1 October 2002; accepted 23 February 2004

Abstract

A study of the Upper Ordovician – Lower Silurian strata in Jämtland, central Sweden, shows that large-scale changes
in shelf deposition took place close to the systems boundary. These changes include unconformity development and the
replacement of a siliciclastic shelf with a carbonate-dominated shelf, suggesting the interaction of allocyclic controls such
as changing eustatic sea-level and climate. The 6-m-thick Ede Formation is a key lithosome for interpretation of this
transition. Its sediments were deposited in the Caledonian foreland basin, situated east of the closing Iapetus Ocean on
the western margin of the Baltic craton. A major part of the late Caradoc to late Ashgill (into the Hirnantian) was
characterised by continuous and uniform deposition over wide areas (Kogsta Formation), whereas erosional surfaces and
complex lateral facies relationships characterise the Ordovician – Silurian boundary strata (Ede Formation and lateral
equivalents). The Ede Formation represents the end of terrigenous deposition, which in the middle Aeronian was
followed by regional expansion of carbonate deposition (Berge Formation). A syn-sedimentary erosional surface, with at
least 1 m of relief locally, forms the lower boundary of the Ede Formation. This surface is overlain by two types of
conglomerate. Lower parts of the Ede Formation consist of medium to thick-bedded quartzites. A second erosional
surface with only minor (few centimetres) relief occurs on top of these quartzites. The upper parts of the Ede Formation
consist of a thin, basal favositid biostrome overlain by thin bedded, calcareous sandstones, limestones and intensely
bioturbated shales. Analysis of stratigraphic boundaries and the facies succession suggests that the lower Ede Formation
represents a major downward shift in coastal onlap and by-pass sedimentation that created the lower erosional surface.
The erosional surface in the middle of the Ede Formation is inferred to have formed during the subsequent maximum
lowstand or as a ravinement surface, and is interpreted as an unconformity. The succession is subdivided into four facies
associations, each corresponding to a specific systems tract: (a) a Shale – Siltstone Association (uppermost Kogsta
Formation), deposited during a highstand situation in mid-outer shelf areas; (b) a Quartzite Association (the lower Ede
Formation), deposited during forced regression in a shoreface environment; (c) a Mixed Carbonate – Siliciclastic
Association (the upper Ede Formation), deposited during transgression in a wave-dominated, proximal shelf environment
when clastic supply was reduced; and (d) a Micritic Limestone Association (lowermost Berge Formation), deposited
during a second highstand situation in a low-energy, offshore environment.
Conodont data, together with a previously reported Hirnantia fauna, constrain the position of the Ordovician – Silurian
boundary to the lower 1.65 m of the Ede Formation, or less likely, to the uppermost metre of the underlying Kogsta
Formation, i.e., within a 2.65-m-thick uncertainty interval. The base of the Berge Formation is about 4 m above the top
of the uncertainty interval, and is dated as being mid-Aeronian in age, suggesting condensation and/or a hiatus close to,

* Corresponding author. Fax: +46-46-222-44-19.

E-mail address: peter.dahlqvist@geol.lu.se (P. Dahlqvist).

0031-0182/$ - see front matter D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.02.047
150 P. Dahlqvist, M. Calner / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 210 (2004) 149–164

or at, the Ordovician – Silurian boundary. These data tie the unconformity and the regional facies change from a
siliciclastic to a carbonate-dominated shelf to Late Ordovician – Early Silurian eustatic and climatic changes.
D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Hirnantian; Glaciation; Forced regression; Ordovician – Silurian boundary; Conodonts; Ede Formation; Sweden

1. Introduction isolated from the nearest Ordovician –Silurian out-

The brief (ca. 0.5– 1 Myears) Late Ordovician
glacial interval had profound impact on contempo-
raneous geography and shelf depositional systems
(Brenchley and Newall, 1980; Brenchley et al.,
1994; Sutcliffe et al., 2000a), marine faunas (Berry
and Boucot, 1973; Sheehan, 2001) and oceanic
stable isotopes (Brenchley et al., 1994, 1997; Mar-
shall and Middleton, 1990; Marshall et al., 1997;
Underwood et al., 1997; Wang et al., 1997). Asso-
ciated sedimentary changes generally consist of a
distinct and abrupt change from deep to shallow
water deposits, succeeded by a rapid re-establishment
of deeper water facies (Brenchley and Newall, 1984).
Sedimentary anomalies may occur on individual
shelves depending on the subsidence and sediment
production/supply rates, and the presence and extent
of associated unconformities may vary.
As elsewhere, physical, faunal and biochemical
changes related to the Hirnantian glaciation have been
recorded from several locations on the Baltic craton
(Thorslund, 1968; Marshall and Middleton, 1990;
Middleton et al., 1991; Bergström and Bergström,
1996; Kaljo et al., 2001). Previous data from Scandi-
navia indicate that the regression was followed by a
rapid transgression beginning in latest Ordovician
times (Normalograptus persculptus Biozone; Bassett,
1985), or in the Early Silurian (Rhuddanian; Bergström
and Bergström, 1996). In the districts of the nearby
Oslo Region (Norway; Fig. 1a), the onset of transgres-
sive deposition is diachronous, starting in latest Ashgill
in the southern districts and in the early Aeronian in the
northern districts (Baarli, 1990; Fig. 2).
This paper is based on fieldwork in the western
and central part of the Östersund/Lake Storsjön
area of Jämtland, central Sweden, an area relatively
crops in Scandinavia (Fig. 1). Here, the Late
Ordovician –Early Silurian basin fill is characterized
by a distinct change from siliciclastic to carbonate
deposition close to, or at, the system boundary. A
distinct erosional surface occurs a few metres
below this change (0.9 to >5 m depending on
locality and stratal geometry). Stratigraphically
higher, a second erosional surface at least locally
separates siliciclastic strata from mixed carbonate –
siliciclastic strata. Both the erosional surfaces and
the change from siliciclastic to carbonate deposition
are associated with the Ede Formation, which
therefore forms key strata for the study of sea-
level and climate changes across the Ordovician–
Silurian boundary in the Jämtland part of the
Caledonian foreland basin.
Based on the Caledonian foreland basin, this
paper aims to (a) evaluate the effect of the Hir-
nantian glaciation on depositional processes, (b)
increase the biostratigraphic resolution for the Or-
dovician– Silurian boundary interval, (c) re-evaluate
previously suggested genetic relationships of the
succession and (d) give a detailed description of
the Ede Formation.
The Ede Formation has previously been dis-
cussed by Wiman (1893), Thorslund (1943), Thor-
slund and Jaanusson (1960), Boucot and Johnson
(1964), Karis (1982), Bassett (1985), Cherns and
Karis (1995), Karis and Strömberg (1998) and
Dahlqvist and Calner (2001).
2. Geological setting
During the terminal Ordovician, the Baltic craton
was situated within southern tropical latitudes (Tors-

Fig. 1. Map of Scandinavia, palaeogeographic setting and the location of the investigated area in Jämtland. (a) The main Ordovician and Silurian
outcrops in Sweden and the Oslo region of Norway. (b) Ashgill – Llandovery (ca. 443 Ma) palaeogeography (modified from Torsvik, 1998). (c)
Map of the Östersund/Lake Storsjön area in Jämtland, showing Caledonian foreland basin strata and the investigated localities.
P. Dahlqvist, M. Calner / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 210 (2004) 149–164 151
152 P. Dahlqvist, M. Calner / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 210 (2004) 149–164

Fig. 2. Late Ordovician – Early Silurian stratigraphic framework for the Jämtland part of the Caledonian foreland basin. Note that the thickness
of different units is not to scale (given in metres within brackets). New conodont data place the base of the Berge Formation no lower than in the
middle Aeronian, whereas the upper Ede Formation is more imprecisely Rhuddanian – middle Aeronian in age. Hf = Hirnantia fauna. Based on
additional data from, e.g., Gee and Kumpulainen (1980), Cherns and Karis (1995), Bergström et al. (1998), Karis and Strömberg (1998),
Dahlqvist (unpublished) and new conodont data presented herein.

vik, 1998; Fig. 1b). The closure of the Iapetus Ocean
later resulted in the Scandian phase of the Caledonian
Orogeny and associated southeastward to eastward
thrusting of a nappe complex (Roberts and Gee,
1985; main orogenic event at ca 425 Ma, i.e., Late
Wenlock; Torsvik, 1998). The Jämtland area formed
the northern part of a narrow basin, elongated along
the Caledonian front, which included the Oslo region
in the south (Baarli et al., 2003).
Strata of Late Ordovician –Early Silurian age in
Jämtland belong to the uppermost Tåsjön and lower
Änge groups (uppermost Jämtland Supergroup; Fig. 2)
and form part of the Lower Allochthon (Gee and
Kumpulainen, 1980). During the Early and Middle
Ordovician, there was a depth-related difference be-
tween the eastern and western part of the Jämtland
basin (Karis and Strömberg, 1998, p. 165). The eastern
area was dominated by shallow-water carbonate de-
position, whereas in the western area, mud and turbi-
dite deposits accumulated in deeper water. The Upper
Ordovician Kogsta Siltstone Formation marks the start
of more uniform deposition over large areas, a pattern
that changed abruptly to complex depositional patterns
near the Ordovician – Silurian boundary; the Ede For-

Fig. 3. Facies composite log showing lithofacies, facies associations and sequence stratigraphic interpretation at the Edefors type locality. The
two best sections available at the locality are illustrated here. Note that the relative sea-level curve is local and based on inferred depositional
depth (facies succession), and the presence of Hirnantia fauna (Hf) below 1 m. Sample J-01-64 yielded the Rhuddanian – middle Aeronian
conodont fauna dominated by Kockelella? manitoulinensis, and that samples J-01-25 and J-01-68 yielded the mid-late Aeronian conodont fauna
dominated by Amorphognathus? tenuis. Inclined lines indicate a 2.65-m-thick uncertainty interval without biostratigraphic control, including the
Ordovician – Silurian boundary.
P. Dahlqvist, M. Calner / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 210 (2004) 149–164 153
154 P. Dahlqvist, M. Calner / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 210 (2004) 149–164
mation crops out in the eastern parts, and the Kyrkås
Quartzite Formation in the western parts of the Öster-
sund/Lake Storsjön area. This was followed by another
period with widespread depositional facies, the Lower
Silurian Berge Limestone and the succeeding Bångå-
sen Shale (Fig. 2).
3. Methods
Stratigraphic sections were measured and approxi-
mately 50 samples were collected from seven different
localities, including a detailed study of the well-ex-
posed Ede Formation type section at Edefors (Fig. 3).
Among these were three samples from Edefors col-
lected for extraction of conodonts. The studied local-
ities (see Appendix A) encompass vertical sections as
well as horizontal exposures. Polished slabs and thin
sections were studied by means of standard petro-
graphical methods. Trace fossils were classified
according to the toponomic scheme of Martinsson
(1970). Reference samples are stored at the Depart-
ment of Geology, Lund University, Sweden.
4. Biostratigraphic framework
The stratigraphic interval treated herein encom-
passes the uppermost few metres of the Kogsta Forma-
tion, the entire Ede Formation and the lowermost metre
of the Berge Formation (Fig. 2). Biostratigraphic data
from the Kogsta and Ede formations have been scarce
and are, except for local finds of graptolites, largely
based on shelly macrofossils (Karis and Strömberg,
1998). The lowermost part of the Kogsta Formation
belongs to the Dicranograptus clingani Biozone, indi-
cating a middle Caradoc age (Cherns and Karis, 1995).
In the uppermost Kogsta Formation, 1 – 6 m below the
contact with the overlying Ede Formation, a Hirnantian
fauna has been collected, consisting mainly of decal-
cified brachiopods, trilobites and crinoid ossicles (e.g.,
Karis and Larsson, 1982). Elements of the typical
Hirnantia fauna have been recovered from this interval,
such as the brachiopod Hirnantia (L. Karis, personal
communication, 2002; Karis and Strömberg, 1998; at
Stengärde, Bergström, 1968). The maximum abun-
dance of this fauna occurs ca. 3.5 m below the contact
with the Ede Formation. Elements of this fauna de-
crease upwards and disappear approximately 1 m
below that contact (L. Karis, personal communication,
2002). Based on brachiopods from Norderön (Fig. 1c),
Boucot and Johnson (1964) assigned an Early Silurian
age to the Ede Formation. Later, based on the discus-
sion by Holland and Bassett (1989) regarding the
definition of the Ordovician– Silurian boundary, Karis
and Strömberg (1998, p. 34) attributed the same fauna
to the latest Ordovician. However, according to G.
Baarli (personal communication, 2003), this fauna is
similar in composition to the mid – late Aeronian Proa-
trypa malmoeyensis – Cryptothyrella sp. community
found in the Oslo region (Baarli et al., 1999).
A conodont collection (J-01-64, 1.4 kg, 11 ele-
ments; Edefors type locality) collected for the present
study yielded a fauna dominated by Kockelella? man-
itoulinensis (det. S. Bergström) 1.65 m above the base
of the Ede Formation, at the level of a biostrome and
immediately above the Quartzite Association (Fig. 3).
Two conodont collections from the lowermost metre of
the overlying Berge Formation (samples J-01-25, 0.7
kg, 65 elements, and J-01-68, 1.0 kg, 39 elements;
Edefors type locality; Fig. 3) yielded a fauna dominated
by Amorphognathus? tenuis (det. S. Bergström). These
two species have not previously been recorded from
Sweden. Both faunas belong to the older part of the
Distomodus kentuckyensis Zone (earliest Silurian), and
are older than faunas of the Distomodus staurogna-
thoides Zone (cf. Zhang and Barnes, 2002, Fig. 9). K.?
manitoulinensis indicates a Rhuddanian to middle
Aeronian age for the upper part of the Ede Formation
(above + 1.65 m in Fig. 3). A.? tenuis is important since
it has a very limited stratigraphical range. This taxon
indicates a middle Aeronian age for the base of the
Berge Formation (cf. similar results by Bassett, 1985,
based on shelly faunas).
These data indicate that, with the present biostrati-
graphic knowledge, the Ordovician – Silurian bound-
ary is located in the lower 1.65 m of the Ede
Formation, or less likely, within the uppermost metre
of the underlying Kogsta Formation (Fig. 3).
5. Descriptive sedimentology and depositional
environments
The strata studied spanning the Ordovician– Siluri-
an boundary are subdivided into four distinct facies
 P. Dahlqvist, M. Calner / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 210 (2004) 149–164
associations: (a) Offshore Shale – Siltstone Associa-
tion; (b) Shoreface Quartzite Association; (c) Inner-
Shelf Mixed Carbonate –Siliciclastic Association; and
(d) Subtidal Micritic Limestone Association (Fig. 4).
These associations are by far best exposed at the type
locality Edefors (Fig. 3) so the following descriptions
are primarily based on that outcrop, with some com-
parisons to other localities.
5.1. Facies association 1 (FA 1): Offshore Shale –
Siltstone Association
5.1.1. Description
This association includes the uppermost Kogsta
Formation (Figs. 3 and 4), a widespread unit with an
estimated total thickness of 30 – 40 m (Karis and
Strömberg, 1998; Figs. 1c and 2). The association
underlies the Ede Formation at all investigated local-
ities and consists of dark grey to black shale interbed-
ded with thin to medium bedded siltstone. The silt
content increases upwards within the Kogsta Forma-
tion, and sedimentary structures become more abun-
dant (Karis and Strömberg, 1998). In the upper part of
Fig. 4. The general facies associations discussed and correlation of localities. Note the marked lateral thickness variations of the Quartzite
Association. Shaded area represents the Ede Formation.
155
the Kogsta Formation (e.g., at Edefors) several grey-
greenish, laterally continuous, centimetre-thick beds
occur. They are similar to K-bentonites but may have
originated from exposed and eroded rhyolite that occur
geographically close to the Kogsta/Ede formations, in
the western Offerdal area (Karis and Strömberg, 1998,
p. 29). These vulcanoclastic beds have previously been
used as time-lines in order to demonstrate thickness
variations in the uppermost Kogsta Formation (Karis
and Strömberg, 1998; see Section 6).
5.1.2. Interpretation
The fine grain size, thin bedding, minor facies
changes and wide distribution indicate that this
association was deposited in an offshore environ-
ment, where creation of accommodation space was
balanced by sediment supply. The upward increase
of silt and the appearance of primary sedimentary
structures indicate a minor increase in depositional
energy, reflecting a slight shallowing. The silt
laminae exhibit numerous traces of dewatering
structures, reflecting infrequent rapid deposition
(Karis and Strömberg, 1998).
156 P. Dahlqvist, M. Calner / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 210 (2004) 149–164
5.2. Facies association 2 (FA 2): Shoreface Quartzite
Association
5.2.1. Description
The Quartzite Association in the lower part of
the Ede Formation (Figs. 3 and 4) is 1.65 m thick
at Edefors. A basal erosional boundary separates
this association from the underlying Shale – Siltstone
Association throughout the investigated area. Local-
ly, this boundary shows up to 1 m of relief over a
lateral distance of only 3 m (Fig. 5a). Similar relief
is seen also at Högåsen (Fig. 5b), Änge, Hällänge
gård (Hällänge farm), and at Norderön. Additional
localities where this boundary is exposed are de-
scribed by Thorslund (1968) and Karis and Ström-
berg (1998). The lowest bedset of the quartzite
follows the contour of the erosional surface at the
Edefors locality. In contrast, the lowest bedset at
Änge pinches out laterally. The lateral extent of
these outcrops are too small (maximum 8 m) to
determine if stratal geometries are due to coastal
onlap onto an eroded Kogsta Formation (cf. Cherns
and Karis, 1995) or just local differences in infill
pattern during regression (see Section 6). Two types
of conglomerate are associated with the contact,
both occurring in the lowermost decimetre of the
Ede Formation at Högåsen (cf. Thorslund, 1943)
and at Skärvången (Thorslund, 1968, and this
study). These are: (1) gravel-sized conglomerate
composed of angular shale – siltstone clasts and (2)
well rounded, gravel-sized quartzite clasts. In addi-
tion, load casts are present at the contact at the
Änge locality.
The Quartzite Association generally consists of
medium to thick-bedded quartzitic sandstone beds
0.1– 0.4 m thick (Figs. 3 and 5a). Macrofossils have
not been found at Edefors. Individual bedsets are
generally amalgamated although at places, separated
by very thin shales. Lower bedding contacts are
sharp to erosive and may contain argillaceous rip-up
clasts, and upper bedding surfaces are generally
scoured by the overlying bed. A slight fining
upwards of grain-size can be seen in certain beds.
In outcrop, individual sandstone beds generally
appear massive to coarsely laminated. Detailed
examination reveals a wide variety of primary
sedimentary structures, including trough cross bed-
ding, hummocky cross stratification, ripple cross
lamination and wave ripples. The latter are confined
to the upper parts of individual bedsets. To the east,
at Verkön and Norderön, the Quartzite Association
is 0.9 – 1.2 m thick (L. Karis, personal communica-
tion, 2002).
At Änge, the top of the Quartzite Association is a
sharp, undulating surface with an amplitude of a few
centimetres (Fig. 5c). This erosional surface is over-
lain by a favositid biostrome (see Section 5.3.1).
5.2.2. Interpretation
Bed geometry and thickness, sedimentary struc-
tures, and the virtual lack of argillaceous intercala-
tions in the Quartzite Association conform with
facies models for rapid deposition in the middle –
upper shoreface environment (e.g., Brenchley, 1985,
Fig. 18). Rare shale horizons and shale rip-up clasts
record times when energy was low enough for fine-
grained material to accumulate. The erosional sur-
face and associated shale – siltstone conglomerate at
the base of the Ede Formation are interpreted as
being due to submarine erosion during a forced
regression (see Section 6). Clasts in the basal
conglomerate are petrographically similar to the
Kogsta Formation. The quartzite conglomerate is
interpreted as having the same provenance as the
Ede Formation sediments. The substantial thickness
variations in the Ede Formation are probably related
to varying degrees of scouring and erosion, as well
as to source-area proximity.
5.3. Facies association 3 (FA 3): Inner-Shelf Mixed
Carbonate – Siliciclastic Association
5.3.1. Description
The association consists of thin shales interbedded
with fine grained carbonaceous sandstones and skel-
etal limestones that contain an open marine fauna,
including brachiopods, tabulate and rugose corals,
trilobites, gastropods, ostracods, crinoids and bryozo-
ans. Wave ripples, parallel lamination, HCS (Fig. 5e),
undulating lamination, ripple cross lamination and
graded beds are abundant in the silt/sand—and lime-
stones. The interbedded shales and heteroliths display
extensive exichnial bioturbation (?Planolites and
?Chondrites).
The basal part of this association is a favositid
autobiostrome (nomenclature sensu Kershaw, 1994).
 P. Dahlqvist, M. Calner / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 210 (2004) 149–164 157

Fig. 5. Outcrop photos showing the general lithologic features from the western outcrops. (a) The syn-sedimentary erosional surface separating
shales and siltstones of the Kogsta Formation from overlying thick bedded quartzites of the Ede Formation. Note distinct scouring. Scale bar in
centimetres. Type locality Edefors, lower section. (b) Deep scouring associated to the Kogsta – Ede boundary at Högåsen. Hammer for scale. (c)
The erosional surface separating the Quartzite Association from the Mixed Carbonate – Siliciclastic Association. Note the intervening favositid
biostrome. Änge locality. (d) The favositid biostrome (bottom; yielding a Rhuddanian – middle Aeronian conodont fauna), and the overlying,
thin bedded Mixed Carbonate – Siliciclastic Association. Hammer for scale. Type locality Edefors, upper section. (e) Hummocky cross-stratified
calcareous sandstone from the middle part of the Mixed Carbonate – Siliciclastic Association. Pencil for scale. Type locality Edefors, upper
section. (For color see online version).
158 P. Dahlqvist, M. Calner / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 210 (2004) 149–164

This biostrome is 0.5 m thick at Edefors, 0.1 m at
Änge, and yields conodonts (see Figs. 3 and 5c,d,
and Section 4). The biostrome is separated from the
erosional surface at the top of the Quartzite Associ-
ation only by a millimetre-thin argillaceous parting.
Our field study indicates that individual corals
colonized this surface at some places, and that a
skeletal gravel lag is superimposed on the surface
between coral colonies. At Edefors, the biostrome
becomes successively more argillaceous and less
fossiliferous upwards. At Änge, the biostrome has
a patchy occurrence and is covered by a centimetre-
thick mantle of medium-grained, very well rounded
quartz sand grains. The remaining Mixed Carbon-
ate –Siliciclastic Association is 3.8 m thick at Ede-
fors (Fig. 5d), whereas only 0.25 m is preserved at
Änge due to later erosion. The original geographical
extent of this association is not possible to recon-
struct due to Silurian tectonic displacement and
Quaternary erosion of the Ede Formation. This
association differs from the underlying Quartzite
Association in its thinner bedding, sedimentary
structures and substantial amount of thin shales
and carbonate material.
Strata of this association at Verkön and Norderön
(Fig. 6a –d) are the most calcareous and fossiliferous
encountered in this investigation. They consist of
hummocky cross-stratified calcareous quartzites,

Fig. 6. Outcrop photos showing the general lithologic features from the eastern outcrops (all photos from Verkön). (a) Medium bedded (5 – 20
cm) coquina interbedded with storm deposits. Note the gutter cast. (b) Stacked sets of hummocky cross-stratified calcareous sandstones, lacking
fair-weather muds. (c) Epichnial, horizontal trace fossils preserved in storm deposited calcareous sandstone. (d) Wave ripples, showing low
wave-length and amplitude, on the upper bedding plane of a hummocky cross-stratified calcareous sandstone. Scale bar is 0.2 m.
 P. Dahlqvist, M. Calner / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 210 (2004) 149–164
shelly limestones, subordinate micritic limestones
and shales. Limestones are locally developed as
coquina grainstones up to 0.2 m thick (Fig. 6a).
Bedding-plane exposures contain wave ripples of
small wave-length and amplitude on the upper
bedding planes of hummocky cross-stratified beds
(Fig. 6d).
5.3.2. Interpretation
The erosional surface and the overlying biostrome
imply a period of non-deposition and subsequent
reduced clastic influx. The overlying lag of extremely
well rounded (spherical) sand-sized quartz grains
indicates proximity to a shoreline environment. In
the overlying strata, the presence of thin shales
alternating with laminated and hummocky cross-strat-
ified calcareous sandstones, indicate that the Mixed
Carbonate – Siliciclastic Association was deposited
during alternating fair- and storm-weather conditions
in an inner shelf setting. Periodic fair-weather depo-
sition is further supported by the intense exichnial
bioturbation of certain shale beds. Although different
in thickness, the presence of the favositid bed at the
same stratigraphical level at different localities indi-
cates a widespread distribution. The thickness varia-
tions of the biostrome bed may be due to sea-floor
topography.
5.4. Facies association 4 (FA 4): Subtidal Micritic
Limestone Association
5.4.1. Description
This association includes the lowermost Berge
Formation (Figs. 3 and 4), a dark grey, micritic
limestone that is relatively homogenous in compo-
sition throughout the region. The contact with the
underlying Ede Formation is sharp and appears
conformable throughout the area. The formation is
highly fossiliferous and contains a diverse, normal-
marine shelly fauna. Its lowermost part consists of
thin- to medium-bedded skeletal micritic limestones,
with fine-grained siliciclastics and a small amount
of organic matter ( < 0.5%). Irregular argillaceous
partings are common as is dolomitization of both
matrix and skeletal grains. Skeletal grains are main-
ly from crinoids, trilobites, brachiopods, bryozoans
and gastropods. Pentamerid brachiopod shells and
colonial corals, such as favositids and halysitids are
159
common higher up in the formation, and locally
form mounds (Dahlqvist, 1999).
5.4.2. Interpretation
Stratigraphical relationships and the high content
of carbonate mud in the Berge Formation indicate
deposition below the normal wave base. Occasionally,
larger storms transported coarser particles to this
depth, forming the event layers dominated by crin-
oidal debris or pentamerid brachiopods. The low
siliciclastic content may be due to either a starved
coastline due to continuous transgression, or, less
probably, low relief in the siliciclastic source area.
On a regional scale, the expansion of a carbonate shelf
indicates decreased run-off and possibly a change to a
warmer climate (see Section 6).
6. Summary of environmental development and
inferred sequence stratigraphic framework
The wide regional extent and the fine-grained,
homogeneous shale –siltstone facies of the Kogsta
Formation suggest a highstand situation with depo-
sition below normal wave base across the study
areas. Coarser clastic deposits were likely to have
been trapped as lenses in inner shelf areas. The
upward increase in grain size and the abundance of
primary sedimentary structures indicate a minor
gradual shallowing towards the end of deposition
of this association (cf. Karis and Strömberg, 1998).
A similar gradual shallowing within this interval
occurs in the type Ashgill strata in England (Ingham,
1966), and in the Oslo region of Norway (Brenchley
and Cocks, 1982). In Norway, this gradual shallow-
ing was interpreted as evidence of a glacio-eustatic
regression. The occurrence of the Hirnantia fauna in
the uppermost metres of the Kogsta Formation,
however, shows that this interval was deposited after
the first of the two Late Ordovician biotic events,
which was related to the initial Hirnantian regression
(cf. Sutcliffe et al., 2000a,b). There is little evidence
of this global regressive event in the Kogsta Forma-
tion but sedimentological evidence (facies tract off-
set) occur 1 m above the last record of Hirnantia
fauna, with the deposition of the lower Ede Forma-
tion. The erosional surface at the base of the Ede
Formation and the succeeding shoreface quartzites
160 P. Dahlqvist, M. Calner / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 210 (2004) 149–164

indicate a substantial seaward shift of the coastline. and Allen, 1993). In an idealized foreland basin
Such a scenario is unlikely in the proximal parts of a model, the Ede Formation was deposited on the
foreland basins system, where subsidence rate craton-attached shelf where the rate of glacio-eustatic
exceeds the rate of glacio-eustatic fall (Posamentier drawdown exceeds subsidence rate (Fig. 7a), forcing

Fig. 7. A tentative, idealized foreland basin model for the Late Ordovician – Early Silurian of the Jämtland part of the Caledonian foreland basin,
and the inferred, large-scale depositional trends. (a) Subsidence pattern in foreland basins. During rapid eustatic events, strongly regressive
facies successions are only possible in Zone B (redrawn from Posamentier and Allen, 1993). (b) Reconstructed facies model. Time t0 – t1: Lower
parts of the Kogsta Formation. During the deposition of the Kogsta Formation, coarser quartzitic sands accumulated as trapped lenses in coastal
areas (not in the figure). Only silt-sized quartz was transported to open shelf areas and contributed to the Kogsta Formation. The lack of marked
temporal facies change indicates aggrading deposition. Time t1 – t2: Upper parts of the Kogsta Formation are weakly regressive. Towards the
end of Kogsta deposition, sea-level fell and coastal quartz sands were forced seawards and deposited on the non- to semi-indurated Kogsta
sediments, forming the erosional surface and the lower parts of the Ede Formation. The well-rounded basal quartzite gravel conglomerate
indicates a possible connection with the alluvial system. The Ede Formation thus represents a detached shoreline, or possibly, the distal parts of
an incised valley system, marking a downward shift in coastal onlap. Time t2 represents the time for unconformity development (maximum
lowstand) within the uncertainty interval for the Ordovician – Silurian boundary. Time t2 – t3: The biostrome and the upper parts of the Ede
Formation formed during the ensuing transgression. Conodont data indicate that the lowermost preserved transgressive strata are Rhuddanian –
middle Aeronian in age, supporting condensation and/or a hiatus in the boundary interval. Calcareous sandstones, shelly limestones and shales
indicate that carbonate deposition became increasingly important and that clastic supply was reduced. As further indicated by sedimentary
structures these strata were transported by storms to wave-dominated open shelf areas. Time t3 – t4: Carbonate deposition prevailed in the basin
in a progradational manner. HST: Highstand systems tract, FRST: Forced regressive systems tract: TST: Transgressive systems tract. SSA:
Shale – Siltstone Association; QA: Quartzite Association; MCSA: Mixed Carbonate – Siliciclastic Association; MLA: Micritic Limestone
Association. (For color see online version).
 P. Dahlqvist, M. Calner / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 210 (2004) 149–164
the shoreline seawards. The glacio-eustatic compo-
nent is not the only factor affecting depositional
patterns. Patterns of sediment supply/production
and subsidence may enhance or mask sea-level
changes. Each of these factors may explain why
the first substantial facies response to the globally
recognized sea-level drop is found stratigraphically
above the presence of Hirnantia fauna.
The Ede Formation has previously been interpreted
as representing the onset of transgression following
the Hirnantian glacio-eustatic lowstand (Cherns and
Karis, 1995) represented by the upper boundary of the
Kogsta Formation. In this interpretation, the basal Ede
Formation (Quartzite Association) is transgressive and
would onlap against a palaeotopographic surface, and
regressive/lowstand deposits are lacking in the area.
However, although a slight shallowing is noted, there
is no evidence for emersion affecting the uppermost
preserved Kogsta Formation.
Our data strongly suggest an opposite interpreta-
tion that the lower parts of the Ede Formation are
regressive and that transgression began later, at the
stratigraphic level of the favositid biostrome. We base
our conclusion on the following observations: (a) No
regional onlap surface can be demonstrated. Load-
casting in the basal bed of the Ede Formation implies
rapid deposition of the sand on a soft substrate, not
on lithified rock. Rapid deposition of the basal Ede
Formation and associated submarine scouring related
to a rapid regression fit well with the upper Kogsta
thickness variations. (b) The angular shale –siltstone
conglomerate found above the erosional base of the
Ede Formation indicates erosion of the underlying
Kogsta sediments. The well-rounded quartzite con-
glomerate probably originated in coastal (alluvial?)
areas and was transported to offshore areas during
regression. The increased erosion and offshore trans-
port would not be expected if the Ede Formation was
deposited during a transgression. (c) No hiatus is to
date recognized across the basal Ede erosional sur-
face (Cherns and Karis, 1995), even though the
shale – siltstone conglomerate and undulatory base
of the overlying Ede Formation shows that scouring
have removed at least minor parts of the uppermost
Kogsta Formation. (d) Intermediate facies between
offshore shales and siltstones (Kogsta) and shoreface
quartzites (lower Ede) is lacking (facies tract offset).
For these reasons, we interpret the Kogsta – Ede
161
boundary interval as a downward shift in coastal
onlap (cf. Kerans, 1995; Fig. 7b).
The erosional surface separating the regressive
Quartzite Association from the transgressive Mixed
Carbonate– Siliciclastic Association is interpreted to
represent the maximum lowstand in the studied inter-
val. We interpret this surface to be a ravinement
surface that is also a significant unconformity based
on stratigraphic and sedimentologic considerations.
The Ordovician –Silurian boundary occurs within a
2.65-m interval of the uppermost metres of the Kogsta
Formation and the lower Ede Formation. The rapidly
deposited Quartzite Association and capping erosional
surface probably represent the latest Hirnantian shal-
lowing event. This interpretation would reduce the
Rhuddanian and lower Aeronian interval to the rela-
tively thin (4 m thick) upper Ede Formation, which
consists of the Mixed Carbonate –Siliciclastic Asso-
ciation. These strata represent deposition in a trans-
gressive, wave-dominated shallow-water depositional
system and indicate a starvation of clastic supply (cf.
Cherns and Karis, 1995), and a climate more suitable
for carbonate production. The thinness of this interval
suggests the presence of a stratigraphic hiatus in the
earliest Silurian. The ravinement surface is interpreted
as an unconformity because it is the erosional surface
that separates probable latest Hirnantian strata from
the thin Rhuddanian –lower Aeronian interval.
In the northern districts of the Oslo region, a
similar succession to the Ede Formation crops out,
the Helgøya Quartzite member (Saelbonn Formation).
It is assigned a Silurian age, however, no fauna is
available from the lower part. At its type section, it is
9 m thick and consists of a lower part (5 m) of
medium to thickly bedded sandstones with thin shale
partings, and an upper part consisting of thinly inter-
bedded sandstones and shales with limestone interca-
lations (Worsley et al., 1983). The Helgøya Quartzite
is overlain by carbonates of the Rytteråker Formation;
a pattern that is similar to the Jämtland area where the
Berge Formation overlies the Ede Formation. Al-
though very similar, there is an important difference
between the Helgøya Quartzite and the Ede Forma-
tion; the base of the Helgøya Quartzite rests on an
eroded surface at places with karstic topography in
Ordovician limestone (Worsley et al., 1983).
The conodont data presented herein show that the
succeeding regional expansion of a carbonate-domi-
162 P. Dahlqvist, M. Calner / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 210 (2004) 149–164
nated shelf (the Berge Formation) took place in the
middle Aeronian. The trend is similar in Norway,
where the onset of widespread carbonate deposition,
the Rytteråker Formation, began in early to late
Aeronian (Aldridge and Mohamed, 1982; Baarli,
1990). The Berge Formation recorded deposition in
a low-energy environment during a second highstand
period (Fig. 7b) as supported by the occurrence of
micritic limestone within the unit. The deposition of
the Berge Formation reflects a shift to a warmer
climate and increased carbonate deposition at this
latitude during the mid-Aeronian. Similarly, at Anti-
costi Island the full reef recovery following the Late
Ordovician extinctions was delayed until the mid-
Aeronian (Copper, 2001).
The magnitude of the sea-level drop is difficult to
estimate. Stratigraphical relationships and the lack of
shallow-water sedimentary structures indicate that
the depositional depth for the pre-regressive and
graptolite-bearing Kogsta Formation was at least
below the storm wave base. Hence, if the erosional
surfaces that bound the Quartzite Association formed
in the shoreline environment, the sea-level drop was
probably a few tens of metres, but may have been
substantially more. Consequently, based on the data
available, no comparison can be made with the
estimated >100 m from Norway (Brenchley and
Marshall, 1999).
7. Global significance of the Ede formation
The biostratigraphic data presented here enable
major changes in the environmental evolution of the
Caledonian foreland basin to be linked to the Late
Ordovician glacial interval. Previous studies showed
that elements of the globally recognized Hirnantia
fauna occurred prior to the deposition of the Ede
Formation. New conodont data show that the upper
calcareous parts of the Ede Formation belong to the
Rhuddanian –middle Aeronian interval and constrain
the position for the Ordovician –Silurian boundary
to a limited interval (2.65 m at Edefors). Combined
with sedimentological evidence the most likely
position for the Ordovician – Silurian boundary is
within the Ede Formation. It is likely that the
boundary interval (Fig. 3) represents the latest N.
extraordinarius and possibly the earliest Normal-
ograptus persculptus biozones and that the Ordovi-
cian –Silurian boundary is associated with a hiatus.
According to Sutcliffe et al. (2000a,b), the initial ice
sheet growth that caused a gradual shallowing and
influenced the first of the two biotic events in the
Hirnantian took place in the early N. extraordinar-
ius Biozone. Full glaciation started in the late
Normalograptus extraordinarius Biozone when the
ice-sheet expanded onto the shelf, causing a signif-
icant and rapid eustatic sea-level fall. The ice sheet
retreated and transgression began in the early N.
persculptus Biozone (Sutcliffe et al., 2000a,b). The
minor shallowing of the Kogsta Formation corre-
lates well with the gradual shallowing in the early
N. extraordinarius Biozone whereas the documented
forced regression is close to the stratigraphic level
for the second cycle of the Late Ordovician glacial
interval. The effects reflected in the sedimentary
succession of Jämtland include:
(a) facies heterogeneity: A major part of the late
Caradoc to late Ashgill was characterized by
continuous and uniform depositional trends across
wide areas, whereas unconformity development
and complex lateral facies relationships charac-
terize the Ordovician –Silurian boundary interval.
(b) unconformity and hiatus development: Shift in
facies is marked by facies tract offset and
unconformity development. Conodont data indi-
cate that a hiatus, possible spanning a few million
years, is related to the unconformity.
(c) siliciclastic supply/carbonate production: Silici-
clastic supply ceased, which resulted in a change
from a siliciclastic shelf to a carbonate shelf in
both the Jämtland and Oslo regions. This change
conforms with the climatic changes related to a
glaciation, and to the middle Aeronian post-
extinction reef recovery in other areas at similar
latitude.
Acknowledgements
We thank Mark Harris and Mike Pope for
inviting us to contribute to this special issue. Stig
Bergström is acknowledged for invaluable help with
extraction and identification of conodont elements
and with information on the current Lower Silurian
 P. Dahlqvist, M. Calner / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 210 (2004) 149–164
conodont zonation. Kent Larsson (PD’s supervisor),
Anders Ahlberg (vice supervisor), Stig Bergström,
Mark Harris, Lennart Jeppsson and Finn Surlyk are
acknowledged for their comments on earlier drafts
of this manuscript. The referees Markes Johnson and
Peter Sheehan improved the paper with their
advices. Lars Karis and Gudveig Baarli are ac-
knowledged for personal communications. Trond
Torsvik provided the palaeogeographic reconstruc-
tion. The Royal Physiographical Society (Kungliga
Fysiografiska Sällskapet) in Lund, and the Royal
Swedish Academy of Sciences (Kungliga Vetenskap-
sakademien) are thanked for grants to PD, which
made fieldwork and analyses possible.
Appendix A . Localities
Locality GPS coordinates are given in accordance
with the Swedish National Grid.
Edefors (type locality): E1411158/N7040198.
Several exposures of the Kogsta, Ede and Berge
formations on the slopes of a small hill ca. 1 km SE
of Offerdal church.
Högåsen: E1401572/N7029314. Exposure of the
uppermost Kogsta and the Ede formations in the
forest, ca 300 m W of the farm at the topographic
high.
Änge: E1413913/N7039384. Road section on the
W side of the unpaved road ca 100 m S of the
intersection with the main road to Änge, exposing
the uppermost Kogsta and the Ede formations.
Verkön: E1424142/7006237. Several exposures
along the western shore of the island Verkön. Ede
and Berge formations.
Norderön: E1426253/N7004542. Ca. 200 m S of
the ferry landing, at the western shore of the island
Norderön. Ede Formation.
Norderön: E1426180/7004364. Ca. 300 m S of the
ferry landing, at the western shore of the island
Norderön. Kogsta and Ede formations.
Hällänge gård: E1407810/N7042010. Section of
the uppermost Kogsta and lower Ede formations at the
Hällänge farmyard.
Skärvången: E1429932/N7077970. Section im-
mediately E of road 340, ca 300 m S of the village
Norra Skärvången, showing uppermost Kogsta and
lower Ede formations.
163
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